Leukaemia Detection using Image Processing

Techniques
Ms. Neha Patil, Ms. Soniya Bastawade
nehapatil6290@gmail.com, bastwadesoniya3@gmail.com
Department of Computer Engineering
DYPCOE Akurdi

ABSTRACT
Leukaemia happens when a lot of abnormal
white blood cells produced by the bone marrow.
Medical specialist makes use of the
microscopic study of human blood that ends up
in a necessity of methods with microscopic
colour imaging, segmentation, classification
and agglomeration which will permit
identification of patients who have leukaemia.
The microscopic pictures can be inspected
visually by haematologists and therefore the
method is long and exhausting. The automated
image process system is requirement of time
and may overcome connected constraints in
visual inspection. The planned system will be
based on microscopic pictures or images to
detect leukaemia.
Keywords: Image Processing, Segmentation,
classification, SVM
common sort of cancer in children. All cancers
begin in body cells, and leukaemia may be a
cancer that begins in blood cells. Generally, cells
grow and multiply to create new cells because the
body desires them. When body cells grow old day
by day, they die and new cells take their place.
Sometimes, this cycle doesn't work properly. In
cancer, new cells area unit shaped once the body
doesn't would like them, and old cells don't die
once they should[l]. The bone marrow is that the
web site wherever lymphocytes and alternative
blood cells are created. It’s a spongy tissue found
within several large bones of the body. The bone
marrow produces 3 types of blood cells: RBCs
contain haemoprotein and carry oxygen and
alternative materials to the tissues throughout the
body. Platelets facilitate to create clots; WBCs
facilitate rebuff infections in the body.

INTRODUCTION
THE most necessary part of any physical body is
blood as it keeps one alive. It performs several
necessary functions like to transfer oxygen, CO2,
mineral and etc. to the entire body in order to take
care of metabolism. Blood consists of 3 main
elements that red blood cell, White Blood Cells
and Platelets [I]. Insufficient quantity of the
blood might have an effect on the metabolism
greatly that can be terribly dangerous if early
treatment isn't taken. One amongst the common
blood disorders is Leukaemia. Leukaemia is that
Figure 1 Microscopic Image of Blood
Once someone has leukaemia, the bone marrow
will not work properly. The bone marrow
produces abnormal, immature cells, referred to
as leukaemia cells. Leukaemia cells are mostly
observed as "blasts". These immature cancer
cells crowd out alternative blood-forming cells
within the bone marrow. If a bone marrow isn't
ready to build enough RBCs to hold oxygen, the
kid might develop anaemia, and feel terribly
tired. If sufficient platelets don't seem to be

Volume 3 Issue 3 Sept 2018 29

created, the blood won't clot properly, and also
the patient might bleed simply. Once WBCs are
not plentiful enough, the body cannot rebuff
germs and also the person might develop a
frequent infection. Leukaemia will be either
acute or chronic in type[l].
The first and quick identification of leukaemia
greatly aids in providing the acceptable
treatment. Initial segmentation is completed
victimization applied mathematics parameters
like mean, a typical deviation that segregates
white blood cells from different blood parts i.e.
erythrocytes and platelets. Geometrical features
like space, perimeter of the white vegetative
cell nucleus investigated for diagnostic
prediction of leukaemia. The planned method is
with success applied to an oversized variety of
pictures, showing promising results for varied
image quality. Different image process
algorithms like Image sweetening,
Thresholding.
LITERATURE SURVEY
S.Jagadeesh, Dr.E.Nagabhooshanam,
Dr.S.Venkatachalam proposed segmentation of
the image of bone marrow aspirate
mistreatment watershed formula,[1] the
extraction of individual cells from the image,
automatic generation of different options of the
cell, assessment of the feature quality of the
cells mistreatment analysis of distribution,
correlation and principal part analysis,
application of support vector machine for final
recognition and classification of cells.
Jamali Firmat Banzi, Xue Zhaojun projected a
framework.[1] the primary step is to
accumulate the photographs then they
performed median filter to get rid of the noise
while not blurring the image then next step
distinction between the cytoplasm, and nuclei
and extracellular elements were enhanced
mistreatment Associate in Nursing unsharp
filter is finished. Then thresholding is finished
Volume 3 Issue 3 Sept 2018
and that they performed fourier remodel and
then log remodel is finished. Then mean filter
is applied and in ending line plot is finished.
MATLAB is employed to perform this work.
Ms. Sneha Dhakne, Ms. Kumudini K. Borkute,
Ms. Priyanka Ikhar conferred 2 techniques like
Watershed formula and mix agglomeration
besides filtering for determination of cell [2].
Monika Mogra , Vivek Srivastava., projected
watershed transform and morphological image
process technique[3] to spot affected White
vegetative cell and applied this method in
MATLAB.
Subhan, Ms. Parminder Kaur., mentioned KNN
and Hough Transform algorithms to observe
abnormal cells that cause leukaemia [4].
Khot S.T, Sneha Bhalekar, Divya Jaggi and
Dolly aristocrat used Support Vector Machine
classifier to observe leukemic cells.[5] The
options are extracted from the image and
applied to classifier.
Ms. Minal D. Joshi, Prof. Atul H. Karode, Prof.
S.R.Suralkar projected a technique to observe
cancer of the blood. By bar chart effort
methodology, [6] enhance distinction of the
grayscale image. Applied international
thresholding Otsu method so feature extraction
is finished. Supported the feature extracted,
classifier classifies the affected cells or normal
cells and with the accuracy of ninety three. kNN
classification is employed.
Emad A. Mohammed, Mostafa M. A.
Mohammed, Christopher Naugler, Behrouz H.
way projected a way for leucaemia cell
segmentation.[7] within the proposed approach
for segmenting a nucleus initial an optimal
threshold worth is obtained mistreatment
Otsu’s methodology. Canny edge detector is
applied followed by erosion and dilation.
Isolated pixels ar removed and a metameric
nucleus mask is obtained.
Sos Agaian, Monica Madhukar, Anthony T.
Chronopoulos, approach conferred in is
employed to observe AML (Acute
30
Myelogenous Leukemia) in microscopic
images of blood.[8] 3 clusters ar known that
represent nucleus, background and alternative
cells like erythrocytes, leukocytes etc. each pel
of the image is assigned to 1 of those clusters
supported the cluster property. The technique
performs some preprocessing followed by k-
means agglomeration for segmentation
purpose. The segmentation is performed to
extract the leukocytes’ nuclei mistreatment
color based mostly agglomeration.
Subrajeet Mohapatra, Dipti Patra and
Sanghamitra Satpathy projected Color based
mostly agglomeration for blood cell nucleus
segmentation of stained blood smear pictures
followed by relevant feature extraction for
cancer of the blood detection.[9] Few normal
agglomeration techniques, viz., KMeans,
KMedoid, Fuzzy C-Means (FCM), Gustafson
Kessel (GK) and Fuzzy Possibilistic C suggests
that (FPCM) were used for color based mostly
segmentation and their performance were
compared. Nucleus boundary irregularities are
measured mistreatment hausdroff dimension
and contour signature. Results were obtained by
mistreatment SVM classifier with projected
options.
PROPOSED METHOD
Figure 2 System Architecture
Volume 3 Issue 3 Sept 2018
a) Pre-processing
The images generated by digital microscopes
are sometimes in RGB colour space. Usually
the blood cells and image background vary
greatly with relation to colour and intensity.
This is often caused by multiple reasons like
camera settings, varying enlightenment, and
aging blemish. Cell segmentation is different
with relation to these variations, therefore a
method is used to convert RGB input image into
the CIELAB colour house [1].The a and b
elements is employed to create correct color
balance corrections. The L*a*b*color space
with dimension L represents the lightness of the
colour, element a, that represents its position
between red/magenta and inexperienced, and
part b*that represents its position between
yellow and blue.
b) Segmentation
Segmentation is performed for extracting the
nuclei of the White Blood Cells victimisation
color-based cluster. Cluster analysis is that the
official learning of ways and algorithms for
grouping objects in line with characteristics or
similarity. Cluster analysis doesn't use category
labels. K-means is most well liked
unsupervised information algorithms. Here
cluster correspond to nucleus, background, and
different cells. Each element is allotted to 1 of
those assigned categories victimisation the
properties of the bunch centroidr [4]. The k-
means formula has 3 user-specified parameters:
total variety of cluster k, formatting of cluster,
and distance metric. A k-means cluster formula
is employed to assign each element to 1 of the
clusters. Each element is assign to 1 of those
categories victimisation the properties of the
cluster centre that are mounted every which
way. On the corresponding ∗a and ∗b values
within the L∗a∗b color house every element is
classified into k cluster. Each element within
the L∗a∗b color house is assessed into any of
the k clusters and is calculated using
geometrician distance between the element
centre and every colour pointer. These 3
clusters are allotted as nucleus, background and
31
different cell. The cluster that contains the blue
nucleus are measured, that is important for the
feature extraction.
Figure 3Pre-processing Image
Figure 4 Clustering on Image
Transformation of the input file into the set of
options is termed feature extraction. Feature
choice influences the classifier performance in
order that an accurate alternative of options
should be known. I even have thought of the
subsequent feature for the economical work.
c) Feature Extraction
i) Hausdorff dimension
HD is employed to observe the sting of the
nucleus and it's thought of a necessary feature.
Box investigation technique is implemented to
observe the sting of nucleus. The perimeters ar
detected to achieve the perimeter roughness of
the nucleus. When the grid becomes finer and
finer the perimeter roughness of the nucleus
will increase.
ii) Native Binary Pattern
The native Binary Pattern (LBP) is employed
for texture classification [2]. LBP quality
options have the following characteristics: LBP
is strong against illumination variations; quick
to compute; don't need several parameters; a
neighbourhood feature; LBP is invariant to
Volume 3 Issue 3 Sept 2018
monotonic grey scale transformations and
scaling it's performed all right in abundant
computer vision application. The LBP
technique has tested to vanquish in, Linear
Discriminated Analysis (LDA) and the
Principal element Analysis (PCA). To covenant
with textures at completely different scales, the
LBP operator is stretched to use regions of
various dimensions.
d) Classification
Support Vector Machine (SVM) is employed
for constructing a choice surface within the
feature house that bisects the 2 categories. Here
the classification relies upon 2 categories i.e.,
cancerous and noncancerous. A 2 category
classifier is used to categorise the categories.
The feature values are premeditated on the
choice surface and most hyper-plane are drawn
separating the 2 categories. The support vector
is drawn by creating a large margin. To evade
misclassification the boundary are wider from
the hyper plane. The technique is affordable and
doesn't would like kernel trick. It’s same to be
performed sensible.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The work is developed for automatically
detecting and classifying the AML in Blood
microscopic pictures. a hundred and twenty
blood microscopic pictures are classified and
therefore the analysis is additionally measured
consistent with the performance analysis
technique. The pre-processing methodology
looks to be effective for strong segmentation.
The segmentation technique suits for color
pictures in order that straightforward to spot the
blue nucleus. The feature extracted is helpful
for classification of the info. The performance
assessment shows the classifier performance.
CONCLUSION
The chances of successful outcome of cancer
treatment are primarily dependent on its early
detection and identification. Acute leukaemia is
that the most typical form of blood cancer
32
which may know through examination of blood
and bone marrow smears by trained
consultants. This Manual review method is long
and error prone, therefore a computer-based
system for automatic detection of Acute
Lymphocytic Leukaemia could offer an
assistive diagnostic tool for pathologists. The
automated segregation and identification
algorithmic program aims to reduce the phase
involved in treatment, that is typically life
threatening. The planned automatic system is
tested with Nearest Neighbour (kNN) and SVM
Classifier on the dataset of one hundred twenty
pretested samples, the accuracy achieved is
90.8%. The results show that algorithm planned
achieves an appropriate performance for the
designation of Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia;
additional the devised methodology conjointly
addresses the segmentation of overlapping
cells.
REFERENCES
[1] S.Jagadeesh 1, Dr.E.Nagabhooshanam 2,
Dr.S.Venkatachalam., “Image processing based
approach to cancer cell prediction in blood samples”
International Journal of Technology and
Engineering Sciences Vol.1 (1), ISSN: 2320-8007
[2] Jamali Firmat Banzi, Xue Zhaojun., “Detecting
Morphological Nature of Cancerous Cell Using
Image Processing Algorithms” International Journal
of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3,
Issue 12, December 2013 1 ISSN 2250-3153
TransformAlgorithm” International Journal of
Computer Science Trends and Technology (IJCST)
– Volume 3 Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2015.
[6] Khot S.T, Sneha Bhalekar, Divya Jaggi and
Dolly Rani., “An innovative approach in
myelogenous leukemia detection using attribute
analysis” (IJAEEE) ISSN (Print): 2278-8948,
Volume-2, Issue-5, 2013.
[7] Ms. Minal D. Joshi, Prof. Atul H. Karode, Prof.
S.R.Suralkar “White Blood Cells Segmentation and
Classification to Detect Acute Leukemia”
(IJETTCS) Volume 2, Issue 3, May – June 2013.
[8] Emad A. Mohammed, Mostafa
M.A.Mohammed, Christopher Naugler, Behrouz H.
Far, “Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cell
Segmentation From Microscopic Blood Images
Using Watershed Algorithm and Optimal
Thresholding”, 26th IEEE Canadian Conference Of
Electrical And Computer Engineering (CCECE),
2013.
[9] Sos Agaian, Monica Madhukar, Anthony T.
Chronopoulos, “Automated Screening System for
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Detection in Blood
Microscopic Images”, IEEE Systems Journal.
[10] Subrajeet Mohapatra, Dipti Patra and
Sanghamitra Satpathy.,” Unsupervised Blood
Microscopic Image Segmentation and Leukemia
Detection using Color based Clustering” (IJCISIM)
ISSN 2150-7988 Volume 4 (2012) pp. 477-485

[3] Ms. Sneha Dhakne, Ms. Kumudini K. Borkute,

Ms. Priyanka Ikhar., “Detection of cancer cell in
blood samples using an Effective algorithm”
(IJCESR) ISSN (PRINT): 2393-8374, (ONLINE):
2394-0697, VOLUME-2, ISSUE-6, 2015

[4] Monika Mogra , 2,Vivek Srivastava., “ A

Comprehensive Review of Analysis of Counting
Blood Cells Using Different Image Processing
Algorithms” International Journal of Engineering
Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734,
ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726 www.ijesi.org Volume 3
Issue 6ǁ June 2014 ǁ PP.29-31

[5] Subhan, Ms. Parminder Kaur., “ Significant

Analysis of Leukemic Cells Extraction and
Detection Using KNN and Hough

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