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Abstract
On May 27, 2006, many people died and infrastructure damaged due to a 5.8 Richter
scale shallow earthquake. The distribution of damage buildings and houses is different in each
sub district and has uneven pattern, particularly due to different geological, geotechnical, and
seismic properties. One of methods to study those factors is using quantitative microzonation
that give an illustration of susceptibility level of an area in response to the earthquake. This
method relies on existing subsurface information, could be claimed as a desk study or
preliminary seismic microzonation. However, a quantitative microzonation conducted in
Yogyakarta City reveals that this method is suitable to shows appropriate representation with
damage infrastructure.
Introduction
On May 27, 2006, a 5.8 Richter scale earthquake had stroke Yogyakarta Province and
surrounding area. It was thought that the quake resulted from movement of the Opak Fault, that
lies in the eastern part of Bantul Regency, which caused near 6000 fatalities and thousands of
building and houses in Yogyakarta area damaged or collapsed. In Yogyakarta City, like
elsewhere in adjacent areas, distribution of damage buildings and houses was different in each
sub-district and has uneven pattern. This uneven pattern occurred because different geological
and geotechnical properties, as well as seismic properties of the rocks (amplification, period and
frequency) in each area. Therefore, an earthquake microzonation map that could describe those
properties is in need to improve mitigation works for future hazard.
Earthquake microzonation map is defined in this study as a semi detail scale map (in
1:25000 or greater scale) which illustrates zonation of distribution and susceptibility levels.
There are many methods used to give an illustration susceptibility of an area in response to the
earthquake. In this study, there are three methods that would be discussed to show the
susceptibility levels of Yogyakarta and surrounding area in response to the earthquake, i.e.
ground amplification, ground period, and quantitative microzonation. These three methods
would be compared with damage buildings and houses data of May 27, 2006 earthquake in order
to know the most relevant method which shows susceptibility illustration and the factors that
affect damage building and houses as the result of earthquake.
The study area is part of distal zone of Merapi Volcano, which consists of Quaternary
fluvio-vulcanic deposits. MacDonald & Partners (1984), categorize the Quaternary deposits into
several formations, which are the Old Merapi, Sleman, and Yogyakarta.
The Old Merapi Formation consists of strongly fractured basalt and andesite lavas, with
indurated breccias, outcropped around the upper cone of Merapi and were deposited during
Upper Pleistocene. The Sleman Formation has designated as the lower part of a major
volcaniclastic unit which was formerly included in the Younger Merapi Volcanics formation. In
Simposium Geologi Yogyakarta - 23 Maret 2010 | 1
the north, on the Merapi Upper Slopes, it consists of sands and gravels with interspersed
boulders, all derived from volcanic ejecta. From Yogyakarta to the south, the formation is
overlain by the Yogyakarta Formation so that full thickness of the former formation can only be
identified in boreholes. The Sleman Formation is thought to be Upper Pleistocene to Holocene in
age. The Yogyakarta Formation forms the surface outcrop throughout most of the lowland area
of the Yogyakarta Basin from the Merapi Middle Slopes to the coast. It constutes the upper part
of the former Younger Merapi Volcanics. It consists of an interbedded sequence of sands,
gravels, silts, and clays. The amount of clay increases southwards.
The study area is part of Yogyakarta Formation (MacDonald & Partners, 1984) (Figure 1).
Based on boreholes data Sleman Formation undernearth the Yogyakarta Formation, and
undernearth Sleman Formation, there is Sentolo Formation, which predominantly consists of
limestone, also consists of marls, tuffs, and conglomerates.
Quantitative Microzonation
Each of the seven parameter contributes to the microzonation (Table 1). The contribution
of the effects of each parameter are classified to values between 0 and 4 units on a qualitative
scale (Table 2). This value is assigned to a 25 25 m grid. The value 0 is equivalent to no
contribution to local amplification and 4 means a high contribution. Included in this figure is also
the percentage of the area covered by each class (0 – 4). Each map depicts geographically an
independent distribution of the different classes.
The quantitative microzonation map of Yogyakarta and surrounding area are divided into
5 units area, with score from 9 to 13 (Figure 10). The higher score in the area shows the higher
probability of the building and houses damage in the area (Figure 11). Gamping, Kasihan, Sewon,
Umbulharjo, Kotagede, and Banguntapan subdistricts are highly damage area with score 11 to 13.
The area with score from 9 to 10, such as, Godongtengen, Danurejan, Gondokusuman,
Wirobrajan, Ngampilan, Gondomanan, Pakualaman, Kraton and Mergangsan are subdistricts
with low damage infrastructure.
Conclusion
References
Figure 3. Fence diagram of Quaternary sediments in Yogyakarta City, based on boreholes data.
Figure 9. Lateral influence of the master fault, i.e. the Opak Fault, based on geological map.