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Культура Документы
ISSN 1330-3651
UDC/UDK 539.37:678.017
Keywords: composite, elastoplastic material, glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP), modulus of elasticity, primal curve, stress-strain diagram
Prethodno priopćenje
Predmet ovog rada je određivanje idealiziranog dijagrama naprezanje-deformacija (primarna krivulja) te brojčana definicija pravca i krivulje drugog reda za
stakloplastiku (GFRP). Namjera je, također, da ovaj rad postane alat kojim bi se mogao definirati dijagram naprezanje-deformacija za bilo koju drugu
stakloplastiku na osnovu rastezne čvrstoće. Stakloplastika je materijal koji je ušao u širu primjenu u graditeljstvu, što zahtjeva i poznavanje određenih
karakteristika same stakloplastike ili sličnih kompozitnih materijala, kako bismo mogli proračunati te konstrukcije. U ovom radu dan je modul elastičnosti za
stakloplastiku određen ispitivanjima te prijedlog idealiziranog radnog dijagrama stakloplastike i računskog određivanja modula elastičnosti.
Ključne riječi: dijagram naprezanje-deformacija, elastoplastični materijal, kompozit, modul elastičnosti, primarna krivulja, stakloplastika (GFRP)
15
example 0,1 %.
The modulus of elasticity is considered to be the basic
330
characteristic of a material and it is used for most Figure 1 Geometry of the tested GFRP sample (units in mm)
calculations of any structures, so it is important to know its Slika 1. Geometrija ispitivanog GFRP uzorka (jedinice u mm)
value. Composite materials have a long history of
application in civil engineering and in recent history we
have been using composites like carbon, teflon, glass fibre
reinforced polymers, concrete reinforced with carbon
3 60
The data from the testing have shown that glass fibre
reinforced polymers behave as an elastic material up to a 30
35
60
25
50
15
40
Stress, N/mm 2
5
30
-0,2 -5 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6
Strain, %
20
1.increment 2.increment 3.increment
4.increment 5.increment 6.increment
10 Figure 5 σ-ε diagram, sample 2, 6 increments, applying stress
Slika 5. σ-ε dijagram, uzorak 2, 8 priraštaja, primjenom naprezanja
0
-0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 It is visible that the σ-ε diagram for fibre reinforced
-10 Strain, % polymer consists of a straight line, which represents the
1.increment 2.increment 3.increment 4.increment elastic area, where the stress and strain have a linear
5.increment 6.increment 7.increment 8.increment relation, and that this area reaches up to 1/3 of the breaking
Figure 3 σ-ε diagram, sample 1, 8 increments, applying stress stress. After that, 1/3 of the area follows the 2/3 plastic area,
Slika 3. σ-ε dijagram, uzorak 1, 8 priraštaja, primjenom naprezanja which is fairly approximated by a second order curve.
65 Ds s 2 -s 1
E= = . (2)
55 De e 2 -e 1
45
If we assume that σ2 is for a small portion larger than σ1,
Stress, N/mm 2
2
35 or in other words that Δσ is 0,1 N/mm , the strain can be
calculated by solving the equation (3), so the following can
25 be written:
15
-b ± b 2 - 4a × c (3)
5 x1,2 =
2a
-0,1 -5 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8
- (-67 ,6 )± (-67,6)2 - 4 ×19,5 × (s 2 - 2,5) (4)
-15 Strain, % e 1,2 =
2 ×19, 5
1.increment 2.increment 3.increment 4.increment 5.increment
Figure 6 σ-ε diagram, sample 2, 5 increments, releasing stress - (-67 ,6 ) ± (-67 ,6)2 - 4 ×19,5 × (s 2 - 0,1 - 2,5) (5)
Slika 3. σ-ε dijagram, uzorak 2, 5 priraštaja, oslobađanjem naprezanja e1,2 = .
2 ×19, 5
65
y = -19,5x 2 + 67,6x + 6
60
Combining equation (2) with equations (4) and (5) we
55 obtain next formula:
50
45 01
,
y = -19,465x 2 + 67,614x + 2,5235 E=
Stress, N/mm 2
40
-(-676
, )± (-676
, ) -4×195
, ×(s2 -c) -(-676
, )± (-676
, ) -4×195
, ×(s2 -01
, -c)
2 2
(6)
35 -
30
2a 2a
y = 69,3x + 3,8
25
20
from which we can define the modulus of elasticity for any
15
specific stress in the plastic area of glass fibre reinforced
10
polymers. As the correct solution for strains ε1,1, ε1,2, ε2,1 and
5 ε2,2, for any strain the positive result is chosen. Shown in
0 Tab. 1 is a significantly different modulus of elasticity
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 calculated for several stresses in the plastic area.
Strain, %
Idealised diagram- Plastic area Idelised diagram- Elastic area
Sample 1 only plastic area Poly. (Idealised diagram- Plastic area) Table 1 Calculation of several modules of elasticity for different
Linear (Idelised diagram- Elastic area) Poly. (Sample 1 only plastic area) stresses in the plastic area for sample 1
Tablica 1. Proračun nekoliko modula elastičnosti za različita
Figure 7 Idealised σ-ε diagram – sample 1
naprezanja u području plastičnosti za uzorak 1
Slika 7. Idealizirani σ-ε dijagram – uzorak 1
y = ax 2 + bx + c s
Ds - ax 2- bx - (c + y) = 0 N/mm 2
35 40 45 50 55 60
70 2
N/mm
a b c E
60 y = -18,6x 2 + 67,7x + 5,1 45,2 40,6 35,5 29,5 21,9 9,4
0,1 19,5 -67,6 -2,5 N/mm 2
50
Stress, N/mm 2
40 65
y = -18,565x 2 + 67,749x + 1,6095 60 y = 31,455x + 16,353
30 55
50
20
45
Stress, N/mm 2
10 y = 63,6x + 3,5 40
35
0 30
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 25
Strain, % 20
Sample 2 only plastic area Idealised diagram - Plastic area
15
Sample 2 only elastic area Poly. (Sample 2 only plastic area)
Poly. (Idealised diagram - Plastic area) Linear (Sample 2 only elastic area) 10
Figure 8 Idealised σ-ε diagram – sample 2 5
Slika 8. Idealizirani σ-ε dijagram – uzorak 2 0
0 0,5 Strain, % 1 1,5 2
Plastic area Elastic area Bilinear - plastic area Linear (Plastic area)
The determination of the modulus of elasticity in the Figure 9 Idealised bilinear σ-ε diagram
area of 1/3 breaking stress is simple and can be seen from Slika 9. Idealizirani bilinearni σ-ε dijagram
Fig-s 7 and 8. If there is a need to know the value of the
elasticity modulus for a specific stress of a material, (for In order to simplify even more the idealised stress-
example the stress at which the material already suffered strain diagram, it is possible to present it as a diagram
some plastic deformation), this could be done by solving the consisting of two linear lines, i.e. bilinear diagram, as
second order equation, that also describes the diagram curve shown in Fig. 9.
in Fig-s 7 and 8. When looking at the bilinear approximation it must be
considered that the value of modulus of elasticity is also
y = -19 ,5 × x 2 + 67 , 6 × x + 2 ,5 (1) constant in the plastic area, while it is visible that after 2/3 of
breaking force (or stress) the value of modulus falls under area, which goes from 1/3 of tensile strength to the breaking
the approximated value. In other words, this kind of a point of the material.
diagram understates the value of E from 1/3 to 2/3, and
overstates the value of E above the 2/3 of the breaking force. 5
According to these statements, the use of linear - References
parabolic idealised diagram shown in Fig. 10 is
recommended. Literatura
75
[1] Štefić, T.; Jurić, A.; Maričić, S. Strength of glass fiber
reinforced polymers tested using strain gauges and
70
displacement meters (LVDT-S) (Nosivost uzoraka od
65
stakloplastike ispitivana tenzometrima i mjeračima pomaka
60 (LVDT-ima)). // Treći internacionalni naučno-stručni skup
55 Građevinarstvo-nauka i praksa (2010), 759-764 (in Croatian).
50 [2] Šimunić, Ž. Polymers in Civil Engineering (Polimeri u
graditeljstvu), University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil
Stress, N/mm 2
45
40
Engineering, Zagreb, 2006. (in Croatian).
[3] Gerdeen, J. C.; Lord, H. W.; Rorrer, R. A. Engineering Design
35
with Polymers and Composites. // CRC Press, Taylor &
30
Fancis Group, Boca Raton, 2006.
25 [4] Lacković, V.; Šimić, V. Behaviour of composite materials
20 subjected to combined load (Ponašanje kompozitnih
15 materijala pri složenom opterećenju). // Građevinar, 58,
10 7(2006), 549-557 (in Croatian).
5
[5] Hollaway, L.C. The evolution of and the way forward for
0
advanced polymer composites in the civil infrastructure. //
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8
Construction and Building Materials 17 (2003), 365–378.
Strain, %
Plastic area Elastic area Sample 2 Plastic area Sample 1 Plastic area
Authors' addresses
Figure 10 Comparison of different σ-ε diagrams
Adrese autora
Slika 10. Usporedba različitih σ-ε dijagrama
Tihomir Štefić, dipl. ing. građ.
If the mean value of the two samples is considered, it J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek
Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek
can be said that the behaviour of glass fibre reinforced Drinska 16a
polymers in the elastic area or the value of the modulus of 31000 Osijek, Croatia
elasticity can be described by the following equation: e-mail: tstefic@gfos.hr
4
Conclusion
Zaključak