Billing Class: A billing class classifies the installations for billing.

 Validation
This, for example, prevents a rate category for a nonresidential customer from being allocated to
an installation for a residential customer.

Billing Class. In SAP ISU a billing class is used to classify installations for billingin the same divisions.
Example can be water, electricity for deregulated markets or you can group installations as Residential or
Commercial. You can allocate the different billing master data to different billing classes.

Rate Category: In the rate category, you can store data for controlling billing.

For example, you establish the following data:

 Billing on a daily or monthly basis, Normal billing, Floating back-billing, Period-end billing

You enter the rate category in the installation, and in combination with the rate type from the register, it
forms the basis for rate determination.

The term "rate category" in IS-U corresponds to what utility companies call the rate. Examples of rate
categories include:

 Electricity

o Household, Trade

Price: Prices are allocated to operands in the rate facts for the rate. The price operands are thereby
provided with values from the price keys.

You can allocate the prices to the following four price categories:

 Quantity-based price, Time-based price, Rental price, Flat rate

Operands: Operands are required for structuring rates. Operands form the link between the values to be
billed (consumption, reference values, prices, etc.) and the variant programs.

Rate: It stores billing rules which are executed during billing run. It consists of steps and values of how to
calculate billing quantity and amount.

Rate fact group: Grouping of individual facts that are allocated to a rate. Several rate fact groups can be
allocated to one rate. Rate fact groups enable you to use the same rate.

Billing schema: Structure that defines the order in which variant programs for rates to be billed must be
executed.

Variant program: It is a functional module in rates or schemas that contains a billing rule.
Rate determination: In conjunction with rate category, rate type is used to determine the rate.

Rate type: It is classification of register, flat rate or reference value for billing purposes. Rate type is
commonly allocated to register to classify the register type such as on peak, off peak, mid peak etc.

Initial Value: Assigns the initial value to the field from the dictionary

Fixed Value: Assigns a constant value to the field

Transfer: Assigns the value as transferred from the legacy system to the field

ABAP Rule: Executes a series of ABAP statements (complex field rules)

Via KSM: Replaces the key of an already imported object with the newkey
Conversion: Maps through a conversion table

Customer Field: Projects specific field

DDL: DDL or Data Definition Language actually consists of the SQL commands that can
be used to define the database schema.
 CREATE – is used to create the database or its objects (like table, index, function,
views, store procedure and triggers).
 DROP – is used to delete objects from the database.
 ALTER-is used to alter the structure of the database.
 TRUNCATE–is used to remove all records from a table, including all spaces
allocated for the records are removed.
 COMMENT –is used to add comments to the data dictionary.
 RENAME –is used to rename an object existing in the database.

DML: The SQL commands that deals with the manipulation of data present in database
belong to DML or Data Manipulation Language and this includes most of the SQL
statements.
 SELECT – is used to retrieve data from the a database.
 INSERT – is used to insert data into a table.
 UPDATE – is used to update existing data within a table.
 DELETE – is used to delete records from a database table.

DCL: DCL includes commands such as GRANT and REVOKE which mainly deals with
the rights, permissions and other controls of the database system.
 GRANT-gives user’s access privileges to database.
 REVOKE-withdraw user’s access privileges given by using the GRANT command.

TCL(transaction Control Language) : TCL commands deals with the transaction within
the database.
 COMMIT– commits a Transaction.
 ROLLBACK– rollbacks a transaction in case of any error occurs.

CONSTRAINT: Constraints are the rules that we can apply on the type of data in a table.
That is, we can specify the limit on the type of data that can be stored in a particular
column in a table using constraints.
 NOT NULL: This constraint tells that we cannot store a null value in a column. That is, if a
column is specified as NOT NULL then we will not be able to store null in this particular column
any more.
 UNIQUE: This constraint when specified with a column, tells that all the values in the column
must be unique. That is, the values in any row of a column must not be repeated.
 PRIMARY KEY: A primary key is a field which can uniquely identify each row in a table. And
this constraint is used to specify a field in a table as primary key.
 FOREIGN KEY: A Foreign key is a field which can uniquely identify each row in a another
table. And this constraint is used to specify a field as Foreign key.
 CHECK: This constraint helps to validate the values of a column to meet a particular condition.
That is, it helps to ensure that the value stored in a column meets a specific condition.
  DEFAULT: This constraint specifies a default value for the column when no value is specified
by the user.

INDEX: Anindex is a schema object. It is used by the server to speed up the retrieval of
rows by using a pointer.

VIEW: Views in SQL are kind of virtual tables. A view also has rows and columns as they
are in a real table in the database.

UNION: The Union Clause is used to combine two separate select statements and
produce the result set as a union of both the select statements.
1. The fields to be used in both the select statements must be in same order, same number and
same data type.
2. The Union clause produces distinct values in the result set, to fetch the duplicate values too
UNION ALL must be used instead of just UNION.

WILD CARD: Wildcard operators are used with LIKE operator, there are four basic
operators:
SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER WHERE CNAME LIKE ‘A%’. “STARTING NAME TO A
SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER WHERE CNAME LIKE ‘%A’. “ENDING NAME TO A

Operator Description

% It is used in substitute of zero or more characters.

_ It is used in substitute of one character.

It is used to fetch matching set or range of characters specified

[range_of_characters] inside the brackets.

[^range_of_characters] or [!range of It is used to fetch non-matching set or range of characters

characters] specified inside the brackets.

DISTINCT: The distinct keyword is used in conjunction with select keyword. It is helpful
when there is need of avoiding the duplicate values present in any specific
columns/table. When we use distinct keyword only the unique values are fetched.
JOIN: ASQL Join statement is used to combine data or rows from two or more tables
based on a common field between them.
INNER JOIN: The INNER JOIN keyword selects all rows from both the tables as long as
the condition satisfies.
LEFT JOIN: This join returns all the rows of the table on the left side of the join and
matching rows for the table on the right side of join.
RIGHT JOIN: RIGHT JOIN is similar to LEFT JOIN. This join returns all the rows of the
table on the right side of the join and matching rows for the table on the left side of join.
FULL JOIN: FULL JOIN creates the result-set by combining result of both LEFT JOIN
and RIGHT JOIN. The result-set will contain all the rows from both the tables.