Solved Problems in Basic

Electrical Engineering and

Safety Engineering
IEdeas Review Center
CIE Examination Review Course

Engr. Erica Ocampo, REE ‘08

Electric Circuit Variables
1. Electric signals
a. Unidirectionalat- any specified time the value of the voltage or current is the same;
Most commonly known as Direct Current Signal
b. Aperiodic- the waveform has no recurrence
c. Periodic- the voltage or current signals recur at a regular time interval

2. Current
-the rate of flow of electrons past a given point
dq Q
I 
dt t
I=Current in Amperes (A)
Q=Charge in Coulomb (C)
t= time in seconds (s)

3. Potential Difference
-work per unit charge necessary to bring a charge from a negatively charged plate to a positively
charged plate
dW W
V 
dQ Q
W= work in Joules (J)
Q= charge in Coulombs (C)
V=voltage in Volts (V)
Usage of E and V
E= generated voltage or supply voltage
V= voltage across an element or voltage between two points

Voltage sources
Practical Battery (DC)

E= electromotive force (emf)

r=internal resistance
Vt= terminal Voltage
*Primary Battery-cannot be recharged and acts only as a source
*Secondary Battery- can be recharged and can act as both sources and loads

AC source
The voltage or current is continuously changing as a function of time;electric charge periodically
reverses direction; usually follows a sine wave
Parts of a Sine Wave
a)Period is the time required for a given sine wave to complete one full cycle
b) Frequency is the number of cycles that a sine wave completes in one second.
 c) Peak value (Vp or Ip,Vm or Im ) of a sine wave is the value of voltage (or current) at the positive or
the negative maximum (peaks) with respect to zero.
d) Peak-to-peak value (Vpp or Ipp) - voltage (or current) from the positive peak to the
negative peak. It is always twice the peak value as expressed in the following equations
Vpp = 2Vp
Ipp = 2Ip
e)Average value(Vave or Iave )of a sine wave is defined over a half-cycle rather than over a full cycle
Vave  2 Vm
I ave  2 I m
f) RMS value (Vrms or Irms ) is also referred to as the effective value. The RMS value is the equivalent
heating effect of AC signal to that of DC
Vrms  1
2
Vm  Veff
I rms  1
2
I m  I eff
g)General equation of a wave
Y t   Ym sint   
Where Ym=max value of the V/I
=2πf (rad/sec) =angular velocity
f=frequency
t=any time t(sec)
= phase angle

4. Ohm’s Law
-the voltage is directly proportional to the current
V  IR
Where: V= voltage
I= current

5. Resistance (R)
-the ability of a material to limit the flow of electrons, and at the same time, convert electrical
energy to other forms of energy.
- unit is ohms (Ω)

Resistivity(α)
• ability of a material tolimitthe flow of electrons
• a measure of the resisting power of a specified material to the flow of an electric current.
• Materials with highresistivities are used as insulators
• Materials with lowresistivities are used as conductors
Conductivity(ς)
• ability of a material topermitthe flow of electrons
• inverse of resistivity

l
R
A
 R= resistance of the conductor
l = length of conductor in (m or ft)
A= cross-sectional area in m2 or circular mil (CM)
=d2 CM; if diameter is of the conductor is in mils
*1000 mil=1 inch
= specific resistance or resistivity of the conducting material -m or -CM/ft

Effect of temperature to the resistance

R2  R11  1 (t2  t1 )
α1=coefficient of temperature at t1
R1= resistance at t1
R2=resistance at t2

Voltage and current characteristics

V  IR
The resistance is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the current.

Equivalent Resistance
Series

RT  R1  R2  ...Rn
I T  I1  I 2  ...I n
VT  V1  V2  ...Vn
R1
V1  VT
 Rn
Parallel

VT  V1  V2  ...Vn
I T  I1  I 2  ...I n
1 1 1 1
   ...
RT R1 R2 Rn
Req
I1  I T *Req is the parallel equivalent of resistors connected in parallel with R1
R1  Req
Three-terminal equivalent
 Delta-wye
Rab Rac
Ran 
Rab  Rbc  Rac
Rab Rbc
Rbn 
Rab  Rbc  Rac
Rbc Rac
Rcn 
Rab  Rbc  Rac
Wye-Delta
Ran Rbn  Rbn Rcn  Rcn Ran
Rab 
Rcn
R R  Rbn Rcn  Rcn Ran
Rbc  an bn
Ran
R R  Rbn Rcn  Rcn Ran
Rac  an bn
Rbn
6. Inductor
- stores energy in each magnetic field
-inductance (L) unit is Henry(H)

jX L  j 2fL  jL
 X L 90o
Inductor
Series LT  L1  L2  Ln
Parallel 1
LT  1
L1  L12  L1n

Voltage and current characteristics

For DC
The voltage across an inductor is zero and the inductor will only act as a wire
For AC
VL  L dtdi
iL   VL dt
L
Vm cost
 L

 VmL sin t  90o 

Voltage leads the current by 90o
Current lags the voltage by 90o
7. Capacitor
- stores energy in each electric field
- capacitance(C) unit is Farad (F)

 jX C   j 21fC   j 1C
 X C   90o
Capacitor
Series 1
CT  C11  C12  C1n
Parallel CT  C1  C2  Cn

Voltage and Current Characteristics

For DC
The current through a capacitor is zero and it will act as an open circuit
For AC
VC   i dtC
iC  C dv
dt

 C d Vmdtsint 

 CV msin t  90o 
Voltage lagss the current by 90o
Current leads the voltage by 90o

8. Impedance
-the opposition of current in AC circuit
-the combination of resistive and reactive component of circuits

Z o  R  jX
Z 2  R2  X 2
X
  tan 1  
R

Where
Z= impedance
R= resistance
X=reactance
Θ=impedance angle
If the reactance (X) is positive, Z is inductive in nature.
Else, Z is capacitive in nature

9. Power
-is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy
 dw dw dq
p    v i
dt dq dt
V2
P  VI  I 2 R 
R
Power in AC
P=Real Power, Watts; a function of resistance, R
Q=Reactive Power, VAR(Volt-Ampere-Reactance); function of reactance, X
S=Apparent Power, VA (Volt-Ampere); function of impedance, Z

S o  P  jQ
S 2  P2  Q2
Power Factor Angle(θ)
*phase angle difference between the voltage and current
*if the power factor is lagging, the load is inductive in nature; if leading, the load is capacitive in
nature; if unity, the power factor is resistive in nature
Q
  tan 1 
P
P  S cos 
Q  S sin 
P
cos  
S
Real Power
P  I R2 R
VR2
 *where cos θ is the power factor (pf)
R
 V I cos 
Reactive power
Q  I X2 X
VX2
 *where sin θ is the reactive factor (rf)
X
 V I sin 
Apparent Power
S  I Z2 Z
VZ2

Z
V I
S pf  V I *

10. Electric Energy

W  p  dt in W  hr
Safety Engineering
• Electrical safety involves using safe practices when working with or near electricity or electrical
devices.
• This is important because electricity is dangerous.
• It can be destructive and lethal.
• It can cause shocks, burns or fire.
• Even 9-volt batteries can cause mild shocks if not handled properly
• Myth:Electricity takes the path of least resistance. This myth implies that current only takes low
resistance paths.
• Actually, current will take any path high or low resistance in order to return to the source that
provides power.

EFFECTS OF ELECTRICAL CURRENT IN THE HUMAN BODY

Current Reaction
Below 1 milli-ampere Generally not perceptible
1 milli-ampere Faint tingle
5 milli-ampere Slight shock felt. Not painful but disturbing; Average
individual can let go; Strong involuntary reactions can lead to
other injuries.
6–25 milli-ampere Painful shock; Loss of muscle control.
(women)
9–30 milli-ampere (men) The freezing current or “let go” range; If extensor muscles
are excited by shock, the person may be thrown away;
Average individual cannot let go.
50–150 milli-amperes Extreme pain; Respiratory arrest; severe muscle reactions;
death possible.
1.0 Amperes and up Rhythmic pumping action of heart ceases; Muscular
contraction and nerve damage occur; Death is likely.
4 Amperes and up Cardiac arrest; Severe burns; death.

Dangerous Effects of Electricity

• Shock
• Burns
• Explosions
• Fires

Fire Extinguisher Classification

Class A extinguishers are for ordinary combustible materials such as paper, wood, cardboard, and most
plastics.
Class B fires involve flammable or combustible liquids such as gasoline, kerosene, grease and oil.
Class C fires involve electrical equipment, such as appliances, wiring, circuit breakers and outlets. Never
use water to extinguish class C fires - the risk of electrical shock is far too great!
Class D fire extinguishers are commonly found in a chemical laboratory.
Class K fire extinguishers are for fires that involve cooking oils, trans-fats, or fats in cooking appliances
and are typically found in restaurant and cafeteria kitchens.

How to use a fire extinguisher

Pull the Pin at the top of the extinguisher.
Aim at the base of the fire, not the flames.
Squeeze the lever slowly. This will release the extinguishing agent in the extinguisher.
Sweep from side to side. Using a sweeping motion, move the fire extinguisher back and forth until the
fire is completely out. Operate the extinguisher from a safe distance, several feet away, and then move
towards the fire once it starts to diminish. Be sure to read the instructions on your fire extinguisher.
1. A heating coil takes 20A when a voltage of 220V is applied. Determine the resistance of the coil
a. 5.3 Ω
b. 11 Ω
c. 4 Ω
d. 7.5 Ω
2. Calculate the resistance of 100m length of wire having a uniform cross-sectional area of 0.1mm2 if
the wire is made of manganin having a resistivity of 50x10-8Ωm
a. 400 Ω
b. 350 Ω
c. 547 Ω
d. 500 Ω
3. An aluminium wire 5m long and 2mm diameter is connected in parallel with a wire 3m long. The
total current is 4A and that in the aluminium wire is 2.5A. Find the diameter if the copper wire. The
respective resistivities of copper and aluminium are 1.7 and 2.6μΩm.
a. 1.03mm
b. 0.57mm
c. 0.97mm
d. 1.43mm
4. The filament of a tungsten light bulb has a resistance of 1Ω at 20 oC. If the length of the tungsten
filament is 2cm, what should be the diameter? ρW=4.37x10-8Ωm , αW=47x10-4
a. 0.0334mm
b. 0.0874mm
c. 0.0153mm
d. 0.0684mm
5. At 30oC, a resistor is supplied 150V and receives 4A of current. What will be the temperature of the
resistor when the current has fallen to 3.25A? Assuming the voltage remains constant. α30=1/254.5
a. 75oC
b. 89oC
c. 81oC
d. 90oC
6. A platinum coil has a resistance of 3.146Ω at 40oC and 3.767Ω at 100oC. Find the resistance at 0oC.
a. 2.73Ω
b. 3.84Ω
c. 2.04Ω
d. 3.33Ω
7. The resistance in the series network (10Ω, 6Ω and 4Ω connected across a 40V source) are measured
at 30OC. Their resistive elements are made of nichrome, permanickel and grade A nickel,
respectively. What will be the resistance of the network at 60 oC? αnichrome=0.00015/oC,
αpermanickel=0.0036/oC and αgrade A=0.005/oC
a. 31.40Ω
b. 19.76Ω
c. 22.35Ω
 d. 21.29Ω
8. Two conductors, one of copper and the other of iron, are connected in parallel and carry equal
currents at 25oC. What proportion of current will pass through each of the temperature is raised to
100oC? The temperature coefficients of resistance at 25oCare 0.0043/oC and 0.0063/oC for copper
and iron respectively
a. 47.32% and 52.68%
b. 52.68% and 47.32%
c. 64.5% and 35.5%
d. 35.5%and 64.5%
9. Two coils connected in parallel across 100V supply mains take 10A from the line. The power
dissipated in one coil is 600W. What are the resistances of the two coils?
a. 6 and 17
b. 17 and 25
c. 10 and 6
d. 25 and 10
10. Given Vab=10V, Determine the voltage of the source.

a. 13V
b. 17V
c. 20V
d. 15V
11. What is the value of the unknown resistor if the voltage across the 500Ω resistor is 2.5V?

a. 575
b. 937
c. 233
d. 482
12. A resistor of 12 Ω is connected in series with a combination of 15 Ω and 20 Ω resistors in parallel.
When the voltage of 120V is applied across the whole circuit. Find the current taken from the supply
a. 5.83A
b. 2.55A
c. 13.42A
d. 9.03A
13. Determine the equivalent resistance of the circuit below
 a. 40Ω
b. 20 Ω
c. 95Ω
d. 50Ω
14. Determine the total current

a. 7.78A
b. 8.07A
c. 7.45A
d. 6.38A
15. A practical battery can supply 5A at 15V and 10A at 12V. How much current can it supply to a 25Ω
resistor??
a. 0.287A
b. 0.924A
c. 0.703A
d. 0.687A
16. A bulb rated 110V, 60W is connected with another bulb in series, rated 110V, 100W across a 220V
mains. Calculate the resistance which should be connected in parallel with the first bulb so that both
the bulbs may take their rated power.
a. 471
b. 303
c. 294
d. 530
17. An alternating current of frequency of 60Hz has a maximum value of 120A. Write down the equation
from its instantaneous value. Reckoning time from the instant the current is zero and is becoming
positive; find the instantaneous value after 1/360 second.
a. 103.9A
b. 114.5A
c. 98.03A
d. 55.2A
 
18. What is the rms value of a sinusoidal alternating voltage v(t )  50 sin 300t  10 V?
o

a. 70.71V
b. 78.54V
c. 31.83V
 d. 35.36V
19. An alternating current is represented by i=70.7sin520t. Determine the frequency and the current
0.0015sec after passing through zero.
a. 82.8Hz; 49.7A
b. 165.5Hz; 0.96A
c. 82.8Hz; 0.96A
d. 165.5Hz; 49.7A
20. If e1=A sinωt and e2=B sin (ωt-φ), then
a. e1 lags e2 by φ
b. e2 lags e1 by φ
c. e2 leads e1 by φ
d. e1 is in phase with e2
21. What is the total capacitance of a series connected capacitors :25μF, 40μF and 30μF
a. 95μF
b. 30mF
c. 10μF
d. 98mF
22. 1H, 1.5H and 0.9H inductors are connected in parallel. What is their equivalent inductance?
a. 0.29
b. 2.77
c. 3.4
d. 0.36
23. In a series circuit containing pure resistance and a pure inductance, the current and the voltage are
expressed as : i(t)=5sin(314t+2π/3) and v(t)=15sin(314t+5 π/6)
What is the impedance of the circuit?
a. 2.6Ω
b. 5.3Ω
c. 3.0Ω
d. 6.4Ω
24. Using the data from the previous problem. What is the inductance in henrys?
a. 8.34mH
b. 4.78mH
c. 5.24mH
d. 6.35mH
25. Determine the total impedance of the circuit

a. (6+j0)Ω
 b. (0+j8) Ω
c. (7+j0) Ω
d. (6+j8) Ω
26. Two parallel branches A and B. Branch A has a resistance of 10Ω and an inductance of 0.1H in series.
Branch B has a resistance of 20Ω and a capacitance of 100μF in series. The source is 250V, 50Hz.
Calculate the magnitude and the phase angle of the current taken from the supply
a. 6 cis -15o
b. 8 cis 10o
c. 4 cis -13o
d. 10 cis -12o
27. The applied voltage is given by (0+j10) and the current is (0.8+j0.6)A in a series connection of
resistance and reactance. Determine the values of R and X.
a. R=6Ω and XL=8Ω
b. R=8Ω and XL=6Ω
c. R=6Ω and XL=6Ω
d. R=8Ω and XL=8Ω
28. Given: L-C-R are connected in series
L=800mH
C=5μF
R= 450Ω
V=220V, 60Hz
What is the total reactance?
a. 698.92
b. -228.92
c. -192.28
d. 228.92
29. From the previous problem, What is the total current?
a. 0.198
b. 0.388
c. 0.436
d. 0.172
30. In an alternating circuit, the impressed voltage is given by V=(100-j50) volts and the current in the
circuit is I=(3-j4)A. Determine the real and reactive power in the circuit.
a. 550W and 100VAR
b. 100W and 550VAR
c. 500W and 250VAR
d. 250W and 500VAR
31. A voltage of 200cis53o 8’ is applied across two impedances in parallel. The values of impedances are
(12+j16) and (10-j20). Determine the total VA.
a. 2500VA
b. 2000VA
c. 3000VA
 d. 2870VA
32. A voltage of v(t)=141.5sin(314t-10o)V is applied to a circuit and a steady state current given by
i(t)=14.4sin(314t-20o)A is found to flow through it. Determine the power factor angle of the circuit
a. 30
b. 10
c. -30
d. -10
33. The load taken from a supply consists of (a) lamp load 10kW a unity power factor, (b) motor load of
80kVA at 0.8 power factor(lag) and (c) motor load of 40kVA at 0.7 power factor leading. Calculate
the power factor of the combined load.
a. 0.834(lag)
b. 0.899(lead)
c. 0.992(lead)
d. 0.982(lag)
34. Given V  300  18O V
I  4.8734.86O A
What is the real power?
a. 424
b. 1461
c. 1398
d. 882
35. From the previous problem. What is the nature of the load?
a. Inductive
b. Capacitive
c. Resistive
d. None of the above
36. Given: S=853VA
Pf=0.687lagging
V=330V, 60Hz
What is the reactive power?
a. 330
b. 586
c. 620
d. 787
37. From the previous problem, What is the reactive power rating of capacitors needed to make the
power factor 0.9 lagging?
a. 27.99
b. 315.78
c. 92.59
d. 336.21
38. A coil has 50 ohms resistance and a 70 ohms reactance. A capacitor is connected in parallel to attain
a unity power factor. The source voltage is 120 volts, what is the power drawn by the circuit?
a. 162 watt
b. 97 watts
c. 132 watts
d. 52 watts
39. A single phase induction motor is rated 5 hp, 75% power factor and 220 volts. What approximate
size of capacitor is necessary to raise the power factor to about 95%.
a. 3 KVAR
b. 2 KVAR
c. 2.5 KVAR
d. 3.5 KVAR
40. The impedances Z1 = 4+j3 ohms & Z2 = 3-j4 ohms are connected in parallel across a 220V, DC source.
What is the total current drawn by the circuit?
a. 24 A
b. 55 A
c. 48 A
d. 30 A
41. A person holds 220V bare conductor. What will be the current passing him if his resistance is 10kΩ?
a. 11mA
b. 33mA
c. 22mA
d. 44mA
42. Fire starts from under an electric post of 50kV line to ground. If the air’s resistance due to the fire
drops to 1350Ω, how much current will flow line to ground?
a. 74A
b. 12A
c. 18A
d. 37A
43. Which of the following is the fire extinguisher classification for electrical fires
a. Class A
b. Class B
c. Class C
d. Class D
44. What does PPE mean?
a. Practical Protective Equipment
b. Personal Protective Equipment
c. Protective Practical Equipment
d. Primary Protective Equipment
45. Which of the following is not an insulator
a. Wood
b. Asbestos
 c. Coal
d. Graphite
46. Which of the following is used for splicing wires
a. cutter
b. snips
c. wrench
d. pliers
47. What does LOTO mean?
a. LockOut/Tagout
b. LightOff /TemperatureOut
c. LoadOff/ TimerOn
d. LockOn/TimeOut
48. Which of the following is a safe practice?
a. Electric cord under a rug
b. Permanent use of extension cord
c. Use nails to mount electric cord on the wall
d. Use the plug to unplug devices
49. Which of the following is a safe practice?
a. Use a metal ladder to fix electrical wirings
b. Tape cords to repair them
c. Ask someone to watch you
d. Wear loose clothing
50. Which of the following is not a safe practice?
a. Test tools before starting to work
b. Use one arm in working with wiring
c. Carry tools up a ladder
d. De-energize tool before working
1.
V  IR
V 220V
R   11
I 20 A

2.
l
R
A


 
50 10 8 m 100m 
2

0.1mm  1000

21m 


mm 
 500

3.
l
R
A

RAL 
2.6 10 6

m 5m 
 2mm 
2
1m 
2

 
4  1000mm 
RAL  4.14
V  IRAL  2.5 A4.14   10.35V
I T  I AL  I CU
I CU  I T  I AL  4  2.5  1.5 A
V 10.35V
RCU    6. 9
I CU 1.5 A
l
RCU 
A

6. 9  

1.7 10 6 m 3m  
d 2 
2
1m 
 
4  1000mm 
d  0.97 mm
4.
 l
R
A

1 
 
4.37 10 8 m 2cm 100
1m
cm 
d 2

4
 1000mm 
d  3.34 10 5 m   0.0334mm
 1m 
5.
V 150V
R1    37.5
I1 4A
V 150V
R2    46.15
I 2 3.25 A
R2  R1 1   1 t 2 t 1 
46.15  37.51  1
254.5
t 2  30
t 2  89 o C
6.
R2  R1 1  1 t 2 t 1 
R40  R0 1   0 t 40 
3.146  R0 1   0 40  - -eq1
R100  R0 1   0 t100 
3.767  R0 1   0 100  - -eq2
eq1
eq2
3.146 1   0 40 

3.767 1   0 100 
 0  3.788 10 3

3.146  R0 1  3.788  10 3 40  
R0  2.73
7.
 R2  R1 1  1 t 2 t 1 
Rni  R30 1   30 t60  t30 
Rni  101  0.0001530   10.045
R per  R30 1   30 t60  t30 
R per  61  0.003630   6.648
RgradeA  R30 1   30 t60  t30 
RgradeA  41  0.00530   4.6
RT  Rni  R per  RgradeA
RT  21.29
8.
RCu  RFe  R
R100Cu  R1  0.0043100  25  1.3225R
R100Fe  R1  0.0063100  25  1.4725R
R2 1.4725R
I cu  I I  0.5268I
R1  R2 1.3225R  1.4725R
I Fe  1  0.5268  0.4732 I
9.
V2
P
R
V 2 100 2
R1    16.67
P 600
V 100
I 1   6A
R 16.67
I 2  10  6  4 A
V 100
R2    25
I2 4
10.
Vab  I1 (5)  I 2 (12)
I 2  I1 1515
 30

10  5I1  12I1 1515
 30

I1  109 A
I 2  109 1515 
 30 
10
27 A
E  5 10
9
  30   16.67V
10
27

11.
 2 .5
I2   5mA
500
R1  50  500  550
V550  5mA  550  2.75V
E  I T (550)  V550
12  I T (550)  2.75
I T  0.017 A
I1  I T  I 2
 0.012 A
V
R  550  230
I1
12.
15  20
R1   8.57
15  20
RT  12  8.57  20.57
V 120
IT    5.83 A
RT 20.57
13.
30  30
Ra   10
30  30  30
60  60
Rb   20
60  60  60
R1  R 2  10  10  20  40
40  40
R3   20
40  40
Req  10  20  20  50
14.
R1  6  6  12
12  18
R2   7 .2 
12  18
R3  12  7.2  19.2
15  19.2
R4   8.42
15  19.2
Req  8.42  5  13.42
100
I  7.45 A
13.42
15.
 VT  E  Ir
15  E  5r - eq1
12  E  10r - eq2
E  18V
r  0.6
V 18
I   0.703 A
R 0.6  25
16.
V 2 110 
2
R1    201.67
P 60
V 2 110 
2
R2    121
P 100
RR
R2  1
R  R1
201.67 R
121 
R  201.67
R  302.49
17.
vt   Vm sin t   Vm sin 2ft 
vt   120 sin 2 60t 
v 360
1
  120 sin 2 60 3601  180
 

v 360
1
  103.92V
18.
50
Vrms  1
2
Vm   35.36V
2
19.
 520
f    82.76 Hz
2 2
i 0.0015  70.7 sin 520  0.0015  180
 

 49.72 A
20. e2 lags e1 by φ
21.
1 1 1 1
  
CT C1 C2 C3
1
 1 1 1 
CT       10.16F
 25 40 30 
22.
 1 1 1 1
  
LT L1 L2 L3
1
1 1 1 
LT       0.36 H
 1 1.5 0.9 
23.
2 180
i    120 o
3 
5 180
v    150 o
6 
V 15150 o
Z   330 o 
I 5120 o

24.
Z  330 o   2.6  j1.5
XL 1.5
L   4.78  10 3 H
 314
25.
Z1  3  j 4
Z2  3  j4

Z3 
Z1 Z 2

3  j 43  j 4  4.1667
Z1  Z 2 3  j 4  3  j 4
ZT  4.1667  17 6  7
26.
Z1  10  j 2 50 0.1  10  j 31.42
1
Z 2  20  j  20  j 31.83
2 50 100 10 6
ZZ
ZT  1 2 
10  j31.4220  j31.83
Z1  Z 2 10  j 31.42   20  j 31.83
 39.85  j10.88
V 250
IT  
Z T 39.85  j10.88
 5.84  j1.59 A  6.05  15.28o A
27.
V j10
ZT    6  j8
I T 0.8  j 0.6
28.
 Z  450  j 2 600.8 
j

2 60 5  10 6 
 450  j 228.92
29.
V 220
IT  
Z T 450  j 228.92
 0.43626.96 o A
30.
S  VI *
 100  j 503  j 4
 500  j 250VA
31.

ZT 
12  j1610  j 20
12  j16  10  j 20
 20
V 2 200
2
S   2000VA
Z 20
32.
 pf   v   i
 10   20
 10o
33.
(a) P  10kW
(b) S  80kVA
pf  0.8lag
  cos 1 0.8  36.87 o
S  80  36.87 o kVA
(c) S  40kVA
pf  0.7lead
  cos 1 0.7   45.57 o
S  4045.57 o kVA

S T  S a  Sb  Sc
 10  80  36.87 o  4045.57 o
 103.84  10.79 o kVA
pf  cos 10.79   0.982lag
34.
S  VI *
 
 300  18o 4.87  34.86o 
 882.1  j1164.65VA
35. Since the angle of the apparent power is negative, therefore, the load is capacitive
36.
 pf  cos 1 0.687   46.61o
Q  S sin  pf
 853 sin 46.61o
 619.87VAR
37.
 new  cos 1 0.9  25.84 o
Qin  Qcap
tan  new 
Pin
619.87  Qcap
tan 25.84 o 
853 cos 46.61o
Qcap  336.21VAR
38.
Z  50  j70
V 120
I 
Z 50  j70
 1.39  54.46o A
P  I 2R  1.39 50  96.6W
2

39.
0.746kW
P  5hp   3.73kW
1hp
 pf  cos 1 0.75  41.41o
Q  3.73 tan 41.41o  3.29VAR
 new  cos 1 0.95  18.19o
Qin  Qcap
tan  new 
Pin
3.29  Qcap
tan 18.19o 
3.73
Qcap  2.06VAR
40.
 Since the source is DC, the capacitor is open,
while the inductor is shorted. Therefore, we
only consider t he 4 resistor because the 3
resistor is hanging(op en capacitor).
V 220
I   55
R 4
41.
V 220
I   22mA
R 10 103
42.
V 50 103
I   37 A
R 1350
43. Class C
44. Personal Protective Equipment
45. Graphite (wood and asbestos are insulators, while not all coal are conductors. Coals are mostly
made of carbon which is a semiconductor. It can be an insulator and a conductor)
46. Pliers is used for holding and cutting
(cutter and snips are for cutting, while wrench is for tightening bolts)
47. LOTO(Lockout/Tagout) means that when a machine is under maintenance, the machine should
be locked out from the system(de-energized) and there should be a tag hanging from its main
switch that reads that it is under maintenance so that no one will turn the switch on.
48. Use the plug to unplug devices
49. Ask someone to watch you (main reason: in case of accident someone should rescue you)
50. Carry tools up a ladder