Cast Iron Soil Pipe
establishments. Most of the foundries used pig iron
Cast Iron Soil Pipe are used in sewage for the
purpose of conveying sewage from homes and offices. They
are one of the oldest piping systems present today and are
being largely replaced by high-density polyethylene(HDPE)
pipes and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes.
HISTORY OF CAST IRON SOIL
The origin of cast iron soil pipe manufacture in the United
States and abroad is interwoven with historical developments
in the production of cast iron pressure pipe. Prior to 1890,
general information and statistical data on cast iron pipe did
not distinguish between pressure pipe,which is used to
transfer liquids under pressure, and soil pipe, which was
developed to serve as a companion product for gravity-flow
purposes.
Ancient civilizations constructed aqueducts and tunnels, and
manufactured pipe and tubing of clay, lead, bronze, and
wood. All of these materials proved unsatisfactory because
they were prone to deterioration and frequent breakdown.
However, they filled a need and were used for hundreds of
years until the introduction of cast iron as a pipe material.1
The earliest recorded use of cast iron pipe was at
Langensalza, Germany, in about 1562, where it supplied
water for a fountain. However, the first full-scale use of a cast
iron pipe system for the distribution of water was installed in
1664 at the palace of Versailles in France. A cast iron main
was constructed to carry water some 15 miles from Marly-on-
Seine to the palace and surrounding area. The system is still
functioning after more than 300 years of continual service. It
represented a genuine pioneer effort because, at the time of
installation, production costs on cast iron pipe were
considered prohibitive. This was due principally to the fact
that high-cost charcoal was used exclusively as a fuel to
reduce iron ore until 1738, when it was replaced by coke in
the reduction process. Immediately following this
development, cast iron pipe was installed in a number of
other distribution systems in France, and in 1746 it was
introduced in London, England, by the Chelsea Water
Company. In 1785 an engineer with this company, Sir Thomas
Simpson, invented the bell and spigot joint, which has been
used extensively ever since. It represented marked
improvement over the earliest cast iron pipe, which used butt
joints wrapped with metal bands, and a later version that
used flanges, a lead gasket, and bolts.
Nearly all of the establishments producing cast iron
pipe in 1890 were engaged in its manufacture as a sole
specialty. Foundries devoted to general work produced a
small amount of pipe, but this was primarily for the local
trade or for use in specific applications. The demand for
standard sizes of pipe necessitated its production on a large
scale in foundries designed and equipped specifically for this
type of work. A number of pipe manufacturers also produced
hydrants, fittings, and connections, and a few made hydraulic
and gas machinery, machine shop equipment, and general
foundry products. However, this non-pipe production activity
constituted only a small part of the total business of these
exclusively to manufacture pipe, but a few used small
quantities of scrap iron. During the 1880s a number of
municipal codes were instituted dealing with the use of pipe
in building construction, and both pressure pipe and soil pipe
were manufactured to meet the specifications of these codes.
One of the first plumbing codes was published in 1881 in
Washington, D.C., and contains the following references to
soil pipe installations and specifications:
USES OF CAST IRON SOIL PIPE
Sanitary- its use is for the pipe is free for the dirt. It is very
important for our health. Free from infection and disease
Storm drain- is designed to drain excess rain and ground
water from impervious surfaces such as paved streets, car
parks, parking lots, footpaths, sidewalks, and roofs. Storm
drains vary in design from small residential dry wells to large
municipal systems.
Vent Piping Application- is part of a system that
removes sewage and greywater from a building, and
regulates air pressure in the waste-system pipes to aid free
flow.
Waste- it is also use to remove wastes.
TYPES OF CAST IRON SOIL PIPE
Types of Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings
Cast Iron Soil Pipe used in the United States is
classified into two major types—hub and spigot and hubless.
Hubless pipe and fittings are also referred to in the plumbing
industry as no-hub. The Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute maintains
a trademark on the term CI no-hub® which it licenses its
members to use on hubless pipe and fittings. The terms
hubless, no-hub, and CI no-hub® are used interchangeably in
this text and throughout the industry. Hubless cast iron soil
pipe and fittings are simply pipe and fittings manufactured
without a hub, in accordance with ASTM A888 or CISPI 301.
The method of joining the pipe and fittings utilizes a hubless
coupling that slips over the plain ends of the pipe and fittings
and is tightened to seal the joint. Hubless cast iron soil pipe
and fittings are made in only one class or thickness. There are
many varied configurations of fittings, and both pipe and
fittings range in sizes from 11/2″ to 15″. Couplings for use in
joining hubless pipe and fittings are also available in these
size ranges from the member companies of the Cast Iron Soil
Pipe Institute. Hub and Spigot pipe and fittings have hubs into
which the spigot (plain end) of the pipe or fitting is
inserted.The joint is sealed with a rubber compression gasket
or molten lead and oakum. Hub and Spigot pipe and fittings
are available in two classes or thicknesses,classified as Service
(SV) and Extra Heavy (XH). Because the additional wall
thickness is added to the outside diameter, Service (SV) and
Extra Heavy (XH) have different outside diameters and are
not readily interchangeable. These two different types of pipe
and fittings can be connected with adaptors available from
the manufacturer. Hub and Spigot pipe and fittings are made
in accordance with ASTM A-74 and are available in 2″–15″
sizes. Compression gaskets, lubricant, and assembly tools are
available from the member companies of the Cast Iron Soil
Pipe Institute.
Why select cast iron soill pipe?
• Strength, Durability, and Safety
• No Infiltration or Exfiltration
• Ease of Installation
• Availability
• Quiet Pipe
ADVANTAGES OF CAST IRON SOIL PIPE
ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES OF CAST IRON SOIL PIPE
Performance
The performance and durability of cast iron soil pipe are
superior to any other product used for sanitary and storm
drain, waste, and vent piping. These facts are supported by
the data presented previously in this chapter and have a
direct bearing on product selection. The choice is clear
because service to the customer requires that performance
constitutes the principal reason for material selection, and in
the matter of performance cast iron soil pipe has no equal.
Versatility
Cast iron soil pipe is the most versatile sanitary and storm
drain, waste,and vent piping material on the market. It is
available with a variety of joining methods so that it can be
installed efficiently throughout the plumbing drainage
system, both above and below floors and beneath the
ground. It is adaptable for use in all types of building
construction, including one-family homes, multiple dwelling
units or apartment buildings, high-rise structures such as
hotels and office buildings, and many commercial industrial
applications. The lead and oakum, compression gasket, and
hubless couplings can be used either individually or in
combination in a given plumbing system in order to meet the
needs of any specific condition. All three joining methods are
available in a variety of pipe lengths and with a complete line
of cast iron soil pipe fittings.
Low-Cost Installation
Cast iron soil pipe offers the advantage of low-cost
installation as a result of the speed and efficiency with which
the hubless couplings and compression gasket joints can be
made, and the with use of 10-foot pipe lengths, which
reduces the required number of joints in a given plumbing
system. Further, cast iron soil pipe can be preassembled
before it is placed in the ground or wall. This eliminates the
need to work in cramped quarters or muddy trenches and so
speeds installation.
Product Availability
Cast iron soil pipe foundries are strategically located in
various sections of the country so that orders can be filled on
very short notice. In many areas it is possible to place an
order and have it delivered overnight,ready for use the
following day. Contractors need not be concerned about
supply shortages, since the industry’s manufacturing capacity
is adequate and because the basic raw materials for the
manufacture of soil pipe are abundant and readily obtainable
from domestic sources.
DISADVANTAGES OF CAST IRON SOIL PIPE
• Cast Iron Weight
Cast iron is very heavy, and consequently is mush harder to
install than regular PVC/ABS sewer pipe. Due to its weight, it
must be braced well to stop it falling out of position during
earthquakes or when construction is nearby. Special
attention is also needed when cutting into/moving the pipe,
as bodily damage may occur if the pipes fall out of position.
• Brittleness
Cast iron pipe is extremely strong and durable, but is quite
brittle and if accidentally knocked will easily break.
Consequently, it should not be installed in buildup/cellar
areas where household/construction activity will be the
norm.
• Expense
Cast iron, being a metal, is much more expensive than
traditional PVC or ABS sewer/vent pipe, so the higher cost
must be taken into account when budgeting for the house's
sewer/vent system.
• Cutting
Though possible to cut cast iron to length with a reciprocating
saw or hammer and cold chisel, a straight clean cut through
the pipe is best achieved using a snap cutter. This device has
two long handles with a chain attached to the end of one of
the handles. The chain is wrapped around the pipe and
squeezed to cleanly break the pipe. Where a handsaw or
circular saw is used to cut PVC/ABS pipe, this non-traditional
tool is expensive, or has to be rented from a tool rental house
to carry out the cast iron pipe installation process.
ACID-RESISTANT CAST IRON PIPE
A cast iron pipe containing between 14.25% and 15% silicon
and small amounts of manganese , sulfur and carbon.
Manufactured in the same dimensions as cast iron pipe.
Made from alloy of cast iron and silicon
Uses & Purposes
 Widely used in chemical laboratories, industries and
other installations where acid wastes are being
discharged.
  Due to its high resistance in compression, cast iron
was used for such construction as bridges and as
columns for many buildings.
 Widely used for frames and other fixed parts of
machinery including spinning and later weaving
machines in textile mills and the cylinders for steam
engines.
 Another great use for a cast iron pipe is for a
garbage disposal because it is highly resistant to the
grinding and abrasions that may be caused with food
and particles going in and out daily.
Advantages
 Good for handling high pressure and loads of water.
 Has high resistance to corrosion.
 Has thicker wall than ductile iron or steel.
 Durable and convenient to stall.
 Cheaper in cost.
CAST IRON PIPES AND FITTINGS FOR SALE
Cast Iron Pipes cost ₱285.00
Metro Manila
Contact: Cell. 09985456440/Tel. 7275966
Disadvantages
 Brittle in character and requires stronger support for
each pipe installed horizontally to prevent sagging of
joints.
 It’s strength and stiffness deteriorates when
subjected to high heat such as fire.
 Because of their heavy load, these pipes are made in
shorter lengths. This equates to more jointing and
more complicated layout.
 Not advisable to use in inaccessible places.
Available Sizes
 The first standardization of cast iron water pipes in
Britain occurred in 1917 with the publishing of BS 78.
 This standard specified a dimensionless nominal size,
which approximately corresponded with the internal
diameter in inches of the pipe, and four pressure
classes, Class A, Class B, Class C and Class D, each
with a specified wall thickness and outer diameter.
 It is noted that the outer diameter is identical
between classes with the exception of sizes 12 to 27,
where Classes A and B share one diameter and
Classes C and D have another, larger diameter.
 BS 78 was finally superseded when the U.K.
harmonized with incompatible European standards,
however, the specified outer dimensions continue to
remain in effect (albeit in metric form) as the
standard pipe outer diameter for ductile iron pipe in
Australia and New Zealand through the descendant
specification, AS/NZS 2280.
Availability in Market
Based on “www.thomasnet.com” 34 companies still makes
and supplies acid-resistant cast iron from different countries.
VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE
• It’s cheap, abundant easily formed, assembled and
maintained. It has a proven record of corrosion
resistance, longevity in service and reliability.
• Clay is the “original” material used in water and
public health engineering works. The Egyptians used
fired clay containers to convey and store water 5000
years ago. Later, the Romans formed clay pipes to
convey clean and dirty water. Clay pipe is non-
combustible. The pipe is verified at temperatures
above 1000o c effectively eliminating any
combustible material.
• Clay is also extremely “green” it is by far the most
environmentally-friendly material that can be used
for transporting waste. Many of those re-discovered
ancient pipes are found to be still be in good working
condition, their corrosion resistance intact and really
available in most of the world.
• Other sever systems, some built as recently as the
20th century, and made of other materials, such as
asbestos-cement, and concrete, iron and plastic,
have already deteriorated rapidly, allowing toxic
material to seep into the ground.
• And finally, clay pipes are easily recyclable. Unlike
plastic and other pipes, they can be easily re-used
and refabricated to produce new material.
• Clay sewer pipes can typically last for 50 to 60 years.
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) pipe was designed to last for
long periods of time, typically over 100 years.
BENEFITS AND CHARACTERISTICS:
• Resistant to chemical agents of industry areas.
• Resist the H2S Which is Formed as a result of the
bacteria found in sewage.
• Resistant to all the aggressive elements That can be
found in the soil or groundwater.
• High resistance to abrasion Allowing more Flexibility
in speeds and slopes.
• Low value of rugosity.
• Pipes and joints are resistant to the roots.
• Never deformed pipes, not damage by cleaning
equipments.
• Vitrified clay has an unlimited life.
 • Spigot joint socket system with supple joints to
Accommodate settlements.
ADVANTAGES
RELIABLE, STABLE AND STURDY
• The first thing that pipe installation and repair
companies check with the pipes is its sturdiness. If
the pipes are truly sturdy then it will most likely last
for many decades. VCP is labelled as one of the
sturdiest, stable, and reliable pipes out there.
Because of its durable properties, these clay pipes
have an estimated lifespan of 100 years, even if
exposed to harsh conditions. Aside from having long
expected life use, VCP’s durability has another
benefit; it’s a great candidate for high water
pressure cleansing since it can withstand the strong
water flow of hydro jet pipe cleansers.
ABLE TO REPEL CORROSION
• Some pipes are very vulnerable to corrosion due to
their properties. Perhaps the types of pipelines that
are prone to chemicals and corrosion are metal
pipes such as galvanised steel and cast iron. VCP
obviously doesn’t have any problems with corrosion
and chemical exposure since it doesn’t have any hint
of metal in its composition and the clay itself is very
tough. Most vitrified clay pipes are able to fight off
chemicals that have a pH range that are around from
0-14.
RESISTANCE TO ABRASIONS
• Abrasions are common for the pipes that continually
process rough debris from the plumbing system. VCP
doesn’t suffer from any abrasions, again because of
the tough composition of the material thanks to the
heating process.
RECYCLABLE
• Durability and chemical resistance are actually
common characteristics of high quality pipes which
VCP is part of. Vitrified clay pipes actually have one
unique feature that only a few pipes have and that is
its ability to be easily recycled. Once metal pipes
become too rusty or corroded, it won’t serve any
other purpose than to fill junkyards. On the other
hand, plastic pipes can’t be easily decomposed
which makes it difficult to dispose. VCP doesn’t
create any environmental problems after its long
lifespan since the raw clay materials can be recycled
for other clay products. Lastly, VCP doesn’t expend
toxic chemicals when it has aged.
DISADVANTAGES
IT CAN BE DIFFICULT TO INSTALL AND CAN BECOME QUITE
COSTLY
• The toughness of VPC comes from its heavy and
durable components, but that can actually become a
certain disadvantage. The hardened clay is actually
difficult to cut into different pieces, and placing the
clay pipes into the sewer line can be troublesome.
PRONE TO ROOT ATTACKS
• VCP may be resistant to chemicals and abrasion, but
it also has a vulnerability which is root attacks. It’s
because of the external porous properties of the
pipes, which is basically a “magnet” for roots.
Galvanized Wrought Pipe
HISTORY
Galvanized pipes are steel pipes that have been dipped in a
protective zinc coating to prevent corrosion and rust. When it
was invented, galvanized pipe was an alternative to lead pipe
for water supply lines. Today, however, we have learned that
decades of exposure to water will cause galvanized pipes to
corrode and rust on the inside.
Galvanization is the process of applying a protective zinc
coating to steel or iron to prevent rusting.
The most common method is hot-dip galvanization, in which
parts are submerged in a bath of molten zinc. These pipes
have been widely used for conveying water from homes to
buildings.
Before these practices though, these kinds of pipes were used
to provide water for the people. However with further
investigation it was concluded that it was not suitable for
transporting water with the purpose of consumption this is
due to the toxicity of zinc when exposed to different effects
due to aging and leakages which pollutes the water. Although
a few zinc particles only mix with the water if consumed on
daily basis is quite poisonous
Galvanized piping was commonly installed in homes built
before 1960.
Pipes have been used for thousands of years to transport
fluids. But the first galvanized steel pipe supplier appeared
only 135 years ago to help supply water to the citizens of San
Francisco
Modern day galvanized pipe suppliers started appearing in
the 1800s.
In 1815, William Murdock fit the entire city of London with a
coal burning lamp system using discarded muskets. When he
needed more metal tubes, innovators gathered to work on
developing new ways to make pipe.
From this point in history, galvanized pipe suppliers WHAT IS A BRASS PIPE?
continued to improve efficiency of production, and steel pipe
prices began to decrease. - Is a pipe manufactured from an alloy containing 85 percent
copper and 15percent zinc.
Uses of Galvanized Wrought Pipe
- Because of its smooth interior surface and high resistance
Water Distribution to acid, brass pipe become superior material for waste and
House Plumbing water supply installations.

Galvanized steel pipes were frequently used in plumbing WHY CHOOSE BRASS PIPE?
systems thanks to their affordability, durability, and ease of
Brass Pipe and Brass Pipe fittings are ideal choices in
use.
households for hot water applications as this meal alloy is
Steel will rust in the presence of moisture, but galvanizing it super malleable and flexible enough to bend, shape, and
with zinc could preserve it. mold.
Moreover, brass also endures high temperatures and doesn’t
Zinc is not harmful to humans when ingested in small deform. Brass fittings possess great conductivity that allows
quantities hot water distribution system to operate in systematic and
efficient way.
These galvanized pipes could be used in plumbing systems
Unlike other metals, brass has extreme malleability level and
because they protected against corrosion and were seemingly
easy handling and lesser installation costs.
harmless for humans.
Polished brass Pipe and brass pipe fittings have unique bright
Unfortunately, the erosion of the zinc used for galvanizing golden color and sometime it can be of darker, browner
would become a problem color. It is always better to ask builder to use genuine brass
fittings as some non-brass fixture fittings are coated with
Advantages
similar color to give it brass look. When you use such fittings
Low installation cost – you cannot expect long life span as the fixture fitting is not
made of brass.
Long life and toughness
Brass pipe and brass pipe fittings are usually costly, but worth
Useful for large constructio due to their durability
investing. This is why majority of builders across the globe
Disadvantages advice to their clients to install brass pipe fittings and fixtures
in order to get reliable performance for years. Solid brass
They are difficult to repair
pneumatic and plumbing fittings have long life, great looks,
Water pressure is observably lower tendency to deliver superior performance. These are the
reasons why the products of brass are selling so fast.
Discoloration of water due to leaks
BRASS PIPE FITTINGS

Brass pipe fittings have proved to be amongst the most

BRASS
effective available. Careful consideration should go into
is a metallic alloy that is made of copper and zinc. The selecting the plumbing fittings. A good choice will not only
proportions of zinc and copper can vary to create different enhance the efficiency of your water delivery system, it also
types of brass alloys with varying mechanical and electrical adds to home value. Perhaps you’re wondering about the
properties. It is a substitutional alloy: atoms of the two suitability of brass for plumbing fittings.
constituents may replace each other within the same crystal
Brass fittings comprise a wide range of pipe attachments,
structure.
threaded fasteners and flare fittings. Due to its exceptional
Brass is used for decoration for its bright gold-like qualities: rust-resistance, hardness, durability and flexibility
appearance; for applications where low friction is required
Brass is widely used in pluming applications, and most pipe
such as locks, gears, bearings, doorknobs, ammunition
fittings are available in brass. Brass itself is an alloy of copper
casings and valves; for plumbing and electrical applications;
that incorporates zinc as an alloying element; the ratio of
and extensively in brass musical instruments such as horns
brass to copper varies between types of brass.
and bells where a combination of high workability
(historically with hand tools) and durability is desired. It is
Of the pipe attachments available, common varieties include
also used in zippers. Brass is often used in situations in which
union tees, crosses, and couplings, elbows (male or female).
it is important that sparks not be struck, such as in fittings
More complex fittings, such as pipe manifolds with multiple
and tools used near flammable or explosive materials.
starts, 5-way joints and custom units, are also available
through manufacturers. In some cases, brass fittings are
chrome plated for enhanced performance in certain systems.
Fittings can be threaded or unthreaded, and may hold
internal or external threads, depending on the operation.
Each fitting design provides a specific purpose. Nipples, for
example, join two lengths of parallel tube or pipe. Types of
nipples include hex, close and long nipples. Reducers may
also join two parallel pipes, but limit the flow between them
by nature of their shape. Other fittings, such as union tees,
elbows and crosses, allow for the redirection of pipe flow.
Brass caps fit on the end of a pipe and, as their name
suggests, are used to prevent flow in a certain area of the
system.
Brass fittings are also used in automotive applications, where
they are used in air brakes, fuel line valves, and hose ends.
Other uses include ballcock adapters, cooler and refrigerator
fittings and compression fittings. A complete assortment of
brass valves and fasteners is also available.
Various machining processes are used to create brass fittings.
For specialized, short-run components, CNC machines are
often employed. Manufacturers also use screw machines,
lathes, milling devices and thread rollers to make the
necessary brass fitting shapes and thread patterns
BENEFITS OF BRASS PIPE FITTINGS
1. Durable
Brass is a highly durable material. This makes it ideal for
plumbing works which require a resilient and long serving
material. Once installed, brass fittings will retain their good
condition for several years. They do not easily crack or
disintegrate. When used for hot water distribution brass
fittings last longer than other metals. The high resilience and
durability of brass fittings also adds to home value.
2. Withstand High Temperatures
Of all metals, brass fittings are best suited for household hot
water distribution. Brass fittings enjoy excellent conductivity
which promotes the efficiency of hot water distribution
system in the house. They are well known for their
remarkable ductility in high temperatures. Brass fittings are
capable of withstanding extremely high temperatures. Brass
fittings are fire resistant. Often times, they are one of the few
items salvaged when a home is razed by fire.
3. Versatile
The high versatility of brass fittings gives brass an edge over
other metal fittings. You can get brass fittings in all sizes,
shapes and widths. The fittings can also be used to alter the
size of pipes. This makes it easier to undertake plumbing
installations according to precise specifications. It goes a long
way in enhancing the efficiency of the water delivery system
into the home. Brass fittings also come in various finishes.
This is beneficial where plumbing fittings sometimes have to
be exposed in the home. Various decorative finishes allow a
pleasant display of plumbing fittings. You can get brass
fittings in chrome plated, antique or nickel finish, lacquered
or polished brass.
4. Malleability
Brass fittings are more malleable than steel or iron. It is easier
to bend, shape or mold brass fittings than those made from
most metals. This makes it easier to undertake plumbing
works. Installations costs are kept low because of the ease
involved. Maintenance work is also easier with brass fittings
due to the flexibility of the material. The flexibility of brass
doesn’t detract from the durable characteristic of fittings.
5. Corrosive Resistant
Amongst metal fittings, brass enjoys one of the highest
resistances to corrosion. Those who live in areas that have
water with high corrosive properties can enjoy the non-
corrosive quality of brass fittings. Brass fittings do not rust.
Since corrosion and rust are two main agents that cause wear
and tear of metal fittings, brass fittings are ideal for beating
corrosion
Asbestos Cement Pipe Asbestos Cement (AC) pipe was used
widely in the mid 1900s in potable water distribution
systems. Since the lifetime of this product is approximately
70 years, updating this infrastructure may involve removal of
the pipe. The cement acts as a binder that holds the asbestos
fibers within a solid matrix.
This usually prevents asbestos fibers from being released
easily, unless mismanaged, damaged, or in badly weathered
conditions, in which case removal or replacement may be a
regulated activity.
Where does asbestos come from?
Asbestos minerals come from metamorphic rocks. Significant
deposits of asbestos are located in the western United States.
However, the mountains of North and South Carolina also
have extensive deposits of asbestos minerals. Some small
deposits are found in the Smoky Mountains of East
Tennessee. There is currently no production of asbestos in
the United States. Most of the asbestos used here is imported
from Canada.
How was asbestos used?
It has been estimated that asbestos was once used in more
than 3,000 different products. Asbestos can be found in vinyl
flooring, patching compounds and textured paints, sprayed
acoustic ceilings, acoustic ceiling tiles, stove insulation,
furnace insulation, pipe insulation, wall and ceiling insulation,
roofing shingles and siding, home appliances, fireretardant
clothing, vehicle brake pads, and cement pipe.
Isn’t asbestos banned already?
Asbestos is banned in more than 55 countries around the
world, including Japan, Australia and all countries in the
European Union. Iceland was the first to ban asbestos
imports due to health concerns in 1983, followed soon after • Up to 85% asbestos, semi compressed so very likely
by Sweden. Germany banned asbestos in 1992 and UK did so to give ◦ off fibres if broken, drilled or sawn
in 1999. However, it continues to be used around the world,
especially in Asia and Russia, and in small amounts in the US. • Only to be removed by a licensed contractor

Didn’t the US ban the use of asbestos? Lagging

Yes. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) first banned • Thermal insulation for pipes/boilers
certain uses of asbestos in 1973 and banned most products in
1989; however, this was overturned by the Fifth Circuit Court • Common lagging up to 15% asbestos
of Appeals in 1991. To date, billions of dollars have been paid
out due to asbestos litigation, which has severely restricted • Quilts/blankets up to 100% asbestos
the use of asbestos in the US. Today, asbestos fibres in the US
are mostly used in the diaphragm of chlor-alkali plants for the • Often has protective foil, paper or wire covering
electrolysis of NaCl. All of this could change. Last year, the
EPA announced it would evaluate ten chemicals for risk to • Only to be removed by a licensed contractor
human health and the environment under the Toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA) reform. The EPA says asbestos Asbestos Cement Products
exposure is associated with lung cancer, mesothelioma and
asbestosis. • Roof sheets, flue pipes, guttering, down comers, roof
tiles, permanent shuttering

How much asbestos is used worldwide? • Only 10-15% asbestos (usually white asbestos)
While it is no longer used in much of the Western world,
countries such as India and China still include it in various • Fibres are tightly bound with Portland cement so
products, using hundreds of thousands of metric tonnes each unlikely to give off fibres unless badly damaged
year. Inevitably, sometimes asbestos-containing products are
shipped to Western countries. • Sheets should be removed whole and kept weT
And just because it’s banned doesn’t immediately remove all
the asbestos already used. Millions of tonnes of asbestos still Asbestos Containing Plastics
remain in buildings due to its use in the 20th century: as
exposure to asbestos occurs mainly from breathing in fibres • Floor tiles, stair nosing’s, sink pads, toilet seats and
from contaminated air, disturbing these deposits can pose a cisterns
health risk.
• Can also find asbestos in the adhesive used with
How much asbestos is dangerous to my health? floor tiles ◦ Up to 25% asbestos
There is no minimum concentration of asbestos fibers in the
air that is considered safe for humans to inhale on a continual • Fibre release unlikely under normal use
basis. The risk of developing adverse health effects is
Asbestos Rope and Cloth
dependent upon the exposure (the amount of asbestos
inhaled and the duration of time it was inhaled, typically • Fire blankets, gaskets, cable insulation, flash guards ◦
measured in years) a person has had. Symptoms of lung Up to 100% asbestos
problems do not usually appear until after 20-30 years of
exposure to high levels of asbestos fibers (as might be found • Release of fibres depends on material
in an industrial setting). Most people do not develop health
problems when exposed to small amounts of asbestos. • All 3 types of asbestos used pre 1970 ◦ only
Chrysotile (White) since 1970 to 1999
USES OF ASBESTOS
Sprayed Coatings
Insulating Board

• Structural fire protection – on steel work, behind • Used as fire protection and acoustic control for
radiators and boilers, inside doors structural steelwork.

• Also used for acoustic insulation, lining, ceiling tiles, • Up to 85% asbestos
general building board (resists moisture ingress)
• Fibre is very friable easy to release if disturbed. It
Can also degrade as it ages.
Textured Coatings • Naturally occuring in fibrous minerals

• Commonly referred to as ‘Artex’. • Good tensile strength

• Low percentage of asbestos • Flexibility

• Fibres may be released if the material is drilled or • Heat resistant

sanded.
• Electrical resistance
Asbestos Paper Products
• Good insulation
• Backing on fibre boards, floor tiles
• Chemical resistant
• Covering on electrical equipment insulation, pipe
insulation
PLASTIC PIPE
• Damp proof course
Plastic pipe is a tubular section, or hollow cylinder,
External Building Panels made of plastic. It is usually, but not necessarily, of
circular cross-section, used mainly to convey substances
• Asbestos boarding can be used for external cladding
which can flow—liquids and gases (fluids), slurries,
ADVANTAGES powders and masses of small solids. It can also be used
for structural applications; hollow pipes are far stiffer
• Non corrosiveness to most natural soil conditions
per unit weight than solid members.
• Freedom from electrolytic corrosion Plastic pipe work is used for the conveyance of drinking
• Good flow characteristics
water, waste water, chemicals, heating fluid and cooling
fluids, foodstuffs, ultra-pure liquids, slurries, gases,
• Light weight compressed air and vacuum system applications.

• Ease in cutting, drilling, threading and fitting with CHARACTERISTICS:

specials
Longevity of plastic piping system
• Allowance of greater deflection up to 12 degrees Plastic pipes have been used in service for over 50
with mechanical joints years. The predicted lifetime of plastic piping systems
• Ease of handling exceeds 100 years. Several industry studies have
demonstrated this prognosis.
• Tight joints and
Plastic pipe materials have always been classified on the
• Quick laying and backfilling are to be considered basis of long-term pressure testing. The measured
failure times as a function of the stresses in the pipe
DISADVANTAGES wall has been demonstrated in so-called Regression
• subject to corrosion by acids, highly septic sewage Curves. An extrapolation based on measured failure
and by highly acidic or high sulphate soils times has been calculated to reach 50 years. The
predicted failure stress at 50 years was taken as a basis
• Cannot stand high super imposed loads and may be for the classification. This value is called MRS, Minimum
broken easily Required Stress, at 50 years.
• Seriously hazardous to health Pipe System Failure

• Being manufactured as a replacement to asbestos Some reasons why plastic piping systems may fail are
poor product bonding/gluing during installation and
naturally-occurring physical damage, such as from tree
PROPERTIES OF USES OF ASBESTOS root infiltration.
Flexibility
Plastic Pipes are classified by their ring stiffness. The
preferred stiffness classes as described in several
product standards are: SN2, SN4, SN8 and SN16, where
SN is Nominal Stiffness (kN/m2). Stiffness of pipes is
important if they are to withstand external loadings
during installation. The higher the figure, the stiffer the
pipe. After correct installation, pipe deflection remains
limited but it will continue to some extent for a while. In
relation to the soil in which it is embedded, the plastic
pipe behaves in a 'flexible' way. This means that further
deflection in time depends of the settlement of the soil
around the pipe. Basically, the pipe follows the soil
movement or settlement of the backfill, as technicians
call it. This means that good installation of pipes will
result in good soil settlement. Further deflection will
remain limited. For flexible pipes, the soil loading is
distributed and supported by the surrounding soil.
Stresses and strains caused by the deflection of the pipe
will occur within the pipe wall. However, the induced
stresses will never exceed the allowed limit values. The
thermoplastic behavior of the pipe material is such that
the induced stresses are relaxing to a low level. It has to
be noted that induced strains are far below the
allowable levels. This flexible behaviour means that the
pipe will not fail. It will exhibit only more deflection
while keeping its function without breaking. However,
rigid pipes by their very nature are not flexible and will
not follow ground movements. They will bear all the
ground loadings, whatever the soil settlement. This
means that when a rigid pipe is subject to excessive
loading, it will reach the limit for stress values more
quickly and break. It can therefore be concluded that
the flexibility of plastic pipes offers an extra dimension
of safety. Buried Pipes need flexibility
There are three basic types of plastic pipes:
Solid wall pipe
Extruded pipes consisting of one layer of a
homogeneous matrix of thermoplastic material which is
ready for use in a pipeline
Structured wall pipe
Structured-wall pipes and fittings are products which
have an optimized design with regard to material usage
to achieve the physical, mechanical and performance
requirements. Structured Wall Pipes are tailor made
solutions of piping systems, for a variety of applications
and in most cases developed in cooperation with users
Barrier pipe
Pipe incorporating a flexible metallic layer as the middle
of three bonded layers. Barrier pipe is used, for
example, to provide additional protection for the
contents passing through the pipe (particularly drinking
water) from aggressive chemicals or other pollution
when laid in ground contaminated by previous use.
Most plastic pipe systems are made from thermoplastic
materials. The production method involves melting the
material, shaping and then cooling. Pipes are normally
produced by extrusion.
Standards
Plastic pipe systems fulfill a variety of service
requirements. Product standards for plastics pipe
systems are prepared within the CEN/TC155 standards
committee. These requirements are described in a set
of European Product Standards for each application
alongside their specific characteristics, for example:
• Conveyance of drinking water: Hygienic
requirements
• Conveyance of gas: Highest Safety
requirements
• Plastic pipes for radiant heating and floor
heating: Temperature resistance over
decades
• Sewer applications: High chemical
resistance
Plastic pipes are capable of fulfilling the specific
requirement for each application. They do so over a
long lifetime and with reliability and safety. The key
success factor is achieved by maintaining consistently
high quality levels. For plastic pipe products, these
levels are defined by the different standards. Two
aspects are fundamentally important for the
performance of plastic pipes: flexibility and long
lifetime.
Advantage and disadvantages of plastic pipes:
Advantage
Effective electrical insulator
Effective moisture barrier
Good adhesion to pipe surface
Resistance to dis-bonding
Ease of repair
Non- toxic interaction with environment
Good hardness/ abrasion resistance
Good penetration resistance
Plastic pipes are light in weight, tough, resistant to
chemical attack and available in large lengths.
They reduce the cost of handling, transportation and
installation.
Less number of joints facilitates the speed and reduces
chances of leakage.
They are rust resistant.
These pipes have good elastic properties.
Their adaptability to earth movements is superior.
Smooth internal surface of the pipes offer less friction.
Due to less friction it saves the energy in the
conveyance of water.
Disadvantages
Due to their non-decomposing property, plastic pipes
are not installed in high temperature.
They are easily cracked.
At higher temperatures, the strength of plastic pipes
reduces.
Materials used:
ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) Acrylonitrile
butadiene styrene (ABS) is used for the conveyance of
potable water, slurries and chemicals. Most commonly
used for DWV (drain-waste-vent) applications. It has a
wide temperature range, from -40 °C to +60 °C.
ABS is a thermoplastic material and was originally
developed in the early 1950s for use in oil fields and the
chemical industry. The variability of the material and its
relative cost effectiveness has made it a popular
engineering plastic. It can be tailored to a range of
applications by modifying the ratio of the individual
chemical components. They are used mainly in
industrial applications where high impact strength and
rigidity are essential. This material is also used in non-
pressure piping systems for soil and waste.
uPVC (unplasticized polyvinyl chloride) uPVC is a
thermoplastic material derived from common salt and
fossil fuels. The pipe material has the longest track
record of all plastic materials. The first uPVC pipes were
made in the 1930s. Beginning in the 1950s, PVC pipes
were used to replace corroded metal pipes and thus
bring fresh drinking water to a growing rural and later
urban population. uPVC pipes are certified safe for
drinking water per NSF Standard 61 and used
extensively for water distribution and transmission
pipelines throughout North America and around the
world. uPVC is allowed for waste lines in homes and is
the most often used pipe for sanitary sewers. Further
pressure and non-pressure applications in the field of
sewers, soil and waste, gas (low pressure) and cable
protection soon followed. The material's contribution to
public health, hygiene and well-being has therefore
been significant.
Polyvinyl chloride or uPVC (unplasticised PVC) pipes are
not well suited for hot water lines and have been
restricted from inside water supply line use in the USA
for homes since 2006. Code IRC P2904.5 uPVC Not
listed. uPVC has high chemical resistance across its
operating temperature range, with a broad band of
operating pressures. Max operating temperature is
reported at 140°F, and max working pressure: 450 PSI.
Due to its long-term strength characteristics, high
stiffness and cost effectiveness, uPVC systems account
for a large proportion of plastic piping installations and
some estimations put it that greater than two million
miles of PVC pipe are currently in service across
applications.
uPVC (unplasticized polyvinyl chloride) Variants
Based on the standard polyvinyl chloride material, three
other variants are in use. One variant called OPVC, or
PVCO,represents an important landmark in the history
of plastic pipe technology. This molecular-oriented bi-
axial high performance version combines higher
strength with extra impact resistance. A ductile variant
is the MPVC, polyvinyl chloride modified with acrylics or
chlorinated PE. This more ductile material with high
fracture resistance is used in higher-demand
applications where resistance against cracking and
stress corrosion is important. In several studies the long
track record of uPVC pipes has been investigated.
Recent investigations at the German KRV and the Dutch
TNO have confirmed that uPVC water pressure pipes,
when installed correctly have a useful life span of over
100 years.[
CPVC (post chlorinated polyvinyl chloride)
CPVC is resistant to many acids, bases, salts, paraffinic
hydrocarbons, halogens and alcohols. It is not resistant
to solvents, aromatics and some chlorinated
hydrocarbons. It can carry higher temperature liquids
than uPVC with a max operating temperature reaching
200°F. Due to its greater temperature threshold and
chemical resistance, CPVC is one of the main
recommended material choices in residential,
commercial, and industrial water and liquid transport.
PB-1 (polybutylene)
PB-1 is used in pressure piping systems for hot and cold
potable water, pre-insulated district heating networks,
and surface heating and cooling systems. Key properties
are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and
high hydrostatic pressure resistance. One standard
type, PB 125, has a minimum required strength (MRS)
of 12.5 MPa. It also has low noise transmission, low
linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.
PB-1 piping systems are no longer sold in North
America. Market share in Europe and Asia is small but
steadily growing. In some markets, e.g. Kuwait, UK,
Korea and Spain, PB-1 has a strong position.
PP (polypropylene)
Polypropylene is suitable for use with foodstuffs,
potable and ultra pure waters, as well as within the
pharmaceutical and chemical industries. PP is a
thermoplastic polymer made from polypropylene. It
was first invented in the 1950s and has been used for
pipes since the 1970s. Due to the high impact resistance
combined with good stiffness and high chemical
resistance makes this material suitable for sewer
applications. A good performance at operating
temperature range from up to 60 °C (continuous) makes
this material suitable for in-house discharge systems
Soil & Waste. A special PP grade with high temperature
behavior up to 90 °C (short-term) makes that material a
good choice for in-house warm water supply.
PE (polyethylene)
Polyethylene of various densities, also abbreviated to
LDPE, MDPE and HDPE (low, medium and high density
polyethylene; the medium density version is at times
referred to as "black alkathene" in the UK) Polyethylene
has been successfully used for the safe conveyance of
potable and waste water, hazardous waste, and
compressed gases for many years. Two variants are
HDPE (high-density polyethylene) and the more heat
resistant PEX (cross-linked polyethylene, also XLPE). PE
has been used for pipes since the early 1950s. PE pipes
are made by extrusion in a variety of sizes dimensions.
PE is lightweight, flexible and easy to weld. Its smooth
interior finish ensures good flow characteristics.
Continuous development of the material has enhanced
its performance, leading to rapidly increasing usage by
major water and gas utility companies throughout the
world. The pipes are also used in lining and trench-less
technologies, the so-called no-dig applications where
the pipes are installed without digging trenches without
any disruption above ground. Here the pipes may be
used to line old pipe systems to reduce leakage and
improve water quality. These solutions are therefore
helping engineers to rehabilitate antiquated pipe
systems. Excavation is minimal and the process is
carried out quickly below ground. Also for PE pipe
material, several studies demonstrated the long track
record with expected lifetime of more than 50 years.
Cross-linked polyethylene is commonly referred to as
XLPE or PEX. It is a thermoplastic material that can be
made in three different ways depending how the cross-
linking of the polymer chains is being made. PEX was
developed in the 1950s. It has been used for pipes in
Europe since the early 1970s and has been gaining rapid
popularity over the last few decades. Often supplied in
coils, it is flexible and can therefore be led around
structures without fittings. Its strength at temperatures
ranging from below freezing up to almost boiling makes
it an ideal pipe material for hot and cold water
installations, radiator and under floor heating, de-icing
and ceiling cooling applications
PE-RT (polyethylene RT)
Polyethylene of raised temperature resistance or PE-RT
expands the traditional properties of polyethylene.
Enhanced strength at high temperatures are thus made
possible through special molecular design and
manufacturing process control. Its resistance to low or
high temperatures makes PE-RT ideal for a broad range
of hot and cold water pipe applications.
PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride)

PVDF has high chemical resistance which means that it

is widely used in the chemical industry as a piping
system for aggressive liquids.

COMPONENTS OF PLASTIC PRESSURE PIPE SYSTEM:

Pipes, fittings, valves, and accessories make up a plastic

pressure pipe system. The range of pipe diameters for
each pipe system does vary. However, the size ranges
from 12 to 400 mm (0.472 to 15.748 in) and 3⁄8 to 16 in
(9.53 to 406.40 mm). Pipes are extruded and are
generally available in: 3 m (9.84 ft), 4 m (13.12 ft), 5 m
(16.40 ft), and 6 m (19.69 ft) straight lengths and 25 m
(82.02 ft), 50 m (164.04 ft), 100 m (328.08 ft), and 200
m (656.17 ft) coils for LDPE and HDPE. Pipe fittings are
moulded and come in many sizes: tee 90° equal
(straight and reducing), tee 45°, cross equal, elbow 90°
(straight and reducing), elbow 45°, short radius bend
90° socket/coupler (straight and reducing), union, end
caps, reducing bush, and stub, full face, and blanking
flanges. Valves are moulded and also come in many
types: ball valves (also multiport valve), butterfly valves,
spring-, ball-, and swing-check non-return valves,
diaphragm valves, knife gate valve, globe valves and
pressure relief/reduction valves. Accessories are
solvents, cleaners, glues, clips, backing rings, and
gaskets.

Color Classification

Gas Distribution (Formerly bright orange or tan; now

yellow or black with yellow stripes)

Water Distribution (Black, light blue, white, clear, or

gray)

Sewers (Green, white, black, or gray)

DWV (Black, white, tan, or gray)

Hot and Cold Water distribution (Tan, red,

white, blue, silver, or clear)

Cable Duct (Variety of colors)

Fire Sprinklers (Orange)

Industrial Process (Dark gray/PVC, light gray/CPVC)

Reclaimed Water (Purple or brown local jurisdiction

may set requirements)