Chapter 10 - Further Trignometry

Mathscape 10 ext.
- Ch10 Page 377 Friday, October 14, 2005 8:17 AM
Further
trigonometry
10
Further trigonometry
This chapter at a glance
Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
find values for trigonometric expressions that contain obtuse angles
use the second quadrant identities to find equivalent trigonometric expressions
containing acute angles for those that contain obtuse angles
solve trigonometric equations for θ, where θ lies between 0° and 180°
use the Sine Rule to find the lengths of sides in non-right-angled triangles
use the Sine Rule to find the sizes of angles in non-right-angled triangles
solve practical problems that involve the use of the Sine Rule
use the Cosine Rule to find the lengths of sides in non-right-angled triangles
use the Cosine Rule to find the sizes of angles in non-right-angled triangles
solve practical problems that involve the use of the Cosine Rule
find the area of triangles by trigonometry
solve practical problems that involve the area of a triangle by trigonometry.
377
Mathscape 10 ext. - Ch10 Page 378 Saturday, September 24, 2005 11:13 AM
378 Mathscape 10 Extension
10.1 Redefining the trigonometric

ratios
Let P(x, y) be any point in the first quadrant on y
the unit circle with centre O. Construct PM such
that PM is perpendicular to the positive x-axis. 1
The radius OP makes an angle θ with the x-axis. P(x, y)
OM PM
Now, cos θ = --------- and sin θ = --------- 1
OP OP y
x
= ---
y
= --- θ
1 1 O x M 1 x
–1
=x =y
That is, the x co-ordinate of P can also be written as cos θ and the y co-ordinate of P can be
written as sin θ. Therefore the point P(x, y) can also be written as P(cos θ, sin θ).
sin θ
Further, we know that tan θ = ------------
cos θ
y
∴ tan θ = --
x
the y co-ordinate of P
That is, tan θ = ----------------------------------------------------- .
the x co-ordinate of P
If P is a point on the unit circle, centre O, and the radius OP makes an angle θ with
the positive x-axis, then:
y
cos θ = the x co-ordinate of P, 1

sin θ = the y co-ordinate of P,
P(cos θ, sin θ)
the y co-ordinate of P
tan θ = -------------------------------------------------------- . 1
the x co-ordinate of P sin θ
θ
–1 O cos θ M 1 x
The trigonometric ratios can now be defined in terms of the anticlockwise rotation of point P
on a unit circle with centre O, through an angle θ, measured from the positive x-axis. If the
point P moves around the circle so as to be in the second quadrant, then the angle of rotation,
θ, will be obtuse. The above definitions obtained in the first quadrant still holds for obtuse
angles.
Chapter 10: Further trigonometry 379
We have shown that cos θ = x. However, in the y

second quadrant, the x-value of the point P will
be negative. Therefore, the value of cos θ will 1
be negative if θ is an obtuse angle.
P(cos θ, sin θ)
We have also shown that sin θ = y. Now, in the 1
second quadrant, the y-value of the point P will sin θ
be positive. Therefore, the value of sin θ will be θ
positive if θ is an obtuse angle. –1 cos θ O 1 x
sin θ
We also know that tan θ = ------------ . Now, in the
cos θ
second quadrant, the value of sin θ is positive and the value of cos θ is negative. Therefore, the
value of tan θ will be negative if θ is an obtuse angle.
The following exercise is an investigation activity to further explore and verify these results.
Exercise 10.1
1 y
100° 90° 80°
110° 1
70°
120° 0.9 60°
130° 0.8 50°
0.7
140° 40°
0.6
150° 30°
0.5
0.4
160° 20°
0.3
170° 0.2 10°

0.1
180° 0°
x
–1 –0.9 –0.8 –0.7 –0.6 –0.5 –0.4 –0.3 –0.2 –0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Use the graph above to find values for the following trigonometric expressions. Answer
correct to 2 decimal places.
a sin 40° and sin 140° b sin 20° and sin 160°
c sin 60° and sin 120° d sin 80° and sin 100°
2 Look at your answers to question 1. Is there a relationship between sin θ and sin (180° −
θ), where θ is an acute angle? If so, what is it?
33 y
100° 90° 80°
110° 1
70°
120° 0.9 60°
130° 0.8 50°
0.7
140° 40°
0.6
150° 30°
0.5
0.4
160° 20°
0.3
170° 0.2 10°

0.1
180° 0°
x
–1 –0.9 –0.8 –0.7 –0.6 –0.5 –0.4 –0.3 –0.2 –0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Use the graph above to find values for the following trigonometric expressions. Answer
a cos 50° and cos 130° b cos 10° and cos 170°
c cos 40° and cos 140° d cos 80° and cos 100°
4 Look at your answers to question 3. Is there a relationship between cos θ and cos
(180° − θ), where θ is an acute angle? If so, what is it?
■ Consolidation
5 Use your result from question 2 to write down a trigonometric expression that would have
the same value as each of the following.
a sin 30° b sin 50° c sin 135° d sin 105°
e sin 73° f sin 112° g sin 99° h sin 167°
6 Use your result from question 4 to write down the trigonometric expression that would have
the opposite value to each of the following.
a cos 20° b cos 70° c cos 120° d cos 155°
e cos 85° f cos 102° g cos 41° h cos 137°
sin θ
7 Use the graphs in questions 1 and 3, the identity tan θ = ------------ and your calculator to find
cos θ
the value of tan 50°.
8 Use the graph in question 1 to find two possible values of θ, correct to the nearest degree, if:
a sin θ = 0.5 b sin θ = 0.8 c sin θ = 0.2
d sin θ = 0.56 e sin θ = 0.14 f sin θ = 0.74
g sin θ = 0.36 h sin θ = 0.82 i sin θ = 0.48
Mathscape 10 ext. - Ch10 Page 381 Tuesday, October 4, 2005 2:45 PM
9 Use the graph in question 3 to find the value of θ between 0° and 180° if:
a cos θ = 0.5 b cos θ = 0.34 c cos θ = −0.94
d cos θ = −0.77 e cos θ = 0.42 f cos θ = −0.28
g cos θ = 0.85 h cos θ = 0.25 i cos θ = −0.54
■ Further applications
10 Find as a decimal, correct to 2 decimal places where necessary, the value of sin θ,
where 0° < θ < 180° if:
a cos θ = 0.6 b cos θ = 0.34 c cos θ = 0.28 d cos θ = 0.84
e cos θ = −0.9 f cos θ = −0.64 g cos θ = −0.38 h cos θ = −0.22
10.2 Trigonometric ratios of

obtuse angles
In the previous exercise, we found by inspection that there are two angles between 0° and 180°
that have the same sine. These angles are supplements of one another. For example,
sin 120° = sin 60° and sin 100° = sin 80°.
We also found that there are two angles between 0° and 180° which have cosines that are
equal in value but have opposite signs. These angles are also supplements of one another.
For example, cos 120° = −cos 60° and cos 100° = −cos 80°.
We will now prove these results in a more formal manner.
Construct the points P(x, y) and Q(−x, y) on y
the unit circle centre O, where P lies in the first
quadrant and Q lies in the second quadrant. 1
The radii OP and OQ are equally inclined to the Q(–x, y) P(x, y)
positive and negative x-axes respectively. 1 180° – θ 1
Now, the angle of rotation from the positive y
x-axis to OP is θ. In the notes on the previous θ θ
exercise, we proved that the co-ordinates of the x x
–1 N O M 1
point P could be redefined as (cos θ, sin θ).
The angle of rotation from the positive x-axis to OQ is 180° − θ. Therefore, we can redefine the
co-ordinates of the point Q as (cos (180° − θ), sin (180° − θ)).
The co-ordinates of the point P can be written as (x, y) or (cos θ, sin θ). The co-ordinates of the
point Q can be written as (−x, y) or (cos (180° − θ), sin (180° − θ)). By equating the respective
x- and y-values of Q, we can see that:
y
sin (180° − θ) = y cos (180° − θ) = −x tan (180° − θ) = ------
–x
= sin θ = −cos θ
sin θ
= ----------------
– cos θ
= −tan θ
If θ is an acute angle, then:

sin (180° − θ) = sin θ cos (180° − θ) = −cos θ tan (180° − θ) = −tan θ
That is, the sine of an obtuse angle is positive, while the cosine and the tangent of an obtuse
angle are negative.
Example 1
EG Express each of the following in terms of θ, where 0° < θ < 90°, then evaluate correct to
+S 2 decimal places.
a sin 130° b cos 165° c tan 107°20′
Solutions
a sin 130° = sin (180° − 50°)
= sin 50° (since sin (180° − θ) = sin θ)
= 0.77 (2 decimal places)
b cos 165° = cos (180° − 15°)
= −cos 15° (since cos (180° − θ) = −cos θ)
= −0.97 (2 decimal places)
c tan 107°20′ = tan (180° − 72°40′)
= −tan 72°40′ (since tan (180° − θ) = −tan θ)
= −3.20
Example 2
EG If sin θ = 0.2924, find two possible angles θ, where 0° < θ < 180°. Answer correct to the
+S nearest degree.
Solution
sin θ = 0.2924
θ (acute) = sin−1 0.2924
= 17° (to the nearest degree)
∴ θ = 17°, 180° − 17°
= 17°, 163°
Example 3
EG For each of the following, find θ, where 0° < θ < 180°. Answer correct to the nearest degree.
+S
a cos θ = −0.9511 b tan θ = −2.3559
Solutions
a cos θ is negative, b tan θ is negative,
∴ θ is an obtuse angle. ∴ θ is an obtuse angle.
cos θ = −0.9511 tan θ = −2.3559
θ (acute) = cos−1 0.9511 θ (acute) = tan−1 2.3559
= 18° (to the nearest degree) = 67° (to the nearest degree)
∴ θ = 180° − 18° ∴ θ = 180° − 67°
= 162° = 113°
Exercise 10.2
1 State whether each of these trigonometric ratios is positive or negative. Use a calculator to
verify your answers.
a sin 70° b cos 25° c tan 110° d cos 104°
e tan 18° f sin 156° g tan 163° h sin 108°
i sin 15°20′ j tan 81°17′ k cos 142°35′ l tan 119°26′
m cos 54°6′ n sin 91°43′ o cos 174°30′ p sin 122°55′
2 State whether the angle θ is acute or obtuse, where 0° < θ < 180°, if:
a sin θ > 0 and tan θ > 0 b sin θ > 0 and cos θ < 0
c tan θ < 0 and cos θ < 0 d cos θ > 0 and tan θ > 0
e sin θ > 0 and tan θ < 0 f sin θ > 0 and cos θ > 0
3 Express each of the following trigonometric ratios in terms of an acute angle, then evaluate
a sin 100° b cos 140° c tan 160° d cos 125°
e tan 134° f sin 152° g tan 101° h sin 115°
i cos 108° j sin 164° k tan 122° l cos 171°
m tan 159° n cos 153° o sin 137° p cos 94°
q sin 96° r tan 114° s cos 132° t sin 169°
4 Express each of the following trigonometric ratios in terms of an acute angle, then evaluate
a tan 128°15′ b sin 105°27′ c cos 164°8′
d sin 136°20′ e cos 113°51′ f tan 157°44′
g cos 149°36′ h tan 99°7′ i sin 165°32′
5 Find two possible angles θ, where 0° < θ < 180°, correct to the nearest degree.
a sin θ = 0.1564 b sin θ = 0.2657 c sin θ = 0.8371
d sin θ = 0.6049 e sin θ = 0.0695 f sin θ = 0.4224
g sin θ = 0.1827 h sin θ = 0.7599 i sin θ = 0.3914
6 Find the obtuse angle θ, correct to the nearest degree.
a cos θ = −0.5218 b tan θ = −0.1243 c cos θ = −0.1921
d tan θ = −0.9443 e tan θ = −1.8724 f cos θ = −0.8407
g tan θ = −3.4060 h cos θ = −0.6906 i cos θ = −0.3793
7 Find all possible values for θ, where 0° < θ < 180°, correct to the nearest degree.
a sin θ = 0.5246 b tan θ = 0.7154 c cos θ = −0.6238
d tan θ = −1.9287 e cos θ = 0.4712 f sin θ = 0.1863
g cos θ = −0.8247 h sin θ = 0.8921 i tan θ = 2.1661
j sin θ = 0.7466 k tan θ = −4.0975 l cos θ = −0.6044
8 Find the exact value of each trigonometric ratio, without using a calculator.
a sin 150° b cos 135° c tan 120°
d cos 150° e sin 120° f tan 135°
g sin 135° h tan 150° i cos 120°
9 a Complete the following tables of values by using a calculator. Give your answers
correct to 1 decimal place.
x 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90°
sin x
cos x
tan x
x 100° 110° 120° 130° 140° 150° 160° 170° 180°

sin x
cos x
tan x
b Use your tables of values to draw the following graphs on 2 mm grid paper.
i y = sin x ii y = cos x iii y = tan x
10 Use your graph of y = sin x to answer the following questions for 0° ≤ x ≤ 180°.
a What is the maximum value of sin x?
b What is the minimum value of sin x?
c Find the values of x for which sin x is: i positive ii negative
d Find the values of x for which sin x = 0.
11 Use your graph of y = cos x to answer the following questions for 0° ≤ x ≤ 180°.
a What is the maximum value of cos x?
b What is the minimum value of cos x?
c Find the values of x for which cos x is: i positive ii negative
d Find the values of x for which cos x = 0.
12 Use your graph of y = tan x to answer the following questions for 0° ≤ x ≤ 180°.
a Does tan x have a maximum value or a minimum value?
b Find the value of x for which tan x is not defined.
c Find the values of x for which tan x is: i positive ii negative
d Find the values of x for which tan x = 0.
13 Prove the following identities.
cos ( 90° – θ )
a cos (180° − θ)tan (180° − θ) = sin θ --------------------------------- = – tan θ
b
cos ( 180° – θ )
cos ( 180° – θ )sin θ
c tan (180° − θ)sin (90° − θ) = −sin θ d ---------------------------------------------- = – cos θ
sin ( 180° – θ )
e sin (180° − θ)cos (180° − θ)tan (180° − θ) = sin θ 2
f tan (90° − θ)tan (180° − θ) = −1
10.3 The Sine Rule

Until now we have only used trigonometry to find the length of a side or the size of an angle
opposite
in right-angled triangles. However, definitions such as sin θ = --------------------------- can only apply to
hypotenuse
right-angled triangles, as only right-angled triangles have a hypotenuse. We will now derive a
rule that can be used to find sides and angles in non-right-angled triangles. It is called the Sine
Rule.
The Sine Rule states that in any triangle ABC: B

a b c
------------- = ------------- = ------------- a
sin A sin B sin C
c
C
b
A
Proof:
We need to consider the use of the Sine Rule in acute-angled and obtuse-angled triangles.
1 C 2 C
a
b a h
h b
A B D c B
D A
c
ABC is any acute-angled triangle ABC is any obtuse-angled triangle
and D is the point on AB such that (∠A is obtuse) and D is the point on
CD ⊥ AB. Let CD = h. BA (produced) such that CD ⊥ AB.
Let CD = h.
h h
In ∆BCD, sin B = --- In ∆BCD, sin B = ---
a a
∴ h = a sin B. ∴ h = a sin B
h h
In ∆ACD, sin A = --- In ∆ACD, sin (180° − A) = ---
b b
∴ h = b sin A. ∴ h = b sin (180° − A)
∴ h = b sin A
[Note: (sin 180° − A) = sin A)]
Equating these results for each triangle, we have:
a sin B = b sin A
÷ sin A sin B ÷ sin A sin B
a sin B b sin A
--------------------------- = ---------------------------
sin A sin B sin A sin B
a b
∴ ------------ = ------------
sin A sin B
b c
In each case, we could draw a perpendicular from A to BC and hence show that ------------ = ------------- .
a b c sin B sin C
∴ ------------ = ----------- = -------------
sin A sin b sin C
To find an angle by using the Sine Rule, it is best to write the sines of the angles in the
numerator and the side lengths in the denominator.
a b c
To find the length of a side by using the Sine Rule, use ------------- = ------------- = ------------- .
sin A sin B sin C
sin A sin B sin C
To find the size of an angle by using the Sine Rule, use ------------- = ------------- = ------------- .
a b c
The Sine Rule can be used to find:

the length of a side if given one side and two angles
the size of an angle if given one angle and two sides.
NOTE: The Sine Rule can only be used when at least one side and the angle opposite it are known.
■ The ambiguous case

When the Sine Rule is used to find an angle, it is possible that there will be two angles.
[See example 3.]
Example 1 C
EG Find the value of a,
+S correct to 1 decimal place. 15 cm a cm
73° 41°
A B
Solution
a b
------------ = ------------
sin A sin B
a 15
---------------- = ----------------
sin 73° sin 41°
× sin 73° × sin 73°
15 sin 73°
∴ a = ------------------------
sin 41°
= 21.9 (to 1 decimal place)
Example 2 Q
EG Find the size of the acute angle θ, θ
+S correct to the nearest minute.
17 cm
Solution
sin Q sin R
------------- = ------------ 36°
q r P R
28 cm
sin θ sin 36°
------------ = ----------------
28 17
× 28 × 28
28 sin 36°
sin θ = ------------------------
17
∴ θ = sin−1 ⎛ ------------------------⎞
28 sin 36°
⎝ 17 ⎠
= 75°30′ (to the nearest minute)
Example 3
EG In ABC, ∠A = 25°, BC = 9 cm and AB = 20 cm. Find the two possible values for ∠C, correct
+S to the nearest degree. Hence show that there are two possible triangles.
Solution
B sin θ sin 25°
------------ = ----------------
20 9
20 sin 25°
20 cm 9 cm sin θ = ------------------------
9
∴ θ 70° or 180° − 70°
25° θ
A C ∴ ∠C = 70° or 110° (to the nearest degree).
B
• If ∠C = 70°, ∠B = 180° − (25° + 70°) 85°

20 cm 9 cm
= 85°
25° 70°
A C
• If ∠C = 110°, ∠B = 180° − (25° + 110°) B

= 45°
20 cm 45°
9 cm
Thus there are two possible values for ∠C,
and hence, two possible triangles. 25° 110°
A C
Exercise 10.3
1 Answer the following questions, without using a calculator.

a In ∆ABC, c = 21, sin A = 0.4 and sin C = 0.8. Find a.
b In ∆UVW, w = 15, sin V = 0.9 and sin W = 0.6. Find v.
c In ∆LMN, l = 24, sin L = 1--2- and sin M = 2--3- . Find m.
a In ∆DEF, d = 36 mm, e = 30 mm and sin D = 4--5- . Find sin E.
b In ∆XYZ, x = 16 mm, y = 20 mm and sin Y = 0.75. Find sin X.
c In ∆QRS, r = 7 mm, s = 3 7 mm and sin S = 1--4- . Find sin R.
3 Find the value of the pronumeral in each triangle, correct to 1 decimal place. All lengths are
in cm.
a b c
17 52°
a k
21 41° 13
29° 68° q 80°
12°
d e f 11.8
h 8° 15° 73°
n
18° 27° t
125°
14.7 22.9
4 Find the size of the acute angle θ, correct to the nearest degree.
a b c 48
66° 41°
71° θ
24
11
θ 67
39
28 θ
d e f θ
81° 50.6 43°
6.4 13.7
24.5
63° θ 21.2
θ
53.8
■ Consolidation
5 Find the value of each pronumeral, correct to 1 decimal place. All lengths are in mm.
a b c
35 70°15' 24°6'
p 16 c
42°39' 31°45'
36°28'
87°10' w 59
d 18°51' e 5.3 f z
83°36'
f 142°7'
63.8
14°47' u 29°40'
117°22'
12.7
6 Find the size of the acute angle α, correct to the nearest minute.
a b c
α 23
16 27 40
32 74°9'
51°14'
α 26°37' α
11
d e 9.2 f α
α 35°42'
86°30'
16.4 14.5 40.3 31.6

32°29' α
15.1
7 Find the obtuse angle β in each triangle, correct to the nearest degree.
a b 21 c
18° β
36
29 44
β 47 β
15 9° 35°
d 13.6 e 64.2 f 127.5

β β 24°
23.5 50° 76.4 98.8 β

27°
8 In ∆PQR, ∠P = 47°, ∠Q = 62° and PR = 132 cm.

a Draw a diagram and mark on it all of the given information.
b Find the size of ∠R.
c Hence, find the length of PQ, correct to 1 decimal place.
9 Find the length of LN in each triangle, correct to 3 significant figures.

a L b M c N
128.4 mm
L 61°
58° 74° 83°
M N 34° 121°
89.6 mm L
N 102.5 mm M
10 Find the exact length of PQ in each triangle. Answer in simplest surd form where necessary.
a 10 2 cm b Q c P
R P
45°
45° 30°
30° 60° R 120°

Q
R 8 3 cm
12 cm
Q
P
11 Find the two possible sizes for the angle θ, correct to the nearest degree.
a b c
15 11 12° 56
25 19°
32° θ 37
43
12 In ∆ABC, ∠A = 16°28′, BC = 29 cm and AB = 42 cm.

a Draw a diagram showing the given information.
b Find the two possible sizes of ∠C, correct to the nearest minute.
c Hence, find the two possible sizes of ∠B, correct to the nearest minute.
13 In ∆TUV, ∠V = 71°, TV = 10 cm and TU = 12 cm. Find the size of ∠U, correct to the nearest
degree.
TRY THIS Double trouble

x
Find the value of x, to the nearest millimetre.

72°
48° 56°
30 cm
10.4 Applications of the Sine Rule

Many practical problems can be solved by using the Sine Rule.
Example 1 F
EG A triangular field EFG is to be sub-divided into two paddocks
+S by constructing a new fence FH, perpendicular to EG.
a Find the length of the fence EF, correct to the nearest metre.
b Hence, find FH, the length of the new fence, correct to the
nearest metre. 68° 74°
E G
H
Solutions 250 m
a In ∆EFG, ∠EFG = 180° − (68° + 74°)
F
= 38°
EF 250
By the Sine Rule, ---------------- = ---------------- 38°
sin 74° sin 38°
× sin 74° × sin 74°
250 sin 74°
∴ EF = --------------------------- 74°
sin 38° 68°
E G
= 390 m (to the nearest metre). 250 m
FH
b In ∆EFH, sin 68° = --------- F
390
× 390 × 390 390 m
∴ FH = 390 sin 68°
= 362 m (to the nearest metre). 68°
E H
Example 2
EG A ship sailed from A to B on a bearing of 065°. It then turned and sailed 220 nautical miles on
+S a bearing of 137° to C, which is due east of A. Find the distance AC, correct to the nearest
nautical mile.
Solution Now: • ∠ABC = 65° + 43°
N = 108°
• ∠BAC = 90° − 65°
= 25°
B 137°
AC 220
By the Sine Rule, ------------------- = ----------------
sin 108° sin 25°
65°
43° 220 NM × sin 108° × sin 108°
65°
220 sin 108°
25° ∴ AC = ------------------------------
W E sin 25°
A C
= 495 nautical miles
(to the nearest
S nautical mile).
Example 3
EG A plane flew 160 km from P to Q on a bearing of 200°. It then turned and flew 225 km to R,
+S which is due west of P. Find, correct to the nearest degree, the bearing of Q from R.
Solution
N Now, ∠RPQ = 270° − 200°
= 70°
Let ∠PRQ = θ.
R P
W θ E sin θ sin 70°
70° By the Sine Rule, ------------ = ----------------
200°
160 225
225 km 160 km × 160 × 160
Q 160 sin 70°
sin θ = ---------------------------
225
S ∴ θ = 42°
(to the nearest degree).
The bearing of Q from R = 90° + 42°
= 132°.
Exercise 10.4
1 a In ∆ABC, ∠A = 60°, ∠B = 85° and b = 12. Find a, correct to 1 decimal place.

b In ∆TUV, ∠T = 38°, ∠U = 129° and t = 56. Find u, correct to 3 significant figures.
c In ∆LMN, ∠M = 106°, m = 84 and n = 71. Find ∠N, in degrees, correct to 1 decimal
place.
d In ∆XYZ, ∠Z = 67°, x = 45 and z = 110. Find ∠X, correct to the nearest minute.
2 A bridge passes over a gorge which is 19° 33°

inclined at 19° on one side and 33° on
the other side. The length of the steeper 7.3 m
incline is 7.3 m. Find the length of the
bridge, correct to 1 decimal place.
3 A pendulum swings in an arc through an angle of 26°.

The horizontal distance between rest positions is 30 cm.
26° Find the length of the pendulum, correct to 2 significant
figures.
30 cm
4 Two towns F and G are 42 km apart. The road F 42 km G

that joins the towns is closed while it is being
resurfaced. A detour between the towns requires
that drivers travel through a third town H, where 110° 25 km
GH = 25 km and ∠FHG = 110°.
a Calculate the size of ∠GFH, correct to the nearest degree. H
b Find the distance FH, correct to the nearest tenth of a kilometre.
c How much further must drivers travel as a result of the road closure?
■ Consolidation
5 B In the diagram, AB = BC = 24 cm, ∠BCD = 115°.
Find the length of AC, correct to 1 decimal place.
24 cm
115°
A D
C 24 cm
6 Find the angle θ, correct to the nearest minute by using:

a right-angled trigonometry 25 cm
b the Sine Rule. θ
7 L a Evaluate sin 23°35′, correct to 1 decimal

place.
20 cm
b Hence, find the length of LN, without
further use of a calculator.
23°35' 30°
M N
8 a In ∆XYZ, ∠X = 51°, ∠Y = 45° and the longest side is 17 cm. Find the length of the
shortest side, correct to 3 significant figures.
b In ∆TUV, TU = 9 mm, UV = 7 mm, TV = 12 mm and ∠V = 42°. Find the size of the
smallest angle in the triangle, correct to the nearest minute.
9 L N A triangular field LMN is to be fenced.
53° The side MN is 72 m long, ∠LMN = 78°
and ∠LNM = 53°.
72 m a Find the lengths of the two unknown sides,
78° correct to the nearest tenth of a metre.
M b Calculate the cost of fencing the field, if the
fence wire costs $52 per metre.
10 In this isosceles triangle, PQ = QR, ∠PQR = 40° and PR = 37 cm. R

Find the length of the equal sides, correct to the nearest centimetre.
37 cm
40°
11 In a circle with centre O and radius 25 cm,
a chord subtends an angle of 96° at the centre. Q
Find the length of the chord, correct to
O
25 cm 25 cm 3 significant figures.
96°
J K
12 Two girls, Anna and Betty are standing at A and B, A 75 m B

respectively, 75 metres apart, on one bank of a river. 61°5' 69°24'
A boy is standing at C on the other side of the river, such
that ∠CAB = 61°5′ and ∠CBA = 69°24′. Which girl is
closer to the boy and by what distance? Answer correct
to the nearest metre.
C
13 In ∆PQR, PQ = QR = 4 cm and ∠PQR = 120°. S is a point on QR such that SP bisects ∠QPR.

a Draw a diagram showing the given information.
b Find the size of ∠PSQ without the use of trigonometry.
c Show that PS = 2 6 cm.
d Show that PR = 4 3 cm.
14 a Sonia drove from T to U on a bearing of 042°. She then turned and drove 35 km to V
on a bearing of 105° until she was due east of T. Find the distance TU, correct to the
nearest tenth of a kilometre.
b Kim, who is standing at X, sees her brother standing at Y, on a bearing of 231°. Kim’s
sister is standing at Z, which is due west of X and on a bearing of 342° from Y. If Kim’s
brother and sister are presently 48 m apart, find how far Kim is from her brother, correct
to the nearest metre.
c Three towers A, B and C stand on level ground. The bearing of B from A is 250°, C is
due south of A and the bearing of C from B is 118°. If the towers B and C are 41 m apart,
find the distance AB, correct to 3 significant figures.
d Megan and Jane were taking part in an orienteering activity. Megan walked on a bearing
of 057° from C to D, while Jane walked 295 m due north from C to E. If the bearing
of E from D is 284°, find the distance between the girls, correct to the nearest metre.
15 a Karl rode his horse 3.2 km from A to B on a bearing of 037°. He then turned and rode
4.1 km to C, which is due east of A. Find the size of ∠ACB, correct to the nearest
degree. Hence, find the bearing of C from B.
b Three fire towers at P, Q, R stand on level ground in a national park. The towers at P
and Q are 4.3 km apart and the bearing of Q from P is 145°. The tower at R is due south
of P and 6.4 km from Q. Find the size of ∠PRQ, correct to the nearest degree. Hence,
find the bearing of R from Q.
c A cruise ship sailed 160 nautical miles from a port F on a bearing of 214° to port G.
More passengers boarded and the ship sailed 220 nautical miles to a holiday resort at
H, which is due west of F. Find the size of ∠FHG, correct to the nearest degree. Hence,
find the bearing of H from G.
d A surveyor is standing at a point X and observes a hill, Y, 19 km away on a bearing of
307°. A second surveyor at Y observes a rock formation 21 km away at Z, which is due
north of X. Find the size of ∠YZX, correct to the nearest degree. Hence, find the bearing
of Z from Y.
10.5 The Cosine Rule

As with the Sine Rule, the Cosine Rule can be used to find the length of a side or the size of an
angle in a non-right-angled triangle. The Cosine Rule is used in situations where the Sine Rule
cannot be applied.
The Cosine Rule states that in any triangle ABC: B
a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A a
c
C
A b
Proof:
We need to consider the use of the Cosine Rule in acute-angled and obtuse-angled triangles.
1 B 2 B
a
a h c
c
h
D x A C
b
A C b+x
x D b–x
b
ABC is any acute-angled triangle ABC is any obtuse-angled triangle
and D is the point on AC such that (∠A is obtuse) and D is the point on
BD ⊥ AC. Let BD = h. CA (produced) such that BD ⊥ CA.
Let BD = h.
In ∆BCD, a2 = (b − x)2 + h2 … 1 In ∆BCD, a2 = (b + x)2 + h2 … 1

In ∆ABD, c2 = h 2 + x2 In ∆ABD, c2 = h 2 + x2
∴ h 2 = c2 − x2 … 2 ∴ h 2 = c2 − x2 … 2
Substitute 2 into 1 : Substitute 2 into 1 :
a2 = (b − x)2 + c2 − x2 a2 = (b + x)2 + c2 − x2
a2 = b2 − 2bx + x2 + c2 − x2 a2 = b2 + 2bx + x2 + c2 − x2
∴ a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bx … 3 ∴ a2 = b2 + c2 + 2bx … 3
x x
But, in ∆ABD, cos A = -- But, in ∆ABD, cos ( 180° – A ) = --
c c
∴ x = c cos A … 4 x = c cos (180° − A)
= c × −cos A
∴ x = −c cos A … 4
Substitute 4 into 3 : Substitute 4 into 3 :
∴ a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A ∴ a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A
To find an angle we rearrange the Cosine Rule so that the cosine of the angle is the subject.
To find the length of a side by using the Cosine Rule, use a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A.
b2 + c2 – a2
To find the size of an angle by using the Cosine Rule, use cos A = ---------------------------- .
2bc
The Cosine Rule can be used to find:

the length of a side if given two sides and the included angle
the size of an angle if given three sides.
Example 1
EG Find the value of each pronumeral, correct to 1 decimal place.
+S
a X b P
41° q cm
7 cm 5 cm 11 cm
115°
R
Q 8 cm
Y x cm Z
Solutions
a x2 = y2 + z2 − 2yz cos X b q2 = p2 + r2 − 2pr cos Q
= 52 + 72 − (2 × 5 × 7 × cos 41°) = 82 + 112 − (2 × 8 × 11 × cos 115°)
= 25 + 49 − 70 cos 41° = 64 + 121 − 176 cos 115°
= 74 − 70 cos 41° = 185 − 176 cos 115°
= 21.170 329 38 = 259.380 814 1
∴ x = 21.170 329 38 ∴ q = 259.380 814 1
= 4.6 (to 1 decimal place) = 16.1 (to 1 decimal place)
Example 2
EG Find the angle θ in each triangle, correct to the nearest minute.
+S a b
B T
14 cm
4 cm 9 cm 7 cm
θ θ
R S
A 6 cm C 10 cm
Solutions
a2 + b2 – c2 r 2 + t 2 – s2
a cos C = ---------------------------- b cos S = --------------------------
2ab 2rt
2
9 + 62 – 42
2 7 + 10 2 – 14 2
cos θ = ---------------------------- cos θ = ----------------------------------
2×9×6 2 × 7 × 10
101 – 47
= --------- = ---------
108 140
∴ θ = cos –1 ⎛ ---------⎞ ∴ θ = cos –1 ⎛ ---------⎞
101 – 47
⎝ 108⎠ ⎝ 140⎠
= 20°45′ (to the nearest minute) = 109°37′ (to the nearest minute)
Exercise 10.5

a In ∆FGH, f = 4, h = 3 and cos G = -----
7
12
- . Find g.
b In ∆XYZ, x = 2, y = 5 and cos Z = 4--5- . Find z.

c In ∆PQR, q = 3, r = 6 and cos P = 5--9- . Find p.
a In ∆STU, s = 6 mm, t = 10 mm and u = 11 mm. Find cos U.
b In ∆BCD, b = 5 mm, c = 6 mm and d = 7 mm. Find cos B.
c In ∆IJK, i = 4 mm, j = 5 mm and k = 7 mm. Find cos K.
3 Find the value of the pronumeral in each triangle, correct to 1 decimal place.
a b 20 c 23
85° 42°
11 5 19°
13 v
k
37
p
d e g f
t d
18.1 21.5 32.4
114° 46.7 9° 146°
22.7 50.9
4 Find the size of the angle θ, correct to the nearest degree.

a b 9 c
θ
4 6 7
7 4
θ 6 θ
5 5
d e 20.3 f 43.7
10.2
θ θ
θ 15.4
24.1 60.5
31.5 99.8
13.6
■ Consolidation
5 Find the value of the pronumeral, correct to 1 decimal place.
a a b c m
14 37°8'
17
5 26
28°19' 35
9
q
11°20'
d 15.3 e f 74.5
45°32' r 132°56'
24.8 33.9 90.2 j
z 110°25'
21.6
6 Find the size of the angle α, correct to the nearest minute.
a b c
α
8 13 17 16
9 10
α α
15 9
11
d 35 e 75 f
α 80
97 α
24 39 89 162
α 61
g h 38.6 i
α
31.7 α 66.1
19.2 71.7
50.5 27.3
α
13.6 69.4
7 a Use the Cosine Rule to find an expression for c2 in terms of a and b.

b What happens to the Cosine Rule for sides when the included angle
is a right angle? Why? b c
8 Use the Cosine Rule to find the value of x. 24 cm a
x cm 10 cm
9 F Show that ∆FGH is right-angled at G by using:

a Pythagoras’ theorem
15 b the Cosine Rule
25
θ G
20
H
10 The sides of a certain triangle are in the ratio 4 : 5 : 8. Find the sizes of the angles, correct to
the nearest degree.
11 Find the value of x in each of these, without the use of a calculator. All lengths are in metres.
a b x c
60°
3 4 x
3 3 2
4 3 30° 135°
x 5
12 Find the size of the angle φ in each of these, without the use of a calculator. All lengths are
in metres.
a b 4 c
φ
6
φ 3 3
5 2
2 7 2
φ
26 2 3
TRY THIS Exact length
B In ∆ABC, AB = BC = 6 cm. AC is produced to D

so that CD = 5 cm and BD = 9 cm. Find the exact
6 length of AC.
A D
C
10.6 Applications of the Cosine Rule

As with the Sine Rule, many practical problems can be solved by the use of the Cosine Rule.
Example 1 15 cm
U W
EG Find the size of the smallest angle in this triangle,
+S correct to the nearest minute. 8 cm 11 cm
V
Solution
The smallest angle is opposite the shortest side, ∴ ∠W is the smallest angle.
11 2 + 15 2 – 8 2
cos θ = ----------------------------------
2 × 11 × 15 U
15 cm
W
θ
282
= --------- 8 cm 11 cm
330
∴ θ = cos –1 ⎛ ---------⎞
282
⎝ 330⎠ V
= 31°17′ (to the nearest minute).
Example 2
EG Alana drove 42 km from E to F on a bearing of 345°. She then turned and drove 73 km on a
+S bearing of 240° to G. Find the distance EG, correct to 1 decimal place.
Solution
N Now, ∠EFG = 60° + 15°
= 75°
F 240°
73 km 42 km
G 60°
15°
15°
E
W E
345°
S
By the Cosine Rule, EG2 = 422 + 732 − (2 × 42 × 73 × cos 75°)
= 1764 + 5329 − 6132 cos 75°
= 7093 − 6132 cos 75°
= 5505.921 615
∴ EG = 5505.921 615
= 74.2 km (to 1 decimal place).
Example 3
EG Three towns P, Q, R are situated such that the bearing of Q from P is 140° and R is due east
+S of P. If PQ = 110 km, QR = 95 km and PR = 115 km, find correct to the nearest degree, the
bearing of Q from R.
Solution
N Now, ∠RPQ = 140° − 90°
= 50°
140° 115 km R
Let ∠PRQ = θ.
W P E
50° By the Cosine Rule,
115 2 + 95 2 – 110 2
95 km cos θ = -------------------------------------------
110 km 2 × 115 × 95
Q 10 150
= ----------------
S 21 850
∴ θ = cos –1 ⎛ ----------------⎞
10 150
⎝ 21 850⎠
= 62° (to the nearest degree)
∴ The bearing of Q from R = 270° − 62°
= 208°.
Exercise 10.6
1 a In ∆XYZ, XZ = 28 cm, YZ = 19 cm and ∠XZY = 13°. Find XY, correct to the nearest
millimetre.
b In ∆CDE, CE = 11 m, DE = 6 m and ∠CED = 84°. Find CD, correct to 4 significant
figures.
c In ∆KLM, KL = 7 cm, LM = 9 cm and KM = 6 cm. Find ∠L in degrees, correct to
2 decimal places.
d In ∆HIJ, HI = 14 mm, IJ = 16 mm and HJ = 27 mm. Find ∠I, correct to the nearest
minute.
2 Find, correct to the nearest minute, the size of:

a the largest angle
b the smallest angle. 8 cm 12 cm
11 cm
3 In a game of rugby, a goal kicker is to attempt a
penalty goal. The ball is placed 28 m away from
one upright and 26 m away from the other.
The goal posts are 4 m apart. Within what angle 4m
must he kick the ball in order to score a goal? 26 m
Answer correct to the nearest degree. 28 m
4 A B A, B and C are three forts. The soldiers in A want to fire

cannonballs at B, but don’t know the distance between
the forts. However, they know that a third fort C is 950 m
950 m 54°21' 820 m from A and 820 m from B, and that ∠ACB = 54°21′.
How far would a cannonball need to be fired from A
C in order to reach the fort at B? Answer correct to the
nearest metre.
■ Consolidation
5 A yacht race is sailed over a triangular course. C
The yachts commence at A and sail around two buoys,
B and C, then sail back to A. The first leg of the race is
18.7 km
15.2 km, the second leg is 18.7 km and the angle between
these legs is 123°. Over what distance is the race sailed?
Answer correct to 1 decimal place. B 123°
15.2 km
6 P 22 cm Q
In the parallelogram PQRS, PQ = 22 cm,
130°
PS = 10 cm and ∠SPQ = 130°. Find the
10 cm lengths of the diagonals, correct to the
nearest millimetre.
S R
7 In ∆JKL, JK = JL = 38 cm and the perimeter is 104 cm. K

Find the size of ∠J, correct to the nearest minute.
38 cm
J L
8 B Amelia and Elizabeth leave A at noon and travel

along separate roads AB and AC, which are inclined
at an angle of 125°. Amelia travels at a speed of
80 km/h, while Elizabeth travels at 70 km/h.
125° a What distance would each woman have travelled
A C by 3 am?
b How far apart would they be then, correct to the
nearest kilometre?
9 A rhombus of side length 8.5 cm has its longer diagonal of

length 12.4 cm.
a Find the obtuse angle in the rhombus, correct to the cm
.4
nearest minute. 12
b Find the acute angle in the rhombus, without using
trigonometry.
c Hence, calculate the length of the shorter diagonal, 8.5 cm
correct to 1 decimal place.
10 S 12 cm V a Find the length of the diagonal TV.

b Hence, find the size of ∠TUV, correct to the
5 cm nearest minute.
10 cm
T
4 cm
U
11 In ∆XYZ, XY = 3 mm, YZ = 5 mm and XZ = 7 mm. X

1
a Show that cos θ = − --- . 7 mm
2 3 mm
b Hence, find the size of ∠XYZ, without using
θ
a calculator. Z
Y 5 mm
12 In each of the following problems, give the required distance correct to 1 decimal place.
a Mai drove 37 km from A to B on a bearing of 062°. She then turned and drove for 54 km
on a bearing of 112° to C. Find the distance AC.
b A man sailed 16 km from L to M on a bearing of 237°. He then turned and sailed for
21 km on a bearing of 314° to N. Find the distance LN.
c A group of scouts set up three campsites at I, J and K. The bearing of J from I is 102°,
the bearing of K from J is 246°. If J is 15 km from I and 21 km from K, find the distance
between the campsites at I and K.
d Two towns U and V are situated on opposite sides of a deep canyon and V is due north
of U. To travel from U to V, a person must travel 6.4 km to a crossing at W, on a bearing
of 317°, then 9.1 km to V on a bearing of 029°. How far apart are the towns?
13 Use the Cosine Rule to answer each of the following.
a Mitchell flew his light plane 28 km from A to B on a bearing of 138°, then turned and
flew 25 km to C, which is 33 km due east of A. Find the size of ∠ABC, correct to the
nearest degree. Hence, find the bearing of C from B.
b Inzamam sailed his boat 11 km from P to Q on a bearing of 306° until the engine cut
out. The boat then drifted 13 km to R, which is 20 km due west of P. Find the size of
∠PQR, correct to the nearest degree. Hence, find the bearing of R from Q.
c A pod of whales travelled 14 km from X to Y on a bearing of 242°, then 35 km to Z
which is 39 km due south of X. Find the size of ∠XYZ, correct to the nearest degree.
Hence, find the bearing of Z from Y.
d The weather bureau tracked a severe storm front on radar. It moved 35 km from E to F
on a bearing of 054°, then turned and moved 41 km to G, which is 50 km due north of
E. Find the size of ∠EFG, correct to the nearest degree. Hence, find the bearing of G
from F.
10.7 Area of a triangle

The area of a triangle can be found by trigonometry if we know two sides and the included
angle.
The area of any triangle ABC is given by: B

1
A = --- ab sin C
2 c a
A C
b
Proof:
ABC is any triangle and D is the point on BC A
such that AD ⊥ BC. Let AD = h.
1
In ∆ABC, area = --- × base × height c b
2 h
1
= --- ah … 1
2 B C
h D
In ∆ACD, sin C = --- a
b
∴ h = b sin C … 2
Substitute 2 into 1 :
1
∴ Area = --- ab sin C
2
Example 1 C
EG Find the area of this triangle,
+S correct to 1 decimal place.
57°
15 cm 11 cm
Solution
1 B
A = --- ab sin C A
2
1
= --- × 11 × 15 × sin 57°
2
= 69.2 cm2 (to 1 decimal place).
Example 2 A B
EG Find the exact area of
+S this parallelogram. 6 cm
60°
D C
10 cm
Solution
Construct the diagonal AC. A 10 cm B
Now, ∆ADC ≡ ∆CBA (SSS) 60°
1 6 cm
∴ A = --- × 10 × 6 × sin 60° × 2 6 cm
2
(there are 2 equal triangles) 60°
1 3 D C
= --- × 10 × 6 × ------- × 2 10 cm
2 2
= 30 3 cm2
Example 3
EG L In ∆LMN, ∠M is obtuse.
+S The area of the triangle is 133 cm2.
θ
20 cm Find the angle θ, correct to
14 cm the nearest minute.
M N
Solution
1
A = --- mn sin L
2
1
133 = --- × 20 × 14 × sin θ
2
133 = 140 sin θ
÷ 140 ÷ 140
133
sin θ = ---------
140
∴ θ = sin –1 ⎛ ---------⎞
133
⎝ 140⎠
= 71°48′ (to the nearest minute).
Exercise 10.7
1 Find the area of each triangle, correct to 1 decimal place.

a b c
80° 15 cm
10 cm
13 cm 72° 26 cm 29 cm
143°
38 cm
d e f
11.7 cm 27.4 cm
54 cm 33°8'
32.6 cm
47°35'
21°18'
20.9 cm
36 cm
2 a In ∆PQR, PQ = 15 mm, PR = 12 mm and ∠P = 38°. Find the area of ∆PQR, correct to

2 decimal places.
b In ∆EFG, EF = 21 cm, FG = 27 cm and ∠F = 129°. Find the area of ∆EFG, correct to
4 significant figures.
c In ∆XYZ, XZ = 50.1 m, YZ = 34.5 m and ∠Z = 46°17′. Find the area of ∆XYZ, correct
to the nearest square metre.
■ Consolidation
3 Find the area of each quadrilateral, correct to 1 decimal place.
a b 7 cm c
9 cm
27 cm 110°
95° 11 cm 25.3 cm
8 cm
12 cm 54°
35° 61°
24 cm 17 cm 43.4 cm
4 a Find the area of the parallelogram, using trigonometry.

b Hence, find the perpendicular height, h cm.
10 cm h cm
30°
24 cm
5 Find the total area of this figure,

6c correct to the nearest cm2.
m cm 42°
13
m 8
5c cm 71°
6 Find the area of this isosceles triangle,

correct to 3 significant figures.
25 cm
63°
7 Find the area of each triangle, without the use of a calculator.

a b c
8 cm 5 cm
45° 5 2 cm 7 3 cm
150°
4 3 cm
8 Find the angle θ in each triangle, correct to the nearest degree. Angles that appear obtuse
are obtuse.
a b c 9 cm
θ θ
6 cm 25 cm
18 cm 12 cm
θ
5 cm
Area = 10 cm2 Area = 91.5 cm2 Area = 25.4 cm2
9 Find the volume of each solid, correct to 4 significant figures.

a b S
13 cm
16 cm 57° 14 cm
21 cm P R
8 cm 9 cm
Q
PQR = 100°
10 An irregularly shaped field has been divided into B

four paddocks as shown. If AE = 205 m, BE = 153 m, C
CE = 178 m and DE = 164 m, find the total area of
66°
the field, in hectares. Answer correct to 2 decimal places. 74°
A 83°
E
D
11 A a Find the area of this triangle by using the formula

1
A = --- ab sin C.
c 2
b
b What happens to this formula when it is used to find
C B the area of a right-angled triangle, and the included
a
angle is 90°?
12 This circle with centre O has a radius of 14 cm.
The chord PQ subtends an angle of 80° at the centre.
a Find the area of the sector POQ, correct to 1 decimal place. O
b Find the area of ∆POQ, correct to 1 decimal place. cm80°
c Hence, find the area of the shaded segment. 14
P Q
13
A regular hexagon has been inscribed in a circle
4 cm with centre O and radius 4 cm. Find the area of
O the hexagon, without the use of a calculator.
14 Find the value of h in this triangle, without B

the use of a calculator or the definition
OPP 9 cm
sin θ = ------------ . h cm
HYP 30°
A C
12 cm
TRY THIS Exact area of a segment

In the circle with centre O, OP = OQ = 6 cm
and ∠POQ = 60°.
Show that the area of the shaded segment O
is 3 ( 2 π – 3 3 ) cm 2 . cm 60°
6
P Q
10.8 Miscellaneous problems

The questions in this exercise require the use of right-angled trigonometry, the Sine Rule, the
Cosine Rule and the area of a triangle. You will need to determine which approach to take in
each question depending on the given information.
Use the Sine Rule if given two sides and the non-included angle or two angles
and one side.
Use the Cosine Rule if given two sides and the included angle or three sides.
Example 1 S
EG a Find the length of RT, correct to 1 decimal place.
+S b Hence, find the size of ∠RUT, correct to the
45°
36 cm U 51 cm
nearest minute. 25
cm cm
20
Solutions R T
a In ∆RST, we are given two sides (RS and ST) and the included angle (∠RST),
∴ we use the Cosine Rule to find RT.
RT2 = 362 + 512 − (2 × 36 × 51 × cos 45°)
= 1296 + 2601 − 3672 cos 45°
= 3897 − 3672 cos 45°
= 1300.503 899
∴ RT = 1300.503 899
= 36.1 cm (to 1 decimal place)
b In ∆RUT, we are given three sides, ∴ we use the Cosine Rule to find ∠RUT.
Let ∠RUT = θ
20 2 + 25 2 – 36.1 2
cos θ = ------------------------------------------
2 × 20 × 25
– 278.21
= -------------------
1000
∴ θ = cos –1 ⎛ -------------------⎞
– 278.21
⎝ 1000 ⎠
= 106°9′
Example 2 Z
EG a Find the size of ∠YWZ and hence calculate the
+S length of WZ, correct to 1 decimal place.
b Find the length of XW, correct to 1 decimal place. 16°
28 cm
104°
Y X
Solutions W
a In ∆WYZ, ∠ZWY = 180° − 104° Z
= 76°
28
sin 76° = ---------
ZW 28 cm
1 ZW
---------------- = ---------
sin 76° 28
76°
× 28 × 28 Y W
28
∴ ZW = ----------------
sin 76°
= 28.9 cm (to 1 decimal place).
b In ∆XWZ, we now have two angles and one side, Z

∴ we use the Sine Rule to find WX.
Now, ∠WXZ = 180° − (16° + 104°)
= 60°
28.9 cm 16°
WX 28.9 60°
By the Sine Rule, ---------------- = ----------------
sin 16° sin 60° 104°
W X
× sin 16° × sin 16°
28.9 sin 16°
∴ WX = -----------------------------
sin 60°
= 9.2 cm (to 1 decimal place).
Exercise 10.8
1 Find the value of each pronumeral, correct to 1 decimal place. Angles that appear obtuse
are obtuse. All lengths are in centimetres.
a b k c 25°
8 x 79°
12 36
17
63° 47°
11 p
d 32°15' e f
124°30'
26.8 39°6' z
71.4
65.2 n 82°21' 143°19'
a 48.3
2 Find the size of the angle marked θ, correct to the nearest minute. Angles that appear obtuse
are obtuse. All lengths are in metres.
a θ 50° b c 11
30 θ
18 24
13
20
θ 24
27
d e f 102.6
θ
81°27' 45.8
29.6 θ 37.1 140.5
184.9
θ 8°40'
53.7
■ Consolidation
3 A pair of compasses of length 8 cm are opened to
a width of 5.5 cm. Find the angle between the arms, θ
correct to the nearest degree. 8 cm 8 cm
5.5 cm
1
4 In ∆CDE, the lengths of the sides DE and CE are in the ratio 3 : 1. If sin D = --- , find the size
6
of ∠C, where ∠C is obtuse.
5 a Two angles in a triangle are 28° and 134°. If the shortest side is 11 cm, find the length
of the longest side, correct to 2 decimal places.
b Find, correct to the nearest minute, the smallest angle in a triangle with sides of length
4.5 cm, 6 cm and 7.2 cm.
6 X Two tanks are situated at C and D, 250 m apart

on level ground. They site a target X such that
∠XCD = 72° and ∠XDC = 65°. Find the distance
between the tank at C and the target, correct to
the nearest metre.
72° 65°
C D
250 m
7 A chord of length 35 cm subtends an angle θ at the centre

of a circle with radius 22 cm. Find the angle θ, correct to
the nearest minute. O
2
cm θ 2 cm
22
P 35 cm Q
8 Zachary walked along St John’s Rd from A to C

C instead of walking down Simpson St and then
Simpson St 85 m Lawson Avenue. Calculate the distance that he
B Lawson Ave saved, correct to the nearest metre, by taking
120° Rd this route.
h n's
65 m Jo
St
A
9 In ∆CDE, CD = 15 mm, DE = 23 mm and CE = 26 mm. D

a Find the size of ∠CDE, correct to the nearest minute.
b Find the area of ∆CDE, correct to 3 significant figures. 23 mm
15 mm
C E
26 mm
10 a Find the size of the obtuse angle θ, correct to the nearest

85 mm degree.
17°
b Hence, find the area of the triangle, correct to the
θ nearest square millimetre.
54 mm
11 In the parallelogram ABCD, AB = 11 cm, A 11 cm B

BD = 16 cm, ∠ADB = 39° and ∠DAB is obtuse.
a Find the size of ∠DAB, correct to the nearest
cm
degree. 16
b Find the length of AD, correct to the nearest 39°
centimetre. D C
12 In ∆ABC, ∠A = 69°, ∠B = 47° and AC = 15 cm.
b Calculate the perimeter of the triangle, correct to 1 decimal place.
13 In ∆PQR, ∠P = 60°, ∠R = 75° and PQ = 8 cm.

b Find the exact length of QR.
14 F In the diagram shown, EF = 14 m, FG = 16 m,

EP = 8 m, QG = 6 m and ∠EFG = 30°. Find the
30° shaded area.
14 m 16 m
P
8m Q
6m
E G
15 a i Find the angle α, correct to the nearest minute.

ii Hence, find the area of the triangle, correct to β
1 decimal place. 5m
b i Find the angle β, correct to the nearest minute. 8m
ii Hence, find the area of the triangle, correct to α
1 decimal place. 9m
16 B a Find the length of AC.

b Calculate the total area of this figure.
120° 15 m
9m
A C
4m
E D
17 Show, by trigonometry, that the area of an equilateral triangle s cm
3
of side s cm is given by the formula A = ------- s 2 .
4 s cm s cm
18 The area of this triangle is 22 3 cm 2 .

60° x cm a Find the value of x.
8 cm b Hence, find the exact value of y.
y cm
19 A bushwalker walks 8 km due east from L to M, N

then proceeds to walk a further 13 km to N on a N
bearing of 026°.
a Calculate his distance from L, correct to the
nearest kilometre. 26° 13 km
b Find his bearing from L, correct to the nearest
degree. W E
L 8 km M
S
20 N Two ships leave the same port simultaneously.

One ship sails 450 nautical miles on a bearing
068° of 068°, while the other ship sails 600 nautical
NM miles on a bearing of 215°. How far apart are the
450
W E ships then, correct to the nearest nautical mile.
NM
600
S
215°
21 In ∆ABC, AB = 19 cm, BC = 14 cm and AC = 21 cm. B
D is a point on BC such that DC = 6 cm.
a Use the Cosine Rule in ∆ABC to find the size of
14
∠ABC, correct to the nearest minute.
cm
19 cm
D
b Use the Cosine Rule in ∆ABD to find the length 6 cm
of AD, correct to 1 decimal place.
A C
21 cm
22 B In the diagram, AB = 27 cm, CD = 23 cm,

∠ABC = 80°, ∠ADC = 46° and ∠DAC = 17°.
80°
D
a Find the length of AC, correct to 3 significant
27 cm E figures.
46° b Hence, find the size of ∠ACB, correct to the
23 cm
17° nearest degree.
A
C
23 In ∆WXY, Z is a point on WY such that XZ bisects WY. X

a Use the Sine Rule in ∆XYZ to find the size of
∠XZY, correct to the nearest degree.
18 cm 35° 30 cm
b Hence, find the size of ∠WXZ, correct to the
nearest degree.
W Y
Z
42 cm
24 D In ∆ABC, ∠BAC = 73° and ∠ACB = 44°. D is a point

A C on AC such that ∠BDC = 118° and BD = 21 cm.
73° 118° 44°
a Use the Sine Rule in ∆BCD to find the length of
21 cm
BC, correct to 1 decimal place.

b Use the Sine Rule in ∆ABC to find the length of
AB, correct to 1 decimal place.
B
25 In ∆PQR, PR = 12 cm and ∠QPR = 27°. S is a point on PR such Q

that QS ⊥ PR and QS = 10 cm.
a Find the length of PQ in ∆PQS, correct to the nearest
centimetre.
b Use the Cosine Rule in ∆PQR to find the length of QR, 10 cm
correct to the nearest centimetre.
27°
P R
S
12 cm
26 I In ∆IJK, IK = 16 cm, JK = 18 cm and ∠JIK = 73°.

L is a point on IK such that JL ⊥ IK.
73°
a Use the Sine Rule in ∆IJK to find the size of ∠IJK,
16 cm L J correct to the nearest degree.
b Write down the size of ∠IKJ.
18 cm c Hence, find the altitude JL, correct to the nearest
millimetre.
K
27 Two radar stations U and V are situated on level ground, P

21.5 km apart. A plane P is sighted simultaneously by
the two stations. The angles of elevation of the plane from
U and V at this time are 57° and 48° respectively.
a Find the distance PU, correct to 2 decimal places.
b Calculate the altitude of the plane, in metres, correct
57° 48°
to the nearest 100 metres. U V
21.5 km
TRY THIS Chord and radius
C If AB is the diameter of a circle, and AC is a chord

10 cm 10 cm long, what is the exact length of the radius of
the circle if ∠BAC = 30°?
30°
A B
Mathscape 10 ext. - Ch10 Page 416 Friday, October 14, 2005 8:19 AM
0FF OCU S O N O RKING M I CAAL LL LYY

O C U S O N W 0 R K I N G M AATTHHEEMMAATTI C
W
MATHEMATICALLY
MEASURING THE DISTANCE TO THE STARS

MATICALLY
F O C U S O N W O R K I HNE G
MAT
Introduction
The origin of the universe, how it came to be formed, and our place in it as human beings, has
occupied the thoughts of many people through the ages. We know that the stars we can see are
WORKING
part of a huge galaxy of which our solar system and, inside it planet Earth, are a very small part.
Photography plays a major role in astronomical research. High resolution images taken through
a powerful telescope not only reveal the colour and structure of a universe largely hidden from
us, they are also of exceptional beauty. Further, they can reveal the vast emptiness of space by
taking us to galaxies of stars far beyond our own.
In this focus on working mathematically we will follow in the steps of the mathematician and
ON
astronomer who first measured the distance to the stars of our galaxy with accuracy, taking into
account the motion of the Earth and many other variables which effected his observations. His
name was Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel. Bessel used the phenomenon of parallax to determine the
FOCUS
distance to the star called 61Cygni in the constellation of the Swan as 10.1 light years,
announcing his result in 1838. Up until then parallax had been used successfully to determine
the distances from Earth to the planets, but the deep space beyond was a mystery.
Parallax
Hold up a pen or pencil in front of your face so that it obscures an object in your vision. Now
close each eye in turn. Each eye looks at the pen from a slightly different direction. As you open
and close each eye the pen appears to move to the left or right. The closer the object the more
apparent the movement. This phenomenon is called parallax.
FOCUS ON WORKING MATHEMATICALLY

Now imagine the pen is a distant star. When looked at through a telescope from two different
positions, the movement of the star against a fixed background of more distant stars is very
small and very difficult to detect. This is why we tend to see the stars as fixed in the sky. Bessel
measured the parallax of 61Cygni as 0.314 arcseconds. An arcsecond (symbol ″ or as) is
1/3600 of a degree, so you can see how small the movement is. This was a brilliant effort. With
modern techniques such as high resolution photography and very powerful telescopes the
correct value is 0.294″.
2L EARNING ACTIVITIES
Observing parallax
ICALLY
1 We need to observe the star relative to a fixed background from two different positions to
observe its apparent movement and therefore its parallax. The baseline of our observations
must be as large as possible because the Apparent movement of star C
distance we wish to measure is so large between observations
MATHEMAT
and the maximum angle of parallax so
small. Astronomers therefore use the
diameter of the Earth’s orbit around
the Sun as a baseline.
C
Copy this diagram into your book.
When photographed, the star C
appears to move across the p
fixed background of more
WORKING
d
distant stars.
Fixed star
Earth background
A
d
R = 1 AU
ON
p = parallax of star C
Sun R = Radius of Earth’s orbit = 1 AU
FOCUS
B
Earth
Measuring parallax
2 This is the difficult part! You have to make sure you take account of every variable that
could interfere with the observations. Bessel had to accurately calculate the positions of the
stars on fixed dates of observation and eliminate the effects of the Earth’s motion and other
sources of error.
MATHEMATICALLY
Look at your diagram. If you made your first observation from A on a certain date, how long
would you have to wait before being able to observe the maximum parallax? Where would
the Earth then be?
3 If you have access to the internet you can observe stellar parallax at
<www.astro.washington.edu/labs/parallax>. Click on the Parallax Java demo to observe an
animation. You can also measure parallax from photographs.
The calculation of the distance of the star from Earth

4 The angle of parallax p is defined as half of the observed movement as shown in the
diagram. This makes it easy to directly apply trigonometry to ∆ABC. Write down sin p and
derive an expression for d. Note that in astronomy, R is a standard unit called the
Astronomical Unit or AU. 1 AU is 150 million km.
MATICALLY
5 Bessel observed the parallax p as 0.314″. However before we do the calculation it is

necessary to express the angle p in radians. This takes us ahead of year 10 work. If you wish
skip this question and go to question 7. Check with your teacher.
One radian is the angle at the centre of a circle Q
subtended by an arc equal in length to the radius.
F O C U S O N W O R K I HNE G
Copy the diagram into your book and record the

1 1
conversion below.
The circumference of the circle is 2π so the arc 1 radian
MAT
1
PQ is ------ of the circumference. Expressed in O P
2π 1
1
degrees, the angle POQ is therefore ------ of 360°
2π
WORKING
(about 57. 296° or 57° 18′).

1 Arc PQ = 1
1 radian = ------ of 360° Radius = 1
2π
so π radians = 180°
6 Using the information in question 5 show that the parallax
p = 1.5223149 × 10−6 radians
Now use the equation for d in question 4 to calculate d in AU. Note that R = 1AU and using
ON
7
a calculator show that sin p = p = 1.5223149 × 10−6. Hence show that d is approximately
656 894 AU. (Check with your teacher as to why the value of sin p is close to p for small
FOCUS
angles measured in radians.)

8 The distance to 61Cygni from Earth is over 656 000 times the radius of Earth’s orbit around
the Sun. This is a huge distance. A light year, the distance light travels in one year, is
another convenient unit in astronomy. Show that the value of d above is equivalent to
10.4 light years (take the speed of light as 300 000 km/s).
FOCUS ON WORKING MATHEMATICALLY

8C HALLENGE ACTIVITIES
1 Bessel’s work turned astronomers’ interest away from the solar system to the stars beyond.
For the first time the dimensions of the universe beyond our solar system became known.
It was not long before astronomers found that 61Cygni was 19th in order of distance from
Earth. The closest star is Alpha Centauri in the constellation of the Southern Cross, about
4 1--3- light years away.
a Given the parallax of 61Cygni as 0.29″ at a distance of 11 light years, estimate the
parallax of Alpha Centauri. Give a reason why it is larger than the parallax of 61Cygni.
b Using the method of questions 4 to 8 show that Alpha’s parallax is approximately 0.75″.
2 Search the internet to find out how parallax could be used to calculate the distance from
ICALLY
Earth to a closer object like the moon. In this case two observations from Earth are made
simultaneously. Find out why this is necessary. It turns out that the moon moves in an
ellipse around the Earth, not a circle, and that its parallax varies between 53.9 and
61.5 minutes. Find out the mean distance to the moon and different techniques used to
measure it today.
MATHEMAT
3 For those of you planning to study mathematics at university you will come across Bessel
functions, another legacy left by this great mathematician from his work in astronomy.
Check out how they came to be important.
E L ET’S COMMUNICATE
WORKING
In no more than half a page, give some examples of how trigonometry plays a vital role in
astronomy.
%R EFLECTING
Clever measurement (photography still plays a strong role) and simple mathematics has made
ON
it possible to study the far reaches of the universe. Reflect on the power of mathematics as a
tool in uncovering the nature of the physical world.
FOCUS
1 In a short sentence explain tangent noun 1. Specialised in geometry, a straight line

a the abbreviation sin, cos and tan which touches a curve. 2. a sudden new direction:
b what the sine rule is used for I find it hard to follow his conversation because he keeps
c what the cosine rule isused for flying off at a tangent.
d a compass bearing Knowing the precise mathematical meaning
e an angle of elevation of a tangent, how do you think the phrase
2 The Macquarie Learners Dictionary “flying off at a tangent” might have come
defines the word tangent as follows: into common usage?
1 State whether the angle θ is acute or a b

obtuse, where 0° < θ < 180°, if: p
a cos θ > 0 and tan θ > 0 19 a
48
b sin θ > 0 and cos θ < 0.
CHAPTER RE
52° 76° 35° 104°

2 Express each of these trigonometric c 51°43' d 16
ratios in terms of an acute angle, then 27°
y
evaluate correct to 2 decimal places.
a sin 110° b cos 130° 11
c tan 165° d sin 125°48′ 83°11' k
e tan 142°11′ f cos 153°22′ 27.3
3 Find two possible angles θ, where e 23 f
0° < θ < 180°, correct to the nearest 113° 8.2
n
degree. 32
w 15°6'
a sin θ = 0.7124 b sin θ = 0.3867
5.7
4 Find θ, where 0° < θ < 180°, correct to the
nearest degree. 7 Find the angle θ in each triangle, correct
a cos θ = −0.4052 to the nearest minute. All lengths are in
b tan θ = −2.8665 mm. Angles that appear obtuse are
obtuse.
5 Find the exact value of:
a
VIEW
a sin 135° b cos 120° 14

c tan 150° θ
6 Find the value of each pronumeral,
correct to 1 decimal place. All lengths 68° 11
are in cm.
CHAPTER REVIEW
VIEW
b θ 10 Libby drove 105 km from T to U on a
37°
bearing of 305°. She then turned and
19
25 drove on a bearing of 209° to V, which is
due west of T.
a Draw a diagram and mark on it all of
the given information.
c
b Find ∠UTV and ∠TUV.
CHAPTER RE
13.8 9.4 c Hence, find the distance VT, correct
to the nearest km.
41°17' θ 11 Ross sailed 24 nautical miles on a bearing
of 057° from C to D. He then turned and
d sailed 30 nautical miles to E, which is due
θ 10 east of C.
a Draw a diagram and mark on it all of
12 the given information.
b Find the size of ∠CED, correct to the
9
nearest degree.
c Hence, find the bearing of E from D.
e
12 Harrison walked 450 m from X to Y on a
14 bearing of 214° while orienteering. He
11 then turned and walked 520 m to Z, which
θ is 610 m due west of X.
7 a Draw a diagram and mark on it all of
the given information.
f 13.2 b Use the Cosine Rule to find ∠ZXY,
θ correct to the nearest degree.
10.9
c Find the bearing of Y from Z.
16.5 d Find the bearing of Z from Y.
8 Two straight roads PQ and QR meet at an 13 Find the area of each triangle, correct to
angle of 58°. The roads PR and QR meet 1 decimal place.
at an angle of 73°. a
If PQ = 712 m, find 14 cm
the length of the road QR, correct to the
nearest metre. 26°
10 cm
9 In ∆LMN, LM = 12 cm, MN = 13 cm and
LN = 10 cm. Find, correct to the nearest b 15.7 cm
minute, the size of the largest angle. 128°37'
19.2 cm
CHAPTER REVIEW
14 Find the angle θ in each of these, correct
VIEW
17 A triangle has sides of length 19 mm,
to the nearest minute. Angles that appear 24 mm and 27 mm. Find the area of the
obtuse are obtuse. triangle, correct to the nearest mm2.
a 18 In ∆QRS, T is a point R
on QR such that 11 cm
7.5 cm ST ⊥ QR, ∠Q = 72°, 60°
T
θ ∠R = 60° and
CHAPTER RE
8 cm TR = 11 cm.
72°
Area = 28.4 cm2 a Find the length Q S
of RS.
b b Write down the size of ∠QSR.
c Use the Sine Rule in ∆QRS to find the
23 cm length of QT, correct to 1 decimal
θ place.
18 cm 19 In the diagram, DE = 16 cm, EF = 20 cm,
Area = 122 cm2 DG = 37 cm, FG = 24 cm and
∠DGF = 36°.
15 Find the area of this parallelogram,
correct to 1 decimal place. F
D
cm
7.8 cm 16 cm 24 cm
20
37 36°
109° cm
15.2 cm E G
a Use the Cosine rule in ∆DFG to
16 Find the volume of each solid, correct to
find the length of DF, correct to
1 decimal place.
3 significant figures.
a
b Hence, find the size of ∠DEF, correct
to the nearest minute.
9 cm
82°
17 cm
13 cm
b S
8 cm
P R
6.1 cm 9.3 cm
Q PQR = 37°15'
CHAPTER REVIEW

Chapter 10 - Further Trignometry

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Chapter 10 - Further Trignometry

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Mathscape 10 ext.

- Ch10 Page 377 Friday, October 14, 2005 8:17 AM

378 Mathscape 10 Extension

10.1 Redefining the trigonometric

cos θ = the x co-ordinate of P, 1

Chapter 10: Further trigonometry 379

We have shown that cos θ = x. However, in the y

170° 0.2 10°

380 Mathscape 10 Extension

170° 0.2 10°

Chapter 10: Further trigonometry 381

10.2 Trigonometric ratios of

382 Mathscape 10 Extension

If θ is an acute angle, then:

Chapter 10: Further trigonometry 383

384 Mathscape 10 Extension

x 100° 110° 120° 130° 140° 150° 160° 170° 180°

Chapter 10: Further trigonometry 385

f tan (90° − θ)tan (180° − θ) = −1

10.3 The Sine Rule

The Sine Rule states that in any triangle ABC: B

386 Mathscape 10 Extension

The Sine Rule can be used to find:

■ The ambiguous case

Chapter 10: Further trigonometry 387

• If ∠C = 70°, ∠B = 180° − (25° + 70°) 85°

388 Mathscape 10 Extension

• If ∠C = 110°, ∠B = 180° − (25° + 110°) B

1 Answer the following questions, without using a calculator.

Chapter 10: Further trigonometry 389

16.4 14.5 40.3 31.6

d 13.6 e 64.2 f 127.5

23.5 50° 76.4 98.8 β

8 In ∆PQR, ∠P = 47°, ∠Q = 62° and PR = 132 cm.

390 Mathscape 10 Extension

9 Find the length of LN in each triangle, correct to 3 significant figures.

30° 60° R 120°

12 In ∆ABC, ∠A = 16°28′, BC = 29 cm and AB = 42 cm.

TRY THIS Double trouble

Find the value of x, to the nearest millimetre.

Chapter 10: Further trigonometry 391

10.4 Applications of the Sine Rule

392 Mathscape 10 Extension

1 a In ∆ABC, ∠A = 60°, ∠B = 85° and b = 12. Find a, correct to 1 decimal place.

2 A bridge passes over a gorge which is 19° 33°

3 A pendulum swings in an arc through an angle of 26°.

Chapter 10: Further trigonometry 393

4 Two towns F and G are 42 km apart. The road F 42 km G

6 Find the angle θ, correct to the nearest minute by using:

7 L a Evaluate sin 23°35′, correct to 1 decimal

394 Mathscape 10 Extension

10 In this isosceles triangle, PQ = QR, ∠PQR = 40° and PR = 37 cm. R

12 Two girls, Anna and Betty are standing at A and B, A 75 m B

13 In ∆PQR, PQ = QR = 4 cm and ∠PQR = 120°. S is a point on QR such that SP bisects ∠QPR.

Chapter 10: Further trigonometry 395

10.5 The Cosine Rule

The Cosine Rule states that in any triangle ABC: B

396 Mathscape 10 Extension

In ∆BCD, a2 = (b − x)2 + h2 … 1 In ∆BCD, a2 = (b + x)2 + h2 … 1

The Cosine Rule can be used to find:

Chapter 10: Further trigonometry 397

1 Answer the following questions, without using a calculator.

b In ∆XYZ, x = 2, y = 5 and cos Z = 4--5- . Find z.