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Installation of stream gauges at Roshi Khola,

Panauti to monitor river water discharge

Project Report

Submitted to: Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology


Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal

Submitted by: Dr. Sunil Adhikary, Associate Professor


Department of Meteorology, Tri-Chandra Multiple
Campus, Ghantaghar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Tel.: 9841576358
Email: sunirus2003@yahoo.com
Project/Research Team

1. Dr. Sunil Adhikary, Associate Professor, Department of Meteorology,

Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University

2. Mr. Suresh Chand Pradhan, Engineer-Hydrologist, Department of

Hydrology and Meteorology, Ministry of Environment, Government of

Nepal.

3. Mr. Sunil Acharya, Lecturer, Department of Meteorology, Tri-Chandra

Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University

4. Mr. Kumar Aryal, Central Department of Hydrology and Meteorology,

Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur

5. Mr. Dinesh Kuinkel, Lab Assistant, Department of Meteorology, Tri-

Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University


Contents Page no.

1. Introduction …………………………………………………………….1

1.1 Background ……………………………………………………………1

1.1.1 Stream Gauging ……………………………………………………..1

1.1.2 Stream Flow ………………………………………………………....2

1.1.3 Rating Curve ………………………………………………………...3

2. Objectives of the work …………………………………………………..4

3. Project Site ……………………………………………………………….4

4. Scope of the work .....................................................................................5

5. General Approach and Methodology …………………………………..5

5.1 Criteria for selecting Stream Gauging Site …………………………...6

5.2 Installation and Measurement of Staff Gauge ………………………..7

6. Conclusion and Recommendation ………………………………………8

Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………..9 
Installation of stream gauges at Roshi Khola, Panauti to monitor river water discharge

1. Introduction

As per the agreement between Dr. Sunil Adhikary, Department of

Meteorology, Trichandra Multiple Campus (hereafter referred Researcher)

and Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of Nepal (hereafter

referred The Ministry), for the “Installation of stream gauges at Roshi Khola,

Panauti to monitor river water discharge”, this final report has been prepared

after completion of the project. The report contains Introduction - background,

objective and scope, approach and methodology, and conclusion and

recommendation. Field photographs of the gauging site and installation of

gauges have been presented in the Annex section.

1.1 Background

1.1.1 Stream Gauging

A gauging site selected at stream for the purpose of measuring discharge

in the stream continuously is known as either a stream gauging station or a

hydrometric station. The staff gauge is made of a durable material with a low

coefficient of expansion with respect to both temperature and moisture. The

staff may be vertical or inclined with clearly and accurately graduated

permanent markings. The markings are distinctive, easy to read from a

distance and are similar to those on a surveying staff. Sometimes, it may not

be possible to read the entire range of water surface elevations of a stream by

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Installation of stream gauges at Roshi Khola, Panauti to monitor river water discharge

a single gauge and in such cases the gauge is built in sections at different

locations. Such gauges are called sectional gauges. When installing sectional

gauges, care must be taken to provide an overlap between various gauges and

to refer all the sections to the same common datum.

1.1.2 Stream Flow

Streamflow, or discharge, is defined as the volumetric rate of flow of

water in an open channel, including any sediment or other solids that may be

dissolved or mixed with it. Streamflow is usually expressed in dimensions of

cubic meters per second (m3/s). Streamflow cannot be measured directly, but

must be computed from variables that can be measured directly, such as

stream width, stream depth and flow velocity. Even though streamflow is

computed from measurements of other variables, the term streamflow

measurement is generally applied to the final result of the calculations.

Discharge measurements are made at each gauging station to determine the

discharge rating for the site. The discharge rating may be a simple relation

between stage and discharge, or a more complex relation in which discharge is

a function of stage, slope and rate of change of stage or other factors. Initially

the discharge measurements are made at various stages at the station to define

the discharge rating. Measurements are then made at periodic intervals,

usually monthly, and also during extreme events such as floods or droughts to

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Installation of stream gauges at Roshi Khola, Panauti to monitor river water discharge

verify the rating, extend the rating, or to define any changes in the rating

caused by changes in stream-channel conditions. The basic instrument most

commonly used in making the measurement is the current meter. However,

discharge measurement by dilution method is also common particularly for

turbulent mountainous rivers.

1.1.3 Rating Curve

The terms rating, rating curve, station rating, and stage-discharge

relation are synonymous and are used interchangeably. After a sufficient

number of discharge measurements have been made at a gauging station

along with simultaneous stage observations, the results are plotted on an

ordinary graph. It is customary to take the discharge as abscissa and the

stage as the ordinate. Such a plot between the discharge and stage is known

as the stage-discharge relation or the rating curve of the gauging station.

Once a stable stage-discharge relation is established, it is only a matter of

recording the stage continuously which can be readily converted into the

discharge through the above relation. For most of the gauging stations a

simple plot of stage vs discharge is satisfactory. Such a curve is

approximately parabolic in nature. It may show some irregularities if the

cross section is irregular. In most of the cases the discharge measurements

are made within a rather limited range around the average stage in river.

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Installation of stream gauges at Roshi Khola, Panauti to monitor river water discharge

Both at very low stages and at very high stages during floods there may be

no measurements. It is therefore, necessary to extend the curve downward

for the low stages and upward for the high stages.

2. Objectives of the work

The objectives of the work are as follows.

Short term objective:

a) to install stream gauges at Roshi Khola, Panauti.

Long term objective:

(b) to carry out a series of sporadic discharge measurements by current meter

and tracer technique; (c) to re-establish a rating curve, and (d) to develop the

hydrological station as an ideal site for training / demonstration and

hydrological research.

The long term objective will be realized after a few years’ of work at the Roshi

Khola.

3. Project site

Roshi Khola one of the tributaries of Sunkoshi river, located in Panauti,

Kavre district is valuable both for economic and social point of view for the

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Installation of stream gauges at Roshi Khola, Panauti to monitor river water discharge

particular region (Fig.1). The regional drinking water, irrigation and Panauti

hydropower plant (installed capacity of 2.4 MW; commissioned in the year

1965 A.D.) are completely dependent on Roshi khola. Moreover, Roshi khola

is an ideal site to train hydro-meteorological students for surveying and

discharge measurements both by current meter and tracer technique. The

optimum utilization of water for the above mentioned purposes including the

training purpose directly related to the measurement of water. In this regard,

water level may be considered to be the basis for river study.

4. Scope of the work

The following works were carried out during the contract period:

 Site selection, clearance and leveling.

 Install staff gauges (three sections each having one meter).

 Conducting discharge measurements by current meter and tracer

technique as part of long term objective.

 Prepare a final report.

5. General Approach and Methodology

The following major approach and methods have been followed for the

present study.

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Installation of stream gauges at Roshi Khola, Panauti to monitor river water discharge

5.1 Criteria for Selecting Stream Gauging Site

The ideal gauge site satisfies the following criteria, many of which are

defined in ISO 1100-1 and are followed by Department of Hydrology and

Meteorology (DHM). With some limitation following criteria has been strictly

followed while selecting the site if necessary and applicable.

(a) The general course of the stream is straight for about 10 times the stream

width, upstream and downstream from the gauge site if the control is a river

reach (channel control). If the control is a section control, the downstream

conditions must be such that the control is not drowned. The water entering a

section control should have low velocity.

(b) The total flow is confined to one channel at all stages and no flow

bypasses the site as subsurface flow.

(c) The stream-bed is not subject to scour and fills and is relatively free of

aquatic vegetation.

(d) Banks are permanent, high enough to contain floods, and are free of brush.

(e) Unchanging natural controls are present in the form of a bedrock outcrop

or other stable riffle for low flow and a channel constriction for high flow – or

a waterfall or cascade that is unsubmerged at all stages. If a natural control is

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Installation of stream gauges at Roshi Khola, Panauti to monitor river water discharge

not available, then channel conditions should allow for the construction of an

artificial control.

(f) A pool is present upstream from the control at extremely low stages to

ensure a recording of stage at extremely low flow.

(g) The gauge site is far enough upstream from the confluence with another

stream or from tidal effect to avoid any variable influence the other stream or

the tide may have on the stage at the gauge site.

(h) A satisfactory reach for measuring discharge is available within reasonable

proximity of the gauge site. It is not necessary for low and high flows to be

measured at the same stream cross-section.

(i) The site is readily accessible for ease in installation and operation of the

gauging station.

(j) Good conditions for discharge measurements.

5.2 Installation and Measurement of Staff Gauge

The Researcher had installed hydrometric station in Roshi Khola, right

under a concrete bridge. Three meters staff gauge (three sections each having

one meter) was installed vertically on the bridge’s concrete pillar.

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Installation of stream gauges at Roshi Khola, Panauti to monitor river water discharge

Training was given to B.Sc. III year students from the Department of

Meteorology, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus to understand the stage

measurement techniques, protection and maintenance of the gauges.

6. Conclusion and Recommendation

The major conclusion of this report is the re-establishment of a gauging

station at Roshi khola. The Department of Hydrology and Meteorology

(DHM) established a gauging station at Roshi khola (Hydrological records of

Nepal, 1998: Station no. 640, Alt. 1480 m a.s.l., Drainage area 87 km2), in

1963 and continuous gauge height recording was done for 24 years (1964-

1987) (See the attached copy of published data by DHM). Due to the budget

constrain to operate the station, DHM decided to shut down the Roshi khola

station in 1988 (Personal communication with senior divisional hydrologists,

DHM). So, we proposed to re-establish a gauging station at Roshi khola so as

to continue water level and water discharge measurements and consequently

to re-establish and update Rating Curve. As the load shedding hours are

increasing, particularly during the dry season, hydropower development (one

of the national priorities) and optimum production of electricity from the

existing hydropower plants are crucial to realize national priority and serve

citizens of the nation. The completed work, namely “Installation of stream

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Installation of stream gauges at Roshi Khola, Panauti to monitor river water discharge

gauges at Roshi Khola, Panauti to monitor river water discharge” partly

contributes to the national interest and promote hydrological research for

present and future.

In order to realize the long term objective a local person should be trained

and employ him/her for regular gauge reading/recording. It is recommended

that continuous discharge measurements, at least throughout a year, should be

taken in future so that the rating curve can be updated. It is further

recommended to compose cross-section survey of the gauging site such that

the change can be known to upgrade the rating curve.

Acknowledgement

I would like to express my heartfelt thanks and appreciation to Mrs. Kalpana

Dhamala, Ex. Minister, Ministry of Science and Technology, Mr. Suresh

Marahatta, Scientific advisor to the Minister, and Secretary, Ministry of

Science and Technology for their kind consideration to the project proposal.

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Installation of stream gauges at Roshi Khola, Panauti to monitor river water discharge

ANNEX

Fig.1: Map of Roshi Bazar Village including Roshi khola.


 
Installation of stream gauges at Roshi Khola, Panauti to monitor river water discharge

SELECTED PHOTOGRAPHS

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Installation of stream gauges at Roshi Khola, Panauti to monitor river water discharge
Gauging Installation at Roshi Khola:

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Installation of stream gauges at Roshi Khola, Panauti to monitor river water discharge

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Installation of stream gauges at Roshi Khola, Panauti to monitor river water discharge


 
Installation of stream gauges at Roshi Khola, Panauti to monitor river water discharge

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