REGULATING THE ADMINISTRATION OF CHARITABLE

TRUSTS IN MALAYSIA

By:

Muhammad Syafiq Bin Khairul Anwar (2014196557)

Bredlan Ericson Fred (2014745629)
Muhammad Aiman Bin Mohammad Puzi (2014525573)

Submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Bachelor of Laws (Hons)

Universiti Teknologi MARA

Faculty of Law

July 2017

The students/authors confirm that the work submitted is their own and appropriate
credit has been given where references has been made to the work of others.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The completion of this undertaking would not have been possible without the generous
support that we have received from the people around us. It is this very support that
assisted us in enduring the hardships that inevitably come hand in hand with the
process of finishing a thesis of this scale.
We would like to give special thanks to our adviser, Mr John Chuah Chong
Oon, for his endless patience and guidance throughout the entire semester. If it were
not for him, the completion of this research paper entitled ‘Regulating the
Administration of Charitable Trusts in Malaysia’ would not have been possible. His
tireless energy and constant presence have been a pivotal driving force in ensuring that
our research paper would be in optimal shape for submission. His keen eye for detail
has also contributed massively to the outcome of this thesis.
We also would like to extend our gratitude to our respective family members
and friends for their unending stream of motivation that has sustained us throughout
the completion of this research. With their reassurance and emotional support, we
managed to carry out this task with a calm mind.
Last but not least, we would like to thank God Almighty for without His
blessings, we would not have gained the strength and resolve required to endure the
challenging process that lies in the writing of this thesis.

ii
ABSTRACT

The aim of this research is to ascertain the administration of the charitable trust and its
problems in Malaysia. The research methodology employed is doctrinal in nature. A
comparative study is also conducted with the charitable trust law of several other
countries which are the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and Singapore. The
findings of the objectives reveal that the Malaysian local legislation namely the Trustee
Act 1949 fails to properly cater for the needs of the administration of charitable trust
in Malaysia in four particular aspects. Firstly, is on the issue of registration of a
charitable trust. There is no mandatory registration of the charitable trust in Malaysia
to ensure transparency and accountability via the monitoring of the respective trustees
and charitable bodies. As such it is expeditious that mandatory registration of the
charitable trust be provided in Malaysia to ensure its proper administration. Secondly,
there is no regulatory bodies to monitor the administration of the charitable trust as we
find in other countries. We suggest that the Trustees Act 1949 provides for the setting
up a regulatory body who can take charge of charitable trusts in Malaysia. Thirdly, as
far as the fundraising of charitable trust is concern, the local laws are arguably
insufficient to protect the fund collected for the charitable trust. We are of the opinion
that the regulations provided under the Code for Fundraising Practice 2012 of England
and Wales be adopted to regulate against any fraud pertaining to collection of fund via
the charitable trust in Malaysia.

iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement ii
Abstract iii
Table of Contents iv
List of Statutes vii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background of Research 2

1.1 Research Problem 4
1.2 Research Questions 6
1.3 Research Objectives 6
1.4 Significance of Research 7
1.5 Scope and Limitations of Research 7
1.6 Research Methodology 8

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Various definitions of the charitable trust 10

2.2 Regulatory bodies governing the charitable trust 11
2.3 Registration of the charitable trust 12
2.4 Fundraising activities by the charitable trust 14
2.5 Exemption of tax 15

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH FINDINGS

3.0 Introduction 18
3.1 United Kingdom – England and Wales 18
3.1.1 Registration of the charitable trust 18
3.1.2 Tax concessions for charitable trust in United Kingdom 20
3.1.3 The establishment of the Charities Commissions for England 20
and Wales

iv
 3.1.4 Regulation for fundraising by the charitable trust 21

3.2 Australia 22
3.2.1 Registration of the charitable trust in Australia 22
3.2.2 Tax concessions of the charitable trust in Australia 23
3.2.3 The Role of the Australia Charities and Non-For-Profit 24
Commission (ACNC)
3.2.4 Limitations of the Australia Charities and Non-For-Profit 25
Commission (ACNC)
3.2.5 Charitable Fundraising in Australia 25

3.3 New Zealand 26

3.3.1 Registration of the charitable trust in New Zealand 27
3.3.2 Eligibility to be registered charitable trust 27
3.3.3 Benefits from register with the Charities Services 28
3.3.4 Administration of the charitable trust in New Zealand 29
3.3.5 Limitations to the power conferred on Charities Services 31
3.3.6 Fundraising activities in New Zealand 31

3.4 Singapore 32
3.4.1 Registration of the charitable trust 32
3.4.2 Administration of the charitable trust by the Commissioner of 34
Charities and the Charity Council
3.4.3 Charitable Fundraising in Singapore 36

3.5 Analysis on the Findings 37

3.5.1 Registration of the charitable trust 38
3.5.2 The establishment of regulatory bodies for administration of the 38
charitable trust
3.5.3 Tax concessions for the charitable trust 39
3.5.4 Charitable trust fundraising 39

v
CHAPTER FOUR: RECOMMENDATIONS
4.0 Introduction 42
4.1 Registration of the charitable trusts 42
4.2 The establishment of a regulatory body for the administration of 44
charitable trust in Malaysia
4.3 Tax concessions for charitable trusts 46
4.4 Fundraising activities by charitable trusts 47

Bibliography 49
Appendices
Appendix 1: Model Trust Deed for a charitable trust
Appendix 2: Australia Charities and Non-For-Profit
Commission (ACNC) Application Guide
Appendix 3: Registration of charitable trust in New Zealand

vi
LIST OF STATUTES

AUSTRALIA
Australia Charities and Non-for-profit Commission Act 2012 (No. 168)
Charities Act 2013 (Act No. 100 of 2013)
Corporations Act 2001 (Act No. 50 of 2001)

INTERNATIONAL TREATIES
The Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Trust and their Recognition

MALAYSIA
Charitable Trusts Ordinance of Sarawak 1994 (Chapter 7)
Companies Act 2016 (Act 777)
Government Proceedings Act 1956 (Act 359)
House to House and Street Collections Act 1947 (Act 200)
Income Tax Act 1967 (Act 53)
Societies Act 1966 (Act 335)
Trustee Act 1949 (Act 208)

NEW ZEALAND
Charitable Trusts Act 1957 (No. 18)
Charities Amendment Act 2012 (No. 2)
Charities Act 2005 (No. 39)
Companies Act 1993 (No. 105)
Incorporated Societies Act 1908 (No. 212)

SINGAPORE
Charities Act 1982 (repealed)
Charities Act 1994 (Revised Edition 2007) (Chapter 37)
Charities (Registration of Charities) Regulations 2007 (Revised Edition 2008) G. N.
No. S 178/2007
House to House and Street Collections Act 1947 (Chapter 128)
Income Tax Act 1947 (Revised Edition 2014) (Chapter 134)
Societies Act 1985 (Chapter 311)
Trustees Act 1967 (Chapter 337)

UNITED KINGDOM
Charities Act 2011 (Chapter 25)
Charitable Trusts Act 1853 (repealed)
Charities Act 1992 (Chapter 41)
Code of Fundraising Practice 2012
House to House Collections Act 1939 (Chapter 44)
Income Tax Act 2007 (Chapter 3)
Statute of Charitable Uses 1601 (repealed)

vii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1
1.0 BACKGROUND OF RESEARCH

The definition of trust had been provided under Article 2 of The Hague Convention on
the Law Applicable to Trusts and Their Recognition as “the legal relationships created,
whether inter vivos or on death by the settlor, when assets have been placed under the
control of a trustee for the benefit of a beneficiary or for a specified purpose”. 1
Charitable trusts is created for charitable purposes that will benefit the public at large.
Under the common law, charitable trusts must fall within these ambit of charitable
purposes which are for the relief of poverty, the advancement of education, the
advancement of religion and for other purposes beneficial to the community. 2 The
charitable trust is arguably one of the alternative giving device that may improve the
country’s social welfare.3

In Malaysia, the primary sources of the law of charitable trusts are the local
legislation and cases derived from the commonwealth and United States jurisdictions
are admissible. In the court, those sources of law become the ultimate reference by the
court in solving charitable trust litigations since there is no governing legislation in
matter of charitable trust. The absence of a specific governing legislation on the
charitable trust within our country creates problems when it comes to the
administration of charitable trust.

Charitable trust upon registration with the Commissions of Companies

Malaysia and Registrar of Society as incorporation procedure is bound to any
legislation to ensure the effective use of the charitable funds. The only enforcement of
law left is the Trustee Act 1949 which only regulates the administration of the trust.
Therefore, such absence of a regulatory body to monitor and supervise the charitable
trust may probably expose the beneficiaries to the vulnerability of mismanagement of
trust funds and the commission of fraud.

Fundraising which is defined as an act of seeking the financial support for

charities usually had been used as a method in obtaining public funds for the charitable
trust. In Malaysia, fundraising activities are governed under the House to House and

1
Article 2 of The Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and Their Recognition.
2
Commissioners of Income Tax v Pemsel [1891] A.C. 531.
3
Allan D. Vestal, “Critical Evaluation of the Charitable Trust as a Giving Device” in Estate and
Trusts Commons (Washington University Law Review, 1957) 195.

2
Street Collections Act 1947 which regulates public collections law. However, there
are no guidelines provided therein for the fundraising by the charitable trust. In respect
of tax privilege, the charitable trust may apply for tax exemption as provided under
Income Tax Act 1967. The rationale for granting such privilege to charitable trust is
that there is sufficient benefit to the public at large for the charitable trust continues to
exist.

3
1.1 RESEARCH PROBLEM
The major problem associated with the charitable trusts in Malaysia is there is no
proper regulatory body established under the law to oversee the administration of
charitable trusts. A specific regulatory body is needed for the purpose of facilitating
the administration of charitable trust which may involve a huge amount of public fund.
Thus, the absence of such regulatory bodies constitutes a current shortcoming under
Malaysian trust law.

The second problem is there is no specific legislation that requires the

charitable trusts to be registered in Malaysia. There is no requirement for the trustee
to register the trust under any legal body for the recognition of the charities. 4 In the
case of mismanagement of a charitable trust fund, the only avenue available is to bring
the case to the court with the consent of Attorney-General as referred under section 9
of the Government Proceedings Act 1956. Most other countries have specific
regulation for the registration of the charitable trust with a regulatory body that will
supervise the administration of charitable trust. For instance, in United Kingdom, the
trustees have the duty to register the trusts with the Charity Commissions acting as a
regulatory body governing the administration of the charitable trust. 5 Hence, the
absence of regulation to register the charitable trust and the absence of supervisory
body governing over the matters may cause the beneficiaries to be vulnerable to
mismanagement of the charitable trust funds6.

Furthermore, the absence of regulation for the charitable trust can lead to the
commission of fraud especially when it involves fund-raising activities.7 The only law
in Malaysia governing the solicitation of funds is the House to House and Street
Collections Act 1947 whereby any solicitation for donation must get a permit from the
licensee officer which is the Chief Police Officer 8. However, there is no guideline
stipulated under any law on how to raise the funds from the public. This is because a
mere issuance of license by police without supervising the fund-raising is insufficient

4
George, Mary. (2010) An Overview of Issues in Charity Litigation in Malaysia.
<http://www.icnl.org/research/journal/vol4iss1/art_3.htm> accessed on 15 March 2017. p 9.
5
Charities Act 2011, s 35.
6
Note 4.
7
Attorney General v Mathieson (1907) 2 Ch. 383.
8
House to House and Street Collections Act 1947, s 4(1).

4
to cater the commission of fraud by those who executed the funds. Therefore, the
commission of fraud may occur if the charitable trusts are unregistered. Equally
important, when the fund-raising or donation activities are made via online, this will
also inevitably transpire the issue of fraud.9 When the funds are gathered via Internet,
fraud is highly to happen as compared to conventional way of fund-raising. 10 The
advance modus operandi is used by the syndicate to induce and solicit a large amount
of public monies because more Malaysian nowadays is using the Internet especially
for online banking.11 This may encourage the illegal syndicate to further unlawfully
solicit the funds.12 Furthermore, under the House to House and Street Collections Act
1947, there is no rules and regulations to supervise and administer the solicitation of
funds through the Internet.

The third problem is the Malaysian Trustee Act 1949 which does not have any
provisions governing charitable trusts pertaining to its proper administration thereof.
The Trustee Act 1949 only governs the executorship and administration of the office
of trustee but no regulation for trustees of a charitable trust. 13 This implies that the
coverage of the Trustee Act 1949 is not wide enough.

9
Note 4.
10
Note 4.
11
“Do you know where your donation is going?”, Malaysian Digest Report (19 August 2014)
<http://www.malaysiandigest.com/news/514085-do-you-know-where-your-donation-is-
going-i-collected-rm150-illegally-in-half-an-hour.html> accessed on 20 May 2017.
12
Note 4.
13
Guru Dhillon, Noor Mohammed, and Ng Yih Min. (2011) Equity & Trust Law Application in
Malaysia, UK and US – In Tandem or Apart?.
<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234661135_Equity_Trust's_Law_applications_in
_Malaysia_UK_and_US_-_In_tandem_or_apart> accessed on 15 March 2017. p 4.

5
1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the legal problems associated with the administration of charitable
trusts in Malaysia?
2. What are the legal safeguards that can be implemented in Malaysia to ensure
the proper administration of charitable trusts?

1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The aim of this research is to ascertain the correct law in the administration of the
charitable trust in Malaysia. In order to fulfil the aims, the objectives are as follows:

1. To identify the correct law which can safeguard the interest of beneficiaries
under charitable trusts in Malaysia.
2. To suggest recommendations in the Trustee Act 1949 which could protect the
interest of beneficiaries under charitable trusts in Malaysia.

6
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
The significance of the research revolves around contributing to the legal literature of
trust law in Malaysia. To the researcher knowledge, there is a dearth of research in the
area of charitable trust and it follows that our research may spark of a host of further
research in this area of law. It is a basis of which further research can be built upon.
Lastly, the research arguably fills in an important area in the Malaysian Trustee Act
1949 to further improve our statutory law in trust. On a socio legal basis, the research
sheds light to some salient principles of law which are not previously known to the
legal fraternity.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The study was conducted for the purpose of comparing the existing laws governing on
charitable trust in Malaysia with the selected foreign jurisdictions such as United
Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and Singapore. The selection of those jurisdictions
as a comparison was made on the basis that they have adopted the common law
principles similar to Malaysia and also due to their progressive development of laws
governing on charitable trust. There are three inevitable limitations that we faced in
conducting the research. The first limitation is a short period of time where the study
had to be done within three months. As due to time constraint, the area of the research
has to be narrowed down in order to accomplish the research within stipulated time
and it also limits the researchers to have a full-scale research. The second limitation to
the research is monetary constraint. There is no fund provided for the researchers to
conduct the research or self-financing can limit the implementation of the research.
The third limitation is the availability of material for reference. There is insufficient
reference and sources as the research is done through sources which is available at the
Library of Tun Abdul Razak 2, Universiti Teknologi MARA and browse through the
internet.

7
1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In view of the fact that the research objective focuses on identifying the correct law
pertaining to the administration of charitable trust in Malaysia by studying the law of
other countries (United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia and Singapore), it is thus
submitted that the doctrinal study is suited for this research. According to Anwarul
Yaqin (2007), he describes the doctrinal research as a library based research because
all the materials needed from primary and secondary sources of law can be obtained
in libraries, archives and online databases.14 Schneider & Teitelbaum (2006) maintains
that the doctrinal research involves the development of legal doctrines via statutory
and case study.15 Furthermore, there is no need for us to do any interviews or surveys
because this research is a pure legal study which has little socio legal implications to
the public. The only implication is pertaining to the legal right of the parties involved
in a charitable trust. Hence, empirical research is not employed because this research
does not deal with law relating to pure social problems, issues or question.16

In conducting this legal research, research method that will be employed by the
researchers is comparative studies by comparing and contrasting the development of
charitable trust in Malaysia with other countries. Anwarul Yaqin (2007) states that
comparative studies involve the study of some problems in one legal system and make
a comparison with other legal systems for the purpose of improving the law in order
to make it more effective and efficient.17

14
Anwarul Yaqin, Legal Research and Writing (Malayan Law Journal, 2008) at 10.
15
The theoretical research entails systematic explanation of the way legal institutions work and
of the principles that should animate the law and why it should act in a particular way. Thus
the theoretical research has little relevance to the study of ascertaining the correct law for
certainty of subject matter. See Carl, E. Schneider, & Lee, E.Teitelbaum, “Life's Golden Tree:
Empirical Scholarship and American Law” in Utah Law Review (University of Utah, 2006)
at 53.
16
Note 14.
17
Note 14 at 20.

8
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

9
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Various Definition of charitable trust

Wan & Andrews (2005) states that charitable trust has not been statutorily defined in
the context of West Malaysia.18 Hence according to the author, the Preamble to the
English Statute of Charitable Uses 1601 can be referred to provide a useful reference
point as to what amount to charitable trust in law. Haley & McMurtry (2011) states
that charitable trust is different from private trust because charitable trust are purpose
trusts. 19 Ascertainable beneficiaries is not required in charitable trust because
Attorney-General is the one who enforces the trust. Secondly, the object of charitable
trusts need not be certain. The principle provides that as long as the object is
exclusively charitable, the trust is valid. Thirdly, charitable trust is not subject to the
rule against perpetuity. Nevertheless, private trusts and charitable trusts have
something in common in which they may be created inter vivos or by will and the rules
of certainty of intention and certainty of subject matter are applicable to them.

George (2001) has proposed that a uniform definition is needed for classification
of the charitable trust in Malaysia.20 This is due to the facts that the establishment of
charitable trusts that is derived from both Suruhanjaya Syarikat Malaysia and Registrar
of Society is not in harmony. The practice of classifying the objectives of charitable
bodies made by those institutions are different with the classifications under the
Pemsel’s heads. Vaughan (2016) states that there is a reformation of regulation of
charity in Australia, the definition of charitable purpose has been included in the
Charities Act 2013.21 It signifies that there is the specific definition under Australia
law of charities. The Charities Act 2011 in United Kingdom provides that the Charity
Commissions is responsible to ascertain whether the charitable trust is beneficial to the
public. Charities Act 2011 also provides the enumeration of charitable purposes which
proves the significance of development under United Kingdom charitable trusts. 22

18
Wan Azlan Ahmad, & Paul Linus Andrews, Equity and trusts in Malaysia (Selangor: Sweet
& Maxwell Asia, 2005) at 103.
19
Micheal Haley, & Lara McMurty, Equity and Trusts (Sweet & Maxwell, 2011) at 198.
20
Note 4 at 22.
21
John, Vaughan-Williams, “The future of charity litigation in Australia: Complexities of
change” in The Future of Charity Regulation (Adelaide Law Review, 2006) 37. p 224.
22
Alison MacLennan, Running a Charity, 3rd ed (Jordan Publishing Limited, 2008) at 1.

10
Meanwhile, the position in Singapore is slightly different although that the Republic
has enacted the specific statute governing the charitable trusts. The principle is
charitable trust cannot be charitable unless established for ‘exclusively charitable
purposes’ in accordance to the law of Singapore. 23 Ter (1985) states that this
connotation means that the court of Singapore may depart from common law cases
depending on local circumstances.24 To summarize, those are the assertions connoting
the development in defining the charitable trusts according to respective countries.

2.2 Regulatory body governing the charitable trusts

The establishment of central bodies to regulate the administration of charitable trusts

is crucial to protect the interest of beneficiaries and to prevent the commission of fraud.
As for now, in Malaysia there is no central administrative bodies which supervising
the charitable trusts as compared to the other jurisdictions. George (2001) had
proposed for Malaysia to set up a specific commission to govern the matter relating to
charitable trust. 25 This specific commission will create the underlying basis of the
charities law and provides a definite framework for charitable trusts in Malaysia.26
Dhillon et al., (2011) states there is a major difference between Malaysia and United
Kingdom in terms of the availability of a regulatory body supervise the charitable trust.
The United Kingdom had set up the Charity Commissions for England and Wales,
whereas Malaysia has no central register for charities.27 Picarda (1977) further states
that in the United Kingdom, the Charity Commissions is in charge of the
administration of charitable trust.28 The Charity Commissions is formally set up under
Charitable Trusts Act 1853 and is currently governed under Charities Act 2011.29 The
position in Australia is similar to United Kingdom whereby Vaughan (2016) stated
that an independent supervisory body is required to administer the charitable trust.
Thus, steps have been taken with the establishment of the Australian Charities and
Non-for-profit Commission. The Republic of Singapore is far more advanced in the

23
Charities Act 1982, s 2.
24
Ter Kah Leng, The Law of Charities – Cases & Materials of Singapore and Malaysia
(Butterworths, 1985) at 109.
25
Note 4 at 22.
26
Ibid.
27
Note 13.
28
Hubert Picarda, The Law and Practice Relating to Charities, 1st ed (Bloomsbury Professional,
2014) at 434.
29
Ibid.

11
regulation of the charitable trust as exemplified by their Charities Act 1982. Ter (1985)
states the Charities Act 1982 was introduced for the registration of charitable trust to
the Commissioner of Charities and the applicability of the cy-pres doctrine. The
Charities Act 1982 was derived from the English Charities Act 1960 but with some
amendments.30 In general, the charitable sector in Singapore consists of double-tier
which are charities and Institutions of a Public Character.31

In New Zealand, in order to improve accountability in charitable trusts, the

major fund-raising bodies, the Philanthropy New Zealand was formed which set up by
the Working Party. Newell (2007) states that self-regulation or formal donor protection
systems can be used as alternatives to improve accountability of charitable trust. 32
Poirier (2013) states that there are three options in order to reform the regulation of the
charitable trust in New Zealand which includes the legislative list approach, the
restatement charitable purpose based on the Preamble under the Statute of Elizabeth I
and the non-profit regulatory approach. 33 The statute established the New Zealand
Charity Commission which is governed via the Charities Act 2005. Nonetheless, the
New Zealand Charity Commission later was abolished through the Charities
Amendment Act (No 2) 2012 and has been replaced by an institution called Charities
Services which administered under the Department of Internal Affairs of New Zealand.
The function of Charities Services includes to determine the charitable status in
accordance with Charities Act 2005.34

2.3 Registration of charitable trust

The Trustee Act 1949 focuses only on matters of trust, executorship and administrator
of the office of trustee.35 There is no provision stipulated under the statute concerning
on the charitable trust or duties of charity trustees. Although there is no equivalent
charity legislation in Malaysia, the state of Sarawak had their own state legislation

30
Note 24 at 192.
31
O' Halloran et al, “Charity law reforms : Overview of progress since 2001" in McGregor-
Lowndes, Myles & O'Halloran, Kerry, eds, Modernising charity law : recent
developments and future directions (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2010) at 21.
32
Newell, H., Accountability of Charities and Sporting Bodies Working Party Comprehensive
Report (Wellington: Foresee Communications, 1997).
33
Poirier, D., Charity Law in New Zealand (Department of Internal Affairs New Zealand, 2013)
at 372.
34
Note 21 at 243.
35
Note 13 at 2.

12
called as Charitable Trusts Ordinance 1994 which deals with the administration of the
charitable trusts in the state.36 George (2001) states that the charitable trust in Malaysia
are constituted in various ways and their constitution also varies.37 She argues that the
establishment of charitable trusts can be divided into three distinct platforms which are
statutory charities, charitable companies and charitable societies.38

In regulating a charitable trust, it is important for charities to be registered on

the basis of transparency. George (2001) states that the beneficiaries will be vulnerable
because in Malaysia there is no requirement to register the trust deed.39 Such argument
is also agreed by other authors that the beneficiaries will be affected as there is no
registration of the charitable trust is required (Dhillon, et al., 2011). 40 The position is
differed in United Kingdom where since 1961, there was a central register of charities
that enabled the information of the charities to be accessed and made available to
public (Picarda, 1977). 41 Vaughan (2016) explains on the important of centralized
register of charities which he states that the government will immediately be aware if
charities have failed to file their requisite reports and concurrently enabled the public
to access the information of the charitable entities.42 He argues that this is an effective
method to strike a balance between accountability and over-regulations.43 Cordery &
Baskerville (2007) argues that registration is insufficient to achieve public assurance
and suggested that continuous monitoring and advice are needed to cater such
problem.44 Vincent (2015) provides that unregistered charitable trust will jeopardise
the survival of charitable body because only through registration will make them
receive benefits. 45 Therefore, this connotes the effectiveness of registering the
charitable trust for the purpose of transparency and accountability.

36
Note 24 at 192.
37
Note 4 at 22.
38
Ibid at 3.
39
Ibid at 9.
40
Note 13 at 4.
41
Note 28 at 445.
42
Note 21 at 236-237.
43
Ibid.
44
Cordery, Carolyn J., & Basekerville-Molley, Rachel F, “Charity Financial Reporting
Regulation: A Comarison of the United Kingdom and Her Former Colony” in Working
Paper Series (Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington, 2005) 20. p 22.
45
Tessa Vincent. (2015) An uncharitable appeal framework for charities: Is it time for a
Charity Tribunal. <https://www.otago.ac.nz/law/research/journals/otago451218.pdf>
accessed on 5 May 2017. p 15.

13
2.4 Fundraising activities by charitable bodies

The law in respect of fundraising of the charitable trust is also significant to be

analysed in order to prevent the commission of fraud for charitable trust. In Malaysia,
the solicitation of funds is governed under the House to House and Street Collections
Act 1947 that requires the issuance of police permits and Societies Act 1966 that
imposed obligation to the charitable societies to fulfil certain requirements under the
Societies Act 1966.46 The law is only governed the charitable societies but not the
other charitable bodies. In United Kingdom, Warburton & Morris (1995) states that as
the number of endowment has decreased, fund-raising has become an important
activity for the charitable bodies to participate in generating their source of income.47
The Charity Commission for England and Wales had complaints about dubious fund-
raising techniques in which the Commissions has no power to regulate fund-raising
law.48 This is due to the fact that their powers and duties to regulate charitable trust are
only restricted to the funds that already in the hands of charity. 49 Hence, the solution
taken by United Kingdom to this problem is the appointment of professional fund-
raisers that are regulated under the Charities Act 2011 and the establishment of the
Institute of Charity Fund-Raising Managers whereby the charities body is only
required to appoint the fundraisers that certified by the Institution.50 Vaughan (2016)
comments that the public must be protected from fundraising activities which are
misleading.51 The Australian Parliament, in responding to this predicament had passed
a charitable fundraising law in each state jurisdiction in which requiring charities to
have license from the relevant state government in order to engage with such
activities.52 Thus, prevention of fraud involving the fundraising activities is important
in order to ensure trustworthiness of the charitable bodies.

46
Note 4.
47
Warburton, J., & Morris, D., Tudor on Charities, 8th ed (Sweet & Maxwell, 1995) at 263.
48
[1982] Ch. Comm. Rep., paras 17-23.
49
Charities Act 1960 (repealed).
50
Note 47.
51
Note 21.
52
Ibid.

14
2.5 Exemption of Tax

The issue that significance to the charitable trusts is the exemption of tax. If the
charitable bodies fulfil the requirement of charitable purpose, the relief of tax will be
granted by the government.53 The main issue associated with the exemption of tax is
pertaining to the legitimacy of charity involvement in business activities. Breed (2009)
states that the arguments relating to the issue is for the complete separation between
charitable trust and business.54 The contention is that the charity which is engaged with
business has enjoyed an unfair advantage because of the tax exemptions afforded to
charitable trust. 55 The position in Malaysia is the income of any institution or
organisation which is not operated or conducted primarily for profit and are approved
for the purposes of section 44(6) of Income Tax Act 1967, will enjoy the relief of tax.
The exemption of tax for the matters relating to non-for-profit organisation is governed
under Part IX entitled “Exemptions, Remission and Other Relief” under the Income
Tax Act 1967. In granting the relief, the Malaysia Department of Inland Revenue will
stipulate certain conditions that the organisations need to comply in order to qualify
for tax exemption.56

Meanwhile in United Kingdom, all charities are also entitled to relief of

taxation by virtue of Part 10 of Income Tax Act 2007, except certain specific reliefs
from Value Added Tax.57 Warburton & Morris (1995) states that the existence of tax
relief will affect the status of the charitable trust in two ways. Firstly, the Inland
Revenue are far more likely to endorse application from charitable trust than those
beneficiaries under a will. Secondly, the Charity Commissions and the Inland Revenue
will work together at the initial stage of registration. 58 Compared to Malaysia, the
exemption of tax will only be granted if it fulfils the charitable purpose which approved
by the Director General of Income Tax of Malaysia.59 McGregor (2002) states that the

53
Income Tax Act 1967, s 44(6).
54
Breen, O, “Holding the Line: Regulatory Challenges in Ireland and England when Business
and Charity Collide” in McGregor Lowndes, Myles & and O'Halloran, Kerry,
eds, Modernising Charity Law: Recent Developments, Future Directions (Cheltenham:
Edward Elgar Publishing, 2010).
55
Ibid.
56
Note 4 at 20.
57
Note 47 at 282.
58
Ibid.
59
Note 4 at 20.

15
charitable bodies which have been endorsed by the Australia Taxation Office are not
required to file any income tax returns and there will be no relief granted if there is a
commercial activity which is not incidental to charitable purpose.60 The problems in
granting the relief of tax in Malaysia is that the classification of charitable purpose of
certain charitable bodies when made by the Director General of Income Tax is not the
same as the common law position.61

Taken as a whole, there is a need to regulate charitable trusts in Malaysia

because the current regulating laws are proven to be less practicable and effective as
compared to other jurisdictions. The laws can be said to be archaic as for the past fifty
years passing of Trustee Act 1961, there has been no amendment made involving
charitable trusts, thus certain measures need to be taken in order to cater the problems.

60
Myles, McGregor-Lowndes. “Comparative Analysis: The Global Perspective
Australia” (Conference on National Centre on Philanthropy and the Law, Australia, 24-25
October 2002). p 6.
61
Note 4 at 20.

16
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH FINDINGS

17
3.0 INTRODUCTION

The findings of the objectives of this research and its ensuing significances are
discussed in this chapter. Under the first objective of this research, the charitable trusts
laws of United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and Singapore will be scrutinised in
order to identify the correct law which can safeguard the interest of beneficiaries under
charitable trusts in Malaysia. The research findings will be categorized into four main
areas, namely the registration of the charitable trust, the establishment of the regulatory
bodies in governing the regulation of charitable trusts, tax concessions and fundraising
activities by the charitable trust. This will be followed by an analysis based on the
findings.

3.1 UNITED KINGDOM – ENGLAND AND WALES

The governing statute for charitable trust in England and Wales is the Charities Act
2011. The regulatory body that is responsible for registering and supervising the
charitable trust in England and Wales is the Charity Commissions.62

3.1.1 Registration of charitable trust

Every charitable trust must be registered in the register with the Charity
Commissions.63 The registration must contain the names of charitable bodies and other
particulars as required by the Charity Commissions such as address, contact person,
the name of trustee. 64 The registration information is subject to public inspection
which was made available at the official website of the Charity Commissions.65 The
trustee of charitable trust has the duty to register with the Charity Commissions by
submitting all the relevant documents including trust deed and will.66 Failure to do so
will render the trustee in breach his legal obligation.67

For charitable trusts to be qualified to be registered with the Charity

Commissions, the requirements must be fulfilled as follows. Firstly, the trust must

62
Note 5, s 13(1).
63
Ibid, s 29(1).
64
Ibid, s 29(2).
65
Ibid, s 38(1).
66
Ibid, s 35(1).
67
Ibid, s 41.

18
fulfil all the criteria of charitable purposes.68 Secondly, the charitable trust must fulfil
the public benefit requirement.69 The Charity Commissions has provided guidelines
that the public benefit requirement has two aspects.70 The first aspect is ‘benefit aspect’
in which the purposes must be beneficial to the public. The benefit must not bring any
detriment or harm to the people, property or the environment.

The second aspect is ‘public’ where the purpose of charitable trust must be
beneficial to the public in general. 71 The charitable purposes must satisfy both the
benefit and the public aspects. All the eligibility to register will be ascertained by the
Charity Commissions after the application has been submitted.72 After application has
been approved by the Charity Commissions, the settlor has to write a governing
document in the form of trust deed or wills for the charitable trust (see Appendix 1).73
The governing document is a rulebook which sets out a charitable trust in the form of
writing.74 Once the Charity Commissions have accepted the proposed charitable trust
for registration, a registration number will be allocated to the charitable bodies.75 The
number must be recorded for future reference and inquiry for the purpose of tax
concessions.

The advantage is the registration of charitable trust provides conclusive proof

that charitable trust is legally a charity and has complied with the legal obligation. This
provides assurance that there is a degree of supervision by the Charity Commissions
applicable to the charitable trust, hence instils public confidence.76

68
Ibid, s 3(1).
69
Ibid, s 4(1).
70
“Guidance public benefit: Rules for charities” (The Charity Commission, 14 February 2014).
<https://www.gov.uk/guidance/public-benefit-rules-for-charities> accessed on 17 May 2017.
71
The personal benefit is ‘incidental’ where after having regard both to its nature and to its
amount, it is a necessary result or by-product of carrying out the purpose.
72
“Guidance how to set up a charity” (The Charity Commission, 20 May 2014).
<https://www.gov.uk/guidance/how-to-set-up-a-charity-cc21a> accessed on 15 May 2017.
73
Ibid.
74
“Guidance how to write your charity's governing document” (The Charity Commission, 2
June 2014). <https://www.gov.uk/guidance/how-to-write-your-charitys-governing-
document> accessed on 15 May 2017.
75
Ibid.
76
Note 22 at 13.

19
3.1.2 Tax Concession for charitable trust in England and Wales

The Office of Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs is one of the stakeholders in the
registration of charitable trust in relation of the tax concessions.77 After submitting the
application of registering a charitable trust, the Charity Commissions will need to
consult the Financial Intermediaries and Claims Office under the Office of Her
Majesty’s Revenue and Customs in the matters relating to granting of the tax
concessions. The charitable trust that registered with the Charity Commissions can
enjoy tax concessions.78 The needs for consultation with the Financial Intermediaries
and Claims Office when granting the tax concessions indicate the limitation power of
the Charity Commissions. 79

3.1.3 The Establishment of Charity Commissions for England and Wales

The Charity Commissions is an independent registrar and regulator of charities law in

England and Wales.80 The Charity Commissions is a Non-Ministerial (Government)
Department in which it is not subject to Ministerial direction or control in the exercise
of any of its functions and duties.81 According to section 13(1) of the Charities Act
2011, the structure of the Charity Commissions is that of a body corporate.

The Charity Commissions have six general functions. 82 Firstly, to determine

whether institutions are or are not charities. Secondly, to encourage and facilitate the
better administration of charitable trust. Thirdly, to identify and investigate apparent
misconduct or mismanagement in the administration of charities. Fourthly, to
determine whether public collections certificates should be issued and remain in force
relating to public charitable collections. Fifthly, to obtain, evaluate, and disseminate
information pertaining to the performance of any Commission’s functions and meeting
of its objectives. Lastly, to give information, advice, making proposals to any Minister
of Crown on matters relating to any of the Commissions’ functions or meeting of its
objectives. Despite all the general functions in which it is acting as a regulator, the

77
Ibid.
78
Ibid at 29.
79
Ibid at 13.
80
Lord Hodgson, “Trusted and Independent: Giving charity back to charities”, (20012) Review
of Charities Act 2006. p 45.
81
Note, s 13(4).
82
Ibid, s15(1).

20
Charity Commissions are not permitted to interfere with the administration of the
charitable trust by the trustee.

The constitution of the Charity Commissions is set out in Schedule 1 of the

Charities Act 2011. This provides for an appointment of the Chief Commissions
selected by the Minister together with minimum of four other members but not exceed
eight members acting as the member of the Charity Commissions. Two of them must
be a lawyer and others will be a relevant expertise and practitioner of the charitable
law. Among the significant power vested upon the Charity Commissions is to act for
the protection of charitable trust. Such power includes power to act when there is
mismanagement in the administration of a charitable trust fund and power to remove
trustee where it is expedient to do so.83

One of the limitation of the Charity Commissions is the decisions made by the
Charity Commissions is not conclusive and can be appealed by the beneficiaries. The
review of the Charity Commissions’ decision can be initiate by the disputant with the
consent from Attorney General, acting as parens patriae.84 The appeal can be made to
Charity Tribunal and the decision of the tribunal can be referred to the court.

3.1.4 Regulation for Fundraising by the charitable trust in United Kingdom

Fundraising in United Kingdom is regulated through a self-regulated system. This

means the charitable sector will raise the fund itself rather than being regulated by
statutory or government regulation. There is a standard code known as the Code of
Fundraising Practice 2012 that need to be followed by the fundraisers. The fundraisers
must aware about the guidelines provided and sets up the best practice standards
regarding the charitable fundraising.

The regulations of fundraising under the Code of Fundraising Practice 2012

are as follows. In requesting the donations, the organisation must use the donor

83
Ibid, s 76.
84
Lindsay Driscoll, “England and Wales: Pemsel plus” in McGregor Lowndes, Myles, &
O'Halloran, Kerry, eds, Modernising Charity Law: Recent Developments, Future Directions
(Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2010) at 54; Parens patriae means the principle
where the authority acting as the legal protector of the public that unable to protect
themselves.

21
information in any type of publicity in compliance with the confidentiality right under
data protection law. The charitable bodies are allowed under the Charities Act 1992 to
obtain the court order preventing unauthorized individual to fundraising on its behalf.
In accepting or refusing donation, the trustees must act in their best interest of the
charitable trust. When offering any benefit, rewards, or incentive to the donor, the
fundraising organisation must ensure that the benefits are appropriate and
proportionate to the size of the gift. Next, the returning policy for the donation is that
the fundraiser must not refund the donation unless the Charity Commissions said
otherwise.

The first method of charitable fundraising under the House to House

Collections Act 1939 is through the public collection. The regulation for public
collection covers the collection of cash, goods whether carry out in public places, from
house to house or a private property.85 The second method of collection is through
appeals which involves the use of static collecting boxes, either by floor standing or
on counters in shops, hotels, hospitals, reception areas. 86 However, this static
collection method is governed under the Code for Fundraising Practice 2012 and not
under the House to House Collections Act 1939. The fundraising activities are not
under the Charity Commissions responsibility because such activities are governed
under the jurisdictions of Fundraising Regulator.

3.2 AUSTRALIA

3.2.1 Registration of Charitable Trust in Australia

In Australia the mode of registration of not-for-profit entities will be registered by

Australian Charities and Not-for-profit Commission (ACNC) in accordance with the
Australian Charities and Not-for-profit Commission Act 2012 by using the definition
of charity and charitable purposes under the Charities Act 2013.87 The registration is a

85
Among the rule is the fundraising organisation carrying out collection must comply with the
relevant licensing/permission procedures as stipulated under section 1(1) of the House to
House Collections Act 1939.
86
Code for Fundraising Practice.
87
Ian Ramsay, & Miranda Webster, Registered Charities and Governance Standard 5 : An
Evaluation (Australian Business Law Review, 2017).

22
prerequisite for the said entity to access certain Commonwealth tax concessions88 and
also is a prerequisite for other exemptions, benefits and concessions provided under
Australian laws.89 The charitable trust must be registered with the Australian Charities
and Not-for-profits Commission before they can be endorsed by the Australian
90
Taxation Office (ATO) to receive charity tax concessions. Hence, charity
registration is important in order to ensure that only the worthy charity organizations
will receive particular concessions.91

In order to be qualified to be registered as a charitable trust with the Australian

Charities and Not-for-profit Commission, the charitable bodies must show that it is a
‘charity’.92 Firstly, the charitable bodies must be not-for-profit entity.93 Secondly, it
charitable purposes are for the public benefit. 94 Thirdly, it must hot have any
disqualifying purposes. 95 Fourthly, it must not be an individual, political party or
government entity.96

The registration with Australian Charities and Not-for-profit Commission is as

showed in the application guide. (see Appendix 2)

3.2.2 Tax Concessions of Charitable Trust in Australia

Once registered, the charitable bodies can apply for charity tax concessions such as
income tax exemption or goods and services tax concessions as a charity from the
Australian Taxation Office (ATO).97 Furthermore, they can also apply for additional
tax benefits as a public benevolent institution (PBI), health promotion charity (HPC)
or charity for the advancement of religion.98 Moreover, charitable companies limited
by guarantee registered under Corporation Act 2001 and also registered with the
Australian Charities and Not-for-profit Commission, are not required to prepare a

88
Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission Act 2012 (Cth), ss 15-5(3), 20-5(2).
89
Ibid, ss 15-5(4), 20-5(3).
90
“Australian Charities and Not-for-profit Commission”, Australian Government
<http://www.acnc.gov.au/> accessed on 7 May 2017.
91
Note 21.
92
Note 90.
93
Note 88, ss 25-5(3)(a).
94
Charities Act 2013, ss 6(1)(a), 12(1).
95
Note 88, ss 6(3)(d).
96
Note 94, ss 5(d).
97
Note 90.
98
Ibid.

23
directors’ report.99 This may reduce the cost of an audit of a charity because the auditor
is not needed to review the directors’ report to check for inconsistencies with the
audited financial report.100

3.2.3 The Role of Australian Charities and Not-For-Profit Commission (ACNC)

The powers of Australian Charities and Not-for-profit Commission are derived from
the Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission Act 2012 and Charities Act
2013.101 The functions of Australian Charities and Not-for-profit Commission are as
followed. Firstly, to determine the status of charity and to register qualified entities.102
Secondly, to give guidance and education to the registered charities in complying and
comprehending the Australian Charities and Not-for-profit Commission Act 2012.103
Thirdly, to monitoring and enforcing function in order to ensure the registered charities
will comply in situation where education is insufficient.104 Fourthly, to maintain public
register that contains information on registered charities.105 Lastly, it has obligation to
cooperate with other regulators and government agencies in order to minimize
regulatory duplication.106

The Australian Charities and Not-for-profit Commission has the power to

inquiry and investigate when a charity has not met Australian Charities and Not-for-
profit Commission requirements to keep appropriate records and when a charity has
used funds or assets for non-charitable purposes, such as for the private benefit of its
members, or these have been stolen. 107 Furthermore, the Australian Charities and Not-
for-profit Commission can also investigate matters in respect of fraud or criminal
activities of a charity and when a charity has failed to ensure that its responsible
persons (committee or board members, or trustees) are suitable and not disqualified.
In general, the Australian Charities and Not-for-profit Commission will only act on
concerns where there is a serious risk to public trust and confidence in the sector and

99
Note 87.
100
Note 90.
101
Ibid.
102
Note 88, s 15-5(2).
103
Ibid, ss 15-5(2)(b), 110-10(1).
104
Ibid, ss 15-5(2)(b)(ii).
105
Ibid, pt 2-2.
106
Ibid, s 15-10(f).
107
Note 90.

24
they relate to a charity's compliance with requirements of the Australian Charities and
Not-for-profit Commission Act 2012.108

3.2.4 Limitations of power: Australian Charities and Not-For-Profit Commission

The Australian Charities and Not-for-profit Commission does not have the power to
inquiry or investigate where the concern is not in its area of regulatory responsibility.
For instance, fundraising activities are not under the Australian Charities and Not-for-
profit Commission responsibility because these activities are regulated by the state and
territory law and Australian Charities and Not-for-profit Commission’s ambit would
not include fundraising as specifically stated by the previous government.109

3.2.5 Charitable Trust Fundraising in Australia

There is an inconsistent fundraising legislation in respect of charitable trust fundraising

in Australia due to duplicate regulation.110 Since there is a policy to protect the public
from misleading fundraising activities, the legislature has passed charitable
fundraising laws in every state jurisdiction.111 Owing to this, charities are required to
have a licence from the relevant state government in order to engage in such
activities.112

The state fundraising statutes still define “charity” differently despite the
introduction of the Charities Act 2013, which has given a more uniform definition of
113
charitable purposes across Commonwealth legislation. For instance, South
Australian legislation provides specific requirements to constitute a charity whereas
the Australian Capital Territory legislation only defines it as including “any
benevolent, philanthropic or patriotic purpose.”114 Therefore, there is no uniformity
when it comes to the area of regulation for charities across the state jurisdiction.115

Moreover, the federal Charities Act 2013 is used by the Australian Charities and
Not-for-profit Commission to make its determinations in registering charities but the

108
Ibid.
109
Note 21 at 235.
110
Ibid at 232.
111
Ibid.
112
Ibid.
113
Ibid at 233.
114
Ibid.
115
Ibid.

25
state requirements are different.116 For instance, an organization would not be found
as a charity by the Australian Charities and Not-for-profit Commission but still be
subject to the state charitable fundraising legislation.117 In addition, it would also be
unnecessarily to apply for state fundraising licence when the organization has been
given charitable status by the Australian Charities and Not-for-profit Commission.118
This problem will force the charities organizations to perform exhaustive research as
to their obligations and eventually will stretch their resources. 119 Furthermore,
charities organization with multiple state branches will face problems due to
inconsistent state legislative requirements and regulatory inconsistency.120

3.3 NEW ZEALAND

Charitable entities are the organisations that perform charitable activities or exist
entirely for charitable purposes. At present in New Zealand, there are a number of
different legally recognised forms of charitable entities which their establishments
were for charitable purpose, namely an incorporated society, a trust, a charitable trust
board, or a company. 121 As an entity which provides a benefit to the public, the
legislation requires such entity to register with the Charities Services. Charities
Services is a regulatory body formed under the Department of Internal Affairs to
oversee and regulate the registration of charitable trust in New Zealand.122 Meanwhile,
in respect of incorporated charitable trusts, the registration is the process that
establishes such a trust as a corporate body.123 A charitable entity can be incorporated

116
Ibid.
117
Ibid.
118
Ibid.
119
Ibid.
120
Ibid.
121
Charities Act 2005, s 4.
122
“Court jurisdiction, trading trusts and other issues : Review of the law of trusts fifth issues
paper”, (NZLC IP28, 2011)
<http://www.lawcom.govt.nz/sites/default/files/projectAvailableFormats/NZLC%20IP28.pdf
> accessed on 20 May 2017.
123
Ibid, chapter 9.

26
under the Charitable Trusts Act 1957, Companies Act 1993 and the Incorporated
Societies Act 1908.124

3.3.1 Registration of charitable trust in New Zealand

In New Zealand, the registration to operate as a charitable entity is governed by

Charities Act 2005. The statute provides the requirement for the societies, institutions,
and board of trustees to be registered as charitable entities under the Charities Services.
In order to register as a charitable entity, an application form must be submitted to the
Charities Services together with some accompanying documents which provide
detailed information on the charitable purpose, funding sources, activities and benefits
of the charitable trust.125 An officer certification form needs to be completed for each
officer of the charitable entity. Officers in this circumstance are all the trustees of the
trust if a charitable entity is a trust. 126 The Charities Services will review the
application, looking closely at the rules document, the purposes and activities of the
entity to ensure that the entity had met requirements to be defined as a registered
charitable entity. The decision on the registration, however, is decided by the Charities
Registration Board, an independent body.127 Once the registration is completed, the
details of the charitable entity will be made available to the public via Charities
Register.128

3.3.2 Eligibility to be a registered charitable trust

Nonetheless, there are two criteria that needed to be conformed in furtherance to

qualify for an entity to be registered as a charitable entity.129 Section 13 of the Charities
Act 2005 sets out the conditions for an entity to be recognized as a ‘charitable entity’,
such as it must be established and maintained exclusively for charitable purposes, and

124
Fortune Manning, “Establishing a Charitable Entity” (2017)
<http://www.findlaw.co.nz/articles/4355/establishing-a-charitable-entity.aspx> accessed on
20 May 2017.
125
“Apply for registration”, Charities Services, New Zealand Government
<https://www.charities.govt.nz/apply-for-registration/how-to-apply/> accessed on 10 May
2017.
126
Note 1.
127
“Charities and charitable status” (2017), Community Law
<http://communitylaw.org.nz/community-law-manual/chapter-3-community-organisations-
and-the-law/charities-and-charitable-status-chapter-3/> accessed on 20 May 2017.
128
Note 121, s 24.
129
Ibid. s 13.

27
all of its ‘officers’ must be qualified under the Act. An officer is disqualified in the
event if the officer is an undischarged bankrupt, or convicted of a dishonesty offence
within the last seven years.130 Next, the second criteria is the entity must have
a charitable purpose. Charitable purpose has been defined under Section 5 of the
Charities Act 2005 which includes for the relief of poverty, the advancement of
education or religion, and any other matters beneficial to the community. In some
cases, a specific Act of Parliament will state that the purposes of a particular entity are
charitable. Section 61A of the Charitable Trust Act 1957 maintains that it is charitable
to provide facilities for recreation or other leisure time occupations which is beneficial
to the public and for the interest of social welfare.

In Re Greenpeace of New Zealand Incorporated, the case illustrated a complete

deviation from continued adherence of common law doctrine of charitable purpose
which is against the recognition of political purpose in charitable trust.131 Greenpeace
of New Zealand Incorporated is an incorporated society which sought registration as a
“charitable entity” under Part 2 of the Charities Act 2005.132 The registration, however,
had been refused on a view that the objects contained a political purpose which
constituting non-charitable purpose. In the Supreme Court, the appeal was allowed by
against the Court of Appeal’s determination which had affirmed the common law
doctrine that a political purpose cannot be a charitable purpose.133 In the justification,
the majority opined that the blanket exclusion of political purposes was no longer
deemed as necessary.134

3.3.3 Benefit from the registration with Charities Services

There are several advantages that a charitable entity will attain by the said registration.
Firstly, the main consequence of the registration will be that a charitable entity would
be exempted on its income and it is easier for the entity to apply and receive public
funding. A charitable entity needs to be registered under the Charities Services in order

130
Ibid. s 16.
131
Greenpeace of New Zealand Inc (SC 97/2012) [2014] NZSC 105; Dowse, E. Political
Puposes and Charity Law in New Zealand (2015). p 4.
132
“Re Greenpeace of New Zealand Incorporate”, Charities Services, New Zealand Government
<https://www.charities.govt.nz/news-and-events/media-releases/greenpeace-of-new-zealand-
incorporated-media-release-supreme-court/> accessed on 10 June 2017.
133
Ibid.
134
Ibid.

28
to receive the ‘charitable status’ which is requisite for tax exempt purposes. 135
Charitable entities which operate without a constitution or trust deed would be liable
for taxes as a result of the non-compliance of the requirement to be a registered
charitable entity as provided above.136

Secondly, the registration also acts as the evidence of its charitable status. A
registered charitable entity will entitle for the registration number in which can be
displayed on promotional and identification material to the potential donors or funders.
Thirdly, the registration also enables the supporters and funders to find detailed
information about the charitable entity on the Charities Register. Fourthly, the
registration is also important to ensure a greater public confidence toward the
registered charitable entity. A registered charitable entity would probably enjoy the
greater public trust and confidence due to the fact that the information about its
activities and the utilization of resources are made available to the public via the
Charities Register. And lastly, the registration is also essential to encourage and
promote the effective use of charitable resources. Through the registration, all the
registered charitable entities are subject to certain guidelines and requirements in their
dealing with charitable trusts.

The registration however is not mandatory as a charitable trust may function

without registering with Charities Services. Unregistered charitable trust shall not
qualify for the tax-exempt status or be able to recognize itself as a registered charitable
entity.137 Furthermore, unregistered charitable trust will also not be able to provide a
tax deduction to donors.138

3.3.4 Administration of charitable trust in New Zealand

The administration of charitable trust, the Charities Services comes into picture as the
regulatory body that administers and monitors the conduct of the registered charitable
entities. The Charities Services which has been instituted under the Department of

135
“Charitable Organisations” (2014), Inland Revenue, <http://www.ird.govt.nz/charitable-
organisations/chart-orgs-index.html> accessed 1 May 2017.
136
Myles, McGregor-Lowndes, “Introduction” in McGregor-Lowndes, Myles & O’ Halloran,
Kerry, eds, Modernising Charity Law : Recent Developments and Future Directions
(Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2010). p 33.
137
Note, ss37, 38.
138
Ibid.

29
Internal Affairs, is the main regulatory body that is established under Charities Act
2005 in order to promote public trust and confidence in the charitable sector and to
encourage the effective use of charitable resources.

The Charities Services has a duty in maintaining the Charities Register which
currently contains information about 27,000 registered charitable trusts in New
Zealand. 139 The Charities Register also works as the database or public record of
registered charitable trusts as provided under Charities Act 2005.140 In the event when
there is any change to the charitable trust such as contact details of the officers,
appointment or retirement officers, or any changes to the constitution, those changes
must be updated with the Charities Services in order to provide an up-to-date
information to the public.

Moreover, the Charities Services also responsible to review the annual return and
financial statement of all the registered charitable entities.141 According to the new
accounting standards set up by the External Reporting Board (XRB), all registered
entities have to present their annual financial statements to the Charities Services as
the effect of the registration.142

Apart from that, in order to encourage good governance and management

practices, the Charities Services had also provided educational support, advice and
materials to registered charitable entities.143 The Charities Services will also work with
the Department of Internal Affairs’ nationwide team of Community Operations
Advisors and the other government agencies, such as the Inland Revenue for the
purpose of providing tax exemption status to the registered charitable entities.144 In
addition, the body also publishes relevant data and research in order to build
understanding, trust and confidence in the charitable sector.145

139
Note 33 at 75.
140
It summarises each charity’s purposes, activities, sector and includes their annual return.
Annual return in this context is a yearly report which details on a charitable entity’s income,
expenditure and activities
141
Note, ss 42(2)(b), 42A and 42B.
142
“Standard for Not-for-profit Entities After 1 April 2005”, External Reporting Board,
<https://www.xrb.govt.nz/dmsdocument/425> accessed on 24 May 2017.
143
“Charities Services”, New Zealand Government <https://www.charities.govt.nz/about-
charities-services/the-role-of-charities-services-/> accessed on 27 May 2017.
144
Ibid.
145
Ibid.

30
3.3.5 Limitations to the power conferred on Charities Services

There are, however, some limitations in the power of the Charities Services as the main
regulator and administrator of charitable trust. Firstly, in the event where the officer of
charitable entities is disqualified by one of the factors set out in the Section 13 of the
Charities Act 2005, the Charities Registration Board has the power to overrule the
conditions provided under the provision.146 In other words, this may raise an issue of
accountability to be a trustee of a charitable trust.

At present, there is no requirement either from legislation or from Charities

Services for the financial statements of a charitable entity to be audited or reviewed.147
The primary reason for this is that there has been no mandatory requirement for the
financial statement to be audited or reviewed.148

3.3.6 Fundraising activities in New Zealand

With regards of the fundraising matter, a charitable trust need to be a registered in

order to conduct fundraising in public place. Fundraising in this context includes
donations, collections or subscriptions. For donation, the tax exemption privileges are
not only entitled for the registered charitable entities for their charitable works as the
privileges also cover the donors.149 Therefore, it is important for charitable entities to
register with the Charities Services as the registration provides huge advantage to the
entities as well as the donors. All registered charitable entities mostly are eligible for
the donee status, which is being administered by Inland Revenue.150 The donors may
ask the donees to present their donees status number or their registration number with
Charities Services in order to ascertain on the status the entities whether it is registered
or otherwise.

146
Note 121, s 14.
147
Ibid.
148
Ibid.
149
“Donating”, Charities Services, New Zealand Government
<https://www.charities.govt.nz/charities-in-new-zealand/donating/> acccessed on 12 May
2017.
150
Ibid.

31
 In New Zealand, the most common methods of raising funds can be seen in the
form of the use of third-party fundraisers as well as the professional fundraisers.151
The charitable entities may choose to undertake fundraising activities by recruiting
employees or volunteers to raise funds.152 Furthermore, the fundraising activities in
New Zealand may also be implemented through the face-to face fundraising, street
appeal fundraising, advertisements and electronic fundraising.153

Generally, there are two private bodies which provide a regulatory framework for
the fundraising activities in New Zealand, namely the Public Fundraising Regulatory
Association (PFRA) and Fundraising Institute of New Zealand (FINZ). Those private
bodies play an important role in setting up a professional and ethical standards for
fundraising activities as well as encouraging the development of philanthropy and also
to provide an advocacy voice for the charitable sector in New Zealand.

3.4 SINGAPORE

The regulation for administration of the charitable trust in Singapore is governed under
the Charities Act 1994 (Revised Edition 2007).154

3.4.1 Registration of charitable trust in Singapore

For the purpose of registration, the Charities (Registration of Charities) Regulation

2007 (Revised Edition 2008) was introduced as a subsidiary regulation under the
power conferred via Charities Act 1994 (Revised Edition 2007). Every charity is
obliged to register except for exempt charities and those excepted by regulations made
under the Charities Act 1994 (Revised Edition 2007)155. These two categories may
register voluntarily.156 It is the duty of the trustees to apply for registration and the
application must be accompanied by copies of the trust or particulars thereof and such

151
“Information Disclosure Regulations for Third-party Fundraisers Making Requests for
Charitable Purposes in New Zealand” (Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment,
2015). p 10-16.
152
Ibid.
153
Ibid.
154
Chapter 37.
155
Charities (Registration of Charities) Regulations, SL178/2007. Regulation 2.
156
Ibid. regulation 4

32
other documents or other information as the Commissioner may require.157 Where a
registered charity ceases to exist or if there is any change in its trusts or in its particulars
entered in the register, it is the duty of charity trustee to notify the Commissioner of
any such change and to furnish him with copies of new or altered trusts.158

There are two stages involved in the registration of charitable trust in

Singapore. Firstly, the organization must be set up using an existing legal form.159 This
legal form for charity law is governed by the Societies Act 1985.160 Secondly, after the
underlying organization has been set up, it is mandatory for the organization’s
governing board members to register the organization as charity unless it is an exempt
charity.161 Failure to register the charitable trust will amount to a criminal offence.162

The charitable bodies may apply to be registered by submitting the application

to the Sector Administrator under Commissioner of Charities.163 Under Section 5(6)(a)
of the Charities Act 1994 (Revised Edition 2007), any organization in Singapore
operating for exclusively charitable purposes is required to apply for charity
registration with the Commissioner of Charities within 3 months of the organization’s
establishment. 164 The charitable bodies is registrable under the Charities Act 1994
(Revised Edition 2007) if its objects are exclusively charitable according to the law of
Singapore.165 Where the main objects are charitable, the inclusion of incidental non-
charitable powers or the accrual to beneficiaries or incidental non-charitable benefits
will not affect the charitable character of the institution and it is accordingly
exclusively charitable.166 This must be distinguished from a trust which falls within
section 67 of the Trustee Act 1967 whose non-charitable objects are not merely
incidental but are themselves independent objects of the trust167. Therefore, although

157
Charities Act 1994.
158
Ibid, s 5(3).
159
Racheal P., & S. Leow, Four Misconceptions About Charity in Singapore (Singapore Journal
of Legal Studies, 2012) 38. p 37-54.
160
Cap. 311, 1985 Rev. Ed. Sing.
161
‘Exempt charity’ is the following institutions, (a) any university or educational institution,
hospital or religious body established by an Act of Parliament; and (b) any other institution
which the Minister by order declares to be an exempt charity for the purposes of this Act.
162
Note 166, s. (5)(6).
163
Note 164, regulation 4.
164
Guidance on Regulation of Qualifying Grantmakers, Commissioner of Charities’ Office.
165
Ibid, regulation 3.
166
Note 24 at 192.
167
Ibid.

33
validated by section 67, it is not exclusively charitable and they cannot be registered.168
Otherwise registration is conclusively presumed that the trust is charitable at the time
it is on the register.169

Among the effect of unregistered charitable trust is it will be difficult for

charitable bodies to engage in any meaningful and sustainable activities. 170 For
example, it is important to consider that only legal entities can enter contractual
agreements such as leases and purchasing contracts. If charitable bodies is not a
registered, the trustee may have to accept contractual obligations or liabilities in their
personal capacities. 171 Without a registered charitable bodies, it will be almost
impossible for such bodies to raise funds from non-members and such bodies would
not be able to claim tax exemptions on the funds raised.172 Whereas registration will
bring about a sense of clarity and formality in which working with an established set
of legally binding rules will provides clarity to those within the charities and to
stakeholders outside the charitable bodies.173 Further, a registered charitable trust is a
criteria which most donors use to evaluate requests for funds in which the charitable
bodies is publicly accountable once it is registered and thereby establishes a sense of
trust.174

3.4.2 Administration of the Charitable Trust by the Commissioner of Charities

and the Charity Council

The Commissioner of Charities is appointed under the Charities Act 1994 (Revised
Edition 2007) to promote the effective use of the charity resources by encouraging
better methods of administration, by giving charities trustee information and by
investigating and checking abuses.175 The general object is to promote the work of any
charity in accordance with its objects but the Commissioner of Charities must not take

168
Ibid at 193.
169
Ibid.
170
“Setting Up a Non-Profit Entity in Singapore – Part 1”,
<https://www.guidemesingapore.com/incorporation/other/non-profit-entity-part1> accessed
on 13 May 2017
171
Ibid.
172
Ibid.
173
Ibid.
174
Ibid.
175
Note 24 at 192.

34
part in the administration of any charity.176 The Commissioner of Charities must make
a yearly report to Minister and is ultimately answerable to Parliament. 177 The
objectives of the Commissioner of Charities are, firstly, to maintain public trust and
confidence over the charity. Secondly, to promote compliance by governing board
members and key officers with their legal obligations in exercising control and
management of the administration of their charities. Thirdly, to promote the effective
use of charitable resources and to enhance the accountability of charities to donors,
beneficiaries and public.178

Whereas the Commissioner of Charities general functions are firstly in respect

to the determination of charitable bodies. Secondly, to encourage and facilitate better
administration of charities. Thirdly, to identify and investigate apparent misconduct or
mismanagement in the administration of charities. Fourthly, to take remedial or
protective action in connection with misconduct or mismanagement in the
administration of charities. Fifthly, to obtain, evaluate and disseminate information in
connection with the performance of any of the Commissioner’s functions or meeting
any of the Commissioner’s objectives. Sixthly, to give information or advice, or make
proposals, to the Minister on matters relating to any of the Commissioner’s functions
or meeting any of the Commissioner’s objectives.179

Besides the Commissioners of Charity, the Charity Council was also

established under the Charities Act 1994 (Revised Edition 2007). The Council’s
objectives are firstly to act as promoter, by promoting good governance, standards and
best practice in the charity sectors. Secondly, to act as enabler, by helping build the
capabilities of charities and enable them to comply with regulatory requirements and
be more accountable to the public. Thirdly, to act as adviser, by advising the
Commissioner of Charities on key regulatory issues and proposals that help broad
ranging impact on the charity sector.180

176
Ibid.
177
Note 166, s 4(3).
178
Ibid, s 4(1).
179
Ibid, s 4(2).
180
Ibid, s 4B(1).

35
 The main functions of the Commissioner of Charities are to maintain the
register of the charity. 181 The Commissioner of Charities also confer the power to
institute inquiry to charitable bodies as stated under section 8(1) of Charities Act 1994
(Revised Edition 2007). Besides, the Commissioner of Charities also has concurrent
jurisdiction to the Hight Court is certain aspect as provided under section 24(1) of
Charities Act 1994 (Revised Edition 2007). The Commissioner of Charities also has
power to act in protection of the charities.182 Nevertheless, it must be with the consent
from Attorney-General before any action can be taken by the Commissioner of
Charities. 183

Among the limitation of Commissioner of Charities is relating to exemption of tax.

The exemption of tax for charitable trust must be refer to the Comptroller of Income
Tax as referred under section 3(1) of Income Tax Act 1947 (Revised 2014).184 Under
section 13U of Income Tax 1947, the approved non-for-profit organization is exempt
from the tax. The approval of non-for-profit organization for relief of tax is in the hand
of the person appointed by the Minister.185

3.4.3 Charitable Fundraising in Singapore

The charitable fundraising in Singapore is governed by House to House and Street

Collections Act 1947. Under this Act, the permit of House to House and Street
Collection is required in order for someone to solicit collection of money or property
by means of appealing to the public, visits from house to house and street solicitation
or other places.186 However, there are some types of collections which are not required
to have such permit.187 These exceptions are private collection between friends and
relatives as well as solicitation by a full or associate member of the National Council

181
Ibid, s 5(1).
182
Ibid, s 25(1).
183
Ibid.
184
Chapter 134.
185
Income Tax 1947, s 13U(2).
186
“Charity Portal”, <https://www.charities.gov.sg/Fund-Raising/Pages/Types%20of%20Fund-
Raising%20Permits-Licences.aspx> accessed on 14 Jun 2017
187
Ibid.

36
of Social Service or the Community Chest.188 This permit can be applied through the
websites of Singapore Police Force and National Council of Social Service.189

There are some regulations that must be complied with by the charitable
organizations in certain situations in order to conduct charitable fundraising.190 Firstly,
anyone who wishes to conduct fundraising activities with charitable organizations
must have written agreement with the latter.191 Secondly, when a commercial fund-
raiser is promoting a fundraising appeal for a charitable organization, the donations
received must be given to the latter directly and any reimbursement or payment to the
former must be made separately by the latter.192 Thirdly, the charitable organizations
have the duty to provide accurate information of such activities which is not
misleading to the donors or to the general public.193 Fourthly, the donations received
by the said organizations must be used in accordance to the intention of the donors and
if such intention is not specified, proper communication regarding the purpose of
donation must be made to the donors during solicitation. 194 Furthermore, if the
donation cannot be utilized, the donation received must be refund or can be used for
other purposes as approved by the Commissioner of Charities.195 Fifthly, the charitable
organizations have the duty to maintain a proper accounting record of fundraising
activities for a minimum period of 5 years and the duty to disclose the donations
received in their financial statements.

3.5 ANALYSIS ON THE FINDINGS ABOVE

As a result from the findings above, several conclusions can be drawn on which
countries administration of charitable trusts is the most preferred. In the area of
registration of charitable trust, establishment of regulatory bodies for administration
of the charitable trust and tax concessions as well as charitable fundraisings, none of

188
Ibid.
189
Ibid.
190
Note 195.
191
Ibid.
192
Ibid.
193
Ibid.
194
Ibid.
195
Ibid.

37
these are regulated in Malaysia. Our purpose is to highlight after making comparison
on the most effective mode of administration of charitable trust in Malaysia.

3.5.1 Registration of the charitable trust.

In respect to the duty to register the charitable trust, we can see that there is leniency
in the New Zealand approach that requires the settlor, trustee and other representatives
from the charitable bodies to register the trust. However, in Singapore and United
Kingdom, only the trustee can register the charitable trust. In United Kingdom,
charitable trust which is below £5000 is not required to register. This may narrow
down the scope of registration via the implementation of income limitation in regard
to the amount of donations received. The approaches taken by New Zealand and
United Kingdom are arguably the preferred choice because it may reduce the rigidity
and to promote simple registration.

3.5.2 Establishment of regulatory bodies for administration of the charitable

trust.

All the countries in the research have established their own regulatory body in
supervising and monitoring the administration of charitable trust. In United Kingdom
and Australia, the regulatory body is Commissions of Charities and Australian
Charities and Not-for-profit Commission respectively. These regulatory bodies are
statutory independent bodies created under Charities Act 2011 and Australian
Charities and Not-for-profit Commission Act 2012 correspondingly. Meanwhile, in
New Zealand and Singapore, the regulatory body is Charities Services and
Commission of Charities respectively. However, unlike United Kingdom and
Australia, their regulatory body is under the government department. Therefore, we
are on the opinion that the best model of regulatory bodies would be that of United
Kingdom and Australia. This is necessarily to ensure the regulatory body is free from
any influence of the government and politics.

Most of the regulatory bodies have the power to investigate and to institute
inquiry to the charitable trust in certain areas of concern as well as administrative
power. However, we are on the opinion that quasi-judicial power of the United
Kingdom and Singapore’s regulatory bodies such as determining the doctrine of cy-

38
pres is not needed in order to preserve the inherent power of the judiciary in Malaysia.
Therefore, in our opinion, the approach taken by the New Zealand and Australia is
arguably the best.

In respect of the limitation of the regulatory bodies, we are on the opinion that
the decision made by the regulatory bodies should not be conclusive and can be
appealed to the court in order to prevent arbitrariness. This approach is taken by all the
respective regulatory bodies in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia and
Singapore.

3.5.3 Tax concessions of charitable trust.

We are on the opinion that in order for a charitable trust to enjoy tax
concessions, registration of a charitable trust with a regulatory body is a must. Hence,
by registering with the regulatory body, the relevant taxation office will only then
endorse the application of the charitable trust to access such benefits. This method will
prevent some institutions to set up a sham charitable body in order to evade tax. This
approach of granting tax concession through registration is adopted by New Zealand
and Australia.

3.5.4 Charitable trust fundraising

In respect of charitable fundraising, the approach taken by Singapore is similar to

Malaysia in which the only governing law is the House to House and Street Collections
Act 1947. However, the United Kingdom has taken a different approach whereby the
fundraising law was imposed with self-regulation. The charitable fundraising is
required to follow specific guidelines which is the Code for Fundraising Practice 2012
that is maintained by the Fundraising Regulator of England and Wales. In our opinion,
it is arguably better for the charitable fundraising to be self-regulated as what has been
done by the United Kingdom with the imposition of guidelines such as Code for
Fundraising Practice 2012 that need to be followed. In term of granting of license, the
approach taken by New Zealand is different as the registered charitable trust will
automatically be granted the license for public collections. Meanwhile, the granting of
public collections license or permits in United Kingdom and Singapore remain under
the jurisdictions of the police. We are on the opinion that the approach of the New

39
Zealand is arguably should be followed to simplify the procedure in applying the
license. Although leniency is significantly needed, monitoring by the regulatory body
is arguably needed to ensure the effective use of charitable trust funds.

40
CHAPTER FOUR: RECOMMENDATIONS

41
4.0 INTRODUCTION

The scope of this chapter which cover four aspects of the findings in Chapter 3 namely
registration of the charitable trusts, a regulatory body to administer the charitable trust,
tax concessions and fundraising activities by the charitable trusts. the
recommendations below are for the purpose of regulating of the administration of
charitable trust in Malaysia.

4.1 Registration of the charitable trusts

The findings of the objectives of the research suggest that Malaysian law as embodied
in the Trustee Act 1949 has to be amended in the aspect of registration of the charitable
trust. The setting up a regulatory body to administer the said trust is needed to cater
for the fundraising activities of the charitable trust.

As for registration of the charitable trust in Malaysia we recommend that the

Trustee Act 1949 to be amended so that the trustee of charitable trust can register the
trust with an appropriate regulatory body governing such matters. The registration of
charitable trust will ensure the proper administration thereof and thus will safeguards
the interest of the beneficiaries. From the comparative analysis on Chapter 3, we
hereby conclude the following recommendations in respect of the requirement to
register the charitable trust in Malaysia.

The registration of charitable trust in Malaysia should be mandatory by

following the concept of registration in United Kingdom and Singapore. This is needed
to promote accountability when managing the trust funds, thus monitoring and
supervision via registration. Furthermore, valuable information can be collected for
the purpose of recording all the available and existing charitable trust in Malaysia in
order to know the exact value of the trust funds.

In respect of the burden of duty to register, we recommend that the trustees,

settlors or representatives of the charitable trust are to be responsible to register the
charitable trust. This is following the approach taken by the New Zealand under the
Charities Act 2005. Furthermore, we would like to suggest that the Trustee Act 1949
to be amended by allowing the trustee to delegate the duty of registering the charitable

42
trust to the settlor or any representatives from the charitable body. This leniency is
needed to ensure that any rigidity in registration can be reduced to encourage
registration through simple process of registration.

In addition, we suggest that the eligibility of registering the charitable trust

should be imposed. Firstly, the charitable purposes must be constituted accordance to
the law of Malaysia. Secondly, there must be sufficient public benefit and eligibility
to register will only be applied to charitable trust constituted in West Malaysia only.
The reason is because both States in East Malaysia have their own law governing the
charitable trust.196 Nevertheless, charitable trust formed in Sabah and Sarawak may
register with their respective laws but still can enjoy tax concession available in the
East Malaysian law without registering with the national register.

In term of mode of registration of charitable trust, the approach taken by United

Kingdom is also expeditious as stated under the Charities Act 2011. This is because
the procedure is less complicated as it reduces the red tapes. The process of registration
should entail as followed. Firstly, the founder must set up the charitable trust and to
ensure all the requirements are to be fulfilled. Secondly, the trust instrument in the
form of a trust deed is mandatory whereby the trust deed may include all the relevant
information regarding the administration of the charitable trust (See Appendix 1).
Thus, we recommend that by registering the charitable trust with the national register,
only then can tax concessions be applied. This approach is taken by all the selected
countries in the comparative analysis and it is ideal approach for Malaysia to follow
accordingly. This is because to ensure that only the reliable charitable bodies certified
by the regulatory body can enjoy such benefit.

We recommend that the requirement to register the charitable trust is to be

incorporated under Trustee Act 1949 in which there must be specific provisions
governing the trustee. All the relevant powers conferred upon the trustee under the
Trustee Act 1949 are still applicable as provided and the powers of the court as
provided under Part V of the Trustee Act 1949 may still be applied for the purpose of
the charitable trust.

196
Sabah Foundation Enactment 1966 and Sarawak Charitable Trusts Ordinance 1994.

43
 The eligibility and procedure of registering the charitable trust may also be
incorporated under the Trustee Act 1949. In term of tax concessions by the charitable
trust, we are in the opinion that the amendment may have to be made under Part X of
the Income Tax Act 1967 to include such recommendation whereby only registered
charitable trust may enjoy tax exemptions.

4.2 The establishment of a regulatory body for the administration of charitable

trusts

As for setting of a regulatory body we are of the opinion that the regulatory body for
charitable trust in Malaysia should arguably follow the structure of Charity
Commissions in United Kingdom which is a corporate body. The regulatory body will
have Commission’s members appointed by the Minister and having their own
Executive Management. The said body shall be answerable only to the government.
The suitable model available in term of administrative structure is the Suruhanjaya
Syarikat Malaysia (SSM) on the reason that the body carries the same function as the
Registrar of the Companies which is supervising the regulation of the companies law
in Malaysia via Companies Act 2016. Thus, we are in the opinion that these similar
functions carried out by the Suruhanjaya Syarikat Malaysia may be followed when
establishing a regulatory body governing the charitable trust in Malaysia. We suggest
that the said body is called ‘Lembaga Amanah Kebajikan Malaysia’. The used of the
name ‘Lembaga’ connotes a corporate body, ‘Amanah Kebajikan’ means the
charitable trust and, ‘Malaysia’ implying the application of the regulatory body in a
Federal level.

The functions are adopted from United Kingdom and Singapore Charity
Commissions which arguably should be followed by Lembaga Amanah Kebajikan
Malaysia. Amongst the functions of Lembaga Amanah Kebajikan Malaysia are as
followed. Firstly, Lembaga Amanah Kebajikan Malaysia should have function to
determine the status of charitable trust when application to register is submitted to
them. Lembaga Amanah Kebajikan Malaysia must determine the status of charitable
trust based on the law of Malaysia and under the eligibility requirement as stated
before. Secondly, Lembaga Amanah Kebajikan Malaysia should encourage and
facilitate the better administration of charitable trust. As the only regulatory body

44
supervised the charitable trust, Lembaga Amanah Kebajikan Malaysia should
encourage the trustee and assist them in order to ensure the better administration of the
trust funds. Thirdly, Lembaga Amanah Kebajikan Malaysia should identify and
investigate apparent misconduct or mismanagement in the administration of charitable
trust. Lembaga Amanah Kebajikan Malaysia should investigate if there is
mismanagement of the trust funds to protect the beneficiaries. Fourthly, Lembaga
Amanah Kebajikan Malaysia should obtain, evaluate and disseminate information
pertaining to the performance of any Commission’s functions to the government and
the public. Lembaga Amanah Kebajikan Malaysia is answerable to the government,
hence they need to submit a report relating to their performance in monitoring the
charitable trust in Malaysia.

We recommend that the members of Lembaga Amanah Kebajikan Malaysia

which will be appointed by the Minister should be constituted by the person who have
a legal background pertaining to the law of trust. The members of the said regulatory
body may also be constituted by the person who contributed and have experience in
the development of the country’s social welfare. He or she may have expertise and
determination to encourage the public to institute a proper administration of the
charitable trust that will help to build better social welfare in the country.

In order to fulfil its functions, Lembaga Amanah Kebajikan Malaysia must be

conferred certain powers to regulate the charitable trust. We recommend the regulatory
body’s main duty is to maintain a national register for charitable trust. This duty is
required so that the public can refer to the registered charitable trust and would
facilitate the trustee to attract prospective beneficiaries. The system of register can be
in the form of computerize system and subject to the inquiries of the public. It is better
for the register to be made available online as what United Kingdom has done in which
the information is kept under the online database so that the public can have access
about the information.

Lembaga Amanah Kebajikan Malaysia may have an information powers in

relating to acquire the relevant information of the charitable bodies. The power is
needed for the regulatory body to effectively carry out their duty to maintain a register
with and adequate information and fulfil their supervisory function. Thirdly, Lembaga

45
Amanah Kebajikan Malaysia may have an administrative power such as to advice the
trustee of charitable trust. The regulatory body should advice the trustees in the matters
relating to administration of trust funds if requested to do so in order to facilitate the
better administration of the charitable trust. Fourthly, Lembaga Amanah Kebajikan
Malaysia should have power to act for the protection of the charitable trust by
investigating any misconduct of charitable funds in which the regulatory body may
have a power to remove any trustee that liable if it is expedient to do so. Lembaga
Amanah Kebajikan Malaysia may act on behalf of the beneficiaries to bring the case
to the court in the case if the mismanagement of the fund is occurred with the
intervention of the Attorney-General.

Despite above all the power conferred to the regulatory body, certain limitation
must be imposed to. Firstly, we recommend that the decision of Lembaga Amanah
Kebajikan Malaysia relating to the approval or rejection of the application of the
charitable trust in the national register must be made not conclusive. The trustee may
bring the case to the court to challenged such decision.

Establishing a regulatory body requires a new law to be passed by Parliament

of Malaysia. In regulating the law relating to the administration of the charitable trust,
Lembaga Amanah Kebajikan Malaysia may do so via the subsidiary legislation, which
the power to regulate such law may be vested upon by the Parliament in the Trustee
Act 1949. We also recommend for Lembaga Amanah Kebajikan Malaysia to
administer the charitable trust based on the Trustee Act 1949 which the requirement
for registration of the charitable trust has been incorporated.

4.3 Tax concessions for charitable trusts

The charitable trust that registered will enjoy exemption of tax. The granting of such
relief must be consulted to the Department of Inland Revenue (LHDN). This is to
ensure the reliability of the information such as financial standings of the trustee and
the account of such trust funds, in which the consultation with the Department of
Inland Revenue is necessary.

46
4.4 Fundraising activities by charitable trusts

The law regulating the fundraising in Malaysia is the House to House and Street
Collections Act 1947. Under section 4(1) of the House to House and Street Collections
Act 1947, the licensee officer is given a power to grant license to any person who
desire to promote collections. The licensee officer here is the Chief Police Officer in
charge of the police within the area and he have a full discretion in granting or rejecting
of the license. Moreover, in term of regulations, the Minister has power to impose such
law regarding the street collections as specified under section 5(1) of the House to
House and Street Collections Act 1947. In our opinion, the current law is sufficient but
lacking in respect of enforcement. Further, the regulations prescribe under section 5(1)
of the House to House and Street Collections Act 1947 is only cover the law in respect
of procedure in acquiring of license but not in term of guidelines to fundraising. Hence,
the proper guidelines to fundraising is needed to ensure the effective use of trust fund.

From the comparative analysis on Chapter 3, we hereby conclude the following

recommendations in respect of the fundraising law in Malaysia. In our opinion, the
proper guidelines provided by the United Kingdom is arguably should be adopted in
Malaysia. Such guidelines under the Code of Fundraising Practice provides
comprehensive procedures of street collections practice and thus should be followed
accordingly by Malaysia. The approach taken by the Commissioner of Charity in
Singapore in incorporating guidelines for the charitable trust to fundraising under the
House to House and Street Collections Act 1947 should arguably be followed. In our
opinion, the proper guidelines to fundraising are needed to ensure the street collections
done by the charitable bodies is doing in a proper manner.

In our opinion, the House to House and Street Collections Act 1947 in Malaysia
need to be amended to include the proper guidelines for charitable trust to fundraising
by incorporate the suggested guidelines as referred under the Code for Fundraising
Practice of the United Kingdom. We recommend for the Minister as the power
conferred under section 5(1) of the House to House and Street Collections Act 1947
may include such proper guidelines to regulate fundraising practice by charitable
bodies to be included under the same provision by following the Singapore House to
House and Street Collections Act 1947. In our opinion, the Lembaga Amanah

47
Kebajikan Malaysia may be vested the power to monitor the guidelines under the
House to House and Street Collections Act 1947 in order to ensure that all the
registered charitable trust is following the guidelines accordingly. This may invite
public confidence over the administration of the charitable trust in respect of
fundraising.

48
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Alison MacLennan, Running a Charity, 3rd ed (Jordan Publishing Limited 2008).
Anwarul Yaqin, Legal Research and Writing (Malayan Law Journal 2008).
Hubert Picarda, The Law and Practice Relating to Charities, 1st ed (Bloomsbury
Professional 2014).
Ian Ramsay, & Miranda Webster, Registered Charities and Governance Standard 5:
An Evaluation (Australian Business Law Review 2017).
Micheal Haley, & Lara McMurty, Equity and Trusts (Sweet & Maxwell 2011).
Newell, H., Accountability of Charities and Sporting Bodies Working Party
Comprehensive Report (Wellington: Foresee Communications 1997).
Poirier, D., Charity Law in New Zealand. (Department of Internal Affairs New
Zealand 2013).
Racheal P., & S. Leow, Four Misconceptions About Charity in Singapore (Singapore
Journal of Legal Studies 2012) 38.
Ter Kah Leng, The Law of Charities – Cases & Materials of Singapore and Malaysia
(Butterworths 1985).
Wan Azlan Ahmad, & Paul Linus Andrews, Equity and trusts in Malaysia (Selangor:
Sweet & Maxwell Asia 2005).
Warburton, J., & Morris, D., Tudor on Charities. (Sweet & Maxwell 8th edn 1995).

Journal Articles
Allan D. Vestal, “Critical Evaluation of the Charitable Trust as a Giving Device” in
Estate and Trusts Commons (Washington University Law Review, 1957) 195.
Breen, O, “Holding the Line: Regulatory Challenges in Ireland and England when
Business and Charity Collide” in McGregor Lowndes, Myles & and
O'Halloran, Kerry, eds, Modernising Charity Law: Recent Developments,
Future Directions (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2010).
Carl, E. Schneider, & Lee, E.Teitelbaum, “Life's Golden Tree: Empirical Scholarship
and American Law” in Utah Law Review (University of Utah, 2006).
Cordery, Carolyn J., & Basekerville-Molley, Rachel F, “Charity Financial Reporting
Regulation: A Comarison of the United Kingdom and Her Former Colony” in Working

49
 Paper Series (Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington, 2005) 20.
John, Vaughan-Williams, “The future of charity litigation in Australia: Complexities
of change” in The Future of Charity Regulation. (Adelaide Law Review, 2006)
37.
Lindsay Driscoll, “England and Wales: Pemsel plus” in McGregor Lowndes, Myles,
& O'Halloran, Kerry, eds, Modernising Charity Law: Recent Developments,
Future Directions (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2010).
Myles, McGregor-Lowndes, “Introduction” in McGregor-Lowndes, Myles & O’
Halloran, Kerry, eds, Modernising Charity Law: Recent Developments and
Future Directions (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2010).
O' Halloran et al, “Charity law reforms: Overview of progress since 2001" in
McGregor-Lowndes, Myles & O'Halloran, Kerry, eds, Modernising charity
law : recent developments and future directions (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar
Publishing, 2010).

Internet Resources
“Apply for registration”, Charities Services, New Zealand Government
<https://www.charities.govt.nz/apply-for-registration/how-to-apply/>
accessed on 10 May 2017.
“Australian Charities and Not-for-profit Commission”, Australian Government
<http://www.acnc.gov.au/> accessed on 7 May 2017
“Charitable Organisations”, Inland Revenue, (2014) <http://www.ird.govt.nz
/charitable-organisations/chart-orgs-index.html> accessed 1 May 2017.
“Charities and charitable status”, Community Law (2017) <http://communitylaw
.org.nz/community-law-manual/chapter-3-community-organisations-and-the-
law/charities-and-charitable-status-chapter-3/> accessed on 20 May 2017.
“Charities Services”, New Zealand Government <https://www.charities.govt
.nz/about-charities-services/the-role-of-charities-services-/> accessed on 27
May 2017.
“Charity Portal”, <https://www.charities.gov.sg/Fund-Raising/Pages/Types%20
of%20Fund-Raising%20Permits-Licences.aspx> accessed on 14 Jun 2017.
“Court jurisdiction, trading trusts and other issues: Review of the law of trusts fifth

50
 issues paper”, (NZLC IP28, 2011) <http://www.lawcom.govt.nz/sites/default
/files/projectAvailableFormats/NZLC%20IP28.pdf> accessed on 20 May
2017.
“Do you know where your donation is going?”, Malaysian Digest Report (Malaysia,
19 August 2014) <http://www.malaysiandigest.com/news/514085-do-you-
know-where-your-donation-is-going-i-collected-rm150-illegally-in-half-an-
hour.html> accessed on 20 May 2017.
“Donating”, Charities Services, New Zealand Government <https://www.charities.
govt.nz/charities-in-new-zealand/donating/> acccessed on 12 May 2017
“Guidance how to set up a charity” (The Charity Commission, 20 May 2014).
<https://www.gov.uk/guidance/how-to-set-up-a-charity-cc21a> accessed on
15 May 2017.
“Guidance how to write your charity's governing document” (The Charity
Commission, 2 June 2014). <https://www.gov.uk/guidance/how-to-write-
your-charitys-governing-document> accessed on 15 May 2017.
“Guidance public benefit: rules for charities” (The Charity Commission, 14 February
2014). <https://www.gov.uk/guidance/public-benefit-rules-for-charities>
accessed on 17 May 2017.
“Re Greenpeace of New Zealand Incorporate”, Charities Services, New Zealand
Government <https://www.charities.govt.nz/news-and-events/media-
releases/greenpeace-of-new-zealand-incorporated-media-release-supreme-
court/> accessed on 10 June 2017.
“Setting Up a Non-Profit Entity in Singapore – Part 1”, <https://www.guideme
singapore.com/incorporation/other/non-profit-entity-part1> accessed on 13
May 2017
“Standard for Not-for-profit Entities After 1 April 2005”, External Reporting Board,
<https://www.xrb.govt.nz/dmsdocument/425> accessed on 24 May 2017
Fortune Manning, “Establishing a Charitable Entity” (2017) <http://www.findlaw
.co.nz/articles/4355/establishing-a-charitable-entity.aspx> accessed on 20
May 2017.

51
Theses
George, Mary. (2010) An Overview of Issues in Charity Litigation in Malaysia. <
http://www.icnl.org/research/journal/vol4iss1/art_3.htm> accessed on 3
June 2017.
Guru Dhillon, Noor Mohammed, and Ng Yih Min. (2011) Equity & Trust Law
Application in Malaysia, UK and US – In Tandem or Apart?.
<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234661135_Equity_Trust's_Law_
applications_in_Malaysia_UK_and_US_-_In_tandem_or_apart> accessed on
14 June 2017.
Tessa Vincent. (2015) An uncharitable appeal framework for charities: Is it time for
a Charity Tribunal. <https://www.otago.ac.nz/law/research/journals/otago45
1218.pdf> accessed on 5 May 2017.

Parliamentary Reports
“Information Disclosure Regulations for Third-party Fundraisers Making Requests
for Charitable Purposes in New Zealand” (Ministry of Business, Innovation a
nd Employment 2015).
Lord Hodgson, The Office for Civil Society, Trusted and Independent: Giving
charity back to charities, Review of Charities Act 2006 (London: The
Stationery Office 2012).
Myles, McGregor-Lowndes. “Comparative Analysis: The Global Perspective
Australia” (Conference on National Centre on Philanthropy and the Law,
Australia, 24-25 October 2002).

52