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Engineers I
PHY 2048, Section 4
Chapter 0 - Introduction
I. General
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I. Objectives of Physics
- Use these laws to develop theories that can predict the results of future
experiments.
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10 peta P
QUANTITY UNIT NAME UNIT SYMBOL
1012 tera T
Length meter m
109 giga G
Time second s 6
10 mega M
Mass kilogram kg 103 kilo k
Speed m/s 10 2
hecto h
10-2 centi c
Pressure Pascal Pa = N/m2
10-3 milli m
Energy Joule J = Nm
-6
10 micro µ
Power Watt W = J/s
10-9 nano n
Temperature Kelvin K -12
10 pico p
10-15 femto f
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III. Conversion of units
Chain-link conversion method: The original data are multiplied successively
by conversion factors written as unity. Units can be treated like algebraic
quantities that can cancel each other out.
Dimensional consistency: both sides of the equation must have the same
dimensions.
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V. Problem solving tactics
• Explain the problem with your own words.
• Write down the given data with their units. Convert all data into S.I. system.
• Always include units for every quantity. Carry the units through the entire
calculation.
Chapter 1 - Vectors
I. Definition
- Graphical method
- Analytical method Vector components
B) Multiplication
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Review of angle reference system
90º
0º<θ1<90º
90º<θ2<180º
θ2
θ1 0º
180º Origin of angle reference system
θ3
θ4
180º<θ3<270º
270º<θ4<360º
270º
Angle origin
Θ4=300º=-60º
I. Definition
Same displacement
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II. Arithmetic operations involving vectors
Vector addition: s = a +b
b
a
- Geometrical method
s = a +b
Rules:
a +b =b +a (commutative law) (3.1)
(a + b ) + c = a + (b + c ) (associative law) (3.2)
Vector subtraction: d = a − b = a + ( −b ) (3.3)
a x = a cos θ
(3.4)
Scalar components of a
a y = a sin θ
a = a x2 + a 2y Vector magnitude
(3.5)
ay
tan θ = Vector direction
ax
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Unit vector: Vector with magnitude 1.
No dimensions, no units.
a = a x iˆ + a y ˆj (3.6)
Vector component
Vector addition:
- Analytical method: adding vectors by components.
r = a + b = (a x + bx )iˆ + (a y + by ) ˆj (3.7)
a = a x2 + a 2y = a'2x + a'2y
(3.8)
θ = θ '+φ
Multiplying vectors:
- Vector by a scalar: f = s⋅a
- Vector by a vector:
Scalar product = scalar quantity
(dot product)
a ⋅ b = ab cos φ = a x bx + a y by + a z bz (3.9)
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Rule: a ⋅b = b ⋅ a (3.10) a ⋅ b = ab ← cos φ = 1 (φ = 0 )
a ⋅ b = 0 ← cos φ = 0 (φ = 90 )
i ⋅ i = j ⋅ j = k ⋅ k = 1⋅1 ⋅ cos 0 = 1
i ⋅ j = j ⋅ i = i ⋅ k = k ⋅ i = j ⋅ k = k ⋅ j = 1 ⋅1 ⋅ cos 90 = 0
a ⋅b
Angle between two vectors: cos ϕ =
a ⋅b
Multiplying vectors:
- Vector by a vector
Vector product = vector (cross product)
a × b = c = (a y bz − by a z )iˆ − (bz a x − az bx ) ˆj + (a x by − bx a y )kˆ
c = ab sin φ Magnitude
a × b = 0 ← sin φ = 0 (φ = 0 )
Vector product
Direction right hand rule
a × b = ab ← sin φ = 1 (φ = 90 )
Rule: b × a = − (a × b ) (3.12)
c perpendicular to plane containing a , b
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Right-handed coordinate system
z
k
j
i y
k
i
j x
i ×i = j × j = k ×k = 0
i × i = j × j = k × k = 1⋅1⋅ sin 0 = 0 i × j = −( j × i ) = k
j × k = − (k × j ) = i
k × i = − (i × k ) = j
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P1: If B is added to C = 3iˆ + 4j,
ˆ the result is a vector in the positive direction of the y axis, with a
magnitude equal to that of C. What is the magnitude of B?
Method 2
Method 1
Isosceles triangle
B + C = B + (3iˆ + 4 ˆj ) = D = Dˆj
θ
C = D = 32 + 4 2 = 5 C tan θ = (3 / 4) → θ = 36.9
B + (3iˆ + 4 ˆj ) = 5 ˆj → B = −3iˆ + ˆj → B = 9 + 1 = 3.2
D θ B / 2 θ
sin = → B = 2 D sin = 3.2
2 D 2
B/2
B
P2: A fire ant goes through three displacements along level ground: d1 for 0.4m SW, d2 0.5m E, d3=0.6m at
60º North of East. Let the positive x direction be East and the positive y direction be North. (a) What are the
x and y components of d1, d2 and d3? (b) What are the x and the y components, the magnitude and the direction
of the ant’s net displacement? (c) If the ant is to return directly to the starting point, how far and in what direction
should it move?
(b)
(a) d 4 = d1 + d 2 = (−0.28iˆ − 0.28 ˆj ) + 0.5iˆ = (0.22iˆ − 0.28 ˆj )m
N d1x = −0.4 cos 45 = −0.28m
D = d 4 + d 3 = (0.22iˆ − 0.28 ˆj ) + (0.3iˆ + 0.52 ˆj ) = (0.52iˆ + 0.24 ˆj )m
D d1 y = −0.4 sin 45 = −0.28m
E D = 0.52 2 + 0.242 = 0.57 m
d 2 x = 0.5m
45º d4 d3 0.24
d2 y = 0 θ = tan −1 = 24.8 North of East
d1
0.52
d3 x = 0.6 cos 60 = 0.30m
d2 d3 y = 0.6 sin 60 = 0.52m (c) Return vector negative of net displacement,
D=0.57m, directed 25º South of West
P2 ( a ) r = d1 − d 2 + d 3 ?
d1 = 4iˆ + 5 ˆj − 6kˆ
(b) Angle between r and + z ?
d 2 = −iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ
(c) Component of d1 along d 2 ?
d3 = 4iˆ + 3 ˆj + 2kˆ
(d ) Component of d1 perpendicular to d 2 and in plane of d1, d 2 ?
(a) r = d1 − d 2 + d 3 = (4iˆ + 5 ˆj − 6kˆ) − (−iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ) + (4iˆ + 3 ˆj + 2kˆ) = 9iˆ + 6 ˆj − 7 kˆ
−7
(b) r ⋅ kˆ = r ⋅1 ⋅ cosθ = −7 → θ = cos −1 = 123
12.88
r = 9 2 + 6 2 + 7 2 = 12.88m d1perp
d1
d ⋅d
(c) d1 ⋅ d 2 = −4 + 10 − 18 = −12 = d1d 2 cos θ → cos θ = 1 2
d1d 2 θ d1//
d ⋅d − 12 d2
d1// = d1 cos θ = d1 1 2 = = −3.2m
d1d 2 3.74
d 2 = 12 + 22 + 32 = 3.74m
d1 = 4 2 + 52 + 6 2 = 8.77 m
P3
If d1 = 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + 4kˆ (d1 + d 2 ) = a → contained in (d1 , d 2 ) plane
(d1 + d 2 ) ⋅ (d1 × 4d 2 ) ?
d 2 = −5iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ (d1 × 4d 2 ) = 4(d1 × d 2 ) = 4b → perpendicular to (d1, d 2 ) plane
a perpendicular to b → cos 90 = 0 → 4a ⋅ b = 0
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P4: Vectors A and B lie in an xy plane. A has a magnitude 8.00 and angle 130º; B has
components Bx= -7.72, By= -9.20. What are the angles between the negative direction of
ˆ
the y axis and (a) the direction of A, (b) the direction of AxB, (c) the direction of Ax(B+3k)?
y
A
130º (a) Angle between − y and A = 90 + 50 = 140
x (b) Angle − y , ( A × B ) = C → angle − ˆj , kˆ because C perpendicular
B
plane ( A, B ) = ( xy ) → 90
(c) Direction A × ( B + 3kˆ) = D
E = B + 3k = −7.72iˆ − 9.2 ˆj + 3kˆ
ˆ
iˆ ˆj kˆ
D = A × E = − 5.14 6.13 0 = 18.39iˆ + 15.42 ˆj + 94.61kˆ
− 7.72 − 9.20 3
P5: A wheel with a radius of 45 cm rolls without sleeping along a horizontal floor. At time t1 the dot P painted
on the rim of the wheel is at the point of contact between the wheel and the floor. At a later time t2, the
wheel has rolled through one-half of a revolution. What are (a) the magnitude and (b) the angle (relative
to the floor) of the displacement P during this interval? y
1
Horizontal displacement: (2πR ) = 1.41m d
2
r = (1.41m)iˆ + (0.9m) ˆj
r = 1.412 + 0.9 2 = 1.68m
x
2R
tan θ = → θ = 32.5
πR
P6: Vector a has a magnitude of 5.0 m and is directed East. Vector b has a magnitude of 4.0 m and is directed
35º West of North. What are (a) the magnitude and direction of (a+b)?. (b) What are the magnitude and
direction of (b-a)?. (c) Draw a vector diagram for each combination.
a = 5iˆ
N
b b = −4 sin 35 iˆ + 4 cos 35 ˆj = −2.29iˆ + 3.28 ˆj
-a 125º
a+b
(b) b − a = b + (− a ) = −7.29iˆ + 3.28 ˆj
b-a (a) a + b = 2.71iˆ + 3.28 ˆj
a
a + b = 2.712 + 3.282 = 4.25m b − a = 7.29 2 + 3.28 2 = 8m
W E
3.28 3.28
tan θ = → θ = 50.43
tan θ = − → θ = −24.2
2.71 7.29
or 180 + (−24.2 ) = 155.8
S
180 − 155.8 = 24.2 North of West
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