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Qualitative Analysis on Seismic Microzonation of Yogyakarta City

Conference Paper · March 2010


DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.17338.39363

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Qualitative Analysis on Seismic Microzonation of Yogyakarta City

Deasy R. Cahyaningtyas*) and Salahuddin Husein **)

*) Undergraduate student at Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University


*) Lecturer at Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University; corresponding email: shddin@ugm.ac.id

Abstract

On May 27, 2006, many people died and infrastructure damaged due to a 5.8 Richter
scale shallow earthquake. The distribution of damage buildings and houses is different in each
sub district and has uneven pattern, particularly due to different geological, geotechnical, and
seismic properties. One of methods to study those factors is using quantitative microzonation
that give an illustration of susceptibility level of an area in response to the earthquake. This
method relies on existing subsurface information, could be claimed as a desk study or
preliminary seismic microzonation. However, a quantitative microzonation conducted in
Yogyakarta City reveals that this method is suitable to shows appropriate representation with
damage infrastructure.

Introduction

On May 27, 2006, a 5.8 Richter scale earthquake had stroke Yogyakarta Province and
surrounding area. It was thought that the quake resulted from movement of the Opak Fault, that
lies in the eastern part of Bantul Regency, which caused near 6000 fatalities and thousands of
building and houses in Yogyakarta area damaged or collapsed. In Yogyakarta City, like
elsewhere in adjacent areas, distribution of damage buildings and houses was different in each
sub-district and has uneven pattern. This uneven pattern occurred because different geological
and geotechnical properties, as well as seismic properties of the rocks (amplification, period and
frequency) in each area. Therefore, an earthquake microzonation map that could describe those
properties is in need to improve mitigation works for future hazard.
Earthquake microzonation map is defined in this study as a semi detail scale map (in
1:25000 or greater scale) which illustrates zonation of distribution and susceptibility levels.
There are many methods used to give an illustration susceptibility of an area in response to the
earthquake. In this study, there are three methods that would be discussed to show the
susceptibility levels of Yogyakarta and surrounding area in response to the earthquake, i.e.
ground amplification, ground period, and quantitative microzonation. These three methods
would be compared with damage buildings and houses data of May 27, 2006 earthquake in order
to know the most relevant method which shows susceptibility illustration and the factors that
affect damage building and houses as the result of earthquake.

Geological Setting of Yogyakarta

The study area is part of distal zone of Merapi Volcano, which consists of Quaternary
fluvio-vulcanic deposits. MacDonald & Partners (1984), categorize the Quaternary deposits into
several formations, which are the Old Merapi, Sleman, and Yogyakarta.
The Old Merapi Formation consists of strongly fractured basalt and andesite lavas, with
indurated breccias, outcropped around the upper cone of Merapi and were deposited during
Upper Pleistocene. The Sleman Formation has designated as the lower part of a major
volcaniclastic unit which was formerly included in the Younger Merapi Volcanics formation. In
Simposium Geologi Yogyakarta - 23 Maret 2010 | 1
the north, on the Merapi Upper Slopes, it consists of sands and gravels with interspersed
boulders, all derived from volcanic ejecta. From Yogyakarta to the south, the formation is
overlain by the Yogyakarta Formation so that full thickness of the former formation can only be
identified in boreholes. The Sleman Formation is thought to be Upper Pleistocene to Holocene in
age. The Yogyakarta Formation forms the surface outcrop throughout most of the lowland area
of the Yogyakarta Basin from the Merapi Middle Slopes to the coast. It constutes the upper part
of the former Younger Merapi Volcanics. It consists of an interbedded sequence of sands,
gravels, silts, and clays. The amount of clay increases southwards.
The study area is part of Yogyakarta Formation (MacDonald & Partners, 1984) (Figure 1).
Based on boreholes data Sleman Formation undernearth the Yogyakarta Formation, and
undernearth Sleman Formation, there is Sentolo Formation, which predominantly consists of
limestone, also consists of marls, tuffs, and conglomerates.

Quantitative Microzonation

The quantitative microzonation is based on seven parameters that qualitatively


characterized the local soil conditions and the expected influence in amplification during the
earthquake. Detailed description of the scheme is given in Noack & Fäh (2001). Those 7
parameters are:
1. The consolidation of the Quaternary deposits expressed by their age. The lower a sediment is
consolidated, the lower its shear wave velocity and the higher is the expected amplification
during earthquakes.
The study area is consist of Quaternary sediment (Yogyakarta Formation) which thought to
Holocene in age (class 2) (Figure 2). It is shown by 32 borehole data (Figure 3) and
geological map of study area.
2. The type (grain size and lithification) of the Quaternary sediments. As the qualitative rule it
can be assumed that, the smaller the grain size of a sediment, the lower the shear wave
velocity.
The study area divided into 4 classes depend on the lithology (Table 1) (Figure 4).
3. The thickness of the Quaternary sediments weighted by their type. The thickness of the
sediments define the frequency band at which amplification effects occur. The thicker the
soils, the lower the fundamental frequency of resonance. Assuming the simple model of one
layer over a half space the expected amplification is maximal at the fundamental frequency
of resonance and significant for the frequency range above.
In study area, the thickness of Quaternary sediments is homogen. The thickness of all type of
Quaternary sediments is more than 45 m (Class 3) (Figure 5).
4. Lateral variation in the thickness of the Quaternary sediments to account for the excitation of
local surface waves and resonances. It is often observed during earthquakes, that lateral
heterogeneities can excite local surface wave, which, due to their strong attenation only
propagate a limited distance, but within this range, can significantly increase the duration and
amplitude of ground motion. At least for the areas covered by Quaternary gravels, the
parameter for lateral variation also rates some effects of subsurface and surface topography.
Basin type structures and topographic features can be subject to resonance phenomena.
Based on borehole data, gradient of study area is less than 0.01, that means there is no lateral
variation in the thickness of the Quaternary sediment in study area (Class 0) (Figure 6).
5. The fifth parameter considers the potential of liquefaction. This factor is limited to water-
saturated, cohesionsless, granular sediments at depths less than 10 m. Liquifaction potential
in the rating scheme is expressed by the depth to the water table.
The study area is divided into 3 classes depend on the depth of water table (Table 1) (Figure
7).

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6. The sixth parameter characterizes the differences in shear wave velocity given by the
lithology of the PreQuaternary sediments underneath the Quaternary gravels. Geologically,
they are bedrock, but seismically, these sediments belong partly to the soft sediments. This
can be expected from the interpretation of ambient noise measurements, that clearly show
low fundamental frequencies of resonance between 0.4 – 1 Hz that can only be explained by
low shear wave velocities of some of the Tertiary sediments (Fäh, et al., 1997 vide Noack &
Fäh, 2001) in the order of 500-900 m/s.
There is no outcrop of Tertiary sediments in study area, so we can conclude no lithologic
variation in the lithified preQuaternary sediments (Class 0) (Figure 8).
7. The seventh parameter rates the influence of the lateral variation of the fault. Resonance
effects may be expected at very low frequency of the order of 0.4 – 0.5 Hz, due to basin
structure of the area within the nearby the fault. The extent of the influence has been fixed to
1000 m inside.
In this study, Opak Fault is the master fault that influence the area. The distance between
Opak Fault and study area is more than 1000 m, outside the area of influence (Class 0)
(Figure 9).

Each of the seven parameter contributes to the microzonation (Table 1). The contribution
of the effects of each parameter are classified to values between 0 and 4 units on a qualitative
scale (Table 2). This value is assigned to a 25  25 m grid. The value 0 is equivalent to no
contribution to local amplification and 4 means a high contribution. Included in this figure is also
the percentage of the area covered by each class (0 – 4). Each map depicts geographically an
independent distribution of the different classes.
The quantitative microzonation map of Yogyakarta and surrounding area are divided into
5 units area, with score from 9 to 13 (Figure 10). The higher score in the area shows the higher
probability of the building and houses damage in the area (Figure 11). Gamping, Kasihan, Sewon,
Umbulharjo, Kotagede, and Banguntapan subdistricts are highly damage area with score 11 to 13.
The area with score from 9 to 10, such as, Godongtengen, Danurejan, Gondokusuman,
Wirobrajan, Ngampilan, Gondomanan, Pakualaman, Kraton and Mergangsan are subdistricts
with low damage infrastructure.

Conclusion

 Quantitative microzonation is a suitable method that shows appropriate representation with


damage infrastructure.
 Gamping, Kasihan, Sewon, Umbulharjo, Kotagede, and Banguntapan subdistricts are highly
damage area with score 11 to 13 in quantitative microzonation of Yogyakarta and
surrounding area.

References

Jogja Media Centre (2007) Damage Distribution of Yogyakarta Earthquake 2006,


http://www.freewebs.com/gempadiy_mediacenter.htm, downloaded on December 22,
2009.
MacDonald, Sir M. & Partners (1984) Greater Yogyakarta Groundwater Resource Study,
Volume 3, Groundwater Development Project, Direct General of Water Resources
Development, Ministry of Publicworks, Government of Indonesia.

Simposium Geologi Yogyakarta - 23 Maret 2010 | 3


Mahendra, R.O. (2008) Pengaruh Kondisi Hidrogeologi dan Tataguna Lahan terhadap Tingkat
Kandungan Nintrat pada Airtanah di Kota Yogyakarta dan Sekitarnya. Tugas Akhir tipe
Skripsi, Geological Engineering Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta (not published).
Noack, T. and D. Fäh (2001) Earthquake Microzonation : site effect and local geology. A case
study for the Kanton of Basel-Stadt.

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Table 1. Schematic representation of the application of the qualitative rating scheme. The local contribution of each
characteristic parameter are mapped on 25  25 grid. The zonation map is the sum of all the different contributions
at each grid cell (modified from Noack & Fäh, 2001). The parameters are modified appropriate with Yogyakarta and
surrounding area condition

PARAMETER WEIGHT REMARKS


1. Consolidation of the Q uaternary sediments
(as a function of age)
 No contribution from Prequaternary
 Pleistocene alluvium (highly consolidated) 0
lithified
 Holocene alluvium (medium consolidated) 2 sedimentary rocks
 Pleistocene and Holocene slopewash and Pleistocene 3  Map is compiled from geologic maps, well
loess (low consolidation) data, map of hazardous waste and outcrop
 Artificial fill (very low consolidation) 4 A buiding site
2. Type of Q uate r nar y se di me nts (gr ai n si z e
cementati on)
 Sand with gravel 1
 Map is compiled from lithologic
 Sand with gravel dominant and little clay 2
descriptions
 Sand with clay dominant and little gravel 3 of boreholes
 Sand with clay 4
3. Thi ck ne ss of Q uate r nar y se di me nts
(de pe nd on the type of the sedi ment )
No variation of thickness of Quaternary sediments 3  Weights are dependant on the type of the
The thickness of the Quaternary sediment is more Quaternary deposit
than 45 m
4. Late ral var i ati ons of the thick ne ss of the
Q uater nar y se di me nts
 The gradien value at study area is homogen 0  Map is calculated from the map of the
less than 0.01 thickness of the Quaternary sediments
 Quaternary sediment thickness is homogen
5. Depth to gr ound water table
 10 - 20 m 2  Map is calculated from the map of the mean
 3 - 10 m 3 groundwater table
 1-3m 4
 Map is compiled from lithologic
6. Li thol ogi c var i ati on s i n the l i thi fie d
descriptions
Prequaternary sediments of boreholes and outcrop
No outcrop of tertier sediments 0  No outcrop of tertiary sediment in study
area
7. . Lateral influence of Opak master fault  In this study Opak Fault movement is
 Outside the area of influence (> 1000 m) 0 believed as the cause of Bantul earth-
 Within the area of influence (1000 m) 1 quake.

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Table 2. Buildings and houses damage of Mei 27, 2006 earthquake from Jogja Media Center (2007)

Buildings and houses damage (units)


No Subdistrict
Collapse Heavy Damage Light Damage Total
1 Sewon 8281 8496 6004 22781
2 Banguntapan 5557 8232 7452 21241
3 Kasihan 1790 4657 12103 18550
4 Umbulharjo 1738 2249 0 3987
5 Kotagede 238 864 490 1592
6 Gamping 160 1922 1551 3633
7 Mlati 99 487 2157 2743
8 Depok 85 656 3148 3889
9 Jetis 73 594 1207 1874
10 Gondokusuman 50 310 33 393
11 Kraton 38 0 114 152
12 Tegalrejo 18 38 0 56
13 Ngaglik 12 132 528 672
14 Pakualaman 9 92 190 291
15 Mantrijeron 0 225 0 225
16 Mergangsan 0 83 0 83
17 Danurejan 0 61 365 426
18 Gondomanan 0 26 11 37
19 Wirobrajan 0 25 175 200
20 Ngampilan 0 10 15 25
21 Gedongtengen 0 0 17 17

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Figure 1. Regional geological map of Yogyakarta Basin (modified from MacDonald & Partners, 1984)

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Figure 2. State of Quaternary sediment consolidation, based on boreholes data.

Figure 3. Fence diagram of Quaternary sediments in Yogyakarta City, based on boreholes data.

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Figure 4. Types of Quaternary sediments, based on boreholes data.

Figure 5. Thickness of Quaternary sediments in Yogyakarta City, based on boreholes data.

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Figure 6. Lateral variation of Quaternary sediments in Yogyakarta City, based on boreholes data.

Figure 7. Depth to ground water table in Yogyakarta City (Mahendra , 2008)

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Figure 8. Surficial pre-Quaternary lithologies in Yogyakarta City, based on geological map.

Figure 9. Lateral influence of the master fault, i.e. the Opak Fault, based on geological map.

Simposium Geologi Yogyakarta - 23 Maret 2010 | 11


Figure 10. Quantitative seismic microzonation of Yogyakarta City.

Figure 11. Distribution of damages in Yogyakarta City.

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