Adolf Adam

Foundations of Liturgy:

An Introduction
to Its History and Practice

A PUEBLO BOOK

The Liturgical Press Collegeville, Minnesota

 I

CONTENTS
Preface IX

P AR T I : L ITUR GY I I\' G ENERA L

Zb'-l·OZ
/11'I3a! Chapter I: The Nature and Importance of the Liturgy 3
M eaning and History of the Word 3
Nat ure of the Liturgy 4
Scopt' of the Litllrgy (/Is Subdivisions) 8
A Pueblo Book published by The Liturgical Press Agent (S ubject) of the Liturgy 10
Foumwfions of Liturgy: An lntroducticm to Its History and pnu;tict was Chapler II : History of the Liturgy 12
originally published by Verlag Herder under the title: Adolf Adam,
The Begillllings 12
Grundriss Liturgit. C t985 Verlag Herder.
Christian Liturgy in the Fourth to the Sixth Century 17
Design by Frank Kacmarrik The Western Liturgy in the Middle Ages 27
From the Council o/ Trent to Vatican 11 33
American adaptation by Alan F. Detscher Vat icanlJ and PostconciUar Developments 43

Copyright 0 199% by The Order of St. Benedict, Inc. , College ville ' Min-
d. C hapter III : The Science o f Liturgy 49
nesota . All rights reserved. No part of this book may be refod U: t m Historical Development 49
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includifig po.;
copying, recording. taping, or any retrieval system, withol,ll the vm en Tasks and Problems o/CO/Itemporary Liturgical Scimce 5]
pennission of The liturgical Press, Collegeville, Minnesota .¢pI. Sources and Tools 0/ Liturgical Science 54
Printed in the United States of America .
Chapter IV: The Litu rg ical Assembly as a Process of Communica-
tion 56
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Some Basic Principles 56
Adam, Adolf, 1911.- Liturgical LAnguage (Verbal Commllnication) 59
IGrundrus liturgie. English l The l.imguage ofLit1jrgical Signs 65
Foundations of liturgy : an introduction to its history and The Contemporary Capacity for Liturgy 77
practice I Adolf Adam ; translated by Matthew J. O'ConneU.
p. crn. Chapter V: Music in the Liturgy 80
Translation of: Grundriss liturgie. Historical Survey 80
" A Pueblo book."
ISBN 0-84 6-611.1-1
Liturgical Music after Vaticallll 86
1. liturgics. I. Title .
Chapter VI: Liturgy and Popular Piety 90
BVlj'6.Ay.13 1991
164'·01 - dao Chapter VII: Uturgy and Ecumenis m 93
Divided Christianity and the Ecumenical Movement 93

v
 - -- ----- - - -
Joint Efforts in the Area of Liturgy 94
TIre Lima Report and tire Lima Liturgy 96
PART II: THE AREAS O F LITURGY
Chapter VIII: Nature and Importance of the Sacraments 103
The Sacraments as the Ongoing Saving Actions of Christ 104
TIle [ncarnatiO/ral Structure of the Church and the Sacraments 105
TIre Sacraments as Collaborative Encounters with Christ 107
TIre Sacraments as Radirnl Se/f-RealiZJ1tions of tile Church 109
The Efficacy of tlte Sacraments 111
Sequence, Hierarchy, and TntercO/medion of tile Sacraments 111
Chapter IX : Baptism 114
The Importance of Baptism 114
Tire New Rite of Baptism for Children 116
The Rite of Baptism for Clli1drf/1 122
The Incorpo ration of Adults into the Community 127
Chapter X: The Sncrnment of Confirmation 133
Origin and Meaning Of Confirmation 133
The New Rite of Confirmation 135
Confirmation Outside the Rama" Rite 137
Chapter XI : The Celebration of the Eucharist 139
Origill, Basic Content, Main Unes of Evolution 139
Structure and Individual Parts of the Mass 143
TIre Forms of Eue/Ulristic Celebration 169
Forms of Eucharistic Devotion Outside Mass 174
Chapter XII: The Sacrament of Reconciliation 180
Biblical Foundations 180
Historical Development of Penance 181
The New Postconciliar Rite 183
Penance and ReconciliatiOlr Among the Separated Christians 190
Chapter XIII: The Sacrament of Anointing of the Sick 193
Biblical Foundatio ns, Meanillg, Historical Development 193
Tire New Rite of Anoillting of tlle Sick 197
The Anointing of tire Sick in the Noncatholic Churches 204
,.
Chapter XIV: The Sacrament of Conse(fation (Orders) 206
New Testament Foundations and Historical Development of tile
Sacrament of Orders 206
Ordination of a Bishop 210
Office and Ordination of a Presbyter 215
Office and Ordination of a Deacon 219
Steps Leading to the Sacramerrt of Orders 222
Liturgical Ministries for Women 225
Chapter XV: The Liturgy of Marriage 228
Chrisitian Marriage as Institution of tire Created Order and as
Sacrament 228
Lines of Development in the Western Rite of Marriage 231
Celebration of Marriage 234
Ecumenical Weddings 237
Celebration of Betrothals and Wedding Anniversaries 240
Chapter XVI: Celebrations Peculiar to Religious Communities 242
The Rites of Religious Profession 243
Consecration of Virgins 245
Blessing of an Abbot 246
Blessing of an Abbess 247
Chapter XVII: The Liturgy of the Dying and of Funerals 248
The Liturgy of the Dying 248
The Rite of Funerals 250
Chapter XVlll: The Sacramentals (Blessings) 255
Basic Observations 255
The Postconciliar Reorganization 258
Exorcisms 259
Chapter XIX: The Celebration of the Liturgy of the Hou rs 261
Origin and Historical Development 261
Understanding the Liturgy of the HOll rs 266
The Postconciliar Reform of tire Office 270
Other Forms of the Liturgy of the HOllrs Within the Roman Rite
and Outside It 275
Chapter XX: Liturgicalllme (The Liturgica l Year) 276
Meaning and Structure of the Liturgical Year 276
..
Sunday as the Original Celebration of the Paschal Mystery 283
The Liturgical Character of the Weekdays 287
Easter and Its Cycle of Feasts 288
Christmas and Its Cycle of Feasts 298
Ordinary Time 305
The Sanctoral Cycle of the Liturgical Year 315
Chapter XX I: Liturgical Space (The Church) 321
Theology of the Christian Litu rgical Bllilding 321
Historical Survey 323
Guidelines and Criteria for Church Arcllitrcture 324
Names and Types of Liturgical Buildi"gs 327
TIlt! Fumis/li/Igs ofChll rehes 331
The Dedieatjoll ofClwrclles a"d Altars 340
Chapter XX II : The Uturgy of the Future 345
Reflectiol/s 0/1 Basic Pri"ciples 345
TIle Recent Reform and Its Results 346
Aspects oj the Liturgy of the Futu re 347
Abbreviations 352
Notes 354
Preface
All who kno w and love the liturgy as " the summit toward which
the activity of the Church is directed (and) at the same time... the
fount from which aU the Church's power fl ows" (SC 10) m ust
deeply regret that interest in it and esteem for it seems to be on the
wane in broad sections of the Church. The phenomenon is certa in ly
connected with a widespread decline in the strength of Christian
and ecclesial faith. For faith alone can open the eyes of the mind
and focus them on the value and high dignity of the Christian lit-
urgy. The old saying, "No one loves w hat he/ she d oes no t know,"
holds true in regard to the liturgy.
The purpose of this book is to make kno wn the nature and struc-
ture of the liturgy and to present the most important informat ion
about the numerous areas that make it up. Despite the necessary
conciseness of the presentation, this "Outline" endeavors to give a
careful survey of the wideranging and many-faceted realm of litur-
gical actions. In any effort at a deeper understanding of the prescnt-
•
day liturgy it is necessary and helpful at every step to be consciOliS
of its historical evolution. Nor have I fa iled to take note o f the
forms of liturgy practiced in the Churches separated from Rome.
The book is a scientific compend ium and as such it seeks to meet
the needs primarily of students of theology and others whose task
it is to communicate the Christian message and the Christian life.
But it will also be of service to those who are looking for a more
comprehensive knowledge of the liturgy. May it help to make the
Christian liturgy once again know n and loved as "the most impor-
tant, the most urgently needed, and the most glorious activity that
can take place on earth" (Karl Barth).
Ma inz Adolf Adam
 Part I

Liturgy in General

•
 ChaplIn One

Nature and Importance of the liturgy

M fAr-'Ir<. G ~/<.[) III S TORY or THE WO~1l
The Gn",k .... ,,,..1 I~ilo"rg'" (verb: Le;lo"rxmr) is mad .. up of Ille n"un
"'80n • "w",k" ~nd Ille adjectiw iii", " "l;,.,I""lIinll '" tile ~ple"
(dcri\'oo /r,.,m 10>; . Ionian laos ="prop\l'")_Litc .. ll y tr.nslalt"d. In.-II,
lril""rgi~ m.!illS " work of tile proplc." In pr~ctic~. it w.s unde.-
~tood to """all s.e,vir:I'S p<'r/orrr><--d lor lhe g"ud 01 t!>@people,
wlletll ... by afflu..-.I (iti2'-""l or by whoI<' (iii ...... ~~, lur ... ~mpl~, 1M
f'Q"ipping of a choru~ in • Gn>cl:. t lle~t<'T. t"'" fi ning ""t of • ship,
the /....ding of a mix> ~t natioN! festivals, and "" on. u~, on, th~
t,.,..., incl"dt"d any pubUc ,...,...;{'\'"; from the "", """ «llll1ry o n it in·
cluded cuitic servia>~. "'elL
The $toptujgint (Ihe G ..... k trallSl.tion 0 / the! Old T""t~m"'I, da ling
from 25()..lSO B.C. ) u ..... the word for lhe se ....·.", given b~' the p.w.ts
.nd Le\'it<'S in tile lI'mpk, 11.... word ,><Xu'" """eral times in till'
Nt!"-' Testamenl witll til;, mcaning (U 1:23; Heb 9:21; 10:11). but it
is al!lO ust'd tllen' with otller meaning', for ins lance, c~ .itati'·c .ctiv·
ily (e,g" 2 Cor 9: (2) or III~ ,..".,-i"" ,....,derN 10 tile commun;ti~"S b)'
the angel! ( l-ieb 1:7. 14). It may .lso mUll "'worship of God" (Acts
] 3:2). Chrisl is onct' (~Il.-d "minist.". o f the slmctu.'ry ~nd 1M true
ten!" (I-kb 8:2), ond his ""n'''''' as medi.aIO. is (~lled ~ "liTUfKY"
(Heb 8:6).'
Tho! poslaposlOlic period used lrilou'll'" 10 n\C3n bOTh """'·"'t CJf
God ~nd 5oe"'0n> of 1M community. Gr~d""ll y, ",,,,,.,,,.tt', the C ..... k-
s~king East ~"l'd tile ...·ord for t..... ceid> •• !ioJl o f the Euo:h.·
rUt; i! h.n I<epTlhis meaning in Ih<' East e,,<,'sinn'. n......·",d was
originally un"""""" in tn.- ~ ~nd in illi p Ia"" nu"",rous utin ex·
presion' wr ... used for the activity of ...""hip: the!;e ha"e ~ur'
vived d own t<> Ou r time in inherj!ed prayers.' The wo.d "liturgy"
 (I"II'S",) .... S imn oduced into the W''SI onh' in u.., ,iUC"t'111h cm1\.,,·
d lid ly IhtOUgh I..... innu.enc.· o{ lho- humd~i.cs. . nd ... as ~ opted .'
....·.. n by th.· Chu~ of th~ Kefornuotion in till' se,·""t'''e"Ilth ...d
";ght<...'tlth co!1l!u, i.'S; in i", Wf.'SIem u ... it incl u<kd .U of Christi.n
" ·o rsh' p. II h.ld , h,,; rompnill'nsi"~ ........ in \he 191 7 Code of
C."on Law. w hkh SLated th~t II " 'as for ,..... Af"l"tol k Set" <>.lone «to
ord .... th .. ,",cred lilurgr ~ nd .pp,m .,. li turwcal books " (Co n. 1257).'
II ma~' bt- mmt lor.t'd IN the .. ke of rompl.. t~nl"56l1'"'t the Il'l"m "Ii_
turgiOl" is bd ;;.,d on the G .......'k .dje<:tiv" 1~'I()ugik . ... hich in thI s ",n .
Icxt n ...,d s to bt- c()mplelt."d by th~ noun ryislm(" .. "5(it" ,," ;
"lilu'S,c,. " It,us ",,-on, " liImgicaJ sciruc(". • Two Sf"nMS r:f Ih~ umd "iii",.
gi5t" must Ihtrtjorr ", di5lilfxuisMd: s/ud,nl r:f lilurgy a"d rtll'b,alll uf
lilu rgy. Th, jor".,. ilf''l"!I Iig~''; ' N hi5loric~1 dn rlcpmml, tsSn!1,ai Sl,"{-
lu",. CI>n lru l" tf/«.IS. alld ",a"'frslQlimrs of' N lit urgy: IN lall" "".
fur- lilllrgi<"IIl .'iclf~
r-;A TL' Rf OF Ht ~ lITl: RGY
In .t"'""'pling to un<k>rs,and t ....... tun: of th.. liturxy ..... will be
besl .d'·i~ to begin wilh I.... stal......... tsof Vatic. n 11 '"", more aC-
curately. those «... nd in its Constilution on th" Liturgy. which " 'U
th .. fru it of a <i«.od<.'S·lon g .. ffon 10 gain a w"""'"
und~t.lnd i ng
and pr~cti«- of th~ lilurgy. l"hc fina l """tenet'S o f ArtieI<' 7 c.n be .......
g. Med " 0"," ()f tn., most import"nl st.l~mcnts of lilt- coonrit:
"K iShtly, II-I<-n, the lituTXY is considcred as ~n p,erd"" of the pri~tJy
om"" "I )•.,,,, s Ch rist. In Ih" Ii h'rgy by m,·.ns 01 sign s perct;ptiblp I()
lhe ... n.o;e;. human "neli lkali,,,, is signirn.xI and br""j;ht about in
.... y~ propt.'f 10 eKh 01 t ....... <igns: in the liturgy the ... hole public
.. orshi p is po.'f follllCd by t .... MyslicallloJ)' 04 Jesus Christ. tNt i$,
b)' tilt- He.od .nd his mnnlx>".
«From Ihls il lolk>\o'S IhA t ....<'T)' liturgic. 1 cel<'br aticm. ber.use it ;s
an action of C hrist t .... 1'li1'S1and of his IIoJ r " 'hic h i. the> Church.
is a ,,",red artio.m sutpO.... ing .11 others; no <Jth.er .ct"'"of the
C hu1'("h u n <'q". 1 its effucti.... 1W'SS by the sam~ litle and 10 the ... me
deg"",.«
This ",,"'<.1Se mak~ il clear Ih~1 Ih.. lilurgy is not pri mari ly a
human a<"ti \' lty bUI a ron tinuation 01 th" rcod~mpli"" ... hich God
has acwmpll sh.aJ in )''SI'' Chrisl Ihrough Ihc H()l y Spiril." As
, ,
Chri~t .. as ... nt by the r athet, he rum..,1f . IS() k'nllh~ ~P"'>tk':s.
iiIit'd ... ,th th .. Holy Spiril. The" miSSion " .• ~ fi"!.lto] p",ach.
the gospd to ....<'t). c .... tu ... .... But the> ,,"0'" tllt'y p ",.chcd II,..}"
......n · .1"" I" bring inw ,,"'-'<1 through the sacrifICe and the s.orr • .
""",l_. tlw ...,..,.". "I I.... ,,·hoIe Iilu'8ic.llof.o" (A n . 6~ 1"() accom·
pli. h ><, g ...~ 1 a ...·orl<. Quist is . 1.... )·' presen t in his Churrh,
csp«iall)' in ilSlitu rgical Cl'l<'brations" (Art , 7).'
It f" lIo ... . /",m lhese slalements th.t th e ini tia t;"~ In the lilurgy Ix>-
lon~> m (~ wl ; thai in illhe his tot)' ()f .. h-ati,lIl i~ ~ing c()nlinued;
th~1 thl' chil'/ ag",, 1 and primary actor in the liturgy is Chrisllh..
high pril",t. 'r" Ihal e~~nt liturgy is primarily. Sr.ce ...·cnl, both in
the p",d amatio" of lhe di\'i"" ml'S;5;lg~ and in the sacraments (mys·
I"'its ) w ith Ihe """,h.ol m)'S~I")' of Christ Ih." I. contained in IIK-m,
Tllt> purpow 0{ the lilurgy is the ... nrti ficat oon of hum .... b<~ n gs. Lit·
urgy;lS "'on! and sacrament h.os t"",,·IOI<' ~ pnm~ril)' d,:s.-md,ng
f to r.ob.tr If' . 1",n uTt .
This duos not mean. """·....·.. r.lhat the hUm.ln bei ngs p~" iri""ting
in tho> liturgy m.ly rem.lm ...,tircl ~· ""5s1\"~. IJ"....-:~uS(' Ih..-y ~ ..... <TN -
tu res f"l"5: ssing f!"l'<'dom ~nd inl<'lligmc~ th,,), ~ n' n"lui ....-d. fi",t ..I
ill. t() be ....ad)· to IK-ar and bel;"" ". to list.m and h".-d . ( ..",', ....ord
presses f..,. a n .ns..... r, his 10,·., for ~ n1urn of I" ...·; hi, Ke;>O" u,...,..
lion demands thai human beings th.lnk .,nd proi ,., him, B"t this
pr.lse and thanksgi\'ing is the .letivit )' nol of isolat' '<l indi" idua l,
bul 01 memb(on; of a I.,,· rc.ch in); "",,;,'1), th~t i~ dc,;cribt-d in Ihl' the·
olOJ;y 0151 , 1'. ,,1 as. m),sti".] Ixxl)' wh",.l' h~.,<.l b C hr;,1 him"'lf .
Tho- n'!~' to God' s ","ing K lio" is Ih"s tilt: p'~ i"'" .. Here<! P)'
t.... ""tin' Chu .... h. in which Chrisl jtrin-.
To ' his <'~h."'1 litmgk;>l d(ti..,n . 1.. , h.~ an IN"Ii/tIlg l~nat:..rr<J <Iru('
IwTl'. Li turKY h., ~ ....cund.T)· ."""' . ..........d. 'Y dC1ing su~t,
,,", metr. theChu .... h. The /oI1o... ing k~y k'nl<'tlceun the ... lo ... ""'...
a5 • ha ndy definilion: u,,,'8) IS 1M /OInl <1<"/"''' uf /nu~ Ch'l:!'l. 1M hillh
~I. ami hIS arum. for 1M ",It ...,;"" <if h"m~" I>t-"'~ a"d 1M i/./IJli/i"' ·
lian uf IN w'",ly r alMr-. This action h.os ~1.'1() bto:n ri~tly de;;<:ribt,d
as I "di;>IOJ;U<' bet..·...,n God and h uman betn/ts,"' Lilurgy i. lhus
not a """ ..... y Sin\.1 but. "hol y c""bo"g<'« (",,.,,,,,, '<"n .." ....'""n,).
In Ilght of this insight int() the """""" " f tilt: liturgy tilt, ;",,,ffi·
d l'ncy. and C\'.·n 1.lsity, of many COJl(cpHons 0 1 it t>ccom~ c1e,,,,
This is l ru~ '''''P''<'iall y 01 lho> wid f'Sp.~~d dek... ti\,e ,'",w thaI tho> lit·
u,1O' is 11M' ~um·toldl 01 all the «'remoni<'5 and rubrics fa. dh'Lne
,,·,=hip. Nu~ XII had .I ....~y <JfIJ'06"'d this sUJ'E'r&ia l "iew in his
Encyclical Mnliarat' Drr (lINn. in "'hkk "" wrole:
.. It is an .... '0., cO/\'le<ju''rltly. and a mi't~ ke 10 thln k 01 tho> NCred lit·
urgy as me",ly the outward 0. "isibl.. pol" 01 di"i .... ",OIShiI' or as
an umament.1 «,,,,,,,u,,,.I.
Nu k-ss .... '''nrous i, It... notion th.1! it
consists solel ~' in a liit 01 laws and p •.s:riptiuns according to wkkk
Ihe ecdesi.,tkal kier ..chy u.dcrs thr "",red ri tf'S to b., performed."
In tt...- ' '! ",estanl world. too, ttx-.... " ... til ..... ,,'110 tend to regard t....
liturgy as simply a .... of ...gul'lion. go",,..ning tt... e~ se of of-
fie.. or as a " mantle of prayer' th rewn m"" il.' A compl.,rcly mis-
t.ken ~S<nI:nI 01 tlw liturgy, rl.H,nd in man)" depth psy(!'ologists
.nd "'<>ciologis.s, res.nJ~ it.as simply a "'" of lIighl}' de\... lnptd .~'1tt"
bois of socialiution; "'."" an enlighh-",ed at h<'-ist like A. Wrt'f\ze.- I•.
ment>; I h~ (supposed) d,,,tructiun 01 th",,- ,,,mb,,I.:
Wide;;p<c~d, 10<.>, is th .. idmlificalion o f liluTf;)' with rult.. 0<' wor-
,kip. By "rull~ (from co/r-Tr ~ to culli". "'. tu 1>0"".) is ""'ant t ....
honorin g 01 God in prai"" and tha nksg i"ing .•Ism and symbol.,
,,,ug and music. and th.. most d i,·..I'W kinds "I ~cri fici.1 rilual.,
The focus he", is on wNt human bcings ,,.-lIle Chu.d! do.-.. 10
honerCud and win di>' ln" fa, ·or; tkat is. it i~ on the~"",nd ing
m,,,,,,m""l, tlw> actiQ of human being~, Pius XI I still d<u'pl«l thi. un-
d""",,ndinll 01 litu.gy wt..,n he w"'t~ in MeJ.,lo. (Jri:
"Th.-~ lilurgy ;,;. COI'I'"'<Ju.....lly. ttx- publ ic " 'orship wkich <nIr
Rede..omer as Head of Ih('Chu lTh rend.. ... 10 t .... Father. ., well as
tl-..: worship " 'hich t .... com mu nity of the faith lui ",nd" •• to il!;
Founde r. and through Him t" Ih~ lw"" enly F.rh.... II is, in short .'t-..
wor,;hip rend.,-"d by ttw.- Mystical Bod)' of ChriS{ in the ""tiret)· of
ItS H Nd and ..... mbers. ..
It mU.'t tw.,w",'e. oc said in defens<: of the cn<:ydic.1 th.t the de-
scending ffiO\·...m.mt no! mmliOl'lt'd h......, is gi"en ils du~ in other
f"ssages. In gencr. to ..... ....,..;,~ tt... imp~n in ..... ding thrdoc·
umeotsul the Churrh thO! lhe w"rd "c ull. " rontn . y to ilS propt..
me.ming. has Inc",asingly been given a more comp "'I-..:nsl\'e sen,;e
that includ,.. Ihe d""'mding mo...... m""t of .. nctification. Thu511w
,
sup II'mc Koman .uthoril~tive body th~t "'as fi.st t'St.blished aft.. ,
V.tic"n II tode.1 ,,' ith liturglc.1 q.-h.Wl' "'. s g"''''' tlw n. me
~Congres.tion for [)i,.int> Worship " (Co~~I" pI'\! rullu dit·"",). It
is gratifying thdt the nt!w C"d" "I Canon La w (1~3) takes o\'<:r
botk el.-ments in the definition of ttw.' liturgy given in t .... Constitu-
ti"" on "'" U lurgy: &em..- 01 ttw.- priestly offKl" of Christ. ",ho
uncrifi... humanl<ind, and " tIM: whol.- 01 tlw public ",orship (cuI.
t w~) 01 God thai i< Cdrried (n by tl.... my,tical Body of Joosus Christ.
tilllt is . by th~ He~ and tt.., mem"""" · (can. 8.'4),'"
ll\e dialogic,,1 ""ture ul ltw.-!iturg)· is abo a commonpl""e in mol")'
Enngellcal theok>gians, l hus £. Loh ...... y.... "'rilf'S: - All rultic ""ti,' -
ity on the I'd rt of man is men:!y ""0<111> to God's <1(1",. the .espo"""
(Antu"OI'1) to His p.-...:eding woro(I'/o,r) _\1 P. Brunfll". who is famil-
Iar ""ilh tl><-Idea of -..I,·arion·..,,""t In wt,.,J,ip.· " writ ....: '1"l>e
sid<> of spirilual .cti,1ty in worship ;mmed iat~ly directed to God IS
baS<'d excluslvelv on th", octi "it)' th ,,'Ullh which God .dd ll'!;se!'
Himself to man ~ nd oilers him and ':'''''''1'' to him His gilt of uk.·
lion. n,.. \Nord "" ohos the ""pons.-, t .... gift 01 God ....-0h-5 man's
de,·orion toGod .~u
The sing l,· c",rm"n w ord IhO! best e~pr"""'" this undcThtandin~ of
liturgy is duubtl.", ttx- word GoItNd"",sl, -_,· ic~ of God. - lIut
thm t .... phr.se · ofGod" must M u ....... not onl)' a~ ~n objr.:ti'·e
genilh-e but .\~ os. <ubl"='i\'e geniti",-; th.t i,. nol onl)' d",,, I....
community """"c God, bu t God al ~ ,;e"'",, th~ wmm unil y. in tl><-
""'ing "",",'ic .. I-..: has pcrfor""-"<llnr I' In Christ. who Solid tNt h.-
had rome"' ",~ ,<> ""..,,,·ed but to .........·e~ (Mt 20:28; Mk HU5). It is
with thislwnfr.ld m~3n,nK in mind that r BruMff entitles Iwo "',,"-
lion s of his bl~ ,k on won;h ip: "Worship as 3 Se"" ice of G:,J m tn.:
Congregation· ~nd "W<mhip as t.... Congregalion·~ Se"';':" Bt1'''''
God .·"
Ulurgy thu s understood is on~ of tt... ,-",,~ri "1 ~xp .... sions of the
Church'. l il~; it is """ of tlw> Church'. bo"ic function~. t.... ollll'rs
bring the prod~mation of the faith ("""'yrio) and t .............iC(" 01 •• "
Iislance to nt~ (dUd:uniD). ll\e C~itution on lhe Uwrgy does
not hc:sital<' to assi gn it the highest pl.~ "I a ll. fo,;1 dc-scribcs it as
" the s um m;, toward which t.... acti"it)' of the Church is din.... I.-d ..
and "the font from "'hidl .u "'" Church'. P"""'" /low." (An. IOJ.
 NNo 011,,·, oK. i"" of tOO Ctll. rrn Can ''qual its effur!i,''''''-'» b)' t....
,..."'" till., and to ....... ~me dt>g......,N(A rt. 7). Jhesj:, s uper l•• i'·r$! ,ni.
tidily mAd .. many o i I...... council F.. thers .nd Ih.... logi.ons ""'I un-
""S)·. Hu. if "'e .... 0«1 Ih .... he liturt;)· spnngs f",m the potKh.1
my"'"')' of Chri:ll . nd rna""" rho: froi" 0/ .his mp.<"')" (~ I,·.rH.m 01
hum.n b.~nK" and suprem~ glorification of God) ~H<,<.i<·~ ly pr{'S-
enl, then no olht.' f action 0/ th~ Church c.on be ~id 10 be mort' ,·.Iu-
.ble, mn", dfic. rious, '" mo", n.,,,,,,,,,,y. (This is not '0 d""y tlut
among Ihe .sp"'<"ifk parts of the lilurgy the celebr.lion of tho- Eu, h._
ri'l lak.,,; lir •• pl.,c.) Th" "" m" hi~h "olue is . 1", "'. on the lilurgy
by snrne E"an):I'lk,,1 th.'Ologi."s; K.rl (l."th, lor ~xamplc, .... ril('S:
"Christi.. n ''''',,' k,' 01 God' is the mo,t import.nl, th~ mOlit ur);"ntly
needed, .. nd If,., most ):Iorious act;"il\' th.t c.,n take pi""" on
... rth ."" ' -
Tn.. lugh rank .",'g"'-'<I to Ih" liturgy is not .'<Iui'·.I .....1 10 a cla im of
e"eI ..s.i\ tty in ,he (.nurc:h·5 lif~. TIt., <noneil F.thers I.ne;.' . hat
m.ny other tI"n!\,> Iud to PfKede tt... litUTgy; for "".mple, mi)~,
Of}' p .......hing. th .. n"" ·...-sioll . lId turning of homan beings to
Christ, and ~dint'S.~ to b....:ome p.:trt 0/ .. mmmonity o f bmthoon;
.ond sistc~. In .ddin,,", I, IUT):K.I iKti"iry' rna)' not be left In 001 .. -
Ii, ... Thoe;o.> .... ho.n! (',"stanlly bring mOIl! full y incorpor.oled imo
Christ in.nd Ih""'Hh Ih.' liturgy knO"" th.1 li k.. him lhey ha,·.. .
dotr lo ..... k ,h~ ",, 1\'~lion 01 "II human being'. Th .. lilUrgy gi'·... th ,.
'i~hl mOli"orio n dnd st n·n):lh 10 O'"ermme ",11-n"t,'A.'dness ~nd to
d"",>I" on<'5('11 .. "sel/ish ly 10 lhe ser"ice of nne', 1(>11 "", human boo.
ing< dnd the ,.., 1\·,U;on "I the entire world . Th" gilt .. .c",·ed in the
lilurgy mu,t n,"'~r I~~d to ""lh'dti,loc\ion bUI mu,1 '.ther bc<:ome
• lask 10 1>.' .... rompll!<hed in a nd fo, th .. kingdom ol(,.. >d . ThC'Sl'
ron<.idt:'a'ion~ dCMlr sho... ho.... ungrounded i< lho.' obj<o<:rion that
high n>g.ord lor Ih~ IIIorg)' ",.. d, 10 • d rultifkdtion "I ChriSI;"n life."
On lhe on., hdnd , 100 lilurgy emb..>di.", I...... ""enkal " di"""",i""
(humon being_--Godlthat U n """.". be eliminaloo; un tho.' <"iIcr, il
impos<"! the obhgdriOIl 01 st, i"ing fo, a to' 10;:t I"' ing 01 1.... " hori,
''''"ta l" d""ens ..", (h .. mdO bemg~fell,,,,' homan beinS-lnI ildillg
of Ihe ....o ,ld ) . nd lhe 51n.'flglh to do "',
S('O P[ or "J", 111 L Ke y ( IT S SU BD[\' I StONS)
lit urgy . s di.I"HkJlly underslood ""vice 01 God has. "'ide "ari-
, ,
et). 01 m.n,I~I~li""s. AI the €""I~, is und'lUbl<'<II)' II\(' 1')Kha n , 1
,... hkh n'Odt!n< p""""nl I.... p.:tsd"'l m)'<I'"')' of Ch rist. nd Ihu~
brings wl,·an"". IIt.-LdU"" the Eucru.ri,1 is t ...• b.>si~ . nd fotJntain-
"t..,.
hod of alililu rgy. 11\(' 0 1...... ' p.:t,,, d,,, ..· Ilwor life 10 " g .... 0'
lesser e~lml from t..... Eucharisl . .o", mcasun;<l .ond cro .......'CI by il.
. nd a", lon tcd lik .. t:on<"Cnlric circ le!; .oround il. Th iscm ltdli, )· of
lhe [uclun .. is also " mphasi~,'<1 by Enn):dk ollhcol,,.;i.,,,,, ", '.,..
Holy Comm .. ni,,., .... or,;.hip "',vin' is II,.. hidden . "ibunt c~n"'t of
all ... orshi p "".\' ic .... If the;.: deta.-h them"' I,'",,, f",m Ihi" cenler. il
lhe Holy Communion worship "'''' K'' is no lon ~,'r p1\"S(''''''CI ,IS th..'
,"Il
<:erucr 5\1pportin ~ Ih,· tit(' "-o"hip lift-. H"," Ih,,!,<' d,..." h,><;l ... , _
viet'S "'ill ....'<",'Sl!.ri ly b..'<{lm,' slu nh:d "nd d",,,,/,-'<I, ",.
n... other ... n dmt"'l, fom> .os it ""'n' • ~it("I,· ."""nd I.... hKha risL
Firs' in Ii"", al"<' I...• ""<ram~"'''' o f ..-birth (iniliarion ), n.m"'~·. bap-
tism and c\)nfi m>ari,,", " 'hi,h inm'pm.I,· I>.'I~',·."" In'" It.., C\lm-
m Ullion of tl\(' Out("h and briRg all , ...... df<'Cts o f i:'d(l' thai Ihis
PO" "" ftlt.1i1s no., ....."'''''.." of pt"'One.,.ond It..' dnotn rinH 0' the
lick bring hrl p to C hn,;ti;ons in "J".'rial siluannn, . T ...',.....,. ."""'t, ui
onkrs and m.,';"g" SummuO th"m In "'P"<"i~1 In rm" of "''''in! in
the OUR'I\ .. nd "'lo'p Ih...... for lhese r .......om""", of SUttS oIlifel_
A further import.nt area of lit urgy is IIw procL>millinn of God' s
word throogh ,..,.ding and p,eachin);.. wh,,,hcr in ct",,,,-.... i,,., wilh
lhe celebrari<ln 01 It... """ram",,1S ," in inJ"p""Jcnl ," ""in '" 01 . h"
won:!. Vatican II sf"'ah of the "table of the ",ord ." " 'hich i. d." .........J
.hould be 5<'1 mo", I" 'ishly (Litorg)' Constitution 5 I I. T.... pr.)'e, of
.he Hou1'5 likewi~ has an important function as a dn,l y !K''''k~ of
p,.y .. r alld "'adlngs, Anot ...... r at("a of the lilorgy is ,h~ s.>c",m.. n·
IiIls. thai iJ.. ("Ol\SC'C"la lions ,,1Id bl ... sings of ....... mosl di"erSt' killd s_
Finally.ll lurg)· in a broader ..."... indod ... speo::l.l gath,'rings for
.... on;h ip (<<-,Xltions. , .."'mo"'.... processions) "'hkh "p.> rt"ul~r
Chor("..... ~ undertake N;oo:urding to (US! """ or books L>wfully ap-
N
prolled (Art. 13). T"I1eI<' forms of "'orship ~dn " 'uh ~ood "'' !<Jfl b..'
described is dooc..... n litu~"". allhclUgh I"" I. uo.gy C"",,"lurion
SOleU to d istinguish them from IIw lilu~y prop.-r. wh ... h "by its
very "'Iu~ far 5"'1''''-''' .ony of them (Art . 13}."
N
Cenlnli~.ed 1\'I!ul~lion 01 t...... lil .. rgy ,n e .. e-n il:l smal""l delails ha s
beom I ",.lI ty in the Ch ur<:h especially sinC<' I.... CounCil of T",nl,
... d il C<'rt.lnly has. positi" e "al"e in.s m",h as it he lp" ..t",i.t,·
.. , e..-.s .nd aberrali""". CompleN- cemral i,.ation ;,; not. ho"'."otr.
to b(o ronsidelVd ~n essenli~ 1 principle o f ,ht: Iitu'8Y; this is qu,to:.
d ... , from ,..... w~y ,ho. litu<gy ,"," o:.loped during tht' Ilrst e..... turit'S
of t..... C hurch 's life. FOT thi s ",.son ,00 qu<'Stion of ... hat is to be .....
g~NN a s lilu'8Y, th.t is, as «desl.1 "-',,"""ip, should not be 01'-
pro.lchoxl In too narm", ~nd timid ~ spirit. Wh~lI<'ver a local
C hu rch under its biShop, or ~...'.. n • limite<! rommunity or group
,h.ot ~ ccep ts the teadling of ' h .. Chu rch, gathers 10 he.r God 's ",oN
~nd to pray and sing rogrlher, Chrisl the high priest i. pl\"Sl'rll (set'
MI 18), Therefori' "",eh • 5lT\'ice Is also p.~m".1t'd by the paschal
my~" I)' a nd is lot- tht: gIoriflCalion 01 (,oOd .nd lhe sal"alion 01
I~ ... ho cdebta,e it. Why, then, should n", 1"" . . . . . .
ti.1 d H'ini "
h"n "f lilu rgy a pply to s uch "''''i«'s?
AC~N r tSU a,r CI ) Of TH[ 1IT L ~ GV
Ren,'Clicm Un Ihc n.tun" of the liturgy lias . In'ady made it clt.a, llial
tlK> Iw o ess<-nlial .g~""s of CM' ti • ., wI)",hip • .., CM" and Ihto
Chu rch. In a concret~ Iitu<gical cek>bra.ion Ih~ Clluf(h i. the gath-
"",d comm un i.), OT gmup. In I~ ga therings I.... office hold...,.
,,' ho a re appo;nt<'d SU<'h by Ihe !.OCram.... , 01 orders w ith its thn..,
d"SlWS. namely, bi,J,op:.. priests, and de..-""" haw a ~al p"si-
tion . Nume,..".... litu<gical ..-lions are resen.'oo <-xclu.i,..'ly to them;
in m.>ny areolS of tile liturgy ..... reason foe .his """"".t;'>11 is nOl
' imply 1l'l',1 !'\'Sulation butth .. po5S'-'Ssion of SM,am<",I.1 powo!r,
But t"" laity 100, br reason "I thl' "nivl'rs<!1 priosthood bl'stowed o n
''''·m in b,'ptis m and c"nfirma!ion. are acli,"· agl'fl " in the mul'j!:y:
'''''y an.' "~ holr p"",mood , I" o ff", spi ritual oacri ficl'5 accepl.ble
to Cud through jt'S'" ChriS! " (I 1'("\ 2:5; we \'. 91. The indi"idu~1 be--
1;",'t't'S 1'......"'1 at liturgical """. ~ a re th"",fo", called upon ' 0
Of"'<' t"""""'I'..... to tiM> won.! 01 ('oOd. to unite with lhe cum mun itr
in oIfe-ring ilS pra )... r of pra ;';". thanksK"'ing.. and pelition. and to b(o
"' i!neses to C hris. in f. ith. hoI"'. and k,,:r both during and .fu~
lho> ~n. ' ino ,
V~1ic.m II Sums up aUlhi. in th~ phr."" ... (tiv~ participati",, "
(p" rl "tpllt~' "'1"'''''1. The Constitution ,'" Ih~ Liturgy 'p<'aks in n,l
It,...... tha., 16 pa .... g'-'" "f Ihis attitud~ Ihat is n:qui red "l lhe faith ful.
and OC'Kribl's it in g"'"-"'" d"ui l a~ a full. consOous. acti,'''. d .....''''' ..
and "..mm unal participation ... hk h is ",ll...t for by u... v<'<)' nature
H.
of thr Jilurg:,' and !o ,,' hich lhe fa ithful h" ',, right and dut)' b)'
renon "' their baptism " \ Ar1 , H ). An inh.' rior spiritual and "",ntal
p.ttnicipation is uncond it ionally ~u i ..,.j and is p rimary; but be--
uus<' .he human b<.ing i. a cumposi t~ 01 body and .".. 1, til<' int.'rieI,
seeks. vi,ible and "ns ibl" bo.ldily C. prt'SSiOfl, This ""Ii"" partkipa-
t\Ofl can, of cOUrs<', taM! man y f",ms and b<> manif"';I<'d in a "ari~'y
of way" for " .ample . ..:dam.tions. f'l'Sp<l{lSl'S, pray.... , and j;Ongs
of vari"". rypcs; corMpOnding pI>stUl\'S, .uch . , bow ing.
genufk.-ding. kn..,1ing.. stand ing.. .or><t sitting; gl'5lures wllh the
hands; and external .ction~ such .o~ the pl'O\'i,ion of the .. uchan>tk
gifts and ch.aritable rontribUrinlb, Nor shooJJd .ttention of ear and
~ and . .. ~ul ....:t nwd".tin , sik-n .... b., oml!1t'd from this lis.
(~ Art. 30), It I. undoubledly an implnl .nt "-"'POrtSibilit)' of •
lruly pasloralliturgy to help the failhful I" this kind of participa-
tion and.o show the m its d~'.:.p<" m~.nin ~ .
Certoin groups among th~ laity ploy 0 sp<'ria l rol".s "Soffits of .h~
litu'llY' The Constilution on Ih~ l.iturgy ""pr<'SSly 5.Jys thai -serv-
as. ruder.>. rommmtalo rs, .Ind n",mPers " f Iht- <hoi. , .. e~ercise a
gmuilW lilurgic. l functlon~ (Art. 2 ~1. Tu ],., add"oj aT'{' those who.os--
sist II communion; th" appointed leadeJs of "'rvic"" al ... hidt ' h .....
II no priest; organists, Un!o ... and. in a _ , ".,,,,, "",-tons or _-
mUollS. n.......... n.~ undoubtedly presu ..... nol only th" requiSite
sklJls bul. solid liturgical fonnalion."
An import.nt p.rt is al5() pl~yoxl by the liturgical rommirrl...', ... hich
rep~" the parish « ",n(il in this are. of .Cli,';Iy; ils function is
to work d"""ly with tk p.>rish priests /or the belt pI..,;ibl,' liturxi·
ell """'~ "

Chaple r Two
History of the l iturgy
'to
In , ..... folk''''ing ...",'''Y it is imp'»>ible do more .h.n triK"t' Ih.·
main hno.>S in the d""dopment (,f 11K> Ch";stia n li .u rgy. In ord"r m
amid "'~tion5, I ,",,~II ~s f~r i;; possibk Ic~,·" d""ciopmrn l5 in
s pt'Cific ~nl.~ o f tho- liturgy '0 lho> d i..... ssiom o f tho50:' ,,,,as in Pan
of this bouk. Fu rtht·rmo..... ,he ~mphasi, wi!! I,.. on ,h,' his'or\" "I
,h~ W''St~m lit",gy. •
The dt',·<iopmm. of t ..... litu rg)' II.os brom romp.a n,.! 10 ...... grow, h of
~ I"", .h~t lIa, its """ , in .h" p";miti\"C rommunit)" b", J'<' l1l y ,,~, in
Iii<.' p,..,..Q)ri, tian p"";"d ,1!ld <>Spt'Cial ly in J"wish worsh ip. In .h..
rou rse " f Ihe """turi"';1 has pu, forth n .....· brand,.", bUI tht.",
dropp<."! many of u...m again;;1 has grown " in gre., , 'a";'·I)·. bu.
n~'·""lhe l t>S.< is ,1 sing l" ",ho).. tha. d,''';'''''' its ""uri shm",,' fro m .h~
,'i.al ... ~l lh.' is jcsu;; C hri ... "' AnoI ...... romp.arison often used is 0
buildinS_ ,..",1<>, 1m ,,,,anlpl.·, or ~ ch un:h-,,''''''''' or'ginal plan
h.s be;,n noubl y .h,,,,-<d in tl.... (0" "" of tim.' by con,·cr. ;"", or ad ·
ditions and by n" ... int.·rior d"",,~. Th.· origina l form 's o ften not
rl'Cogni, ... blc.' firs! gla",e and , om .... brought.o ligh. only b)' ""
••",.i.·" stud~',' Such s tudy ak",,· ,~n a l"" pnwide ent<"';a for de""r'
mining ",h(1her Iht· ,11t,·ratio". a rt' coht'nm, with th .. ,,,.igi,,al lor,,,
and inwntio n and wh<.'lht·, ,,,,d ho", re/,,,,,,§ ~"·'o bt· uM ....... ken.
l tt( 6 H .d '· ... ''<G S
TI". i_I'"",!' ill 110,' Sew T.·,'am~'" W,ilmg'
TIw,> N.,w T•."lam.>nt gh"<" no , ~)'sttm\.'K d •....,ri pti.m of th.· oriS"",1
Christi .. n lI,urgy, b."" does pnII'iJ<, m.")· d ..... ,J ... nd allu>ions
.hal ""lu i"'" "".""",1 in terpn·t"tinn.
l 'lw,> \"ems rcs,,!.rl y u,",-"j in th.· N~'" 'I',,,,t.o"""' t lor .he- Ilturgical ~I­
..br.!tons " I.he primi.i.... <communi.y an, «co","" tog.... her" aM «.. ~.
~mble " , ' Tn., pl.~e in "'hi<h 'M primi'i.'~ ",mmunity 01 Jerus" lem
galhered at til<.' beginning "'os . he 'ffl\pl~ ...... her~ O\f is'i.n ~ joined
theIr Mlow Jl"'<~ foo- t ....• ,radi lim",1 po.:riods of pra)"" r.' Mean"'hilto,
howeve" tl1(> !\.'''''rin,.;~ in.he homes " I Chrbrians "'''''' bo.'COming
in<:nl~singly imp''''''n!. n.... tt'mpl~ had ce.o."-"! to "". lUI' Christians,
the onl)' pl .. « of lilu'SOC"J o, ,,,mbly. The ,""c,"unts 01 ""-'als talo>n
w ith.ho: ri",,, Chris' and the miud ., "" Pen"-~t ",.k" i. d e .. that
communion with th,· rise" l~,rd and.he .....,d ing 01 his Spirit "''''''
not ,ied up ..... ith u..., '~mple.
Whi. "'.os do,,", • • ,.,.".. dt,m<'Sl.k g.rh.".ing,;? Tn., A~h ol.he Apos-
tles s"". k of the b",.king "f b"',ld ;lnd meals •• ken "",i.h gl.d and
generous hea rts" (2:46). In the ligh' ,,f ot""r p.o_ges of Krip.u re
(~.g" Acts 2(),7; 1 Cor 10: 16ft.; 11 ,17-34) " 'e can go lurth", md "'y
[I
'NI the<", "",al s indud t'd btlth frat .... n. l .ogapori .nd eucharistic
meals. Con ....'Ctro wi.h 'hem Wt·", ,h~ praise of God and prarero!
peti .ion (e.g., Acts 2: 1-1, 2~, 42, ~1; 4:2-1-31; 12:51» . It " -e n. almost
w ithout ... )'ing that J""'ish lorm. of prar'" surh.s the Bn-lIkolh
("blessings," "pra;o;es") and individual wonl s ~u<h as " Alld"ia,"
• Amen," and "H"""nn~ " should boi! u';w . The c"m m unity knew
tN • •""y """"-' ~~u""" of I"" prc5l'l1«" of the Lord (MI 18.20; 28;20)
and ofhi. prumised Spirit al.lI 01 their li lu'l\ka l ga'herings. In ad·
dition, .he m~mory of G"d '~ sa" ing deeds w~ s kepi alive by the
~hing of. he ."""tlcs and lhe other "1<...'Wit~ 10 Ow li l<> ol
JfttJf . This "school of failh« """bled ,he individual discipl.. no1
only '0 hold f. st to .h" Ico>ching ol,iI<.' ap'"tlt'S (A~'" 2;( 2) bu"o bo!--
come in 'um a witne.s lo .he go<><l ...... "' •.
The Uturgic.r as",mbl)' on Sunday b«ame p.art icuta rly importanl
"' an ea rly s,age, This first day 01 tilt· wl'<'k WO j "Iso tilt· dn y 01
Christ's "" uTn'<1ion; i. was con""luenlly th.· appropriait' d.)' 10'
~Ilting .his ba.<i< object "l lo.i.h in Christ (...", Acts 20:7; I COl 16:2;
Rev 1;10). From 1 Corin .h ia"" 5:7, w t\(>", Paul , ,,' i.h his eye on . he
Jewish ritu. l of Pa.s<.>Vcr, sa),s: "Chrht, our r as"",..er lam b, lias
beoen !laCrif~," we may inler Ih.1 East... bt>cam., known at I ,-"')'
elfly Ii""" a§ the «annual [Chri~tian[ Passm·"r." 0.,." 10 , ..... .... ing
even, that occulTl"<i on . ha. day t h~ Jewish leas, 01 P.osso.'~r ,ook on
a n<:'W meaning for CM .. ians, although i. i, probable ,ha, ",...-iSoh·
ChriIlian communiliol'S only grad .... Uy brole., a",.y romplett>ly from
the Jewish fe.I~1 H a """me"",ration o f Old r"'ta m.... , ""h' •• ion
history,'
••
A basic form of liturgy in!rw N~ .... l'-",!a!m~nt Was trw adminls/r~ ­
lion of baptism. WMtllt.. tilt, <:<'rt'fl'Iony ...... already linked to !he
w""".Iy or annu.1 ·· .... ,..h" i, a 'I"""ion !ha! ,annot b« ans"....""J
with certainf)<from !/w:< N"w Tt'"Sume<I! writings.
Anotht'r to,! of " .!tich th~ N~ .... Te;tamt..,! shows a /i.eo'n awa".." .,.,.
'.... that Inu ......110 lIim",lf fOl"ga" " , ilt!i, Iud gi""n his Chu rch au -
thority to forg;"~ silt!i by tl>.-I"' ''·.....fTh.· lIo1~' Spi ri! (M! 1(>;]9;
18:1S. 18; Jn 21.1:2.1).
n......- i. no doubi tha! !.... primi!i"" Chrislian 'ommunili<"S t'"SI ~b­
lishcd • d OS<" link bo:1"'\'<m theil lord 's word and ..,.ampl~ r<'8a.d·
ing loving ....,.,.irr of ""'ighbol and lhl~, "turgic.1 5l"r\<Kt'"5 and th.!
they , ...rled this link on.. into thei l t"'l'ryda)' lin'S. ra"""'SC" "",h
~ s Act. ~ :32, :w; 6: I; Rom.", 12. ]0, 13. ma ke thi~ d ea •• Thi~;, the at-
ti\1.lde 10 .... hicll Paul c .hons Ch,is/lans who...., he "fK';'S them to
ma ke of t........... ln'S - a li"ing !oIcrifkr, ""'1)' and a("(<1't.bk- to
God." and "'hich M dl.,..ri~ as "!flilitual won;.hip" (Rom 12:1).
No fixed ,,,,,,,,,,mial fill ","rship i§ dikemibJto a! this urly ""rilld_
On the Cllnl •• ry. the ACts IIf lhe Al"lStlos and !n.. Pauli"" and I"" !
Pauline letters give evid ..... ce of a wide range of Spiri!·inspi n.<!
(charisma&) ..,tivili", in" ol"ing man)' membt'ls of lho< rongl"Sa·
lion . Paul wanlS pk."ly (If '.... m .1I.. wed lur !~ chari.ms o f the
Spiri t: "Dr.> n<>1 qu"",h Iht: Spi.it; do nol dl'!;pi"" pn'phosying, but
lest everylhing; hllid f.,1 10 .... h.1 il> good" (I Tllt'S6 5: 19·21j, A ca ll
for what we looa y ~pe.k of ,~ ""II"e participalion" by Ih~ memo
b«", of the mng"'gation Is Implicit in Ihis p~ssage: "\'.'hm you
come logelher, each one has ~ hymn, . 1('$son. a ", ..d ation, a
tongue. or an int~rpret3lion " (l COl 1 ~ :26). The SoIme mh multiplic·
ity ...... also m.nif"Sled in lhe poslrauline communities. as .... e
le.rn. for ,-",ample. from Epkt'sians 5,]9·20: "B« fil1t'<1 ... ilh Ihe
Spirit . add ...... ing 0 ..... anoth~r in ps.olrrlli and hymns and !fliril",,1
songs. singing and making .....,kdy tl) tn.·tord ... ith all )VU ' h,,,rt.
.1,,·aY5 and fo r ~·e'ylh ing giving lh.tnQ In !n., no"", '" "u, I..,nl
Jesus Ct.,;,.. to God tho- Falll ...." C"n tribulit,,,,, tn litursit"al ga!ht'r.
iJlgs gol out of hand at Ii",," and "'Crt' IIn.. ly «e:.... tri<:; l'a "l's ..,..
spoil,", " 'as I" iMi,.. thol ".11 thIngs be done fo< "'Mica'ion.... All
things o;ho,,1d b« done decently .nd in ord('f" (I Co< 14:26. 40)_
As n."etics and p,..·"dll<h •• ;'"'~lics appe~rt"J on th.· ~c t" ..... rd
the ~-nd of thi' fiflit ",,,,,ury Iht:n> ..... s an 1I1<"t'Nsin;; ronc~"'" for pu-
ril)' of doctrifll' and hl"rsy. Th" CO,,(Wn ;s t'Sf"'Cialir dcdt in til<'
Pastoral utters.
- 0nI}< "ffic-e-holdt'--..nd sp<.nficaUy tp"~;~poJi. pm/oy'~roi and
" .....""'-.... 00 haw thcn plact< In th~ lirK' of aposlolit" su«eo<sion
through the laying on of h.tnd>. Iu",,!lw risht toact in tn.., name of
e'·...,
JlI'SUs. in .... Oflit"p. Tht' f"nctions pri',' loosly bdonginK to the
teachl'ls ""d prophets haw I'oI)W p.o.-d to tnes.. m.,,, .. _. l'ropht.-<y
is mmtinrlt'd onl}' in passing ( I l im 1:18 ; ~: ]~ ). Tl\is d",'\'IOJ>"1'-""t
had as an in", it.>bk< (onso."Iu •..,..~ a s, re;s on t..... offICial ~nd juridi-
c;a] !<ide of lhe liturgy." •
1M /.llutgy JIIIM U>rll~""" <! tltt- S«cord ~mJ nll,d C.... ,II''''''
n. Did;,("". "r T...... hlll,~ i"Jj ,'''' Tu ..h.. "1-'0511",. which .... , di""",,-
fftd onl}' in ]8nand iswm;iden<d "".. of "1M N ,Iit-"S1 Chri,tian
writings of the posMpost<~i<" po·rill<!."' pro,' ldl" ''" ... ith ,..nne im-
porianl informdtion abou! liN'l!ic~1 hfe b«tw,,,.., tIll and 130 AD: It
has chapters on th.· admini:Olr.tion of b<lplism (7). fa,ting and
prayer (8), and Ihl' ct'i,oj,rOlillrl of ag~pt'.nd I:urha,;st (9-10), <'Spe-
d.lly IlrI Sund.)'~ 114); lhl' EU<"h.ri~1 is d<'SCribro ~s d "s;lcrifice"
(t/oys;"). Maldeh; 1,11, 14 bt<ing d ted 10 thi s ..,1.-.:1 In 15. 2 tr...", i. an
ruorta l;un tu "~'mbk ("'''11.1,:1111), for lh~ s.> k,· "I the ""ul's sal"o·
lion.
'Tho! wter ",hich 1'111'" Clemenl ""O!C I" tflt· wmmun;t y ot Corinlh
in 9r6 A,D, c, e".,plifk.. Ihe grow;n~ p'J<"tke III putting /cwi-s. pray-
en to Christi." \I'" (rhaple!'S 59·91),
'Tho! se"en 1"'11,,,,, written b~' Bis""'p Ign.ti ... , {I( Antioch in .boul
110 ~~pre;s wilh >poee!.ll doril)' th., co"c.... n. al ..... d)· !<.'en in In.· I'a, -
torol lA>tters. to ptolt'(t Ihe lilu,!;y d;;ail\S! distortion b)' h.·noti",,_ To
thio n>d, bapti,m and F.uch ..i,l. agap'" and marriage .". to be cele-
brated onl)' in agft·,-,,,, •.,,! wilh tl>.- bi.hop. "OnJ}' ..'h.tl n.., has
teted i. acn>pUble 11.1 God; 1111> .-'n~u"'" th~, en'fylhing d""" is
sure an.d "'H.bLc.... Sinct' I!lNIiu s consitkrs il dla,a, Mistic of ho<re-
liar thai lhey Slay ..... r from "Ihe t.o.d., Supp..-r and pra)'"" ",. he
ruort!; the (Orrtmunity of Eph<sus II> ",In... mort' IA'<Iu .... 1L~· for
the E""hari .. an.d p'ai".. of ('.00:1, SO Ih.tt " the po ....... of 5.otan mar
 b,c, bn""-", 4nd his pemiciOlJS 4tt.lcks on your unanimity in failh
may boo n1"'lI<od. ~II This ..~h"rt.ltion< like I"""'" in DrtUcN IS. 2 a nd
Heb",,,·s 10:25. is prob.lbly .irnt'd.t 4n incipi""l indifft'm'ICt and
14~ity in n'/o:o«l to pa rti<ip;>hon in Ihe liturgy.
,\, I.dlt'f 0/ r~in y the Younger, gowmor of 6ithyni. , to Emf"""O" Tr3-
jan in 112 "' 115 of Chrislians gathering I wic~ for worship on an ap-
pointied da y. l'h~ fi rst ga""'ring took place bdon' dayb reak; he ...
hymns .... ~'" sung .ntiphonally to Christ "as t" a god." and the
C hri stia llll bolond th" m,;., I,·,,,, by oath 10 obey ~"oin command -
m~n". n ... otl>."" galh" ring ...... in Ihe e,·""in);. for an innocu"u"
meal. J. A. Jungmann and others collllider Ihe fi rsl assembly to ha,...
t:.e..n fur tl... Euch.1risl. Ie.., """"",d for an .gape." Otlwrs [n""rpM
lhe pn:d ..... n (cl'oOration as a liturgy of tho> """d or .. b.lpti' m. and
lhe e,'ening meal u tIw Eucharist. o
The IlISI ApoI~of Justin. philo5opher a nd "'''"r r (d . CI. 165), p ......
"ides ". luabl" lnformalion about tho> Chtisti;J.n liturgy a round th"
r ..ar 150. In add ition 10 chapl.,.- 6 1 on boptism. d "' plC'l'!l 65-67 ...... ."..
f""'c'ially in lc~ring. bec.U'ir lhey descrihe lhe ....ch.ri:;!k cclror ...
lion. This bq;in. wilh a lilurgy o f lho- ",ord al which lhe ~m~moirs
of Ihe Aposll",- and the wriling'< mI.....' prophets a", "'ad . The ..... d .
ings MI.' followt'<! by a homily o f the pr"";dml a"<l p ray...... 0 1 lhe
I. ilhlul, Aiter lhe pr,,;,arJlion ,,/ lhe gift. (br..ad. willi'. and water
"',. brought up) II", p,,".,;ident sp"a k, the "prayer ,,/ thankJgiving."
and II,.. (()"!;"'Kalitm si ~nifi'" it>; _s",,'mcnl wilh an "A m,'n."
" 1')"'1'1 [., kes pi.K",· lh,' d i'. tribulion . 10 all attending, of 1...... lh in1;5
''''~r which II,.. Ihanhsiving has been s poken . and the d,';>e,," s
bring. portion 10 Ie.., ab,;o.'nt_-"
1'1.. , IlISI Ic~ ts for hlul)\o.:.1 use 111." han' ro ..... d<WI' n 10 u~ af(' in
the Ch ur<:h ONer of Hippo!}'tus (d. 235). a Rorn.Jn priest and la l<'1'
antipupt'. " 'ho ".fOtt' .boul 215; he was a ro-pn'S<'n lati "" of ~.
"ali,'~ ci ...k-s and "'.os .n~ ioous 10 p......,,'.. !h" - Apostolic T,.di.
lion - (. " his lil1k> book ;Scali"" in G ..... k) lrom d i,lOT1 ions. Tlw
1,-",,,, "" gi" ~':> aT(' lor b.optism. II,.. Eucharisl. !h.. Ih ..... d C"gr«'S of Of-
ders. s"""-' bl('Sslngs and pr.y..... ."d lhe agap" . Tlw:'1l' is. among
olher Ihing~. a euch.1ristk pray~.. lha l in somew hal adapl,od lorm
w" u ld be Introrluct.'<l il1lo the posl- V~lican II Roman Mi ssa l ai Ih ~
Second F. lI~h"'iMi~ rray~', lIul e,'en Iho ugh Hlppolylu" provides
te>"ts lor u ,." Ilt: .•d-.rl<,,,-1&JS'-'" the righl ollhe bishop 10 (ompoM'
his own p ra},,,,,, if Ilt: has iI>e abilily to do §O,"
n.e tro>d ition thai Hippolytus p;os...,.". on "1!:ardmg b.lptism. !h.. Eu-
' .... riSI, .nd Ih,' Iran;.mi$ion of uffi".. in tho- Chur<:h ~ - "liaUy
confi rrnt'd by Ihe writings uf T",tullia n (d . ca . 220) and Cyprian (d .
""
In summdry il may be "" id Ihal in Ihe r.rsl thn!(! cenluri..s. despite
all 11>1' , '.ric"'), in I"xi'! and indi\'id ua l riles, the C hristian lilurgy had
one and Ih,> !I<Imt' ' ["'C!\ln' """rywh"..: in the Chu rch . Thi. was
true in p.mi,u l,,, "I IhI' EuchariSI_ "D.:spi"" all t ...... d i"er. ity in de-
tails il <1 II,.;ilim,"· I" speak "I. <ingl e basic <t"'~lu'" fur the Lord'.
StJp]X'r. Tht' diff,·,,'n<cs an: nol fundamenl.1 but mailers 01 .. mph. ·
51&.-'· On.' ""t",Llr (L F"ndl) Sf"'ak< of a "Justin Marty r pallem ~
1""1 "",,,, luda)· _,till underlies tIw .....:hariSl k celcl>r~tions of m<>St
of tht:- li lu,gic~1 famili.",_ II is 'lui'" undt:rsl~nd~ble, lhen>fOfl', 1h.11
when Bishop l'olr..a rp ofSmyma ",sited Rome in Is.! heshould
h.av~ o>lcbtah...:i lilt: E.... hari" lhen> al lhe 1n,'lu tion of !'ope An ·
"",u, ~nd llullhis g~lun> of rommunion should bIn b<- r«om '
rrw.:nocod by Ih~ Syrian Drda'AIIlfu (ca. 250) lor s;mil~r :\i1""lions"
CH RI Sl IAr-: LIlU MGY TN " 'H IO Ll ~ ' " [0 [tl r. SI ~ T II
C~NTU M Y
A, a l'<."Sult tr••, pr"llr.m "f Inl" .. " on ",hich I:mp"ror Constan,
01
lilll' mapp..d " ul wilh Li<'iniu< al Milan in 313 Md communicated
10 lhe go,'~"'IOrs of the prO"in,,'S in • ,,"'SCriPI I-Ed ic l of Milan").
Chri,ri,nlty gairw.od complete I""~'<l,,m and "'Iu.l il), ",i th oth.. r ",Ii-
giofu . As lim(' "-"nl <In . Ch ristia n, w~", gr~nl.:d "arious pri'·il'); ....
unli! fi""II~' in J!:IO Empe",1S G<atidn (in the \\\>5t) ~nd Theod""i us
(in lhe Easl) proclaimed Christi.1niry 10 be """ §ok' iq;i timalc ,,4;,
gion of lhe SIal<>. Tho> once f"',se rulro Chun:h had bc<:umc I.....• pri "i -
k'ged impt"rial Chun:h_
I""
EJfr<:r5(lf -C""slan iinom Rrro/ul;",, - O~ ,'" tJlu'):y
nw., change in the Chun:h'•• iluation undo.>r ConSlanTi"" 01"" influ-
encl'd the litu'KY This i. already obvious fro m Ih~ ~"~mal .ppear-
once of chun:he.!, EsF"-"'i.lly in lilt: I. rge ri li", lilt: li lurg)' "'•• now
~cl>rall'd in magnificenl basilicas thol w,'". built ~hiefl )' .... ilh lhe
aid of lhe Eml"'ror and m"",hers of his I.milr (... g .. hi. molht>r He-
I"".) ," Th" change 0/ I'cnUt' int"'itabl ~' IN to tll<' dl'\'~lopment 01 a
"'0'" soi.-mn liturgy as well. I'urthennm''', bishops ...·~re no ....
t ...dted U ,h~ rqu.als of th ... highest offici .. ls iI1 til<' empire. AI; ;n llw
c....... monial of th" imperl..1oourt. they ...·....... oKCOml"'nicd at thl'ir
s"l ~mn ent ry int" t""i, basilica. b)' mini , t ..... carryil1g lights.nd in-
c"",", and wl"fc <x",d uctt'd 1o. th "',...... Bo ...., and tm.' IIrmky""';S
(p rostralion wilh foreIw.d 10 .... hing tke noor) ",' C,," tlw 'igm of n " "
"",roc.. gin... It, lhem as to IIw.- emperor himself and hi, highesl offi-
d . ls, n-..- hillh """i.a] SI.WS 0/ bi~hops and their ck-rgy al§O k>d to
th ~ w .. aring cf k",ti ,-e garb with spo.'<"i.1 iMignia, su(h 3, ",ole, f>"l-
lium, and m.n ip).,; it was from th is lI.mtha t th .. lalcr lilurgical
, 'ostruent, d,..·t·k,.,.,.t.
""So fa r ~ "" t' know, only a kw bishops ......... dOl.lbtful o f ascnb~
gr ..at imI'\JlI. """ to llI<'i r olf"".l in<igni~ and pri"ilt>gt'S and of mak ·
ing uS<' of t h~~" in worship. 'Tn .."" few w~ ... c<,rta i nl ~' among the
best 01 th.-i r time: Hila ry of I'oiti~-.s. Martin of TO\I~ Fulgenti .... of
RuSf"'• • nd Augustine. Th.' majori ty "'·o'rf of tll<- opinion. ho... en"l,
th.t it rould "nl)' enhanc ... Iht· Church's .uthori ty if tt.os.- ...·ho <'l<eI"-
dSftl Ihi' authority wen: inH",ted with offici.1 badges of rank and
sumlund,.,j with the spl''fId'" of I"" ccn'mon iol,,,~ Siatc."· "
Wh ilt·1t,.. Church ,",'iIS Ih u~ open to lin "" -Il"",i,·" display of the.
splrndor d.,'1i,·rd from oth("l a ",as of public Iift-. it 1.....Jed 10 n'jKt
the ric h mu sk.1cult" ... 01 ~ntiqu i l)', The chief ",a!i{)t\ for lhis " ';>1;
proo.' bly tt.... f.cI that mu~kal in.trumcnts played a ~ignificant TIlI~
in II><' many ,'.",,1;'-'; of p.!gan s.acrili«', wn.,,,, I""ir uS(' was ",..
gmlrd as I"'n of til<' " ..,.,.h ip .• Acron::hng to tn., COlIC( pIS of antiq--
ui')" musk ....lIS ~ pa ri 0/ ~.tCh ""crifi«', ""m .... h .... only inc""-",, nt iii
lib. ~ on w~re o/fc!<'d. ~l"t,.. , "a,ious Siring~-d instrumCnt• . nllisy
~ .. ttle-J rums, (rumpcts, and little bells , th" "...,.IIt'd S;6tru"" w~""
cmplo,''-'<l The musi<" waS m<'lIn( 10 " 'ard off the d'-""Ons and to In·
, i", the rom;ng 01 I"" lI0oJS. .... Christ,.ns contentt'd th~'m,..h·es iI1_
, 1... oJ with n.'Sp<",,,,rnal songs; .ntiph"n.1s lnging "'a~ .dd'-'<l.t.
later dol<', Church ' inging was od " .""t!d ,.,;pcci.lI)' by Ambros<' 01
Milan, who not on ly pr.ctkl'd psa Imod y with hi. ronw'-gation but
.Iso compo,;o.od " hymns" o f his ow,,_No I<'SS a p<",-,;(lfl than !he
n<""'ly-con"eI""'<! AuguSlin ... li~ten'-'<l to thc5<- composition. with
d,,,1' emot ion .nd lears (CQ'ifrsskm5 IX . 8) and extolled the g. eat
..
~aluc of the eu,lo m IX, 33). " her ~inC!' thrn th .. , uslom ha, I:>..-'\'n",..
laint'd , .. nd t"" e~ampl .. of Milan h. s IJ,,,,n 10)),,....,.;1 in ",an)' Olh",
places. in f.cl in . Imost cw'.-y ( hureh lh",ugh".." II><- world ' (IX.
7)."
Au""d.nce .. t the Sunday liturg)' "'.. s m.de signifkanlly C,lO"''I' b)'
• 10",' whid! O"'~I.nti"" i"ut'(! "n March 3, 32 1, h ded." ,.'d " tll<'
"mer.blrd,,)' " I Ihe s un" 10 bc . d .. )· 0/,-",;1 lor.1I judge<, ci l)' foi l.
.nd bu''''''''s J"'OPle. n-..- rural I"-'Pul.....• w ...... allo"·.,.J 10 go .bout
their work io ord" r not to wa,re lho.· hours of good we.th..". A ft-w
months I. ter Uuly 3). funhe. law " ,empt."J Ih,· ",anumi'!;ion 01
slo""'5-- an action I\'gJrdt'd . s desir.. bl,~from the law "I SunJa~'
..,.1. As time " ',,"I on. resl In,", ...urk bc<-aM(' i""",.singly tho! loca l
poinl 01 the .. ncl lfk ation 0/ Sund~y. -s...".',k- "'·... k· (op-rII ....1">1.. )
on Sunday .... s consi-dero;l d seriou~ ,·;"I"ion of both d,·,. and IX-
desiastic~ll " w and was harShl), punished , In ju,;!ifica tion .• n " p-
p<".I .... ' s also m"do- to Ill<' .. bbMh legislation of th~ Old Test~mcnt.
~'en lhough a' an Nrlier lim<' m.>ny Kdto;iastical " 'filer> h.Ml
mild..- il clo>.r I.... ' thL.... law," ",'"", pan "f J......;,h c"",-.non;.,1 I....
and did not bind ChriSTians_"
In (01\"' ''1",-", 0'' of the slruUI~ all.insl Arioni"n .md il5 dcni~ I "I
Chris!'s d h'; Ilil)" nun)' forms of pra)~.,- .... c,,· alt,...od_ Thus th... ... ide-
'P....i<d pr. y.. r " to I"" Fatm... tltrough lhe Son ;" th .. l ioly Spiri~·
gave .... a)" 10 Ihe concluding fonnul. "to Ihc Fatht-r and 10 II-w Son
and to the Hull' Spirit."' In ad diti"n, many pra )'ers w,,'" .ddrt'S"-od
din;octlv to J,'Su, C hrisl and no lung'" to Ill<' r. .. II><-,. Rew""nce be-
fon. ,.,;. llord p.-.-,;ml i" the Eucharist bK.me ....·'·n mon- proiuund
now lhol he .... a~ thought of " ~plkil l)" .as tn., oonsubst ~ntial 50.", of
Cod, Wril~'f'S .po~" 0/ Ih~ "'Jist,.,.",,,, trt",mJ,,,,,, I"" "t<"lfifyln;; m~'s­
t~-ry: w hich is 10 I>t' approach" d on ly with I".r "n d lremblin,.; ."
Th<- fourth "'-"'Iury "I",ad )" pnn·id,.,. "umplt'S 01 th.......,rds , .. insti -
tution ilnd til<' p r')'("lS im"",:di"lely brion' ilnd alte. (i'OSts.>nclU.
and Ana~) bc.-ing .po~"" only i". 10... , ..,"'... The lint' "f d .,.
marcation bool........... ha •• nd conlin'Satinn ..... ' emp .... siz'''! by
lI<'ight.."iI1g tll<' cndosu ... ....,l!ld the "melu.,y "nd (in Ih.· East)
provid~ il .... ith drapes so that d uriJlg the k.·y pra),"'" of , ho'
a ... pllora(...,....h.orislk puye. ) IIw .I ta, coold I>t' hidden Inlm vie.... ;
il was from this pr.tClia' thai tl-w 1.h.'I' i"""""lasis d",·..lopl'<l in the
B)'ZAnti ne Church, "he m,,,1 ... gMtablc COOS<'<lu.,ncc·, ho .... , ..·"r, 01
.
 th~ .... " . ~uiludt> I<> Ih,· EI.I<huist "'os 11K> d«li .... in lho- A'C<'fIlion 01
c..mmunion. By t .... fl", rlh c""lu'T Eoslem C hri:lli.ms ...~ ... . , ...... dy
rontt..,1 10 re«i,'~ only onCl" or Iw;c., ~ ye~r; \\~I<.'fl1 Cllristi~ns
;odoplt'd tho;> ""tnt' p',",IKe not to" long . 1"",, This ".~~ , .. nainl), 1\04
Chri~t's in~minn In instilu ting tht· EI.I<II. ri>l. and on.! m uslag"''''
wilh W. N.g~l. E... ngdical hi.lorian of litu.g),. wht'ro lw ... riIO$'
"I I,,", I~ . "'Ill0l'1!d tIIo,. 'eleb •• ti,,,, of Ihe L>nl's Su~r no ........ s
from tf>t.· io)' one.. f.. 11 in communion wi tll the Christ belit'Ve<i to 1>0,.
1" """'" and from t"" ~ 'ro"s eXf"'(1. tion of th .. da)" of hIs nltu m !.."
To th t' t..,. lenl tha t Ih" pTi"iiegt." 1I;\,{'fl 10 til., Church and its "l c" ~­
\io" to tn.- position of obl igator)" ,eligion of If>c sta te brou ght the
m " ",,~ in IMge "um]x'rs into II,.. Church. I"",,· "'as the fu""'" d. n.
ge. "f superficiality in hturgiuol participat ion. We lcHn 01 this fmm ,
for ..~a mp"" Augustin.'. Not onl), doo-s IK> c"""pLoin wi th det'p 1.....1.
ins Ih.o l man)" art' SoIli,f""" 1o enroll .s c.,..,hu","""s.md tllm drfur
t ]..,;. Npfism; lw oils" ",;>roach... Hthe masses 01 the~~r.gOt''''- ~
anendinll the Utu'S)" on f.... st days mOl\' beeau"", of its c\ tErn.l.
t""n b..... u~ of innrr d.,,'oIion. - Ii.., not '" g ... at a m ultilud .. t>t",n
g. then:d tog;'ther In the, C hurch thai tIIo,> ch. ff .1 the- momeflt "".
1"..1)' hid ... In.- whc1.t? .. Whm 'lOfI'I .. 'pirilUolI ad"ic~ is g;\"m. or
sonw spiritu., dUly i. laid down. th.." nppose il • .-...t 1M')' ,,'Sis!.
They f,~lo ... Ihell fllSh and withstand ' '''' Hoi)" Spirit. H"
Onc~ tho: COnslJntini. n "','oh.t.on put an end to p."." . ","'i on 01
Ch risti.ns th,' m3rtyrs I". Ihe f"nh be<:am ,· Ih c '*'ie\'t "f ~po.'(ial al.
tl'T1ti on and "......'ra lioo. Th" n..)l;innings "f 'his l"Cne , ati"n. ", to bt!
I" und much ,'arlit... ("SF""'ia ii y in II><> East, ""hcr~. fo, ~~.mpk\ In
th.· middle Ollh,· !('COnd """'u ')-' ' '''' rommunity of Smrm~ in Asi.
M inor . nnuall)· ('Ci(obr.,t'd tn., .nru"'.....)" of rol)'c~rp_ ;IS mar.
'}"n'<l bishop (d 155 Or 156). · ",;th joy .nd lI'ad"'-""'S. _:0. In 11K> W("SI.
too,t"" ,·e ..... '.'.un of ,'''' m"'I}'''' became inm.... singl)" p"pula •.
n..,;. <k~lh U ,,·ilnc."'!ioSCS " 'as _'" as Iltlked hI I.... p.asch.il m)"SI'"'}'
of Chri,;!. and tho> 'n"ox'Iion o f th~ man}"", ...·.. s "--,;arded ~s "" .
t ... md), dfoxtil'e, I'Spo.'C"i.lly al tIwi . tombs, La",. "n. otIwr comm,,'
ni li", ;niK'rlW Ih" nl,-bral iOll "I import.1nt m .. nyr~ in to IIwiT ft..,;.ul
cal""d.r~ and .."1.,,,., Ihc in"""""siblc lomb .... ith ""lies /including
/rra"J<'<I '" P'<X("S of ck>th lo,,,,hed 10 II><- martyrs' ' ''mbs) and, at a
l.l ter pt><iod , "'ith imag"'.~ wcll . ,.,
Tho! growth of monasTic;sm in tho> founh c .... tury S""" ,I .n "'P"'"
ci.lI)" impon.nt role in IIle org.oniz .. ,iOll of pray.... In panictJl.r the!
dally p r.. )'...- 0/ IlIt> Hours. From th .. fo"Tlh <.."Nry on tntm"-< .. nd
COIl!i«T ""od '·'rWns. ,,,',,,}'Wh.'''' "''!IOn to form rommunitK-5.
"Suc~ munaSI~rit$ w,"'-·II',., .... II~· ,"''''1.'<1 ,n isolalt'd pl0><X'5: a fa-
mouS ~umpl .. ,,· .. s .\ 1"n '" C;»;si"" .. .. lI ut;t was pn'CiiK'ly in 11.1)'
tllat such mon;o,; I,,'-;"'; ".",~ aJs., .. n", " xl in "'Wmi, p,,-'k •• bly ;n Ih<-
vicini ty ul .i<)m~ f.m" us m.;TI",'s g • .,.•.. ", Tht....' kJ und . ' ion, had
ob" io~sly .ris.m fro m In ,>pi "~s d esi'" Ih., , '''' hor<1l'>" p , .l ye"" pec·
form,'<I . «"rdin" t" Illl' manncr of th ,· monks. should nc" 'cr cease
eilher d.y nr ni"h l in th..·l:>o silico, ,·"",t,'<I 0",..
Ih,· !\r."',~ of th.,
man)"'~, - "
TN 1'0"'"'/"''' 'f I."".gi<>ll r.. ",ili~ in 1'... ,<1 Q"J IV....-,
ot g ...... 1 impoTldflCl" for II\(> further dc\'eIopmml of ,)1(' lilurgy "·.s
IlIt'influe...... Iht..,logic.L d isciplino'); and 1il urgic~ I- ... llich I""
"",I <,«~i~stical ~cn l,..,. ...... ",i",'<1 in ~n incn..aSlnf;: m~;oSu", oftcr
tt.. C. mst.lnlini .. n "" ·,.Juli",,. This did not """n Ih.ol ...-gion.al di,'c'·
tity ..·.s ",'.. r),wh ...... "Iiminolt'd. Quil" Ih .. ron" a,),: th", p"rind
SlOw tlw ri"".nd con-;olidaliun of """-, gn ,ups "1 . iIL..., , gm .... th in
which Ih...,:iogi(.1 dispul,,, aoou. th,> Trinity and Christ as ....dl os
e1hno--culllJ ,.1 ~nd ","ilica l locl".-s all p l~y~'<l a p.rt. C . ...·ful "" . mi·
nation i§ ""],,,i rt'd il sl ud~", 'S a ... I" pi<'k th" ;r w~y thruugh Ihis
"ma1.e of liIU!)!;,al praclin>s" in F... <t a nJ W~'St ." 1'ht: pr.,;t.'nt lim·
itt'd sur" e~' do.,,; not allow me to d""",;b., in d,·tail II", «>,,"'nl< "f
Ihcst- \'arious lit urgic.l groups; a good dea l 01 information ",~a rd ­
Ing them will ""w. ,·~t "" g;\, ,,,, ;n d; 'o('u,,;nK lhe S<... '~r. l 1'3"" 01
lhe IlIUrgy.
n.. E.o:llCm liturgi.,.
n... oldest patri~rch.olc and lhe dominanl «c1""~s,,c~1 «'1ller in the
wt "'a~ "nli<xh. l .... capit~1 o/lIle Roman· Byuntine pnwinceof
Syria. The cil)' 1tiK'lf and the! cOoOSul ""8"'"'s ..·e nl GrI't'k in I. ngu.ge
and NltU ",,_b,,1 Ih<- hinterland .nd thc .,-..... bordi"fing On I'ersi.
frob'Syro-Ar. m .. i, dia l"" ts. Thc liturgy th. , det'ciop<'d in Anlloch
in tilt> nrsl comluri.,. (_ the W"" S)"rian lilu');)") is also known as tn.,
lilu rg)" of /omcs • fTer lhe Ana ph" . a of J.. mO$. which originaled in J.,.
ruSll lem, We m",-~ th is liturgy in 11K> DiJa;(oli.>. tiw A,-'<tIlo)oc COM,/i·
!ul"Jn' ("I'<d r>f Ih~ fuurth c~nlury), ~nJ the ...... ,nons of John eM\'-
!<>Slom ~d . W) and Bishop 'l'hl'Odore "f MOf"'tK'Stia ~d. H8).
Thi~ Li'u~y o' J~m<"S. whim " '.15 <"<'kb.at..:! in G""'l . i~ 10 N dis·
Hn~i"','CI lrom Ih,' JJCf,oite Liw'llY of lhe ,;"th century. which
lool ii, "',,,..., ."".,., its OI"l\an;""1", r.mo.'S Bd.ad .. i td, Sn). Tho: Jacob-
ite LiIUT";)" put th" Liturgy "f j ..mes ,nlo S)"riM" and comb, .......:! it
with Munophysit., I,.... d...,.,;.'" and E.st Syrian d,,,,,,,nlS. 1... 1<."1" on it
.Iso und"rwem various By'.. nhne ;nfl u~nc"",
The M .. khito.'S.'" thost' Ch rislian" ,,'1>0 ",mained orthudo>: . culti-
,·a'..:! dose I;'" " ' ith Br,.. nlium, and in ,he ,w",lth Cl'Otury ac·
ct'pl..:! lho;> B)·zannne nit: ;n its totaHty. The Maronit ... of ld>anon,
who t<K,k lheir nam,· from ,\ 1.uo. a m'm k. h.\,~ .. liturgy "I the West
Syria" Iypo.· bul ... ilh 50"'" [a,1 sr.i"n p<."CUhariti..-.. Sinc~ union
with Rom,· al !he nmo.· 01,,,,, HU~d.!s thi. liturgy ha5 been ..M~n·
si,<ely t...lini~ed
TN> East Sy .i.n ''''d. wit h 0.",1,'/'5 a! Ed,.,.", dnJ N,,;bi5 (M''Wpoia'
mia ~ m"d.,", I,aqt Id l und .... I'enl.ln cnntrol a' dn Nrt)" ",.. iod
and thus M'<""'" wry much i",I.HC'd 'mm 11\(0 Wt'SC. After lhe
Council "f [ph ... us (n 1) lhese n·);ions adnpt,,,J N""toria nism .
T h.·i. lilu'llY. whkh i, ,I!OJ known d~ Ihe S)"ro·~t """'potamidn, ,,~
IdinS nu"",,,fOIlS origin .. 1el""'''''ls and ",Is m.lny pmblem$ fo r ""hoi·
.>rs. The widely ..-I " Anapho.". of t..... Apostles" (the Aposll.,.
Add.i and M,lri), fo r " '~mple, h~s no "'tlTd, <>f Instituti on.
Tho., """,!!cti<" mission •• y "cli\'ily " I Ihi~ " N.,.lorian Church"
Sf""ad Chris"~nil}' to, .omong ",,,,,. places. lho.- SOulh .... ""1 "",Sf " .
Jndia (MaIaIM. C""~l m(ldem K",.la), " 'he", ,I has outl~st<.'d I .....
,,,,, turi..s, B.'("au", Ih.· Indians 01 th IS '''Si(m !r.lee Ih~ir f.ith bac k 10
Thoma , th~ Apostle. lh"}" "Iso ealllh.,m... ln'S "Thoma, Chris--
lian ... " \\'ho..>n ,I", Ponug" ..... gaino..,J.o loothold IIw.>n> in Ihe si~·
l(.'ftllh ...."Iul)·. lho.·}· bo'gan. rigarou, J.... liniuh(1O of lhe ri le: some
01 Ihe M.,I .,bar Chrisli.'n!; Ih"n'lo'" n;''("IC'd R()mc ond, und ... Ihe
name 01 " M. ldnke",." joined lhe Syro·AnHod"",,,, ".,,,iuch.le. In
1961 .. nd 1'Spt'ci.a1l)· in the pt.';"'" .fM Valkan 1l1ho.- M.I"ba. Chris-
">.ns "'....., ~llo"'ed 10 n" ;,... the .. an","'1 rilt. ~
rite who a", in uni,m ",ith Rome The)' an' found chiell)' in p...,;;,nl.
.:by SyN and in Iraq. but .150on e rr"'s.
The pamard\3! Cof AIe~.ndria originally u...,J • furm of th~ "LI I'
urgy of Ma.k." which wo s strongly innu~nced b), Syria, On.· "f In.·
frw docum,"'ts thai han SUT\' i\,e<! lrom the ~a .l)' pt...iod is lho.·
PU)'ft Bool "f s.,.~pi""< tlishop of Thmuis (in lhe Nit.. dellil).
which dal"" fn"" t ....• middl~ of Ih.. th ..d century. Thi, ".,march",·
;oinoo Ih~ Monoph)'silc", ~ft\'T" Ih" COIH"iI of Chalc...t<", (451). Th.·
Coptk {Egypl;.n).nd Ethiopian (Aby,;;;ini.n) ril~"; dt"'d opt"J from
a m'~ ~nd transLat i"" of the Uturg>' of ~13rk. Thi_ Chrisna~
who ......,ained <.>nhodo~ (chiclly in tilt> «",.tal a","s) roln\'alt.-d
c10eer ti"" w;lh Ih~ Byzantine . ile and lx'(:ame known , like their
COIInleTpa rts ;n Wl'St Syri" ., Mclcllites ("tile empt'rOI" 's peopltn,"
joerus.lem has p la)·eJ ~n l'Spt'Cially imporunt role in liturgical hi ....
tory, It acquirt..:! the canonk~1 stalus 01 a p.tridf'chatc ,'nly at th...
Council o' Chaln-don (~S t), bu t its conneclion with Cllri,ndn ,. h" ·
lion hblm")' had al ",ady m~de of il (..speciall y from the fnurth n " , '
lury on) a 1a,·""I" pi"",· of pilgrim~ and -cem .... of de"ooon "
Constantine and his family hod splendid churcho.-s built in the holy
places; in m.".., ""urc h~.,; crowds 01 pil);rims galheroo Ihroughout
the)"'M,.nd """'"'''' "'...... ct4...b.a l<'<l ddily. 109....;. (E I..... ria), a pil.
srim from :l(>Ulh,,'rs\ f r.OC<' 0' nonh,,·rs! Sp.ain, h"s Left uS a d<-
Ialled def,criprion 0'11ll'S(· """,,·k ... in about 381·).S.I, " Other
COIIn lri .... , 100, acquin" knowl,,,Jge of lhese "''''ices 'rom home·
bound pilgrim~ and glad ly imHal'"J th ....... . Another impon anl
_=01 01
informan"" about rt... lilurgy 1............ 1....... (Omt'S to uS in
the Mysl"!?"8,,,,J O,,~ that uSt.-d tn bt' .ttribuu-d to Cyril o' JI.'f\l'
N lem but te"by all'! usu all y o:;<"rit>t-d 10 hi ~ sucC\'Ssor, 101m of I~ru .. -
mn. The Anaphora of la~ w"" Ih .. ,10'"
m.inl}" u5('d in the
EueNlli.. t; it made its way lhen hum J.. n.o ....... m '" other "1\iOO5.
The p •• )..... "f 11\(0 Hours and Ihe f""lal cydc lha, w,..... uSC<i ill J"""
N lem 31s" play~-d 0 drcisl\'c role in Ihe );Iurgico l de ...·lopml"'! 01
other Church<!'! (Hol y Week and Ea~ler, A""ension, Penlacosl, and
vuious Feas'" of ~br.,.). The I. keo' ..... introdu~ a ,,'nmg h;';IO.i<i7·
ing rlrmenl into the liturgy: lhis elffi'l('nt is £I.. " in, .". eumpl ...
the selection 01 ",adings for lhe ,"ari"u~ le.lSts.
Of the ,·an.ou:, ustcm liturgies the Byuntine "'-'cam.· Ihe I1\OSI
 wid''Sf'r~dd, n",re w"", .. ·,,,,,.1",.,sons for this, l!(oedU "," Ih~ ,'m.
f't'rm ""'id e<! in Constantinopi~ th~ palTi.rch of thai city Kquin'<i
p. t'Ccdo>n<c m ·.... ~ii the OIh~..- E.lSt•..-n ""tn.lrehs (offku!ly 50 in
~51). In iOdd iti<Jll. th~ p.1triuchat('S o f Antiom ~nd Alaondn.
• doptOO M0""'PII~'sism and Iht!n Cd"'" und.·r ~I uslim ('ofur"I.1 an
~.arly.da k_ An import.1n1 facto. in I"" fUMh", ' p"·,,d 01 the By ~.n­
It"" Itturgy ... as I"" mission. ry lI<1ivity <>I %I. Cyril and M~'h"dius;
~s a 1'\'S..1I o f thh deli"ily tho.· 8)'~... nl""" liturg)' ... ~, 1,.""I.tOO inlO
Old SI. \'Onic ( _ d hillf of the ninth "," Iury) and " .... ~'\·.... ntu.II\.
adoptOO in til<. Kiogdom of Ru;.sia (91! 7),
Th~ Ilyzdntin~ li turgy hils its "''''' chi~f1y in Antioch and
C.pp.1docia. _mddrily in j...-us.oI .... rL Ttw> rucharislic liturgy most
IN\jUl'ntl)' u....:l;s t .... one namoPd after St_ John Chf}'SO§t<>01 (~
4071 but in fadcnmplt-tOO '>111)' in th ... eighth ""ntury On tw .... h "
days "I t""
Y"'''' Ih ... liturgy of St. ""sil (329.)7'1). on" 01 Ih,.
Cappadoo::ian fathers. is c"lcb.,ltt'd . In addition Ih~ "lil.. '};)' of the
N
pns.onctifil'd i< .. sed on speddl d.Y" "
The Armenian litu'Sy d osel )' ~mbles t.... BFantin ... , It d,.. i,...s in
paM from th,· .. mt· Antiochent.· .nd Capp.doci.n n",IS. bu t il h ..
a lso und ... rg...,., din ,,1 Byz.ntin .... inn"""c"".
To boo mmtionoPd, finally. is tho.- c;...,.rgi.an liturgy. " 'hich is COmmon
in the p"-""'"t-d .y Scwi<1 Rep .. bli<' "f Gt>..wgia {capi tal: 1ifli~). o.;"i -
na lly "t'1)' depe"""nt on Arm~"'ia ."d Syria, th is li turgy WJ~ lokr
".R\lS~i~t'<i, " thai is, it ca me under tht· innu,'n.:t' of th~ Ru"""By~.n­
h"" liturgy, n ", Ch .. n:h of Get''lIia i~ loday • mt' mbo>r of t1... 1\Oo-id
Council "f Ch .. ICh ....
TIl.. W;:Slem l..iturgil'S
Tw(\ baSic types of liturgy can boo K'en .1S opt'r.lI i'·c in I.... history n'
th~ W..... tt:m Chu n:h: the Nonh AfricAn-Rom •• n and the Callican.
The wpe of t/k, North African ~ru'l>:y i~ known 10 us dtiefI)' In"" t/k,
wrihOSs nl St. AugUSri""." n... language US<!<! was prorubly Lliln
from the bo.'ginning. in contra st to ROm<! wh""' C ...."k (_ t .... "/<Mo&
T".II""", <>I Hipp<~ytu.) yieldo.'<I f<) Lllin only during III<- fourth c"".
tury." Iv.,. learn In"" • S'j'tlOd "I Hippo in m" th.1 the so"", 1c\1~
~~not used from,....... ~ ....... Each bi>hopcuold ..,...his ......, rompo-
;;'h"ns or lhose "f 0In.~; tlry "'~"", 110"-"" ...... '" be rn..:W in ad.
var.;e by It!a""-'<l fellow bishops_ The I'In", regu lation " 'a, sut-
quontly ~.l"<J in a number of African s}'tIods." In its",· .....allstNr-
lure, hlno.· ...·er•.and .,,;p>.'Ci.1Uy the structu .... of the M",,"".nd Ihf' Uturg;'
cal year. tht! North Afric.1n Jitu'K)' doscly 'CS" ttbk-d lhe RDrnan .
We know man y d"I.,il s of the R"man lilurgy during II", fourth I"
tlw Ioixth c.!11tury, bul . contra,)' t<, wr...1 we might l·~J".'CI, aclUOllli·
tutgic.oJ ~)o.IS h.o,.~ come down lo .. s <JIll)' (10m a mati"",ly lato> ~
riod. Thf NriOesI docu""-",,I is the V..... ,.... 5«,a"'''''Qry. "'hieh for.
• long Ii"", "'as attribul<!d tn P"pe Lro I (~4O-I61) b .. t in fact did not
come inlO " , im'nCl' until lhe ",,",ond half 0/ the ,i dM cen tury, This
NCr.m .... Ur)' is a roIk'C tlon of ,,101,·, li/lfJli (li ttle boo~s"). that is, in·
dividual slw;.ots ' " bookll'ls that ,.,...".d..-.d the te>.ts fo< p.1Mi<'uLor
Roman lilurgies in It,., roUr5e 0/ t ho· )' .... r: for man)' f"d" days the",
.,.. ",-"',,,.1 l()1'muia, il'S (twenty-eight fo' the feast "I Ihl' ApostJ.>s
~ and Paul) . TIlt, t,·~ts for the m"nlh ~of Janua ry IhfOl,gh April
(including Lent ~nd USler) h.o",., not bcen p"""""'~-d.'.
n.r >« oud sa<:u m~"'I.1ry ~ h.ol hil~ wnw.' do",n to u~ i!; kno,,'Il as th.,
Old Gt"'!"~' be<:a .. ,;.' it "'as at!ribu!t.'<i to Pope Gel.,ius I (492-4%);
In bct. it probabl)' originated around th•.' mi ddle of the S<'wnth c~n­
tury as \h(o ucramen taf}' <>I one <>I tilt! titul •• chu",""" of !lorn ......
n.... GtrgotUl" 5«'a"'....,~ry " 'as probably compill'd by " ope C"'8'
ory I (590--604) in about 5-92. as a book containing th~ p.1p.1llllurgi.."
(SUti"""lliturgies) ul tho' ~nti ... year. I'ope Hadrian I (m -M) S<'nt
a ..... ""''<i cop)' of th~ C",)!;o.ian 10 Empt''''r Ch arlem0!P"" A Snp-
plement (Huru'....) was ~ddcd to this sacromen tary in mol,,, 10
meet the ",-~s Of the f rankish Church. In ' ......... ighlh c;entuf}' and
"' ter numerous sacra menl.lr>t'S '0"'" inlO t'",ilifrnC<' lhal combint'<l
elemenlS /rom the old". rompil.t ions; thCS<' bc<:.mf ~nowT\ as
Eighlh-altlury Grlasi4ItJ."
Scholarly research has shtw.'T1 that although th.· ... cramentarie< .~
$ud1 origi""l"<J at a .... 1.ti,·~ly 1.1t' til1\(' mAn)' nf tho.· I(>~ts an by
traced bac~ to Pope Lro I. and oth,~ to Popes G"lasius I and
Vigilius (537·555). Pope G"'8oty I play,'<I an <'Spe<ia lly imporlant
p.1n in the reorg.ani~.. lion 0/ the Romn! liturg)'_ In .11 lhe ancient
Romon prayrf'l " 'e find In!guage thai ;5 1... r5e. sobt,.ly objecti,"e, al-
mOs! juncti<:aJ in chara.::t~. and a I1'j«rion 0/ el.. m""", Ihot would
give the . ite! a poetic and emotional lone. One outslandi ng ",holar
 has spoken <.>f IIw " puri tanl~m of th,· Rmn.ul liturgy. ",ll'hi~ lan-
guag" rcf)<'C,s th~ kind of R()m.ln rhdorir thot was highly '>st"*",,N
~t tn.t p<>riud.
" AMttu>r d,~'ict> of the Rom~n or~tion I"' pn~iden~al 1'.. )" ..... 1d ....
"""."" "",nl1on, the cur<u!. By ,u,-;u, i. '''''',In' the arr.ngt........ nt "I
won!> at th~ .'nd of phr...", am! c1duses ... , Ih.t tho>ir aCC1!nts pr<>.
duce a b"dutilul rhythm .. . In th~ mor~ ancient orabons, ,ho.' rules
of th~ .... ,...,. """ 'e bern n"guldrty obs'm-ed : . __ ~mitdbiHus
n:.fonnaSl iH (c~su.; ..-Iox ); Heiu~ dkinitatis €'SSt. ronsortes" (,Ur<U5
p/~NU5); "q ui ~ "m.nitati. n("tr.e li,.,.i dii;n,ltus .-;t p;>rti""p1" (cur.
i us ,.,du.).·'··
~h.,.act''''iMir of tho.· Roman M_ .... s Ih~ U5t' of ...nglt? O'tKluri,..
lIt p ra)''''' (Iho; Canon), " ' hich dllowed 0f11)" minor .11<"'~li..n~ In d
f~ ... of II><> pr.y,>fS m.,king il up.
Th,· Gal l; can Iyp<> of li lurgy i""lud"" all t~ W""",m rill'S uull;ide
tho.' ....... so.ociated wilh ~<>f"IW Desp;t".oJ1 tho..> diJ'k."""'Cl'S 1><1,,''''''
tht:rn the). are dt """ in being ho.·O\<il)" inf]tk-nred b}' I..... USI<"m
fit ..... l'S1"'<i. 1I}· Ih" B)"zanhn('; lho.> langu.tl" ( Latin) is mo .... prol'-.
.m" colorfu l, Ih~ '''''''''onia I ",(m' dram.,l k . As • ,,'Suit "r tt..- , 'rug_
):Ir ~1:•.in~1 Arianism they quit<! " It"n add.- p,ay"" dir«tJ)" to
Chnst In ronu.,;I to Koman cu,tom).
Within this ): ........1' th" following a", to b" dj,tinguished;
The Old Spanish liturg)". whi~h b also known.l$ Ihe Vi'ill~hic li t-
urgy .nd, in tho> p:riod .f'"r Ihe 1,I.mi,· Ar~bs occupied :\OtJtho.'m
Sp.in. the Mourabir lilurgy.
The Old wll ic or Gallir an h!1.lrgy. wh;ch wa, <"clebrOIN in Gdu l
and sho" 'ed m~ny loc.1 p<-,,<uli"' iti~'S b.o< .,,", Iht>,... W,lS no (lul-
standinl: cenl,'r llut could h.,·~ imJ'05ol'd. deS"-"" 01 unily.
Tn.- Celli<- UIu'KY dmOf1g til<' Irish, SroIS. dnd \~I.h. nus htu'!:)" i.
""."11)' "",.ked by Old Sp.!<n i~. Galh,an, dnd Roman ,,~m~n!S. In
th.· form in which iI has COmr down to u. il sh,>w, manv larunae
and dah'S from a rotht>r laic f"'riod. Til<' mOSI Important documenl
is the St,,,,... M issal ~eighlh and ,,"nIh ("l'f\tury~
TIl<' htu'!:y of Mil~n is s till cL-kttroted ludo)' throughout I"" <"<des;-
" "
astkal province "f MIlan. In th~ "'ghth century it .... os .ttrib"tcd ",
St. Ambros<> arod i. th,·r.:fo .... al'" \;."",,"n a. tIw Ambrosianliturgy.
Its .....ll origin is still obscu .... to us. It may h.,-.. Iud tM ... me primi.
ti ,·~ form.> tho.· Roman. Nu"",n",. detaIls 01 i~ old,·, lorm .....
st"en to uS in two .... riung. of Amb~ (ca. 34U-)97): the 0.. "';'S-
Imi' and the 0.- s«''''''''lUis. n,., Co""n is ",""",tia ll y til<' Sdm~ as
the Roman; in oth,.,. .'\'a' litis IiturllY ha. many traits in common
w ith tIw c;..llican liNI):)'."
T H~ W ~$r [R ~ LtlU ~ r. ' tN l l1 E ).ttDD" AGE5
In thi, .nd th" following >l"tion5I s hall)'" concerned chiefly with
the di<" ~lopmml of the Rm"an li lurg)".
Tht Ptriod of LiI,,~i(fl1 r.7:rir12nxr
In the an°. norlh of !I,.. Alps Ih" seventh rentur)"!oolw the beginning
of a (ar-,"".ching proc..s.' ,.tamalg.unation o{ t"'-' ~oman and Ga ll".
Frankish liturgi.,.; t/'lese "'e,,, Iht·1\·f,,", centu";"'; of tratt5i!iOf1. n,.,
moli"l'Sat "...,rk ",... rea s-al high .,.teem of tlw Rom~n Church
becau,;e it had boom foundo,.! b)" "''let, and an <tnct'l"tainty and dis-
sat"{actictn..... idc-spread .m"",.; bishops and .bb"'~' ... ith th~ mony
>' ... ialions to be found in tho> Ga llka" liturgy. 0.."";["",, an Angl ...
s.a,.0f1 missionorl' bIShop, lhought it impon.nt to bind the Ger·
mmil: tribes mOl""(' d~y to Ro"'" arod it!; Iitu'8}'. 1M ""me go.ll
"""ked I"" efforts of King Pepin, .... ho in 754 pR'SCrihed til<' Roman
liturgy for his kingdnm. In 7!!S-786 0>"rl'-""'8n,-' ;"ued the la ... .
thol w ould bri~ tN- Rom.ni~~tion to cornplel iOf1. As a m'lt~r of
fact, 110..·".·.... th.. li lurgy thought tu ",. Roman w!lS alr",dy ,filer·
......wd w ,th. Gall ic.n clement!;; in tho.- follo ...,n8 period il und",'
went further Galk,..Fra"kish adaptaMns and revisions. ThL.,;o, can
be.....,., ""ped.lly in the laSI" for dramatic actions, for tho> multipli ·
cation and Irngtht.-ning of pra)"ers and rit(':>;,.nd for Ihe . ubi<..cl i'·~
elemenhl found in tn.- man!' p r.y..... ,..id 5ilmtl)' by lhe ulrbrating
bishop or pm!.
Toward III<' end 01 III<' eighth ct'nt"ry the custnm ~ Io"dy g ....... ()f
saying the Canon of tho.> Mas.., in a 10\->' ,·oice. Tn.- .."son gi ...·n for
I"" pradic. w as tNt the priot>Sl had """. ent<'1"l'<l in lo lho.· hoi)" of ......
liaUld llut lhe holy words h~ wa, ~.king had to be prot«ted
ag;olllSl probnatiOf1." AIk-gorie.1 hpl.naOOn5 determined Ihe w.y
in whkh til<' liturgy .... as understood. Tlle f.ilhful were instruct~d
'0 S<.'(' b<>hind each dctJil 01 the llturgy a d."pc' muning tho. WaS
"rt~n ~rtifidaland fa.-f~.d,.od ,
"E ....rything n"",;,',-", a si)lJ1ifka....:~~",~ "0i'Sl ...."'tl;. r hu"'h
'-...."'Is .nd ult,,,sil~, d.rl", O>CIHms, .nd mt>lions, Diff~,,,," Iyp'''' of
significa tion U~ ""'pl"),,od: t~ hic;ll ildm""itiQl'lS (moral ~1I.,~"ryJ.
fulfillm.-nts of ,ho> Old T.,,;.tomml (t}'pok'og .... 1allt'goryl. """nts in
the econom}' of ..,kalio", (n-mm>Oratiw alk.~ory) .nusions to 0,
,he ".......um""'lIo" a, the """ of time (esctw'oklgk.' or .... gogic al·
.ego.y) _" "
Th~ prindp.ol "'l'''''''''l.1rin's
of Ihis kind 01 allegorical e~pl.n.tion
in tho,· urolingian .,.,.,od
"'<'N' Akuin and hi, discipk> Am.aJarius,
Btsh"p of Mctz; me.., twu m.." "'en? .Iso Clw""magne's ,h"'f .d.
";';"",-
The ""''P'" of this p<>riod _m 10 iI.a'-e il.ad a slr"ng ~."st' Df "n..-or·
thi"""" and sinf"I.-s, This II."« ID. alTlMg "'he. things. the inlT< ..
ducnon of nulTl<'rouS conk"", ..... , o f sin ("ap,,' ogi<"") into lhe
prd)·e. lite •• tu .... of the ti"'" and l'Sp«lally in ,,, 1M Mus .... This w. s
.Iso the f""hod when Irish and Srottish mOft!<.< "u,- 'i'.....ding tM
practice of p.i,·.w confession "n th<' ron!!n""t. A.n... nd 800 this
pr.ctice ..-as p~bcd fur the ~nti",· Prankish kin~dom, The .n.
dent pr .... ti(~ 01 publ k I""".n~l- that had b.>t-n inheritl."« fmm antiq '
uity took a ",,,"onda ry plac".
.. ]\Iblk pt"'.nre .nd pri\'a'~ ""nle"",i"" b",'loo I()!" the f.wor of 'M
m~mb<>rs of the Chun:h du.ing C."~in ~i.n limt"S. 1hl, hie •• n:hy d.,..
m.ndN public I""'a....:<'; Ih<' po>oplll a~k,-od for conl''';Si"", II i$ un-
den;l. ndoble thot mus t 10(,,1 p<tSk)rs bt.1I"n to follow th~ 1.lIn
p •• elke, Initially publk ""nanc~ would still be Mlui,.,.j 10. g.eat
public sins, but fll' g",.1 _n>t sins co"I,,,sion "'.sp.!rmill<od . I!
w.s ~imply • mdtleT III rourst' th.ltt the p'''''tk~ of ronf....... il'" fi"~ lly
w.m tho.- day, totally "J"'Iuishlng p ublic P'''''''''<''" ~'
The old Jl:omon liturgic-al bunks h~d rontaiOt!d .Imosl nothing bul
te"",; no des<:riptions " ...... IIh''-"'' of the ("OUrso. of the !'E'".~. No",
boo"-, t..,g.n to .pf""ar Wt g.>"" d iM."llons for lhe rilCS; " 'e loday
" 'ould nil them books of rubtio Of «remonies. .t Itwt ri ..... !hey
"'en> known as ",dl"'" r methodk.J a ... ng<:-ments"). Mosl of th<-m
ap""ared nonh of lhe Alps. The f~' aUl~ti<.l1y Itomanordj,....
" "
r.,
t!wt a in",rm;nlllO'd wnh them c~n bo: il!Ol,,"od onl)' with diffi -
cultr·' Com p""''''lSi,·" htu.glc.l books ""'<'n' tho..., rnmpil<-"'l from
,o/k""titms "f ,U('h O.d'"N. The mosl imf'O't.,nt 01 tl><..... indusi"e
books ",.s .... 'ill .... Jf\>Und 950 by ~ic tint'S 0 1 the Abbt'y of St_
AINn In M. inl. nd Lo"" b.·... _I..r>o .... n n the Ron","""er.",,,n
PonliftoJ/. In . ddi ti"" It, tho.' OrJu R"""'''"$ AnI"IUU5 the bOf>k con-
t.lin<-d c.;.,.lIo-h.nk i~h " ",IS and riles .Iong with som... dditions "f
lhe <oprist_ In tho.· rim .. " I 0110 I (§«Ond ""'If of the tl'nth rentury)
the R""",.....cn-m.n Ponl.p:ill reached Ronw. "'hm.- <=bia,;.tical
and cullurallil.. W3S in a d~pt'1".l<!! Still<!! (the t""th emlu~' is
kno .... n to ttiStorUAS 3~ 5M'tu/llm o/IscllTllm. " Ihe duk ""'tury")_s.,.-
e.> ..... litu.!;ic.1 m.nuSTipb ...~ ....M .. lr .... ril"'" in Ih .. ninlh "en-
lury and tl><- firsl h .. 11 "f tho- ""'th." Iii<' Churrh of JI:om" """';:,-ed
the """. book wilh 11.",.. ",1 ,,' ilhngnns.nd adopt.od it a> suppos-
1."«1 )" conl. ining th ... ut ...... tIC Roman .nurg)-. Otht-. """nu,;c.ipts
,,·e ... gi'·m .. simil., ,,·.r"priun. AS 4 resul! Ihe old JI:om.:tn liturgy ~
lumed to Ro".,... but n" .... in Gallo-Frankish fo.m, and Imm th"",.
as the "Iitu ');y 01 the IIl"",.n curia: ""g~n its ,' ictoriou5 dfu" 10 be--
eonw lho,- on<' , unil",m lIturgy of t~ entl"" W....!.
Once tho,- Sp.ni.rds. wilh Frmeh help . had dri"cn lh~ Arabs
(M oon;) hum thd. country. the Old Sp.nish (M"'....3bic) liturgy
surrcndc...,.;:l its pride ul pi ... " 1<1 the (nc<H Rom~n .nd l'"entually
came to b<- Ct'kbral<-od tlnl y in a si ngle ch,'pl'l in Toledo_ TrIO' Celtic
litu');y to" h.d t" m"k~ way for thl' Rom.,n. In Sr"tland the shih
took pla<"<' in the ~lc\, ~l1th «otury. In 1n:I.nd.t the Synod of Cashcl
in 11 12" The lIoman liturgy had I',in."« a hold in England.t a
mU('h e.rli ...."".iot;!, d l~ to tht' eflorts oj A ugusti"", the Bmw je-
Ii"" abbot whom Gn.'~ory I h3d .......,t tu ...... ~ngeli~~ the Anglo-So ,·
~.
During thi' pt'fioo the building 01 chu",h.-; pnx~ at ~ quic k
pa«' UI1tX>. II><- Caroli"gi~" and Onon,.n ",Iers, A Iirs' dima' ... as
..... eMd around 1100 with I"" lIomJnesqOl.' styko."
from C"S"'Y VII re r/tf Ii.... cf /"" R1P."",r_
Und", I'op" Glqlory VII (l1)7J.. H.15 ) ~ phast' of consolidation
bO'g.n.t Rc""'r; it "~M'do<d not only to ecdesilsric.llil<' S"""'311 )'
but to the liturgy as ,,·ell. Gregory ~nd his I'Ucn"5S0rs n-qui.-M III
bishops 10 follow II><- liturgic.ll"acrin' of tho" Rc"n.olJl curia. The
11,,.,1 was in 1""1 nOl ",,,,,ho><l until lllo! thiMtloI!nrh ,,,,,rury. when the
Franci,;.:an Order and its thouSoinds of it "\o!r~nl p",oct../rs adopl<'<l
lhe "liturgy of the Roman curi~ " ~OO promot.!d Ii e'·""Ywhe .... With
II><' rom ing " I Gothic. which w.s ",)I simply a >ilylr of building bUI
a slyl., of thinking and li"ing th~I ~mbr.tCttd lhe whol~ 01 1M public
and pri"~I~ :Ip"""",,. new 10"'6.00 forms .Iso mado: their way inlO
lhe litu rg)·. Th .. dwr""''''';~IIC Ir~ilS 01 Ihis rww oullook ...."" indi o
vid ualism. s ubjectivism. and .. !hici~ '1lwse a... the fOOlS oI ...·ery-
Ihing th.ol is ""all.-.. and fnul fulln Gothic; they ..." also the- prima l
"",,''''' 01 all ilS ~fft>rts. d ""bls and dtspa"S; in them slum""" 1M
so:ed~ " I bnth the riso- and the bll 01 Ih .. C.othic. ..,., "E" en Golhic .....
alism. which i""",aslllgly IUrn..rl into naluralism. ,,'as a child 01 in·
di,·idualism .""
While 1M liturg)·. in keq>ing ...·ith its natu .... waS still und<>ntood
and celebrated as a com muna l .cth·lty. indl"idualist and subjrcti" -
ist I""d""c~ now mado: !h<'ir apf)<!arance, The oompleh,> mi_l.
thai call1<' into e xi.""",", at this tim~ mad€- It possible for lhe priest
to celeb .. ",. " pr;,'ate Mass," tha i is. one which ho! said all by him-
>ell. wilhout ",ad"r and choir, Yet l"' ('11 wh...., ho.' h.,d ....ad .... ~nd
choir 10 assisl him at solemn MaSS<'S. h~ lelt oblil\l'<l lo ...'ad all the
...adings and songs qui~tly 10 him ...1f whil., tho.'y .... en· bring pro·
claimo><l and s un g.1he liturgy b«ame increasingly a · clerical lit·
urgy' at .... hieh lhe clergy alone d id ",' .... ,' thing; lhis lend ency "'.,
strengthened by the pre5('nc~ of Ihe choIr ","",-n. which divided Ihl'
ehu",h inro" "chun:h for the cil-'I\Y" and" "chlln:h for Iht· cong ...~
galion" .,nd thlls 01 Ih.> .n:hi lt'Clural 1<'\'1'1 . In-.d}' broke Ih t- unity
01 the 0I1~ communi!)' of C hrist tn~t includ"" both clerKY .nd I.ily.
It is tro"lhat on the side "I Inc !l<"R"''' f.cinllike 1""'1'1" on ~1t3r "' ••
s.e1 up for "the people's MiISl!,· b"l lho.- ·sil....,1 Mo ss" t n~1 wos cd,,·
br.ll'<lIh<"~ did not a llow .ny .>(Ii,·c p.>rticipo lion by Ike f.ithful.
A s imil.r ",>nd"n(), I" pri\'.li/~lion ~hI, ......J ilSo!ll in lh" p'.y"" of
Ike Hom,,_ The in" "ducti"n of lhe " bR',·i ••y," ",hich containl'd ..:ll
"'-"'<led l~dS, m.d~ possiblc and pn)moIN an indi" ;dual Ct'lebr. ·
tioo of thl' Houn;. L'n.... IhI,ugh Ihi~ p,ay~. wa. "riginally pubUc
all<l in,-,~,·0><1 th" ""Ii", commun i!)'.
11K' liturgical )..... waS gre.otly "~-p"'nd,-od by 1M ;nl">tiuction of
""". 1,,~sI!; "I the lAm! . Mary. and the wints. The ""saoks intrmi·
lied ,·t'l1l".Ii"n 01 I;", num.nity of Chri>! and all Ih~ P;"'S<'S 01 his
... rthly li k 1'hc L"rd '" I"""""', in patticulM. had a profound 'r-
p"al f", tht· P<" 'Pic "f Ih" G... h;.,· ag,,; Ii\o! •.-sult was . now"';nK 01
de"otion 10 the p.>ssion and ",f my. lid"", "'"" 'ring '''' lhe passion,
",o rb of a rt dt'Pictinll lh,· p.> ..... ,n ad ........,j nUl "nly ,hun:iws and
chapels. bul public and pm·al.- bUlld;"g'.' ,wi!.
Hand in h~nd w,lh gn""lh In , ·...,....""n 01 Ihe saints ........ t an in-
c ....... in '·.....·r.ti'''' "f tdlC!O and in p;lgnmageo. WheRl'...e r a mm ·
munily or SOTTk' prj".",. indl"idual (a n"bl...... n ) goi..oo p""""'sion
of a (suppo5<'dl)') Importanl R'h'. I"-"'PI~ reh bless<'<! a nd SUA'r of
added. usu.II)· .5.
ul'·. lion. To th<o .ncien l pl.oce ..f pilgnmagt' ..... ny .,.. .... on"" " .."...
"",,,II "f sl"" .... .about appe-.>ta""-"". mit""I"",
.utd .... traordin.ty h'pp"n,n"". Man)' of the lailhlul mad" """'.'m',,
efforts to ..-.eh 1"'- ....• 1'1.....,. and pta)' t......... not (H\I)' lor t,"",po,a!
rw«ds (and lilt...., ,,',,'" plcnly of those) bul also and .t>o>.·".11 f<l'
tht> sal" ation 01 lh,.;< ...,u l•.
Prd'."...nc~ f...- 11'1,· ...... Ii .... k and wncA't" begot a gn'a l d"";I\' 1<> !;''''
uJ'O" "-hal "'.~ ""Iy .nd dh'i~, !'oople ", ." ,led as f~t as P""Sih~,
to ,. ". with lkeir "wn ~)" '" thaI which f~lIh pnxiaim.od.nd prom-
ised. A~ • resu 11. C...-"hic c.tMdr.!, bro;alnl' o"eT'wllt'lm inK "1'",,,-,n-
talions "I lilt: ht>"'~nly JeruSollem ." In In., mind "I th~ 1""'1'11' of
thllt day Ihe M.,,~ R'adlt..J a ,\tlw high poinl "'hen the rorls<'("rak.J
hosl w'~ ~1",'aIL.J all~r Ih.. word s of in, lilUl i"n (. pr."h e,- fir<t at-
lesk.J sh"rll )' alwr 1200 in p",ls), "
From Ih ~ _ QI'Id h.lf of tr..- Ihirtl'('n lh c.",lu ry "n, th,- 1"';1 01 Cor-
pus Chri sli ... ith its proe('S!ion )<,;n.'<I Christm., with its crib as Ihe
favorile r.,ast s of th .. y~M. E"en d loring lilt' "dd,r.ti<ln "I Ma ..., I""'-
pie "'anted to b<o abl .. to g07.<' conlinlO., 'l y on tho- "S,,,, i"'" in lhe coo -
_TOted hosI . Thl' d"";n.' led I., " M~~l't.,. b",me Ih~ ~~J'O"'<i BI""sed
Sacrament, " ... hich d<'-'lf'ilt' lU,m.,', R'St't""U;""" continl>ed down 10
tht> middle "f out .,... n ',-"'lUry .nd ... h~ cess.>tion man)' of th<-
f.ithf,,1 still "",R't. To .h~ <ktrim ...... t nf lhe gomuin .. .,..lcbration 01
Masslhe i5oIato><l adorarion of tho! BI~ s"cr.""",1 <k-\'~Iopo-d in
v;uious forms. E,''''' the """'Plion of communion dt>cIU"ll"d 10 an
alarming e~ I....,t. SO thai lho! Fourth Loleran Council (1215) ""d to
Old"" _."tion al 1('1151onee a yea r." The ",a"", for the d""li"" ,,'as
not so much a falling oH in d~.'nlion as an e....;essi,·......·e"-"'Ce for
 the s.>c.a m""lt l 'hi, "".o'n'nCt. ..... s ollso on<' "'''SOn ...·hy the eel ....
bunt no long .... PUI Im. h""l m 11", h.ond of rommunit.m1S bUI on
tI,..; . lips a nd .... hy rommun ..... lrom the ch.lice .... ' inlOd;su...,; il
...·.s I... n>d 1"'1C'·.. n ~ sm", .... drop mi",hl t... spi lled ( th~ .........
oth<"f re~~ .s ...... 11 ).
E~ tra" dganl n.~ io.>ns of the dfic. <)· 0/ tho.· ,"""rifl<"(, o i l"" .' Ias.< 1..'<1
10 ...;d""p",.. d quantitdm'c thinking .nd beha,"im. A... fl'Suh. Ih,'
" Autumn 0 1 II", M iddl .. Ag,,>," (J . Huizing.) saw I"" ril'(' 01 ..,·e.
n" .... ,·oti,·~ Mas~ and num,-.ous Ma sS<"S-in ·_i,....... hich " " 'n'1"("
g.,moo a. ha"ing e~t •• ",d in.'I)· .. ffects . n... f""lu,-ncy .... 'th ..... hieh
MasS("S we.~ "Mid" In.:"'ds<-d gNally. as throng. "I priests w ..... ' 0' -
dained (aile ... " cl")' pont tr.ining) who .... eN simply "ahansls.-
that is. h.d tI<) olh('l" dUly than to c.. ldoralt- .. "/aunde<! " Mass .. .och
d .. )·. Thus al ..... Cat hed •.o1"I Strasbou.-g in 152] th.,.., ...·ere no I~
than 120 MaSS/olU ndalions." and in lifr-.lh-cenlur)" Hr'-'SI.ou thtort-
... ,-'" 236 aha nsts . t t ...·o ch urrlles." Th.· "-"Suit ....'"-... of roUr.oo!. Ih. l
a n)' gi ....", churrh h.d toh.ve .. '·. sl n umber of aha", lhis In tum
p tomolNl!he Sn 'l<'Sq .... CUSIt"" o f "bo~ed Ma"-"<'S. -" "Thew and
";mila • • buS\'S cauS<'d many lhoughlful C hristians 10 c.lI for • " ....
fo rm in ke. d and m" mboers."
rn"", 'eg"'Il;)ble d istor nOM must not ma ke us forget. ho ......".er,
:hat during thiS pt'riod d ,,,,p faith. interin.ity, and. spirit of s.ell. ..c.
"; fiee ,h. r.lcleril.OO I.uge gn'ups of peop le. Th ...... traits Oil' docu-
cnentOO Cl'l'n for the dl" 'otional movem""t kno",'n .. "'myslicism ."
' h" t is. th,· •• t.nd pr.,,·tk ., 01 abs"rption in l< , Ike dee"""t - ground
~f Ihe .",,1 - or the ··al"'., · of th .. sou l." in order the", to h...." . ?rGo
'ound '''1''''''"''«' 01 Ihe di,·one. Ot,ma.d of Gai."ou"" (1 (19().IISJ).
--{ildega.d of BIng"" (1098·1\ i"iI). and EliLI"""h of SchOn. u (1129.
1M ) rna)' b" ...... nlion!'d ~s 5omo! fy,'elf1h-cenlury "'pn"Senla ri,·cs 01
his """·"""·nl. Abo<" all. ho.......·...-. il "".5 !he "" ..... F.anciscan . nd
"}ominican Ordo.>rs th.ol f"st~1\'d lhe m)·stic. l.lt.... tion from tbe
hir1crnth ,"nlUr)" on. The hig h poinl "i the G<>rm .. n mystic.1 m",..,..
"enl cam<> in tt.., loort"""lh ...m tul")'; il is t"flOugh to men tion such
",tstanding figufl'S U MdslM' Ec ]"harl. John Tallie,. and H('nl")'
;"u"'-. From Ih"; r ra nks. It" '. , ome the '''P''.ted can for an inter_
:>ri,. tion of . 11 n·li~ io us lif~.
\ .imila. stnvi ng lor inr"ri orlty marktoJ Ihe mO"em~nt oI .... newal
known •• Ihe o..,·, otio Mod",,,,, . ...·hkh " rig m.. •..J .n the r-.:..rho." .
lands a l ItI(' ('nod 01 th(' fouri""",h ''-'''lUI)' (Ger...d Gn:>o:>N-. mystic
and ? ",.cher 01 "'P'--"" t."",~. d . 138-1) . nd sp .... d Ihrooghoul W~I .
'0
rm Eu ropE". It . trove It) promole. de."P"'f d ....·.-.\ion and fullo ....-
ing of Christ Ihis spirit /t"'nd its claSSic. 1e~p"'Mi"" in I"" famous
Imitat;"" of 0..;'1 of Thomas a Kempis (1 J79. H 7]).
Both m'WCmi'n1S hod a fruitfu l inll,,"" ...., not on!)" on tho! Iii,' o f
praye r but on the worship 01 Ihe Chu.ch .• in"" I"")" promul<oJ.
mon° d..-eply interior p.rti<:ip"lion . Yd . uch dlurt s could nul all ...
the 1",1 thallh,' litorgy hdd become a clerica llilurg)". TIlt' f.ith 01
lho.: laity so ught and fo und ""p resSion and no uri""menl in pt"l'iph.
eral ."'0'. for o" ampl... in lho.· nUmemu s rn )'slery pla ys 1h.! t w~",
c('lebcAied ch iet1y on lhe g",.t f..asts 01 Chri~trnas. F.pi ph.ony. and
Eash!c, but also in honor of the p.11roru. 01 church", a nd ci l...... 1\ -.0-
pl~ souShl a nd lound ~ p.1tron ... in l foo- .. ,.t"'). .......... not inf....
quentl)". ho .... f'\·.... n'" .. ratio" of the ... inl ....as i>("{"(,mp.on it!d by
5Upe.stitioUS ~ 3nd pr~cnn-...
" Vener.ltton 0/ Ill.o ... inlS and lhe; r "'Iio.--g{'n uin~ ,,,. f.~e-is 011<",
quil~ un""'tr~i ned . ' ''",I.-clions and blessing' ~N !Ioo', ul! ht in C"",
............ ~y.: IhI.' ritual., b..-ro"", full of n ......· bo·nt>dicli()n~. Conlrdl~mit .
i.e!; ~ founded and nc", dev otion, spring up .,11 dnlund . "'-' hgio" s
Ii/~ bectlm,'S mo", and rnO'" c","p lka ted . A grow in); insec ur ity ~nd
many-Sidt>d dlscon~n t i. appa"'n t everywho.'n.-:· "
fR O M T il E CO UNC tl ()f T RE" T ' 0 "A TICA" It
TIlt Cou",il ofT'?"t an,/ tlu- Liturgy
In fan- of H\(' .obu~ CU r"'nl in lhe whole 01....... " "IIial hl\- . nd in lhe
Ututg)". whk h is .n essential pa " of th.1 ltf.., I...· ~all for a - ..,form
in head and membo..-s" h.od become in=.singly kmd .as ..~rl)" ~s
lhe beginning oIlhe St.>.I ....",lh ........101)·; ...... for ."'. mple. tho.: po:-il.
lion add" n ed In I' opt> Leo X in 1513 b)· V. QUIri n • • nd T.
Giustinin i, ...·M ]atM' t...cam~ C. m. ld"l""" moo~s." E~ plicil """".
Ii"" must "" mad" , I.". German)", 01 the n -po" s on n 'lor m ", hich
G.org Will '" ( ISO I· ]573) wrote /or !he p ri.......... bbot of Fu ld~ in
1542. Wil~el urgoo" "'form of tl",Churrh b)' m('.l n.' "I d n:-Iorm of
the liturgy, and h~ Sl.-..soed in partieo lar Ih .. "<.,<-od 01 " 'p';lining th ..
litutg)" 10 Ihe ordiMry pt'<.>pk. '" This would ... tis ly Ihe m\Jfmure,.".
bec~ul-I' tho.:y would hcu Ih.t the Church Ihey "(·spl,.· c"n1. lns
such Sood Ihings,-' Th~ ... W~S ,In ~"C' Ivurl,·. c~1I for .... vir.ed Inu.·
skal boo~s th~t ,....,uld b.> uniform thIQughl>u t tM' Church. fo, th<-
tim<' bt';ng. he",·",-",. nothing h.1ppen;.'d . l'h~ I!':n~i~ .... ""., f'OP"S
would Iw"e had to (h.ng~ lhe,m""l<-es firsl.
n.e Reforml"f5 "-....c thu~ able to lin k tl\ci' seOous rompLoinlS with
~ <k>mand for ,adic~1 ch.ng.os. and, in d oing w. I;"OUld ,·"unl on
,,·idcsp..,ad .);"-,,,"""" and n>adint'SS for ch.ng" , Aft", IS""'I dilfi-
culli ... , .... C""neil of T.... t /;ndlly m.1 (]5-I';" 1563. " 'ith lengthy on·
·.s
' .... nussions)_Th<- final ~;on (1!i63-1S65) .. import.nt fur ,h~
liturgy. A rornm;s,;io" ..·.s dwrg...! ...·I'h dr...·;n): up. IL~t 01 cu'-
.... t Mabu ....,. in the, Md"'"; It..> most SUCCInct lost ran for sh quarto
p.S....., .r>d ",.os th~ mOlt compr\'l\£'nsiw collection " I
M i&>., for li-
turgical ".. tnrm_- Out be.:.uw ti"", w.s ""->,, th<o Couneil could
r>OI go inlo t t - "","-,rs in d<1ail. ]1did, 00 ..·....·..,.. tal.> the imro'-
tant s"'P of instrucling tIw p<:IP(' 10 wmpik' a .... '" , al'-'Chism md .....
''is<' all th.· lilur~al bt.oks wilh thi' I\£'lp of a mmmi",ion 01
c~p<'rts. n ... I/,,~..,n CUlf(his", aPP"am:l in 15N>; th~"" unde' rius V
(1566-1572). the g,,,,,,,,, Brr!'i~'Y (1578) and I/,m"," Mr>;;J1 (1580)
........ ~t,;o publish...! . TIw accom]><'nyin); Ilull, d~'freed th.11 1hcS<'
b... ,ks we ... hence/orth obli!:al.,..y. unl,.,;,;, diocl$C <'K r\'liSious
"rd,... muld .tIow Ih.t thei' s p".;.1 u,;ag''S "'de .1 least Iwo hun ·
drt"<l yearS "Id, The Cong,egat ion 01 I! ill~ ...~, ~'St.blish&l in ] 5B8
10 ", •. Iho t Ih" dec,,,,, ... as /,lilhlu ll y /",II"w,.d, In the ",ord~ 01 Ihe
Hull QiI" prim",,, IC"'I"'" thai wo s p",fi'~od III t l~ Missal, "OOlhin);"
w.' ""w
"e"", to be • .1.1<'<1. n·m') ....J, ,,' ch.ns.-.;! " in Ih\.' ,il~; this,
howe"er, "-,lS. di~iplindry d'''''tl.' .,Id could not "'j\.,lIy bind sub-
""luent popcs or );"ncr" I wu"cil ~. I.tturgic~1 SM nd.N i~... ti.", .... ,
.1", promot,>d by oth~, lilu'Sic~1 boolos, the "',,""" l~mtofi(!'1
(15%), lhe C""",,,n ..1'1 Ik<h<~'" (11lOO). ~nd the Rom"" /1.,,,,.1 (] (, ] ~)_
A uniform liturgy Wd> Ih ..~ pn'SCriNd fo' II\£' l'nlin' \V,SI: il ... as
not. ho""",',,,,. llie old Roman liturgy. but. h)'brid 1I.0mdn-Gallkan·
G<>rmon litu,,",)', Wlwl lhe Couroc,l h.>d in mind ..·.. s .. n-form of tfw
di"int, offj.,., "accordtng 10 Ih<- an<:i/ml ord", of pr~y .... " .nd of tho'
Mass" "('«;mIinlS ", lilt> norm of tl\(> holy Fal"""" and Ihe ancimt
rit,,'.,· but Ihis ..·.s "a gOo/lI th.1 rt-m.;n..-.d OUt of ..,xh " 'ith th ..
""'MIS ••·.Hablc at lhe, ,i"", and gi"en the conl<,",pt><. 'Y state 01 Ii·
"'rgk~1 ..-;"".,.,. - n... !"O'5t.Tridmti ..... lilurgy was ". ron,inua'
Iion.....,,-,'" il ~ puri/i.'<! rontinu. tKm _ of th .. me<!i,'\· allilurgy _.. d
IituqQ'rcst....n>d It> II\£' clo!-fJo>y .nd, in thi' ""ginning, ffl.'qu ..... tly s bll
hidden bdIind tn., roodsc ........... Except in H..·!'<'fmon, lillIe all",,_
lion was p.1id 10 th~ po..'Pk.- T1wy ".",,,,d.'<l .'.1. 16. .r>d tho.~r pol"
M
tkip.1tKm " -. s Iimih'd 10 "Ii,;tming" and Mw.!(hing." FOI the,
ordina ry propk> tht> lilu,,",y I\·malned. my~I<'f)' thai was fo' ,h<'
most p.trt ~ undns,ood . t'\',,,,though the, Council 01 T.... ' had
UJ5fd that p.>,;t0fS should "fr''qumtl y ... ""pl.,n during lhe (d...
bntlie-> of Ma56<'S sornt' of Ih .. ",.>dings of th .. M.". and among
other thinss gI •.~ SOIt>t< in~lruc,ion about ,h<, mrs",,'Y of this most
hoIy ~. esp«i.Uy on Sundd)'S and kasld.rs.""'
1l>e ulhalic hp""al§ (~.II .• tI\o5(> of Mid....! v.-h<>. 1)37. and ,ohan-
ntS L.,,;"""tritt. 1567) thai ,,'<'1l' publishoed ~tl h,s tim ... made a .·~Iu·
.ble runtribu'ion 10 popul •• pict)·, I" the ~inning the <Ortg< ....,..,
lung outside of Mass in pl"Ott"S~oons and d~'Otit)ns. bUl gudually
dwy found a place in Iht! M"s.s ~s well. I't-tt:f C~ni~iu5 (1521-15'17)
$oIid thai ,'''''''' popular C..,nn.n hymns. whi<"h ", •• .., now mIKh
used due 10 .timulus from R.,f".t"m('(! C hrislian" " .•'fC a pious M
pracli.,., and .... Iutary for Iht! Ch ul<"h: - TIw Canlu.1 01 Mainz. pub-
lished in 11\0:15. al'Ndy pro"id,'<l wnj\S in Ih., ,'","noru .,t th~I.,
Gradual. al"', Ih<.· cons.:-.:rdlion, JI Ih., "gnus 0.,;. ~nd during com-
munion,
77u Liturgy;,r tlrr &"",,,r Pr'''HI
The liturgica l bt>o ks, In.1 ~pt'<"i.lly Ih~ M,ssal, that "",,\. published
und e, commi""jon 01 th~ Cnu,><'il "f 1',,'11 1. ina.,sur. lt><! "the .. ge of
• rigid unifi,>d lit",,",), and of rub'kism, "," " F",m th.· ,.,., ... 01...".,lh I"
dw tw.... 'ieth ~~... tu1'ks liturgical kl(oli sm and casublry took.In
PVer II"'."" plaCt' in tlw prdClic.! .nd INching of litu'gy."" Ur>d ... ,
the innU<'!lC~ of Ih<' h.>roqU<' attitud., ", lif.... Ih ... off"'ial litu,);), of
It... Chu..:h ..·.s c~Jt..bt'I...d ... ith in .. ,.", ,,"'01(" display 01 spkndO!".
Elenwnts in this w'-"'" nol only lhe malSnifir.",' inl ...... ors of th .. ba.
""I"" ~hurchcs but also the polyphonic !'Inging and thoc instrumen_
tal music. Th ... Ct'lfb,.tion 01 Mus ..·. s ""Pl'riom<:cd as a · I","~I for
ey<'.nd ea •." Thi5 splendor lound ils g"'~1<'SI mani/<"Stalion in tlw
Corpu. Christi proct"Ssions. the, man )' othe, pnn""",11§ .nd pi]-
grimage:. ..... d lhe ,,!,irililal 1'1.11)'5 tin f... .,d.ys- Tho." """"",,nl of sub-
;.ctivism was li lt k> changed .. ~ lhe high and la«- Middt., Ages. if
w,· p,,-,,",ind lrom It...· dimin.lI;OO 01 Ih~ gr~1 .bu",.,;. During lhe
M~ .. th,· I~i lhful .... ould »y Ih.·~!)' or the p.~y.,.,;'" the "dew>-
lions dunng M ~""" tNt .... ~.~ to b<.> fOl.1nd In th~ nu"' ..... " uS
prayerbooks ~ fIowerins 01 the art 01 p rinting) Tht- df",t " f J. d,'
Voisin. a Fn'flCh pnHt. to mal;,! the texts ol th .. M~ .. ~,.. il~bl,· tu
tht- people in ilk' n'rTI.l(ul~. t .~nsl~tions "'~s sh.o rply rond...." ",-d
as ~ "profanation 01 tht- So1"" U.lI')"" by Aleund.". V II in a Bri;,l ol
1661."
The "'.... RIO'" co rrunon b.ld pract;c.. of nul d'>lrihuung <ommu'
nion until .It.... M.55, in order th.Il tho' I~ilhlul " ' h" did nul .....,.;,.••
might Ie.,'" ilk' church soont'r. only .o«t!I1tu.lt!d >till m, .... th .. i",I • •
!ion of a rommunion<mto:-«d piEt). from lhe Mo,,,, p«>p<:r. Tht- .......
mon ""~s usu~II)' p .... ch.,.;l b<.>fore Mass, " ' ith th~ ~ult Ih.o, il c. IIJld
",,,,Iy bo.. "",in,-d ""limy. 1l\(o d",'otion to the Son of (".00. p"'*'"
in the labern.>Oc on lilt.- .1t.1r. to his ITI05t s..crt'd He.".
and to 1 1 i.~
I' ...ion. and <"<Iuall)" the Ilmost inlinite num~r (1/ f.... "", ul d." ''''
m.., Iu Our t.odY-.111 t~ we ... more congenial", I"" p iou, ttJ~n
t"" e ~is!ing furm. of tm.' litu');)" whkh lor Ihl' m('lSt part "'ere n,,1
p,...".,,-I y und~r,;tandabk-'-"'" At "WI)' poinl in thl' Ulurgicallif..
the", is a strange but unmisul:abl.· om ;><:lion to th .. peripheral. ~/;,-­
di"" a! d~ ....!opn"'nt,; wnlin"", but p<-~,!,I ,' do not look b.ock 10 Ih~ir
ongins
.- '
On .. gra ti fying phL'n"m,,,,,,, "I th,· b." oq u(' j1'(1"iod .... as the d .... d·
op m""l "f liturgical 'dL....."'. Many 5<:m,I,rs. l'Sp<-'Cia lly in lta ly and
Franc ... publisht'd ,.,)urru mote.; .. 1.nd tr .. '''i ....,; " n lit"~ ic"1
them<'S. o",;...,.vinS 01 "pecial mention art· 11L.....-dOC"lim'S U. M('na .d"
(d. 16+1), J. Mabillon (d. 171)7). and E. Martc",' (d. 17)~). Th~.'ti nc
Ca . di",,] B. G. M. Tomm ..i (d. 171 )). hl ! t",i ., n I ~ A. Mu ... o.i of
Moo.. na (d . 1750), Popt' s."...J i~t XI V (d . )753). ond Ik",,--dlctinc
abbot M. Gcrben 01 St. B]a~i..., in ("... rm~ny (d . 179)). 1'0. much
g.('~t{'f e,·lrnl lh.ln in th~ polSl. 5oCi<'Iltlfic d"cunlcntat">n "'~, a'·ail·
abk' f, ... romp. ring ttx' N.lie. liturgy " ' ith the litorgy 0 1 T""'t and
1m stimul. ting ,.floriS at 1\'1"1(''''.1. In Funcc nunwrou, dio<.,..,,; r<'-
lurn<'d to tht- p..,.. Tridentin(' "Gllican " liturgy; many publishnl
........ m;,;,;..,ls .nd bn,,';"'ri<'5 inrorpor.ung • good mony ch.ong~ Be-
eau,", th.- boob .... "",,, """n<'<1.,.;1 al l". " "'SionaUy and in time
..·ith Jansenism and Gllic~nism. Rome sooo susp«tnl them ofher·
"y and f"rbad.. th,- uSo' 01SOm .. 01 Ih"m. n.., liturgical ",f"'m
planned by Ikned ict XIV dtd 'u"
beenm,' . ",.Ii lr
TN /JIurgy m I"" /'trwd '"1 ,/", (Mlightr""""'1
Under tilt.- in/lu,'f"Oa! 01......" . ,mel l«ru. 1 outlook Ih.ot replacO'd th<-
b.lroq.... attitud(' to IiI" thcs.> .. fforts a t !"l'Oe..·al luok on ........ vitalit)".
Pt'ople no ..' Iook,-d ;I t th" 11t,,'K), mon.· in I"rms 01its p.lStonl u",,"
fuiness; tho."}" .. mph~si1.L-d its rommu",,1 c .... r.ct .. r and "nl\'" lor a
great'" :oimplidl)' ~ nd " l"<'aStmab~ ...~." In ttx' p ............. """••••,."..
they ... ccumbood to th., risk 01 red""ng " 'ooship I" a loul 01 mor~1
Ionn.otiun. an rd""ahon.laid . Esp«iallr ... ,table in lhis con "",! is
~ 1786 S)...oo " I P,sloia. Oospil.. its manr ,".Iu.oblt- . ugg.:stio...
for noform Pius VI harsh!)" condemned" in 1m." Demands for Ii .
tv.rpcal ",form "',-re al ... , c\pn-,;sed ~I Ihl' Congl"l'"SoS ,>/ Em!. in 1786
bul the ~rchbi...nops ..f Cologno.', Tri.".. ~bin., and Solzbul]I; W,-"",, .
roncerned p rimarily with I'Il"iisting the p.tp.ol claim 10 pnmary."
In ad diti"".. th"'" we..- many tho.'Ologi.ns wh" lool up the ~.u ... of
I(lUnd litu')!icai ..,form .nd in ,;.;,me e~ ...'S Ca !TiM ilS b,,"""r b. into
the ni..... t"'-..... Ih ern"",?;: lhis peri<ld may hi.' ca lk-d the n~dJe '" th ..
liturgical mo,·rolent . '
"IN Li!u't!! a"d r". Ca lholir &-s l",.r;"" <f 0". Ninrl...."I. Crnlll'Y
The ltomantl( m"""m~m in t h~ lirsl d~... ad<'5 of the ni nl"l""mh ,('f1 -
tUI)" "-l'"""nI M a swing <If the p"ndulum a w~y from th,· Enli ght.
enmcnt. In ...,;><:tion to rati"",lis m il w~s indi'·iJ"., li~t ic ~nd
I U!:>je<:ti..;'I. o'1'...,mpha~il.ing faoli ng and mO<><! . e .... n in Ih..... ~Im
of ... li gion. "Tile whok nature "f Ihl' Rom"n lk " 'liSIDU' spint wa,
OPpo!loL'<I to Ihe spirit 01 th~ Ii lu.S)". It !s th.:n'i",,, not surp.ising Ih.'1
::: ... al Ro~ntks .. . had p. octicall)· nn tim~ '~. the litu.gy and
nil" hturglCal . ... At best. Ihl'r n;garded the "'urgy.s a historical
datum or as a ."IU re.> "f <'5lhtotk pJe• .,u . ('. but lhe !rul' na lu,,· 0/ the
li turgy was wholly ~lirn to lilt........ "" j('''''.nri<"ism was, 0/ ro"TS<',
not. Catholic tno\·..... ' .....1 and must ... ~ bemnfuS«l with...., s ub<.e-
I!"\·''''
'1......,1 Calhol ic t>oi-Ioratiott .. if 5Um<' Rom.nlics who la"" m -
rountem;l the Catholic "-'Storatiott found (('ftain R"""'nlic ..t.......... '"
in i t
As tilt.- name indicates, Itx' "Calholic h.'St<"a tion " ainwd.t t"l'b,,;Id .
ing ..·hal .... d suppo: s Idl)" been d<'5truy nl by lho.>- F..nHgh"""""",. In
 tl\o.· proress il soughllD align it..,lf dosely wilh lIome . nd the High
Middle Agcs, A ....... ult.. il d ...wloped <:Oo1n«\io,,'1 wilh hi;I01;_
c;;m, iI. may be secn. for ,,~ampl~. in Ih~ n" 'i"al of Scho la slic th"" I.
"IIY (Nt..".,hola,hci .m) a nd Ih~ imila lion of m<'(!ie,·.larchil""rural
slyles (esp"dalll Homa"'-"!IIque .nd Gothi<). Thi, oullook also
ma,],ed il~ . ttitud .. to ItIt! lilurgy: il cuJIi"a led lho.- supp<l5t"dly u.I)·
1I""",n form of I"" liturgy .u som..-thing worth)' of '· ......... hon and
lrit<d to §t;, ,·nlhIL';;a.m I".it.
Tht· spo4,.man lor Ihis n·storali""al ,·;"w of the liturgy was Pn"..
Pt" Gu<! •• nge, (1805-1875), Ilen.,.jictin~ abbot "f SoIt'Sm.,. in
f •• r.:e. ln hi. principal works. Insl'tulivn~ itlu'II'qlNS and
1\\' 0
L'Q"'..... ','u~iqw," I.., soughl 10 bring out IIx> digni ly and Ix-a u!\' of
ItIt! lilUrgy. In d oing -"". hi! ,;Irongly emp"""ud il:> cso"'ri< c"";.c-
let. II i. "b)' ils n.alu", R'SO'r'"",,, to th .. clergy. to a gl't'."'r ...1\'1'11 .....""
lho n lhe sacn.d scriplur6.-" "The liturgical books ..... intended (,,.
p"'-'sts" ., n... faith ful. Ih" .... lo'~, have no righl!<J ('Omplain thai
whO! was not w.it!"" for IhL'Tl'I is M'Pt lrom th"m . ,,", He "'~arded
anl chang... in lhe "formulas .nd ril<-,." as an off"n"· against II..,
Chul't'h il~lf and as a ...·.nl of II.., Calholic splnt." Thi. app lied to
any a""mpt to <Tl'.te a liturgy in the "('macular, 8«.use he ......
g.ltoed I.... Roman lilurg)' .Iont·,u fret- of a ll error. .... bi llerly ......
• tst.:-d Ihe Gallic.., liturgies lhal ....e", 10110"",..:1 In m~ny dio",.""",
~"d ).., .... a§ mmp",,,,I ), succt!>Sful, ) h· ....·en hoped Ih~1 - I)'" time
"'i ll com,' "'hen the languag~ and faith of Rum~ wi ll be the so l..
m"an sof ~ch i""ing unity ~nd 0,,,,,,,,.1 in Ih.. £"SI 00 less Ihan in
th~ WoS!. '" n... n~in troductlOt! 01 the Roman lilurgy inlO Frano:e
m..anl. unforlunatd); thai a gre.tl d"at of ....J .... in the k>cal ~turgil'S
w.~ lost. G ..... r.nger ·5 effort. at «'T1lral.i.l..ation re.tched b",yond t .....
botdl'l'S 01 Fr.""" dnd led to t ..... loss of '·dluabl .. loc.[ cu.toms in
Germany (", K., Trier) as .... cll,"' I::l\,spi le all lh.t G ..... rang~.. d id t" fas-
t ..... in p rinciple. a high <'Sk",m for Ihel itu'g),. he,,.n hardl), be
r" nkL-d amon~ thE I3Ihc rs ,-,( th ~ Iitu.gical rnowm~"'1 insof•• as Ihi~
ailTlt'd'l promoting an in lelliJ;~nt p.utidpatitm of Ih" ..."i", Chris-
wn f"'OPlI.'. Gu(-ranger and hi' ~bbe)' d"""""'ed sped... p.a;'" lor
I.... study, culti'·atK>n. .nd SP"'~ of Roman liturg ....... ";nging.
S"lcstnt!S d id play an imponan' pa n in t ..... modem h'sloryof m.,
liturgy lo.smuch as thE brulh.'rs Mauro. and Placid \,*,lter from
C~ SIA)"ed t ......... from 1862 to 1863 in ot"der 10 lI"in a cLoser
lno.... ledge ,,/ Ik·",..dkthw lile in lhat monastery and th"" 10 nltum
10 c;..rm.oy .nd ,.,open lhe abb.,y of Ikuroo, Bt.uron btxam~ a C~,, ·
I... ol litu.gical ccl.1b'Jtion and study and H,..n sp",ad Ihi ,,,,,i , il
Ihrough r.:'" foundalioos "'h ich ill.'Slabli;;.h.,od (Ihe Beuron Cong .....
glItioo). Of lhese ~lan!d ..... s in III'Igium (lSn) and Maria Laach
(1892). "" " '0.4[ ~s Mont-Cesar dt Lou"ain, ...·hi<+> ...·a5 founded by
Ma...-dsou5 ..... ould.ll pl.ly . dtri5i" " role in I).., li turgica l mo,'<!-
menl of the 1"·'"I1tit>th o:\'Olury.
A""th~. /,·.ture of th~ ,""I". a hon pe .iod Ihal .... o"l d be imp.-,.Ian l
for I.I~. li tu.~i'al .m~w. 1 was its ",icntilk cu ith'a!ion of [iturgical
history. hi""",.., ('OlIe':HOt!~ " j II.., h lhers .od Iitu.~ic. 1 SOUro!!>
weI'\' publisht-d (M igne, I"" G",rman Lib •• ry of the Church f al hoM;,
the A.1IdI~'" Ir'lmnl('. of G. H 0...-...,. and C. Blume). along ...·ilh
II\ilny I... tbo"k,; "n 1""liturg)'. lhe,;..· incl uded th" .... "r-ls of F. X.
Schmid (d . 187[), V. Th a lh,~", (1825·I!I9[) ,nd ~. l'robst ([ 8[6-
1899). "wh" h..xam~ Ihe ~al f"un der .od pion"",. of modem litu.gi·
c~ science."" TIl<' way was thus p"'P •• ro fo, • criti<.l app.aisal of
the medi....·al ·Trid"" lint' liturgy, which h;><l ott... n bft.n "" unil.",,·
ally pr.;.ed in t .... tl'Sloralion period ,.nd for a better gr.>'P of thol>
[iturgy,u being b)' its n.lu ... a cone...-n of t.... eo"i... """,pi<- of God.
1M Uturgk.' M"''''W'''NI of 1M Twrntwllr C.... tury (D<>u .. IQ Vali(l>~ 11/
In. document publishro dlthe "'--ginning of lhe tw~ntidh (~nl ury
POp<' Pius X (I \'1))-1<114) wrole a ",nIL",,,· Ihat was to mark t"" be-
ginni ng of the PJ0f"'rl)' pdstoral I'M'" ,,/ t""li lurgical mt,,'cm,"I1I,
or of Whoal hoas oils<> been c.lled - the cLossk allilurgical m .....·...
mmt ..... ln his M"IU l'roprio T.Q ksolkcuuJm, on chutch musk (No-
vember U. [9OJ), lho.· POp<' call..d for -acn,'" participation in 11\0.'
holy m~t"';... and in I"" public and ""I"",n pra rer o f the
C hurch."" A Belgian 11<,.,..d icti "" . Lambert Ile.ud"in 01 Mont
Cear. pick~-d up lhe ~~p ..".;;ion ..•1Cliv" p •• ticip. !ion" (Latin:
"",lid"..lio ar'~) of Ihe laity in lhe litu'l!y .nd m.dc it I"" slogan
for his pa~or.. 1lilurgical wort<. He .poke 01 I.... nl'<'<I of ~d.mo... a·
tizing the [itu. gy.- thoal i~. "",king ill"" <Or'IC\'m t~ lhe .... ti ... cOt!·
greg;otion. At theannua[ Catholi< Day of I.... Archd~o/
Mechlin in [~he h;><l I"" "I'ponunity of pres<>nting hi, ,.;......'S ICla
wide audience. H~ spoke,~ th~ liturgy as bo'ing Ihe autht.nl ic
"
 pray~r 01 thco ehu",h, lhe bond of unity bo.·lw~n pri•.,.1 ""d people,
and I..... gr<'~1 m...:I,Unl fot Ih~ Chu..:h 's pn'.>Ching. Tn., !\"loOluli"",
he p r<.>f"J'K"d we .... un.lni"", usly ;K.:.!pl.od: dissemin.lion of \'e ..... cu-
I~, 1,.",Lotions of lhe I.", IS for Sunday Mus and Vespers; u... focus-
ing of ~U piely on 1....·li"'rg)"; uinualn1realS for chun:h choirs_This
" M""hlin ~" mIH may lit- .eg;l rdo!d a~ Ih(o bi,.,h of Ihe eJ,l sskallilurgi.
cal """-"",,,,,t.'" Onl)" a f......· we.!ks Loh.'T lIc~udu;n bt-gan to pUblish
a lind 01 populu mis:;.tl in the fonn of. monthly f"'riodio;"ll (from
1911 on, a5 . Sun<1ly mi~,,",I); in 19lO th~ fi~ " lilurgical ..·....... - was
ceiebo-alN al the Abbey of Mont-Cba, wilh many p.a rtiripantslnd
in ~ n.mlagiow; Opiril 01 ""thw;iasm.
In Gennan)", the A])b.,y 01 Ma ri.l Lo""h. under Abbot IIdt'fons
H..,.,,·"S,'f1 (from ]91) on), ,,'as the chid promoter of liturgio;"al un.
derstanding ond particip.>tion. It d in'.·Rod its efforts first at ""adem-
ics, ... ho in 1913 ..'e .... in"iIN for the first lim~ to join in thco
celebration of HoI~' W<...-k al the abbey. Among lhe p.articipants
... e ... the loter impt'ria l c""roc~lIor of C... rmlny, H. 8<uning , and the
loter F... n<h prime mini'let. K Schumann . While lhe Fi.. t World
W.r was still going on, edilor I. ti(!rwi'gt'f1 in.1uguratt:d t..... e;enes
[cdr.;i~ Mm. wilh Ihe pub lica lion of R. Gu.n:Hni's Tnt Spirit <if t~
Uturgy, whid> i, "'gordt'd a_. a (lassie of tn.: early liturgical mo,,('-
men! and has sIimul. It'd lilurgk~lund"l"$londing Ihnlugh nlimer.
0'" editions down to the pre"':'n t day."
A fl<'r Ihe Fir;! World W~r num,'rQuS s.."ientifir sl lldies of th., lilu rgy
app<'~red both in Q,nnany and ~broad ; for ~ • • mplc, ttle "",rkos
"Liturgi"S..... hic hllic hc Qu.,11"" und Forschunll~n, ",," ttle I~hrb~ch
f~r l~t"r;:''''.;sS<')I''''Mft,., lhe publications of F. J. OOlgct (espolci~lIy
hi , Anti~t un.! Ch""trnt u",) .nd his school. including ~mong 01M ".
l ·r; . Ktau ... t (.... ho foundNIru, fun,burn fiJr Antil;r "nd Cn';"",tu",),
and. in Ualv, the mulh\'olum~ l.ibt> ~t'il ",t" I"'"m of l. Sehu, to,,.,
s..nt'di(hn~ dbbot .. nd later ,~ rd in.11 of Mil.n." On<: at thoe outsland.
ing C,erm~n lilurgical scholars .... s Odo Casel (l H!lf..I948), ~ monk
of Mdria l..>-xh, w"'-studi<:-s In m.. Fllhco", and Ihe!IC~ of ....
ligion c,-","incod h im th.11hfo liturgy is 10 be ~rdo:d ~~ I mystery
eelebrdtion ,Ihfo mysl~ty oI ...'orship· ) in which the »p rimordial
m}'Slery, " ","0. Christ, booromcs tt'demJ)'i.... ly p""'-"'t wilh his ", ,'.
ing -xth';ly.'" Among tl'l<' p.a;,;.-wu rthy 5(''''ants of the liturgical
'TK"'~m""l in G..".-many lhoe follo .... ing may be mentioned among
oIh.".,.; J. I'insk (ll'etlin), J. A. Jungmann (lnmobruck), L K. Monn"'Tg
(Maria Lddch) . .ond J. Qu.sten (W.sh ington, D. C.). Important scien·
tific and prdctic.1 work wa~ .1,.,
d t>N.' by Ihe m"",bers oI t),.. Lrip-
zig Oratvry 01 51. I'hilip Nt!ri (from 19)(l0n; I.ter in Munich • •
,,·~U). among them Th. Gun ~~l. J. Gulden, H . Kahld.:ld, and K.
Tillm.nn_
Whil" th~ monl:s o f Mari. Lodeh d'I'<'<'I<'d thcoir I ttenlion chidl)' 10
. ,.<1<",,;.-.., R. Cu.nlin; ",nit'd" IIw s pirit of lhoe liturXyHinlo the
work! 01 }'Ou"S sludffilS, " 'ho under hi5 direction funned t ....
Quickbom associ.ltion 81 BUI)I ROII..,nf~~
N",,' " '0)'lI 01 c~k'b.allng ~bss playfll "" ;m porlant p;ort in th~ liluT'
gical ... ,i"ol a fter Wo rld War I. As e • •ly as 1921, the Aii.". ...,jt"t~
(i"" "",d utlwr INn sung) " .it!> being cel.>b.aled in the cryp l al
Man... l.>.1ch; in this Ma.. s I....• pri.",1 «Icbrated fadng th" people,
while l ..... conSrto.lion sTOOd d~ around lhe ,ltar and g~"c the
Lotin ~po<>><'5 (A-iisSil d",loJgato, o. " di~logu~ Ma~")." Out nf this
form "f celdltatiOn grew lhoe 1.ler ·cummun;ly M""s, " during
which ~ 1~.J et of p.~y~r spoke !h~ prayers and readings in C,erm~n
while lhe pri."" wa~ «,;><ling Ihem in Lati n, and Ihe people p""""l
pra~'ed man}' pa rts 1"1;.'1.....' •. Once German """gs ... ere inlrOOuced,
Ihe celd>r.hon was called ~ Brt!.n!!nJl'S.... (a "prayed a nd sung
M. s.") . Piu, Par,;ch had ,1 lread y inlrodurt'd , qu ile eMl y on, the
"choral Ma,..." and Ih(' "congrtoation.1 ' ....". 1 M."." In all these
tYP'-" of ""I.obr.tion I....'''' w,s , con...idcrablc amo unl of "acli,·" par-
ticipalion." As a ",>,ult of Ih."!Io(' "Oriou5 forms 01 th., Moss, ,,'hich
had YOl,l h sroup!; .. th<'ir original setting. many parislw... a l", "".
quin'<l a conc~m /"r 11w.' liturgy,
The liturgical "" 'i,'al did nOl fail to arouso: opp""it' o n and suspi·
cion_ M,'ny ,,-'Sis I<'\! it., being superfICia l fth'olity and. fad of thco
young; ol hers objo:<tt:d Ilwt il WaS di.'iding communi\i"" and pr0-
moting ecn"'tn.:ity. Two boo),,; m panicul.. ralsod so:tious chorgt'S
and dislurbtod 1'101 onl y the German t>i)hop!l bUI the Roman .uthori-
tics." The ....ult ,,"5 the so-nlll'<l -crisis of ~ lilurgk al m<l\ .....
ment- d uring lhe $t:cOfld World War.
RomanoGwnd ini helpt'd I<>d~.. the ,ir >Omt'wh.I " ; Ih. leIter
,,·hich .... wrol~ in 194() to Bishop A. Stohr of M.. in:<_" In it .... d.ri·
"
lilld many misundt!n;landinll$. *t.od sonlt' ~d""" .. ,·i'-""S. and
wam<'<I agoinsl th .. dang ..... 01 liturgkisms. pragmatism, aruJ di l.. l·
t~ntism. 00 tM """ ~de, and. on Ih~ 0If>c.r. 01 turuervatism and an
on.,.hasty ",action by the aulh.,..i~. In that ",me y..ar the (""-'mIan
bishops t.'SlabHsh,'<I a liturgical commission unde r Ih<.· "'ad""~hip of
8i~hops A Stohr and S. undMSdorl.... (poss.ou). which wu til di-
r«t the lilu.weal "",,·.. menl from thoot point on and Iu p"'''''''1 a cri ,
~is .... it hin tho: Chu,,:h al a tim<'of s.-rious pn!Sl;u .... Imm witl>out
Uh ... Nazi regim(' and its pt'rS<'CUlion 01 til<> Church.s; World w"r II).
19~3 saw a new crisis .... h"". Roman commis.ion of cardinal s that
had bo,... o!Stablislwd pr«iSt'l)· to dt-al with IIwse liturgical t.... ~
sml lhe Go.>rman <'f'ioropat.. a letter in "'Weh it spolu! of Rorru-', 01"
pr1.'he,,,io ns and .s ~o:d Ihe C",""an bisholS to put an end ta.ll un-
aulhori, ...'<I)iturgic.l.cti,·ity. A,,·""'" .ft..... Ih is leiter !>Kame publk
knowkd!>l' Archbishop " . GrlIbo..,. of Fn'iburg height .... «ltho! I.,,·
stor" ",dh his "5e"~ntl'{'!l C.uscs lor COlX",n ." which in tho!ir !>asic
tmor ",,,<mblo:d tho.> appreho.>r'»;ions ",>iced in the Roman """"'.
While C.rdinal Jnn it~e, of Vit:nna (Auslri. "' .. at that time ",.
gard ed a~ Ihe "E.stem Marches " of "G R.. tcr Germany") in"..,.
~p<>rIS" 01 his ""'" dedaR'<I thal lhe Rorn.;rn .""il'til'S did no! apply
tu Austria, ond disuncOO him.",1 1 lrom Gruber 's "root.""s. " the
uth ..... German bishop,; ""nt their answer on April 10, 1....3. "j. IMi.
p'l'Sident, Cardinal ,'on lk'rt ram (6resbo ). Fr~nkl r .nd p<.'I"Sua·
s"'d)' thc), set Rome straight with f\' gard to ilS marge.; or al I~a't
s howM tho...... to !>o.' I'-'SS ""rious. On o..c"",bcr 2 ~, 19-13. lhe Rom.>n
....",IM;"I 0( st.", r"Plied in me", coocili.o lory tunes thoot th" bish·
01'" >IIould helXelmth cu,b "nauthl>fized activ ity. but at tho' s.o"'"
tin .... it allo,,·,'<1 tht- -community Ma,;s." In., &I'ing~~. and the
·C....""'n I ItSh Ma>lll " in which lho.' «Iebranl ""';1<.'<1 alllho.' parts in
L,tin. but at the same tim" o.-rman ",nS" app 'opriale to ""h part
we,,' sung. "hus th.· dang.... which Guardini had fea1'('d. of ''''erl\a.
·.,,"'I....
SI)' .......-tion b)' th" ."lhOOI;..... ,,·os a ....
" furtho.'T turning point in f",·",- 01 'he liturgical mm·... ml'11t Cilme in
11\{' F.ndydkal ,\I,'II... /or On ,,1 1'ius XII in 1947. ",.!tich 11-"'" ap-
p""'a l in p.;ncipl~ 10 the cll(nts of th~ mo'·<'m~nt. As a ",.ull of the
<'f>Cydical. "Ltu'gicallnsl ito'''''" wen' ""t.obli~ in m.... y COUl\-
tn. .... ,,"um •...,us n.aoon.alli lu .... kal rong_ and in","",Iional
mI'O!Iings on stud)' of th~ li'u .... )' ""cre hdd; <'>p<.'Ciall y ;n>pm'tJnl
waS the Cong"-'SS of Pastmal Liturgy at AAi" in 1956.'" In his !>......1-
in5S to thls (on~ lhe f'<J\1'" expresso.'<l. d,'l1' .pp..,...iation 01 Ihe
liturgical mO"""'~rlt: " Th .. liturgical mo""ment is thu~ shown forth
., • sign 0( tM p"",i<k'11tial di'P"'iti,,"s of God for lhe pR,"""I
ti_. of lhe m01"e m,"'1 of the Holy Gh""t in the ChURCh . 10 draw
men morn d"",ly I" th.· mr'ltcries 01 !h~ fait h and th" ri,h,,, 01
grae<' ""hieh flow fn"'" th.,' act;,·., paniripotion 0/ the f~ithful in Ihe
1i11.lJKk., lik' .....
In tho! " •• ly d"".<k'S of tho.' «Olury Ih., litu .... ical mo\".,.,.".,t was
~ with a ....... ,,'Cd p.trticip.u"" <.>f lhe faithful in t.... cu, ·
J\'I\t Tridmt!n., Utu,);),. As mid-«>nlury d,,·w nl'a" h,w .. ",·.·,. it " ·.IS
becoming ;ncredsingly deM tha t the lilu');y il)(,1/ "'~S in n'-"'<l 01 re-
form and rene",.I. A SL1 r1 "'~~ mad.> ,,·ith!ht' .......· u tin tun~l~ri"n
of the psalm s, " 'h ieh Pius XII rclc.u ,'<I in 1~~5 W",llerjum P""",m).
Around mld..::entury Rmnl' ~ppro,·..d ~ numbc<r of na\ional rilu~l~
in which tho!- """",cub, 01 tho!- country W~~ 0,.,'<1 to an e'·.... g"'~I... r
~~tent. On Feb", ....' 9. 1~51 ,he do.: ...'e nn tll<' rdorm of the r",s\Pr
Vigil liturgy . pp".~; il mu ...'<1 rm, !O'r.. ic~ In,m Hol)' Satunby
morning to the bcgirming of lho.' "i~il night, In.tian}'. Ihi. "'a~ dune
cautiously and" M ~n eXl"-'r imcnl.· Ihc change bo.ing left to th~ deci-
sion of .... ch bishop. Thu~ tho!- " Mot~r of a ll Villi Is- on«' .goo." ...-.
quire<! an im porlam plae., in ,he ron.dou'n~'S!o of II\{' faithful. ,,,,,
rdorm of th~ East~f Vigil woOS followt":! on Nu,'cm!>o.', 16, 1951>. by.
~i",II'on of Hoi)' \v....k in its ~nti "" r. I lu~ timl' the manS"
w as made obli ialory fo, tn., whvl., Chun:h beginnin!> in 1956.
n-,...., waS i s udden Il'Cling that m., .rmor ofT"",!,. "rigid un.IiM
IiIU'K}'« hold"""" /uro,d open. Althu.. gh tl\{' 1938 l""lruction IJr
",usic. ",en>'" ",en> fi!urgia 01 In.. Cunllrcg,lIion "I R,t,,, ,,' •• 1\'.
gardM ••• ~tback. thc P"-'S5u,,, fo' lurt h<.' r reforn" w. s noW i,...,..
! istib"'-
V.\llC.\N II ",," rOST CO "CtU"R D[ VHOI' M f."TS
The tim(' ,,'OS riP" f... 0 ritd ica l and comp",hen,;,'" n'form 01 lho.> IiI-
orgy, This came ""'n' quickly than " ' pcctM, d"" to J".t.n XXIII ',
,u!prising announce"""' t U;mua,)' 25. 1959) 01 • s."., .... al ,""ulXil
and to the spiril oIl.....-dom and honest seaRCh for tl\{' best """"ib'"
!IOiulion5 that characlerizM tho: work o j thi s c",mcil.

n..., g",ol b"'~kH,,,,ugh ~.m~, dospil~ In.- final .. lforls 01 cu rio I <iT-
cks 11'101 would only 100 gladly h.we n.-Id on 10 ~ rubrid,.od. ' ''''t'dl-
ize<t .m! rigidly immuubl~ Hlurgy, This ~ lt ilu<k' of 11>0.' Curi ..
~xpla ins lhe \\.ISly public~t ion oIlh~ (ldo ",/>ti(a,.m of July Z7,
]960. - It waS impossibk- not It) '"'" ,I> mis publicdlion • work in_
I""ded 10 rowslan 1.1(1" dl'Ci~ions ,,( 1M "",neil: il subs<-qucnlly be-
carrw de.. how well .foun<kod Ihis suspicion had toN."."~ On April
15. 1%1 , a "" .... .-.1"10 Iyplt"ll of Ih~ 6re\'I~')' was publis ....od, and on
June 23, 1%2. 3 "'... n/II.' 1YJ"<lI nl the Miss.>l; boIh "',,,~ pRlduced
by lhe C""S"'8. I;OO of lI.il,'S. and .... pmbabl)' 10 boo inl"'l',,'ll-d in
lhe ... m.. lighl as 11>0.' c..kr ",bti"",um. During the p"'p..anon o f
lhe ... hem. lor Ih .. liluf);ical c"'f'lstuutioo ilw", " .... '" still "."sion.'I
and att<'Tl1pb 10 QI)IoIn"-,,. !""I-dilch re-sist.lnC\' 1<> profound
ch.lngl'S; bul'[-"" ,uunci! " '., .. b~ 10 o" efCom<' Ihi!' oppu;ilion '"
wdl.
It wos an (·......... 1 o( '1"ochal ,mp"nanc.!' n.ot only if'l Ih<' histo<}" ,,( lhe
litu');y but ;n tn., lif.. "f tn .. t'Ilti", (hurd> whom on D..... '·m!Jt,r ~ .
1%3 ("J<dcti )' four hundn!d ~MS alt .. , tho.' .:I.'Sing "" ssinn o( the
C""n<il 01 TI't'I1I) the lilurgkal constitution was ... n'P~ as the first
r""cili .. docu me.,,1 (2147 ayC'S and 4 nay)). 1"1>" d,,,,,,ment maJ<oos
imponant '1.!.-"",nI5 "boUllh" n",u,,' and meaning 01 tl><> liturgy
and ",'Il< Ihc "'u,.,... for. radlc~1 reform. Mo",.." ·",, th,' docum",,'
w a, n"t th~ I"t."\ult 'lf mctl"~llon~ ",.. irMer"ll" th" m. in thru sl of
th~ ",",uneil; rath", it h.ld " ~'I(I(~ in ."hi",·ing th,· """,,"all gOolI which
th~ roundl had 5('1 for 'Iself, n.,mely. "II> impart ,n ~\""r increa.ing
"igm I<l the ChriSII.>n Iii,· ot th.· faithful; 10 .. dapt mo ... s uildbly to
the n...-..ls of ou r own limL'!ith,,,,,· ;n'tituti"n~ that a .... subj<>cl lo
chJnge; 10 fostN Whdl""cr can pn>mme union among on .... ho "'~
Ii''''e ;n Christ: 10 5h'\'n);ll>o.", .... ha" ..·.·' ~.n Melp 10 c.n the .... hole of
humanily inlo the hOl,sl.'h<.>ld "f 11'1,· Churrh " (S( 1).
Onl)" Ih<' most imp",unt c"",,,,,,h ,n tl><> wund!'s rkh and mulh-
10000ed t""'mc..... 1"f 111" lnurg}, c.n bt.> s ummuizro I>o.·n·, t'art II of
thi~ bo<>k .".ilf 'cfu, fnoq ....... tly to wh~t the docum'....1 1'1 ... 10"'Y
• bout porlirol.t .'c.b uf ' .... liturgy. Amon); Ih<' );'......·r.1 aims 01 1M
documc"'l we"" tht> 1001""'IOg:
I) to lost .... ~ ..... w CSlL,.:m of ,n.. lilurg}; boe<:auS<" " no other action of
It.., Churrh can ""1\1;01 its effe.:liv~ by lhe Sl<mt' till... nd 10 th ..
..
sam~ d,'8'~ - (Arl . 7);
2) to promol., .>.:Iin' Pol<lidp. tion by the raithful (1 4 and fre-
quently);
3) to 1''''''101'' hlurglC~1 s.cieJICe and lilurgi<.l fOnllahun ( t5--1\11;
~) to diM • g.'"IIo'fal ntIW"',,1 ,n It>;, fhanll""bw parts ,,( Iht- liturgy
(2]-40) i,,~b, ~ s " 11w goOO nf Ihe Churrh g,'Iluindy.nd ..."..ainly
""IuitH" it (23). Sp«i.llmport.~ is ."ached to ""'f""d fur the
bibUco.! ",.dmgs and.n In""..,.. ,n lI><>ir nu..v..., Cmo ... ",ading. _.
men> ,·.,Iro .nd apposilf": 35). to the communal nalu'" of liturgi-
cal nolrb,.tion. In simpli fic.lion.n.d g"""" daril)' (3.1), 10 ad'pla-
lion In In.- trad,tion and sp«i.l char"" ...... nf peopl"", which impl;""
• degIw of d4!'R'nlrah.auoo (3i4(i), .nd to &""'1...- ronsideralinn o'
lhe ,·...-nl<ul.. ()6and frequ ..... tlr),
Thew genera l pnndpks are th ..... ~pplil'd to ,'aOOu. S<'CIotS 01 tn..
lilurgy in the 1~I~r ~"ldC'S of the ronSii tulion (47-130). In an appen-
di~' In.- counci! lakH a f'OSItiOl\ on tl\" demand, ,,(teo ""ani, th.lt
lhe leasl of EaSlt'1" bt.> aSSIgned t<> a ..... Sunday and th.t a perpetual
calendar be dc\"~loped and 1<>I]o",ed.""
Of drosiw Import ~n,c;n c~rrying out the di'Cisions 01 the roundl
"" ' Ih,· ''Siablishmcnt of th\' (~ ~~ ,Iiu~, ad a~q "~"dam con ·
5Iituti""cm df' /OJcro l,tu '~'.ICommi .. ion for impi<'Tl1cnting Ih<' Con-
stitution On II><> Soteri'd lilu'gy " (on~ilium) br Pa ,,1 VI in a ),-10111
Proprio of /am'M), 25, 1965. Among thc most imporl 'nt docum~nt.
produc('(\ by thi s a);c"'Y .lnd its suc<:t'»Ol"S (S<'(' Nlow) "'wc thc 101-
lowi n~ si x Instn>ellons: Ihr....• on th,· orderlv im plementation nf thc
lilurgi,.1<,<",~tilulion fhUrr ' .... "m'ni;j, 1%4; r"", .Mi", ."""', 1%7;
Liturgic,,", i",tou,..H"""~,, 1971); th,· InSlructi"n MII, Ieanl ,",cram 011
s.><: nod mu~k (1%7); Ihc Instn ... liOl1 Eurl"'ri<lir" ~I mY"/rrj"m on wor-
ship of 11'1 ,· F.u(harl.t (1%7); and lho.· 1I>~tn ... tion Com"" I, I'm";l on
tra""latio.", of lilllrgkall~' 1S fnr rt·~-br~ti.1f'I' with. {,(1f'Ignogalion
(l'jlf,ljl). Tu 11'1"", must bo· ~dd.,.J thr r~piJ publica lion of "ariouo; li-
turgical ri"", and boob. l lere are ,h~ riles and bo)()"-~, grouped ehm-
""logic~lI y under st'>'eralite.dings; lhe till"" o f Ihe Englis.h
traMl~li""s, if they .. ,ist, are .];'0 gh'''''."•
CELUV,llON o r ltlE [UCIIARISI
M'"""II".ru.nllm. 1970, ]975'. ET: rw s..-"''''''''t'''Y. 1974, 1985'.
1.«I..,,,,,nllm 0\1,_. 1969'. 1981'. ET: /.«lIo"a'Y for ,,1rr>s, 1970.
 Ky';"/( >I"'I"r.I, 1\16;; C,~du~w simpi~x, 1967 f.T: TI .. 5''''1'''' Clllduut
Ordo ,,,,.,t,,,,,1S ",firmarum rot"m~'~ ,.1;/""'/;' ("T~, I"n. IT: Rlu of
''''
OroW (U"'u~ ",,_, 1m. ""'-l on Ioc..- w., , ..... p." ~,.-' .'(lilian.
C... Juuw no R""",,,,,, u.k. .....
(5oIesmes, 1'174),
ANJinting a.uJ Pa>ioTal 0111' of lho> Sick. 1974; l'asIO'al0z,n! I"" S,d;
Rilt$ of"'110",'",1' and VialiOlIll, 1'183.
Dr •. rommun~ <I de c~I", m'JSlmj .... (M';,'Jf. n'", m,55oI"'. 1'173.
lJ1 U M(, V 0 1' lH[ 1I0ll ltS Ef: Holy Co",,,,,,n_ and \\'oTsh'p <1'ho> [U,/W""
Owlsld, At"'6, 19H.
/.it" ,>:'" /oJ ...""" H mls.; 1971 ft,). fT Thr L<'~'Sy 'f rl... /IQu,> 14 Ordo "",n"mhllt'. 1'174. n : R" .. of Pm_~C't, 1975.
'·'~s.; 1975ff.)
~ O MII ." CAl (NDA R

rON 1 " ' I (. IIL lin "p. ,.,.I",id ... , Cairnd.,,.,,,,, /l"ma""m. 1\169, f1: C"'~'ml Rum"" Ca/, "J,IT, 1'170.
Ubr, df ""/"'~Ii"", Jill<o~i. p,... bY'f'i rt '1""«"'''' 1%8. ET: O,di"allm, Inlt,u(lio dr cal'nd.,iis parlicul.,I"" ; (I Q70), ",.: 1""""·,,,,,,
"n Partie".
<>10."'11";, I',ims, " roJ fJIsh",IS, 1%9.1976. lu. Cul"lIIiars(OO L; ~81 J.

O rdo br,,,-;J,,,,jo,,,s ,,/1bQh. rl uMat" ...~, 1970. ~;r: 81<'j$i~g <If UrI A""'"
a,1d a~ A~""", /976.
O,d" r"""...."""~,i$ mIX'''''''', 1970. IT : c"" ........aIlO.' ,,, ~ 1* 'f V,'Xi,,'
11)/. 1976.
Ord" ""'fi"'''''''''''s, 1971. Ef: Rilt> 01 Confi'm,>!ion, 1971. 1975.
Ord" btW""m/, 01....'" cro'..-h"'...."nm' rl "'fi""",,,,,, rt n"'finmd,
elm....... 1971 /lll, of 8/n.<,.,X ,"" Oil.<. Rilr ofCpn,,,,,:ralln8 I"" Oms",.
1'171 .
Lion dr ",s,Um"" ... 1n"10I"~'" ..I w.I'IIo". wtl; dr adn"'I'lOI"rr m'", Can.
did." .. od d, .... ,»!"/"'" " P'~.I"f'II/um; d.. "j"",
r...."",.,~ U'!~"''''''d",
1'172. n,
Ril. "f InSlil"/.m of RmJo'T< a"d tlcolyt...; AdnJm,,,,, '0 C."dl.
d""y fo r O.d",,,I"'" ~$ o.'lIr",,, ."d Pri,,/<; CO"'""IIII""1 10 C!'Ilb""!f,
19n 1976.
Ord,) d,,/ir"'.mi.' "",,1<"5'" rt ait.,,·s. l"n . ET, o.'likalm" of- CI'"I("
• "J_~Ailar, 197~. 1'ffl\l,
C"",.".",,,.I, (p,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1'1114. ET: C'_'''''al <>f 8i.<Ju,~, 1989.
In an ('Ifon 10 ~"',u ",!he musl dfici~nl org~nil..rion 01 In., ,'. 1"".
,i"f work ""Iail...:! in ""'ision of lhe liturgir.1 books r .ul VI. on
May S. 1%9, di"ided lhe ~><isting Con-,,"'Sation of Ru... in to a Con.
Jl'f8<'tlon If.- [)i"me Wtlrwp and • Congregano n for tilt. c..uses of
s"int5. This """. ~lTangemml put ~~ .. nd 10 t .... " 'ork of tht, Consil.
iu m as an ino:kpcr>dent organization. Th .. I.u te. "'a~ initi~lIy inror.
poratC<l ilS a spt."(i~ 1 rommi,..ion within II>\> Congfl,;~tion 1.-"
Di"i"" Worship, but in 1970 il w~s d issol" oo .nd its wo.k di~lrib­
uted .mong reams working on .pt."(i/k ~reu. In his Apostolic Con.
sti tution C"""on, nOOis gaud,wIII of July 11. 1975, Paul VI combi"""
the Congnogalion f". Di"int, Worship and the C"n~ .... gdhon lor lhe
Discipline of tl,.. S;.cramenl!; (... tdbli~h..'(l in 19(8) inl" ,1 .;nglt, n ,'w
congn'got!on wit h the somewh.t inapp"'p. iMe ""m,· of "C''''~"-'g,, ,
tl"" for !h~ Sacra""'nl' and Divine Wo",hip." On April S, 1984,
howc"~r,loh" P~ulll dissoh-oo Ihi. union and rt'Storl'<l indc'!"-'n .
denct' !O each of Ih~ pans.

R Ir(. ... L
Onto ""plJ~, I.. n 'uwrum. 1'16'1, 1971>'. IT: Rrrr <>f /lapllSlII 10' Chd.
d,.... 1\169.
Ordo, C't/rl>ra"J, ",almlKll1,,,m. 1\169. IT: Ri'~ of Atu",".': • • 1\169.
Ordo rxlO'o/""''''''. 1\169. IT: I/.il~ ofF"",.""•. 1970; 0rJ,0. of CIo1l5111",
Fu.....,,/s. 1989.
OtJ<> I"''''''<''''''s 1I'1'g..-, 1970. 1-..1: RUt" 1Ir/~,,,,,; P~fr'wv~, 1975,
1989,
&.10 1",/u",,,,,I. r/I1os l.",,,,, adO/I/""'m. 1972. 1974' , I:.T: 11.11, of Ch,is.
I"", 1"lliallom of Ad"l/s, 1974. 1985,
Althoogh most o f tt.., boole< han, now bo,-,n .... ,.,'it'd,,,'.lhe", ..,..
m~ins the abiding duty of impk,""-"'ting tht' bilSlc pri""';pl ... and
lIujdins "alues in lhe lif" of tilt. faithful and of rommunilies. E.oct.
gen~... tion must tM;-kl" ~ ......, t .... task o f t'(lIK~ling th~ fauhful tu an
intelligt'nt and acti,'" pankipalion in tilt. liru'l')\
~ faithful by and larg" " ·elro ......'(l tIw ""'ny lit u.gic-al chant; .....
• ",,1 imp1'Ol''-''''<'nt and. c'Sp<'<ially in th~ p.!ri~hcs, "'i11ingl)"
ldopted tlwm wile .......,,· tht:j.. we", prop".ly imp"',""nl...:! . Th~", is
no denying, howe"eT. that crilid,m and opposition ha s bo.,<,,, ""i<:<'<l
from two dif("n...,! sid,",. Some people (usually d<1SCrib('(l os "p",.
 g ...·SSkl·'n ... , ... "-"II~rdo:d lhe ..-form ~s "" .. rty limid and limit,'<I :
f""·
lilt')' ....... tllt· ... lhougkt them,...I.·.,; ju~ificd in making nh) I\' ~~.
t•.,,~h·~ changes on lhei. own. Oth~rs (I"" "run"''''ati,'es'') regard
•.Jmo"'I "very ckange a~. ""lr.y.J 0/ tr~dili,,,, and a disa,Ie •. In par.
I~cul;.r. Ihe admis,;i.on of tt... ..emacula1'll Inl" It... liturgy d ... w L'$~
<,aU)' strong crilicism (_!he Una Voce groups, f", e""mpl .. "'i .
Elrm""" ·""'5«"·.1"·..•
0/ thi. opp"""ion. und .... tIw Ie.Idcrship 0/
F.n ""'" (missionary) .n:hbishop M.n:d Lefeb,·.... ....... """" suspi.
clOl.lsly dose It.> odtism: but t lUs kind 01 mo, 'em...,t h.s occum'd
.11.... many «u""",inl "ouncils,
To the <u'P'iSt.· o{ m.ny. on Octobe. J. 1960. rtll' C""8"'ga\ion 10'
lho.· Sacraments and [)ivjne Worship i.;,;ucd a p.ap.al indult in which
bishops ......,.. aulhori;.cd k> olio ..· Ih .....• priolsts and I.ithful · ...ho
Iwd f\'maincd anac ...... 10 the 'lO-("alled Tridenhne Ril... • to C(>~r.t ..
~b» using Nrhe Rom.n Mis.;"J 0/ 1%2. N
nw, following no.ms are 10 be ~,,'o:d in gron rinK Ihis duth,,,iz,, .
lion . Such pri<'Sl, and laHhful m u,1 "h.",- no ties with tho,... who
impugn I"" lawfulnoS>. and doctrin al soundn"!'s 0/ I"" Ruman M; 1o-
NI pTOll'lulgalo:d in 1970 t». Pope Paul VI.· Tho- aol..-bration muq be
!IOI..ly 10. It..:- who P"I,rion it. and the 1oc.1 bIshop must d<1(>f'
mine I.... time. pia("('.• nd ot""" cirrUm5t.oncK n". Mass is 10 bfo in
utin, . nd there is 10 boo I\() intermingling 0/ lilt. old Tite with 100
riles and te, '1s of tllo:- nt·w mis .. l. FinaU y. " Ihe indult is to bo- u5t!d
... irh,,,, r p"iudic~ to Ih"li tu rxical rdorm tkat is 10 be obse,,',o,J in
the lil~ of each e«1c-sial community_ " n..- docum<'lll is pn>"",led ~:;
". sign of the c.... I~ COmmon f a!hc... h., lor all 0/ hi. cluldrm."'"
The Science of Litu rgy
HISTORI CA l. t)FV E lOr~l H,r
The liturgy h .. nor .1 .... )·. """n Ih,· obit'ct 0/ "'i""~/ic . rudy In
Q\rislian anliquity ir ..·.s thougkt ~'TIOIlgh 10 ofleT. in .>ddiUon 1<>
1M ... ual homily during "",·ic~ c" I<.'(Cherico-homil,orical €"plana -
Iiooru of 1M SM."......,IS 0/ initiation. Ihat is, b.lptism . ,"""lirmotion,
and the EuchariSt. SU'l'risingly. lho! insn uctions ..."", gken not be-
10... Ihe "":<'ptioo 01 lhese s.K"ml"'ts at the Eastcr Vi);;!, but aflt,,-
wards du.ing th~ liturgics of lho; ensuing EaSier In.,k. J::xph,nations
of this kind ha,'~ CUm ... down I<l us lrom Cyril (John ?) 0/ J ~'u~ lem
and ll>codore o f M.-.psU<"Sti. in th~ ~:ast. .nd from a nn of Vt'f()f\a.
Ambt-ose 0/ M il" n • • nd Augu"ilW of Il ippo in the \\,,,,1.
The 10", p;llrilotic 1"";00 ..... th~ ""lIinnings 0/ an aU.-gorical in""-
pretalion of lhe lilurx}'. This g""'" had it. first goLden a);c in the
Carolingian period in the ... rilings 0 1 Aleuin and Amalariu. of
MI'tz. In th,· high Midd le Ages il "' pt'rien«'<1 a new flowe.in,; in,
among olners, John Bel"th. Sic.rd of Cn·m""., [nnoo:~m Ill. and
William Du,andus 0/ M""dc_Th.-re ..."", It",· oppon<'ms nl the
method. 1M most importanl bt-ing Albert Ihe Gre. t. I
A scientifk approa.:h to t .... li lurgy began ..; Ih 1110:- kum.n "~ and
tt>e;, hislonco.critiul method_ Disputt'S with lhe Reform .. rs Ilk,··
w~.., led on butk sides to a m"ri' inl~nse stud), 01 lit urgi".1 ." 'u"...
• nd 10 historical in"""ligalion s such as It..o.e of J- l'.mCliU5 and M,
Hillorp_ Studies of this kind bc>camr morf' numen,US and Important
in the """enlt'Cfllh nd cighll'<'11th " ",ruries (Baroque pt";od). Sf'<'-
rilL inllm!Sl itltKhed 10 publica!iQns on lhe Eas""" lilurgles. ror ..,..
ample, th<Mof J. Goar and the scholarly Assemani family.
n.e d""~lopmt"ln 01 ""Sio,al th..,logy from the rnd o( tM dgh ·
I"""th ~Iury on cau5t!d attention to be f"""""- a. well on the con ·
"
 tempor.ry liturg)' and thus led f() tho.' beginninss of • s),stem. toe
theolog;ral sc;"""" of th .. llhtrg)~ o.,..'''''ing of 'p""'ial "Wntlon ho.....
Is F. X, Sclunid, • di5Ciplt! of s"lIer; .... " .•• pmb.:obl)' the firsl 1<) in_
sist In his th,.,...,'oIum .. Ldwrgik Jrr d!risl -""'tlwl8~"" 1l.r/'8',m .' Ihal
liturgk~ should t>.. regarded a§ an Ind epend,..,t 5CI~n<"" ls""("'",
IiI"rs ..... 1. 9), Its objecl. accordi ng to Schmi d. i, Ihe ..",'mal. ,,/
Calholk liturgy: "th{',olality of """'monies. tho.' 8Mb In which ca.
thollclsm tx>c"""" " i. lblt! an;;! audibl~ " ( PM ....... VIlI). tlw way in
which It "~. it wm;, 1r.,·l'Is lhee.rth In ,>islbl .. an;;! audl blt' bodil,'
(orm-the " '.)' in " 'hich II Is~bodit'd and li ....... ~ (I. 18). Butll~­
cal Kien<'t' is not ~ sole)' " 'Ith 11M! origin .nd "'8nific.......
01 the indi"idu.al ~«'rt'ft1onies" .nd ,,-;th a "su mma')' listing of
th<-w", it a lso {'nde.,·ors tn "rg.ni~e Ihem into· a s)'st~m.tlc
whol ~" an d to judg.. their "\"Ilue 0< lack nf \'.Iu~· in ", I,tlon In the
;,os."'n<"" nf th~ Cathnli~ religion and Ih .. n<'ed. ,,(the fai th ful (ib,d..
OJ.
In 1899. hnwn{'r. Suib<-rt B.iiu"Wr. OSII.. pr__"'t,'<I a considerably
m...... profound ,';"w of th~ lilurg)" who", he d..-fined il a~ the "~,
roc:,. 0/ lhe p>"aying and 5.)nnifylng Chureh and a. \ho>n%re tn ."..
H
,u,slpd a high rank. H )
11.. Guardlni adopk'd this 5.)me ,.1<-..... In an ......... )' "I 192L -0. .. oI:i" I
of systematic stud)' nl the Iltu,,;)' is Ih"s t"" li"in);, 5.lcrifidng. pray.
Ing Church a< it carri""""I the mrSleri,,, of grart'. a nd thl..-""O"" in
Its art". 1exereiS<' 01 ",,,rship .",1 its rompuJs.ury ,>xpns:\iuns I'll Ihis
w onoh ip. H ' A sho."j time latt'l', Ath.na~lus Wlntersig of Maria Laach
went. st,l' furtht'r ""h"" he s~ 01 lhe li turgy as "the enminuing
""'ion I'll Ch rist tho: high prit'Sl in tho.'Chun:h- and ~s "I"" h"ly my ....
tt'l'y," This mystery, he ... id , is "the .uth""tK Cl'ftler 0 1 tilt' ''''Iginus
life of tho.- bclie"in); rommunity"; rr Is lhe subjl'ct "',Ih whICh ~Slo­
'~llltu~ is .p«ificall), C'<JoI\Ct'm..d .'
It thus became inc ... o';ngl), ck'ar th~I Ihe 5Ci"'Kt' 01 the Illurg)' is
pri m.,ril y a thrologi ra l ~I"nn' and d.'.ls wilh 't'y asp' -" '1lI 01 th"
Inlth. Clariliratlon I'll Ihls pnlnt "Is dn"htll.'SS an abid ing "Jnlrib,,_
tlon of O. CaS<'!. OS!:!. (1&iO-1948). wflo thus ",t. s'artd.rd which
Iltu'!lit. 1scit",,,,, must continu<o to m""'; this .......·i"" must bo. ac.
1<00... )...<1);00 ind<'P""den tly of how many 0.- few 01C.,;el 's eOrU.....
"<'1"51.1 p>"" mlo;.es ~nd statrmenlS the indl,~du.al scholar _9'1'....
"
TAS KS AND PR O II. rM S o r t -O;o.;TE M PORARY LIT U RGICAL
SCtEl'o."CE
Theronc<>pllon of t.... litu"O· that lound e.p~lon In Voneon II
lIketo.'i,;o> in~ ""n<"l'S th.' pia ... and !dSM nl a ,d._'fIn' 01 ,"" liturgy, In·
bmuch as tt.., litu'!l)' h a n .-'wre lse of Christ', pril'St ly o/fi"" and a
joinl ""tion "I C hrist and th" Chun:h for tilt! Soon<" tific.lion 01
human beings and tho.' gk>rilicalion ol God (_ SC 7). ..,i.." ti& reo
f1"-'Ction on II must attend both to ' ....... s Chrisl lho! high priest and to
the Chw<h.s Christ rontlnuinK his life and work on earth_ n,., nb-
j«t of liturg;cal !I<Wrw:(' is nothing less t1wn u... dh'ln<" ''':''In","), of
salvation and me, p.osmal m)'S1<'ry' of Christ, but rr muST also in,
clude the rommunlty "I Christ thaI !'<'<:el,·eo!; "'!>'anon and "";punds
tn it. A sci"""", ul t"" IiturK)' m usl in"ul ... to wh.t@.I...,Ilho:mr'"'
tery of Christ Is ""wmpllsh,.J In ,"" " Islble si gns '" Ihe li lurg;cal
""Jebr.llon and is app li t!<l th""'in 10 th~ f. Ith f"l. and wh£>lh .. r and
how th{' faithful in tum ):i .... an appropriate RSpnn,;o> in their litu r_
gical assemblies and <1Ulllldt' of ~~. "'ell. Ascience of the lit-
urgy is thus an ~ I"""t ly th«>logi<al d&ipllrw.
This theological ~pproach must t>.. acroml""nied by;on historic.al
one lhilt will she",' ,,' hleh liturgical actions and forms .... to M al-
tribuk'd 10 Christ hitruoelf. which hil,.., their mots in lhe Ilrst Chris-
li;on community or, ~" "" .... rI;.,r. In Judaism, a!\d, finally, ... hich
Ideas, texts. a!\d rltt'S C.n". inl<> ,,~ ist,'"'" a, Ihr Church developed
ag. inst the background 01 Cfmlcmp""ry r u 1I Uo... and In Ihe selling
01 c""temporary histM)'. It i< nee."...,ry I" as«rtain how the rom·
mon litu');y,o l tht.' Chureh's bt>ginning._ I. d, u" a dl~tinrti" e char"",
It,..- in cach of the 1it "rgic~1 families of Easl and W"",
51""" the litul"!ly fs celebrated by local rommuniti", and tI'...... I"'"
by <"hiln);~abk' indl,·ld u.15 who ... fIeoct the "lnd,riono; of thrir ti"W.
lilurg;cal ,.;icn«' must .I~ !d ho roncn-'1<' human ..... ngs 'nto ron.id -
.".abon_ This me.ons <.,;aminlng their capadty 1M liturgy ; thaI is.
whether and I" "'hot c.It",1 the), "'" open to God's c .... I'll th~;
whethcr they a", abl ~ to ,mdl..-sland Ihe .igns thaI Interpr<'1 the
my"ery. and to "-,,,pond In God's .. ving , .on and off~r I'll .. I"ati"n
In word. sign, and It... <i rrom,lances of life, Moreover they a ", to
unde<sland and respond ""I simpty a. indl\"idu~Js but as trK'mber:s
0 1 the community ofChnst. This !WYo' d i_ion su~ thai
they ""..... cap«ity for community and can mo,'e bo!ynnd an indi_
vidualislk or f'\' n ) ""'-1""'10...."<1 alnlud ... This ilSpt'ct of th~ ><.im -
tifie dlorllo opnmize th~ co padly 1m lilmgy islh .. ,obj,"1 01 POSlo-
r~lli l urgks. al though th .. l~ tI ... IS hardly 10 bo· (Ofbid,"J"l"d an
ind..,-.dml du;ciplrn.,. as A. \\,inlel"5ig d<!Sircd.'
In lhis con lext i, is alo;.o Ihe lask of lilurgic.l ""iellCt! 10 in<jui ...•
whcther many chanS""bl .. pa r1S of tho.'lilurgy are nut in . - I of re-
visi,,.,, "In th is relo"" bolh lexlS and riles should be so dr~ ... n up
IMI they e~press """" dearly 1M huly Ihings lho.')' signify and Ih~t
t .... Orisrian people, ~ f.r as ~ible, a ... abl .. 00 und.....s'and them
... ilM case and 10 la k.. pari in Ihe rite'S fully.•( Ih-ely, ond .,; bo·fils.
communil)'" (SC 21) Thf council ,"pressly rt"quire; 1"'1 any ""'i-
s;"" II.- p"""'<led by " a can:ful in>·;,stigalion " which i. " tho!<liogical .
hisoori c.l. and pasooral " (SC 23). WI".,.. Ihe conSlilulion g""" on 10
s.oy thal " m., gc..-.e.al t.. ....·sgoH·m'ng 1m, structure"nd meaning of
1M liturgy" are lObe ,tudied. il is again 5e1 nng a lask for liturgical
scien(,',
II was said abon'C tI\at il is cone ..... "" individual>; ",ho par1icipa l<" in
lhe litu~y. l ilu'):ical """..,ce musl alo;o!>t' open, the relort,. I" th.. ,1u-
lhorilalh·.. fin<l inp of ,he human so:ienec'S. Rel"v.nl hen' are P"y-
( hology (induding group ps~'d",'ogy and d.,,111 ps)-cholog)-). I....
scicnc~ of la ng uage and rumrnun k. tion, phenom,..,ology, soc i"l-
ug)'. ","miotics (11K' science of signs). u.., history o f att. and I"" musi-
cal sc;""en. Si"", "" many discipli",,", muS! m~ kc lhe;,
c"n tribution, Oil.: can accep l Ih~ coil for an "in legr. li\'~ m"lhod"
and t ..... " recm'~ry of the "",pi.ieal d im"""ion," ~hhough in man)'
CoL"", Ihis mal<cs ~-", ..'Ssh·e d .. ma"d. of IhO' ind i,-idua! lilu1);ical
so:OOI.,. On Ih .. oth~r hand, If>.- d~mands b..'COrne I"!'s ,",,~i"e to
lhe "" Iml Ihal u.., n"SUlts of lhe human W·nc... can be If &n smin,"<I
in . Iorm~tion whkh i. inl.;>njiso:iplina'Y in charM"-"-. Ott-.,r Ki-
ene"" 100, after ~II. and t"Sp<:<ially s uch prd<"liro-m.,.,logieal disci-
plines ~s pasturallhe"logy. hom;~ ... Iisious p.... lAgog); and
".I...rn..ti~ a,.., ~imilarly dc.'f""'dml on Ihose ,,-'Suit>. Happily. such
an arrangMl1ent is all"l"ady en>·i!j.;lged in lhe "Prog.am of 1'ri$ly
Formation of 11K' Na no"al Conferency Calholie BWlops-; h"'" p ro-
, 'i.ion is made fm Ihe sludy 01 Ihc b..-ha"ioral and social OI(ienceo,
history. cuUure and lile'Oiure; and also the nalu,.1 ~ .•
COIl"stmtly w llh I.... high nh .......·hk-h it st"IS on lhe liturgy. Van _
" "
c&I\ 11 .Iso a ..igns lilmgical scime(> . .... w rank in Ihe cos mo,; "i I.....
IJwological disdplll"": " Ihe slud y of lil\l fg~' Is to bo.- rankO'd among
Ow rompul"",,· Md ""'jor COUrsei in Sl.... lNrioes and religious
hou...... of siudy ; In th,'Ologkal !.<"u!til'S il i~ 10 .ank .m",,); Ihe prin-
cipal roUI'SC,'S" (SC 11». Thc council adds Ilwl Ihis ..:i.... n/ic disci -
pline '" '" to<- "Iaughl UndCT ilS 1ho....,logical. hlStorica!. spirilua!.
paSIMal..nd eanonie,1 aSpt'ClS" (ib,d.) . Tho! >'~"-y mulliplicily of
these ""P'-'C ts shows that liturgic.1 OI(im"" cannot rcly "JtClu~>'dy
on IoOme sIng\<- method. "Tho,> fact Ihal lheft> is no spedfic m,;lhod
for hl(1);kal sci...,c~ shows Iha l Ihi~ di.dpHn<" occupl"". 'l'<'<i.,1
place.""
AI the """'.. lime , .... counc;l "'quirt'S Iha' ,h~ pmf<"S1001"5 of Oln..,
d OOpli n,'S, "whili: sm>'ing 10 e~pound ttw mystery of Ch,isl ~nd
the hist".y of ... I>·;;arion from lhe anKt.. P"'l"'" to c"ch of lhetr 0"'"
IUbjI>cts. must .. . do " , in a ..... ay that ..... ill clearly brinR OUIIM~ con-
necrion bo.'t ....·""" I',,,; •• ut>\ects and In.. lil ul)!.)". as ~ Iso lho> undo..,-Iy-
In& unil)' viall pri...lly tr~ining~ ISC \ 6). Thh; is a (t..ar in'-Ilanon to
prom"',' , In..me-ori~nl,-d in lerdisciplin.l 'Y dial<",u~ ... ilhin lbo.·
lhoeological iKUltie!; u..,m~l\"es. liturgical !6enc,,_ as "do~ol"gi<al
theolog)"."" .... ~ ennUlI function in ,,'latioll to the odw.-r lh<!oltlgi-
cal discipli ... ,,"; SO 100 "Iho.· n<"ighborin ~ diso:iplin,'S n~>' .. Ih~ ( rin -
cal /unction of ch«kingour .....o'k and suppl ying uS ..... ilh mal"';.l
which ..... I! cannot p,..,..-ido, for ou.s..h-, .... "n
Not the l~a~1 of lhe dut;"" of liturgic.1 ""il"l\C\" is to d ....·dop and
transmil a " Iiq../tk .l spiri",ality."" Thi. obligaliort ;s ,""pressly set
down in ~ p.<.... g~ all"l"ad y d tc-d from SC 16, ",he... it is .. id Iha '
lho: liturgy i. It> II<:' siudied f",m Ihe "iO"Wl"~nl of the spi riru;;alme,
among OIhel"5. "Sp.rilual 10"'- i. " life lived under lhe influ"""," of
t h~ Spirit 01 Chris l; Ihi. m~ans, concreld y, a \m'ing ...,\hun·~nder " ,
God. I.... following of ChriSI in ,",wyday ",i~l"I\C\". and, «(>II5C
q"""tly. • loving co" cem few Our f"llow hu m~n beings and an cffon
10 sha p" th~ ..... orld in Ihe lighl til Christian >'a lul'S. Lllurgic. 1spirilu -
ality" is 10 a la ~ e~t~...1 CO("xlen,;i,"r ""ilh biblk.1spirilu. lity. since
I.... celebration of lhe lilurgy ",bmit> III" p.. ndpant> ",.", .n....' 10
I.... word of God . For in the ... adings ·'God is ,;pc~ k ing 10 hi. pro-
p)~, oprnJng up 10 I""'" Ihe mysh.' ry 01 ....d ...... ptiort and ... h·.lion.
and nouriy,ing lheir spirit; Chris. is P"'"""t ' 0 lhe! foithfullhrough
his own ",,,,d" (GI RM 33). The ...,roumer ..... ilh Chri sl b.,mffi\"!;
e>'en d,..... r in liturgic..1pamdp.uion in tho> pasduol m~~ry. espe-
cially ~I the Eucharist. This 'liturgical form orion in Ilhe] .piritual
Ilf~ " (SC 17) is an jnh~'I"l"'1 l"l'Sult 01. pnJl"" cl'lebration "I Ihl' lit·
u'IIY. Liturgica l sci,'nce should op"" Ih,· e)"\.'S 01 <l ud"nIS 10 this dnd
p..." • •e the .... y I"r i1.'"
~OU . C E S AN D TOOLS O f LJT l' MCI C AI SCIE N CE
phabe1ic.1 nl'lk-r). Periodicals thai ooJy 0''"''0".11)' dto.1 with lilt,,·
gicalthem..", ore not included ,
\. Arrh w fur L"p" Xi""is"",,,<ll11ft (R"K'-"",burg)
2. Bihrl una Li/u'i/'" ( K10>1e~uburg)
3. CommuJlQuls (f !'tu'iI~ (Ottingift. Iklg,um)
~. Err/~ """'5 (Rome)

( ","pier II. on tll<> history of tht-liturgy. also p .....·ided many indic.. • 5. Ephmlnpa<'S JllllrgtaJl' (Rom",
tion s of the S<>ur«S and 1001. of liturgical sfit·",... ute. e","pl"", on 6. GottesdiL""'t (F..,;burg. _ .J
Ih" p~nicular .",.5 of the lilu1")\)' will do 1M sam". All th.".., discu&- 7. ,.hrbud! ill, Li/p"Xik Ima Hymno/,'I!'" (K"s..·I; Eva "gclkolJ
.ions ma ke it dear thnl the primo ry source of inlorm.,tion for litu,· g, U, Mui." m ·Di.'u (Poris)
gk.1 sci"""" is the ... ,Wngs 01 th,· N......· T<1St"""",t. olthough ~ 9, U!urgi.«h<'S Jokrhuch (Miinsler)
... ri tings cant;,in no 5,-s tem<>lic di5<."Ussion of Christian ..."",hip. 10. u/urgy (Was.hington,. D.c.)
Abo of great imporUnce .In: tht- t<'Stimonie,l of the p<I§Iapt~lk pe- 11. Wurgy ' 8O (Chkago)
"od and the grad~II )' app"aring d<'SCriprio". of Christ;'n litu.- 12. Music. $lJO" (Reg<",sburgJ
gi<'s. ~eh as w~ ~nd in. lor eumplot-, Justin Ma n }'I" and Hippt,lyu,ls 13. No/i/",.. ( \" Iic~" Ci ty)
of I("mt'. But il I w~f'1.. to list th,,* in dt't,'il. 1 would he rov","ing the 14, QUt.'Sh,.-. s lilu"IIiques (I~lu".in)
sam,- llround t wic~, Tn..' i1Jm" must bt- §.lId of tlw r"'~t period. in 15. S/uaitl !il"r;:i<tl (l(oH"roam)
,,'Meh palri.tic lit~,al'Urr provides u, with a g"'.1 dNI of informa- 16. Tijil«:h'ift tWO" )Ptur~ir (Aff1igl\(>m. &'Igium)
lin" and. in addition. we find do"",mrnts of many kinds dealing 17. WPTShip ( Form~ly DrIf/. fr~/..-s) (Co li'-W-"'·iJle. Minrwsma )
wilh th .....orship ,>f tho.- indiv;d~lli"'rgicil lamil;"". Bnic It.. nUT
k.n.owo·ledg.. of the Rnm .... liturgy a ... tht- s.Kram""t;,ri<'S, the /ihrlli.
and tilt' I(oman OI'IiPnN.17 TIl<' subsequ,,,,, d""elop""",t of th~ ~"""t­
em lil'UTSY with its mp,,;t impnnanlliturgk~1 bno l <, documents,
.1nd literary ~~pre!8ion" i. lik.. wise already suffiCient ly known to u.
he", f'om tll<> historical 5urv" y in O"'PI~T II; We may tll<>",lore tu . n
imm.,di~tcly to OUT "wn day. •
The most nn-nt KlUn:es to Ix- used by lilurgical scienco;, are tIw doc--
unwnts of Va lion Hand of the postconC"l liar commissions. Insofar
a~ tho.-y ",late to t~ li' urgy. This """u"",ntllinn has found ilS pr"'li·
COll'fnbodim""t in II\(> "'>'ised li turgical b<~lk>l.." V,uious wlk"Clions
~nd comm.,,,tari cs help ma ke these ""'rc~'>i occ\'S'iible (lor "".mple.
K~c ~ynslci, O.,(,m ... " U On I!" JAu'Sy, 1963· !979. and the C"",,,,,,,,/QI')'
pm ,~ Docu ......,,. ''if VQrir~n I! lhat " 'as publisn..'<l .s a suppl"""",t to
tn..· m it"" fur Thtt>k'l/It' "ltd j(;m.,.), U do , ..... "um"",u' mon<>-
graph. on panicular qu<'Stio..... Also of 5(',,' jce an: the many period·
ical~ d ... ling wilh the histof}" theology. ond pastnra lasp«1 aithe-
tilu"l\Y. 1close this brid surv"y with. li st 01 these periodical' (in al·

" "

Chapter Four
The Liturgical Assembly as a Process of
Communication
SOM[ BASIC I' MI "CIPL f. !I
TWD dim"".ion s 01 "" Ii"ily n~",--d to [,., d istinguish~-d ..... Mn Chri~­
li~n comm uni titos (jtroups) g.theT for liturgy: the d immsion 0 1 th~
m~-stt'l)" of sah-~Iion ~nd Ih~ di_ iOll of ["'h.a,-io< and .cti.-it r
among human ~ngs,
The li"'l 01 Ih<so> "'''' ~cti\'iti("S invo l,'''>1 (".od in ChriSt rum,ng to
lho.· community in 10"" and gi"ing him:5clf 10 it liru.gy is prim.rily
a maU ..... D/ di,'i"" gh'ing, To tM e d ent that lhe failhful Dpen lhem-
..,IH'!i tD this sell-d,malioo DI God .nd n'Spond tD him with grat~
lui prJi~ and with. "'If-giving in rC"tum. liturgy . cqui n'S a wrt ic.1
di""--mion : lhe enrounlcr and commun"'" of God and human M-
ings. It IS ho.-... thai tf-.., m r~""ry of salvarion is "cromplished_Th~
full ",.Iity Df ",hJl happ<'!ls h~,", ,Odn Ix· ~pp ... hendLod ""I)' hy faith
and i~ Inc ... ID,", in g",a ' mCa S"r~ ina«...sibk' 10 ~mpirir. t ~,",'a­
lion.
The Sllu.tion is difl,,""'1 in Ih~ ....a 01 inl.,muman beh.l,·io< and ~c·
Ih' it)'. which. "crording to Ih<' an lhropologk.l s<:ienres. may be un -
derstood an<! c , .mi""-'<l as a pn"'-"SS 01communiolion. "The
n>d i~'<'T)' of thoe communic.tiorw.1 struclun' of alililurgiul "*'"
br.tion~ i~ on.' of Ih .. """,t imporl.nt n'iul", 01 tho.- liturgical rei,,""
Ih,'1 h," """n going on .inc" V.lk.n 11. _'
A "P'OCH' of ctlmmunica lion" ctmsiSIS in tf-.., tunsmiMion of infor-
mation (facts, appeals 0/ orw Dr tltheT kind ) by a rommunic~lor
\sp"J kcr. I ransm itt~r) 10 partldpant-; (h" . ... T'$. "-'CE'".~"') by me.nS
01 particular signals "I • "erbal nr ""n",..-b.1 kind, The-re a", I.... '
al ... ork in Ihis P' OCHS II\;,I can d<.>termine whether tho.- goal of rom-
"
municalil.m is altained. J sh.all not li;;llhem h ....• in. ,;eri<'s o/ defini_
rions' but :;hall simply apply th .. mosl impoM.nl Df lhem dnwtl )" to
the liturgiC'1 a."""bly a nd n'l!«t oo lhdr ",It" 'once tn t h~ su'~"",
or failun' of III" li turgy,'
An imporl~!l1 ,,>Ie in tho; lilurgical prIX"'S 0/ communication bo.~
longs I" lho.- eom munic~ I"'. who in Ihis ca,;e is the presid ing mini,_
Ie!" (I ... d,·r), Ihal is. the bishop. pri~SI. deacon . or CDmmiSSiDned
IlYP'-'''''''' ' His '.""y penomalitr and 1M total imp...."..i"" M g;"',,;
(th~ image he projects) is . I.-.....ly doxisl" e lor the d ...... ph ... ing (d.,.
cod ing). b)' lhe p.1rt icip.1nts in Ih .. Inurg)", Uf ... h.ll h" is communi -
caling_ tf they ~c"'l'l a~d <'Sleem h im. Ih .... Ih\")' will f.-om Ih~
ou""'" be mD,", ~tt<"!lti,'e .n<! "",epl"'c, His mann ..... of "''''dtxling
hirrtsell mltSl sh",,· Ih~t h. in lends TO be. no! • rul ..... o f tht· commu-
nily, bul a b...,u,.,.- ~moog bn-thrm (st.", ).1t D:S) ond a "'n'~n l bt,nt
upon inrn... sing , h,·i. fo~' ('"'~. 2 Cor t :2~ ),
This alti lude should be p...-t:'-"J'1ihl".llhe "ery begInning of th~ ",r_
via> when M g"-""'s the community and intn>dU('l'S lhem to the lil-
urgy, On this poinl the Di""'lory fo r A'\a,,,",, "',Ih Childmr m.kes a
. tawmenllhalshou ld be h""d<-d 5i",,, it i, imp'"I.nl /or .lI lilur-
gin: " It is Ih~ responsibilily of the pr;"';1 _, , ID .... kc 1M c~It.-br..ion
festi ..... lam,li.I, and mroltati,·..~ by "hi. "",nn." of iK'I ing and
lpeaking ..... ith <>the"" ..... It shuuld al"" Ix- ct ... r tt) Ih~ a""""bl), that
the lead .... ', wa y of .·"p.... 'in); whal I.... wmmunical('S spring~ from
f>lpe';"nc .. and per,;tlnal corwict ion . This islru~ I!Spcri. II)· ..llhe
K IlO....., (hom;"''). in which Ih .. hN ... rssl1ould be obit- to It'll Ih.al the
plies! hos himself t>e"n 10uched and ' ppreho.-nded by tho.- " 'nr-d 01
Cod before .tI•...,pling 10 Iran.mit il tD I"" ",mmunil),_ A"gu,;tine
describes Ihi~ S<'<luenc~ in ~ play on ... " . d. "Tcrritus ' crrro":"1 my-
Kif am filled w ith "" ''-'n'Il1 fe~r b.·fore J try 10 "",\u, oIho.-rs fe • •ful";
~ I mysell am deeply mtlnod bel"", I try !n mo,'c ot"""".-'
The 1... d<.,.'5 prayer. too-which"" u.ually "'y' in Ihe first 1"''''''''
plural (""\V.. .. _OJ be(ause he is ' Cling as I..ad", of p •• y"" for and
w ith Ih~ communily_ mu, t h.a,... ~ <""," in charAct<T. il mu. ' amid.
on lhe ""'" hand, IheOlrieal ity .nd fal", cmDnon . and, ,.-, Ih e nth..,..
cold, unfooling rouline. This pnyer is ind'-""<l first And f",",mOSI
"""Mical: being addrKlio.'d 10 God;bu l it is ~t the ..,me 11 ....... com-
rnunkation w ith th .. communily. which muS! bcable to rna"" It its
 own and join in il. In this ~n'.. < too, th.....r.."I'. then; C.iOn b\, disrup-
tu.. .... f communic.oti<ln-
Tht' le,od ... ·, brlw"ior ;" lik<»<o'ise tki~\"(' in tilt' "n.'~ of non"L..w1
c"mm ... nic.. lion (communication by sign,). As I <hall snow in d{'!ail
I."" on. liturgic.1 signs and symboIS"n" ~)'mbo~ n",,·..,.ing in""_
m6non. II u,., manner in which they a", st...,t is "'·n>ng.. th.,. ..-.on di ...
tort tho.' intffld"'" _ g e ~nd Ica d to disruptions ,)/
commu nication.
As a co.."munkator, then. the leader must be posso..,.,...'d 01 a k~"..,
M.'nsibi lil y· He must have an <,ye and Ur that will ~n.bl(· him te>
shap" tho.' liturgy in. nann<",iou. wa)·.• 1,....Hng f(lor atmosp""",
that will k('('p tilt, liturgy fmm being b<>ring and iOylcso!. and a ""nsi .
li";I>' I" disruptions 01 ronununk.otion s hould t!>eSt: bt'g;n to ap-
pt'u.
The p.tftidp.tnts in t"" liturgy. for their p.l" • .ore n..1 , imply mu'"
~p.i"Ctato.~ .nd p.t:o,;i,·" listen"",. but shon-Il' in the nok-bt.. tion r ron-
cdebr.. nl' in u..- p'op<""r .. "'" of ttwo word) ""110 ano It.> coo lributf'
to Ih.>litu'KY by th,.;, L",t",.ior and int"';or bm.,·ior (_ Ch .. pt~, II.
I h ..·.... I",ady s.oid ",,,,,·thing ab"uI 'hel' ",I.,ion and altitud .. ,o
tho.' kad<1r.
Also imporlant 10 Ih~ flow of the communication pnlC~'S5 is lho-
kin d 01 exp<..·cU tions that the particip""" bring 10 tho.: litur"y. SId tis·
lical sludi"" (among others. the qUL.. tionnai"," sent o Ulll'r the
Wimb,,,·,, Synod') show 'hal most "I lhe 1""'P(c participating in
thto .., ....·ice h.ve not yet lully accepted lilt- Ide.1 pklUro 0( tlw lit-
urgy that is Si.1 d""'n in the documents 01 Vatic"n II. MClSI of them
s Hit look lor '1"i,~. f"""""O"al p •• y...... and pri".t,' ' 'I\{"()unM with
CoIo<I. "This is "".... morr !nJ(' of o<c~sio ... 1chu ... hg<X'fS: in 1""" .....
spon ••" the Innn ula 'Quiet. ~nd p.....sn ... 1 p,.. )...... ' is by 1M IN.- mosI
f!'eolu,,,,t."' s..ch ~';l""'lalico>s from • quilt, unhomngL""<'OU§ hlurgi.
~.I rommunlty c~rt~ inly <annni suppl)' tho.' norm fm ';!ru<:turing lhe
lilurgy. On III(, QIh .... hand, theJ.. do pro,';&" ri\Jc.'!i 10 lho.: weak points
0/ the liturglc.1 .......-mbly and '~ason . for undertJking D mono inten-
sh'~ o>duc.lion and motivation "I Ih ..... ,·isilo,.,. Thus ,ho: ~mph.sis
on lhe d<!sln.' for quiel and for pe.,.,nal praye, "-'P~ntS a jusHfi_
ab l ~ n.ic<:"!ioo nl M""era l things, tho- r",tk-ssness and h~'Ctlc activity
"
often """" in tho: liturgy; tho- "~""""'"(' lalkali,-,'ncss of m~n)' priests
rs... ".......ti,-); and the lack oi periods of SlIt-nc..· dunng tho.· «,Ieb••-
lion!
In liturgic.l aS60'<ITlblieo; . s in all proces...... of communication u,.,
kIN. oI "tr.ns.milll"- .nd "r.,.....;'·..... " . ,~ oft,.., not tho: ... me. What
IIw ka'kr is communicating in introduction. ro.d ing.. 0' sermon is
often n.~il"('d by the 1I<'.,...rs in a war nnt Inl,-octo><!. Tlw ",asons fm
lhis may bt-. def""",'~ c'poc")" for underslandlng (diff,.... "",,.,; in
IIw "stoc~ of sign s" of each pt',,.,n). diff~nmces in eXpt.'riemi.J ba< k.
groun d or s.oclnculturaJ conl<:xt. and even lilt.' op.orarion 01 pro-
c!ll .s of M"1<>ct1"ily th ..1 P""'cnl rna" y "m..-,!\es·· ltum ht-ing
0'
~mhl-nod or pt,.h.ps """,i ...'<1 all . It i, important. thl.-,t'/Of<',
tNltht- INd .. r t>., al .. rt to """"ry fI'SpOfI..... fnJm his lis\t."f1('''' and
that in, for ..... mp"'. a SUbseq"""l diK\lssoon "I III(, lilurg}' and ser-
mon he a«<'pl and ""aluale any Ict'<lNC~.
In any procoss of cnmmunicahnn lhe m<!d,. u>«[ pl.y an espt.'ci .. Jly
Important role. In til(, liturgy 1!Jt,so.· mo><! l~ an.-, .00.... all. language
.nd liturgical . igns (s~mbol~). W~ mUSI then-ft,n.' rofl""t mol<' fully
on N rn oi 1"'-.
llT U IICI C Al t ANCUAGr \V~ II~A l CO.\IM UNtlAT tON )
As I resull oi Vatican II. and ~ftc. a lenKlhy pt'riod in which Latin
.Ion.: h~d been u,,'<1 alm"'t ""Imi"el~', II... liturgy 01 Ih" Roman
rite m.d~ room for the vernaculars. This ",.• ~ an c..." l1 ,,/ historical
Importance. M"sl of the f.ithlul a,... glad 01 t"" chan);,,; a lew. how_
~~. I<'gud if as a scandal.• in("(' thl')' """ il" a b.>lrapl 01 trad; -
lion. H~ again. kno"'iedg<: of Ihe b.>glnnings of H... Chri,ti.n
liturgy .nd of its subst-qU ....1 ""n'lop"""'l U n pro"ide cri l<'ria for
.aund judgm....1 on this question.
Hisl.,...;o,J lV'rosprcI
As the ongi",,1 Aramaic gospel of ~ldllhe .., SUgg<'SIS, th~ Jitu'Kical
Lango.oag.. oi the: first community in )•.,."s.ol....., .... as tho- colloquial
Aramaic oi e'·.-ryday Ij/~. although m~ny oi 1m- "'nnulas and .>Cd.-
matKm::i u5<"d in prayer W~R' ,u..,ly in I kb.("o\·. Oubid~ of I'alestint,
lhe ChURCh uS«! chi~-fl}' C"",k. Other languages who"., U"" in Ihe
Christian liturgy is a'!\'sto><! for thl.- early a:nturies aru Srri ,K.
Coptk. Ethiopk (known as c..·e~), Armeni.n. C".rorgian. Old 51 0"0-
nk, and, lrum It..: t~"!1lh century on, Arabic.' It <~n t>., Solid thallhe
uSlem Churcho.$ h."e alwiys ./ICcepted the <u rr""'l lallguag~ of I""
COWllry and. 10 som..' " 'Iml, ""w celroratt'd u...
hturltv in ",,·cf.1
languaS"S in comm uniIi" whe", SO!\·o!.,..llallguagt'S .'" spoken. "
G ..... k, in th" form known as " Koi""" ("Common") ..... , the domi-
""m "wryd.y Lang~gc o f 11.0"'"' do--'n to I"" Ih ird u'Illury, .nd
lhis alJlOfl8 t"" .... U<:.t«l.s " 'ell as .mong a g"",1 man}' o f the onji-
... ry pt'Of'le. It ("' IOU thcrt-fort' as no sUI'"prise to "'am lhat the
Roman liturgy w.~ cd roraled in Gred< al "'ast until the third n'll '
IUT); aScan be ........ Ior eu mple. from ttw Church Ord .... (the Ap<><-
101;,; Tn>di'io~) of Il ippolylUS of Rome (ca . 215).
n.... rl"Sloration 01 t"" Latin La l\&uage, beginning in tho- rrign of Em ·
perm Dc.:ius (249·251). u",fronled Rome with. problem .•.!reddy
"~p<"';.....:«l"~'''''''''; Ihe diKI't"p<'!"OC)' bet"·"",, Ihe language of
t"" prop'" and the I.ngu.ge of the liturgy. tn Ihis sit .... tion the
Ro"",n ChuKh. in ...,mcw""'llengthy transition. adopted the prin ·
cipko that lhe lilurgy must 1>0.. «-Iro.ated in I..... bnguage of the peo-
pi". Th~ Latini1.atioo pror_ wu completed in about 3SO under
Pope Pamasus. "
• Ambn",ias\("r," an anonym!)u, comm ..",wor "" tho, k,ttl"fS o/Paul
and a COntemporary n/Pop" 1)3m3SUS, tells uS in his commenl, on
1 C!..-i nthians 14 that tm. pt.~'pl,· of Ihe day felt it unnatur., ] fo r Lal-
iM I" be ~i nging Gro;,k so"lIs "'hos<: meaning Ilwy did nut under·
"dnd. Tlw plc~ s~re gl,·"" by thto mdudious so und of Ih,' word, d id
001 oUlw~igh IN,' gre~t di5;ldvantall"lhat Ihe whale acti"ity was a
fruiti""o on... F"lIowinlll'~ul. who in IN,' pa""'l1~ in quO'Sti"n ""ys
he w,,~ld r~ltwT sp<'a k fh'e imdligibl.· words Ihan I"" thou",nd un·
im .. lligib", t"'~ C". 19). Ambrosiasl\'r end s wi th thi~ admonih"n: "If
you come 1q;t-'1h~r in order to build up Ih.· Church, you musl 'p<,a\;
a I~ngu.gc the hear~", un \Jnder.;t~nd ."" A, th~ ust' of G ..... \;
'p",ad aga in lind .... Dy~.n t;n~ rule. ",~dinlP' in b"lh lanKUage'5
.... L'f'I' il1lrod uced into tho! f'>p.allnurgy from the ,;<:'·...,Ih n"tury on;
both bnKuagt'S ...e", al:\C) u;ed in impo ... anl parIS of the b;"ptis.... 1
rit~.
Aft .... Cyril and Ml'll\od ius had Co ...... from Con~"anlinoplf' to ..... n-
gcliz.. the SI.,·I of .\to r.,';' in the Hcood ""If of tJ,., ninth u'Illury,.
"
lively ront""'~r5y .""'. on 1M subi<'<1 of I"" languag~ to N: u:;o:d in
the liturgy. The n.-" m,ssionnri"'" h.d tram;lah'd tt..: " liturgy 0/ St.
"-'" inlo Sla"ic; II! 1N,'m n Bpan t",..,. Ihis """""" a qui'" nor-
INI &1"'1" Thtoy m,i .... ith the Objl'<1ion, h""·e'·.... thai onl}' thrt't, Ian.
guaS"S ..... '" .Pl'fOP"iale in , .... liturgy; namely, Hebrew, I.-.tin, and
G-a:. b«.uSt' Ih<'S<' h.1d Mn g""'" s.>cr.1 s .. tus by Ihe inscription
on tJ,., cross of J<su~.
n.. mlssion.."", 10'.....' summOOt:d 10 Rome a nd in"'rrogah'd. In th~
end, howI'\·..,.. 1\tpt' John vm .....,La ...-d in SAO thai God d5in:d to
to. honoNd in ," 1.I\&uall"- It is not (he said) an olle"", .gainst
'L'f)'
orthodoxy 10 s,ng th .. ~lJss in I"" SI.,·ic' Languogc or to proclaim
Ilw gospel and tho.· d,,·, .... ",adings in • good ora",btion; after all,
tlw Creator of th .. th ....... prinicipal language'5 ' '''died all t.... otherS
u ..~II for his ho...,•. "
E....ctly two hundn-d ye.>.r5 laklr G.....OI)· VII ,,·ithd ......' the permi,..
Ilion g"... n by ' " hn VIII and ",/u:;o:d I"" ""lU("S1 of King Vramla,· 0/
80hemia for the "'''''inucd uiM! ,01' t .....• Slavic languag~ in the liturgy
11W:' J>OP<"'s "'.;;00, . . hich looks ch idly to the sacred scriptures, i, a
,u'Prising 0fW: It has ri);htly plc~;;cd atm il\hly God Ihall~ ""rip-
tures should rem.in "~iI,--d in certain r"KiOf\l; 0/ Ihe ..-nrld. lest uni·
v..,.,..i acc'-'SSibllit~· ~h"uld m~~e them S<:<:m ordinary and cau",
them 10 Ix-IrNt...J with con lempl and It'!'l ordinary J>e<'P I~ misun -
ct..f!ltand Ihem anJ "0 bt· I~d inlO e!'TN."
In tilt! high Middle All"'; I-"tin h~d acquire<l such. stalus in publk
•
life that it~ uSf' as lhe lanllud);t' of the Iitu'liY d ...·... no objection
from til<' influ<'Il ti~1 cln_. AI tN,' beginning 01 the ,ixleenth c",, -
tury. IIoW,,",Cf, well-intcnliono;od vokes w~", to Ix- heard arguinl\
that tilt' inkn.·st5 of I...... si mple pcoplf' ""'luin..J t~ uS<' 0/ the , ...,..
IlKUlar!.. Thu~ I"ul Glustini.ni .nd Vincen,." Quirini, who had bt~
rom.: C.ma)d~ monks in 15 12. add ...»>ed d pt.'1ition to Lco X in
1513 in which th<')' n.'<:all;xl lhe lingu istic p.actic"" "f the p.t.tristic
period and asked ..' hy lhe Church should nol imitat~ th~ Falho-f'l in
this MO'a. "'' «' only a ft.w of the faithful undef'llood Latin. No one
of sound mind (they .... id) (ould " ,,,,,,,,;>bly argue "gain't the trans-
Lation oIliturg;ca l ~xts"somt' ..•..... <loinl\ who ..' anled to bt- ......
garded .05 the only wi", men around . n." 1'f'OJ'1~ .... oul.:l take much
fruit 110..... from ttw-ir churches if Ih.,), understood ..' hal was being
.... d 10 t.... m Th .. pop<' should therdo .... put an ~nd 10 the
tht, ....
1«""" 1ft,."",. t.... «imp<J'l'.. rishmo:nt c~used b)' u tin.«" -Othe....
...,...••,...... liL, N"ochul.>o; H~..born. C ... rd i"" of the 1" UlCisc.ln ron·
"omt at Marbl.or!\.- r.-g.ordl'd the,.,., 01 Li.tin in tho! Iitu'l\Y ISS
pT<JtC;l"'um ."',,"/um flilri """t"",. «.n impl,"~n1 .nic:... of our
10ith.«I.
Ahhough lho! d.-mands a nJ p raclic'-'S of the R...tormers ,..ith n-gitrd
to the '·<!mKUI.rs in the liturgy cauSO"d. h.ordening 01 posi tions.
the Cour.cil 01 T",nl (15-15-1563) limitt:<l it"",lf Ie' r,~,d .. mning Ih ..
cl.im th ot M us sh<>uld 0.. ( .. k-br~ k-d soIdy in th~ ,·.. macu l.."; it
thu!O Idt the do"r open fur fu rth.". d",'clupm~lS, Y~t ISS uri)' as the
o:nd (If tlw ;.ix_ nth """ tur)' this can"n 0/ Trt:nl ...... int~'}>reted as
meaning lhat the council had forbidd~ a ny ..... d ~'''I')' liturgy in
lhe "em~ular; a§ a resuh. the Roman posH"", in fa,XH"of Latin un·
derwent signifiGint h.ordening in lhe ensuing four centum. E...·"
IrlMI"Iion5 of the Mis ... 1lOT pri"ale u~ " 'ere f<:nbidden; Ihus Ale>.·
ar>der VII issued .n u"", ... lIy sha'}> condemnat ion (8rif'f of 1(61)
of Fnmch pMt J. de Voisin's translation." In 1851 the Congr.-g.o·
ti"" of Ri tt'S retI<'»·W the prohibition .S.iJ\sI Ir.nsl.tions of the Mi ..
,..1; in 1857 1'ius IX forbade the tr ..... 'I.tion oIlhe>C~""".nd the>
words of ronst'crahon. In 1891 U'O xm li""lly o rtk ....-d that .""h
Ir.ansla llons weI'\' no long .... to No challenged."
Only ~l'O\lnd Ih<' middlc ol lhe tw{'nticl h <...... ' ul')' cuuld a softening
of ,h,· Roman . tt itudt· to tht' li tu rgical "!K' of ,h,· \'("",~e,, lar b<' ......".
Nollinninll ... ilh lhe> Ene}'cli~.t M,diotnr D" (no, 59), lIul. ud iNI
ehanK" did nul «.>me un n l Vali,an tL tn SC 36th~ council ",id Ihat
,he u"" 01 I"" Larin l~ngu~S" waS to boc p~r....d "in In,. Latin
ri tt.,« in)of., as parti<:ular law did n~ say "''''''..i",,; at ,he "" ......
Ii""" 110..·..... '-'1, il .lk",'ed mm" mom lOT tn,. '·.... ""cuLo' fm t"" .... ke
01 U... g ...... pastoral ~d"antaS" il ,,~>uld bring. n... man .... , in
whic:h lhe ""macul......s '0 No inlrod",,<-'d " ' ;lS left to the decision
of Ihe region.ll epi5cop.ol ronf... eo ..... with Rome's appro"aL
nw.- pcrm ission thus g.i""" w as substantially broad<oneIl in I"" ensu'
ing ye.>rs at the ""1"....1 of a number of "I'iscop.>l col1~ ....... c... and
... i,h the appro... l of the pope, so that loday pr.<Iic. lly I"" ,-" ,Ii", Ii'·
uTlIY ca n No cclcl>ratcxl in the '·~m.(utar. This d""~lopmo:nl ad mit·
tc<lly g''''' t>..yond ,he wording of the roundl. bul at the SOme time
it m uS! boc .cknu,,·ledged 10 boc imp licit in the oouncil's ull for ron·
~ and acti", participa tion ". tt." f""OPle and /of- the .dap"'lion
oIlh~ rilES 10 rna""- thl.'m romp ",hntsiblc 10 tho- f.ilhful. H.,... c.n
thoK ignorant of L..lUn join t'Un!;ciously a nd IntelligenUy in , t.., ""Ie-
bn tion of u.., liturg); when an unknown ronoign l.lllgu.S" l""J'S
them from gtao.ping the con""'l of the te\ ts? Such a sit .... lion "'f"\"
..,,15 a radical disruption of rommunic.atlon. i" I"" I"", of "'hieh all
the traditional arguments for Latin cease to carl')' .ny weighl.·' AI
the sam~ tim~. huw~w" bishops a nd t'Piscopal conferm "" "'P"at.
ed ly urge Ihal romrnunilies not b<' allow<-'d tu lul>'l' w hat capacity
they /u "e lor (d ebration of the Ma~ in Latin; tlw bi shops' appea l
II moti ,'alit:<l nol leas t by the Ih""KIlt of liturgi ... in which the par·
_•.
tlcipating fai'hful spea k different lanllu'ges, For this rc.",n m.ny
dloc li 15 ha"" <kcid <."d that a Latin M." mus t b.! c"lrbta tl'<l 0""" •
1ltt P1Ob1ml ojTnl".mlions lllto t~ ~'tT"",""/~r5
~ granlingof prrmission for '· ......... ul.r Io lutgi .... quickl)' 100 to
lhf diseo,'",), thai m~ny Uter.altranslations of the lalin o"KiNI
w~ highly uns.atisf~ctory.....J"'Ci.lly " 'hm the original ~~pl[ 'Cd
~as tied to particular historical peri,rds and partirul., cultu r",",
Evftt the piMy v f ,)", early Christi." all'" had its "I""'ial historic.1
roIoring and ~.nnot b<' si mply u rried ovc' into tho- p'$!nt. In add i·
tIon. ma ny th..ol '>gi~a t ""'ph._ h, v~ s.hi ll<."d to a ma .kt:<l d og ........
rspo!cia lly 5ir.ce Vatica" II. For cxa m pl ~: in m.ny of the p"-"'id"nh~1
pray~f'!I .... e ask thalw" ma y "cond emn .... hot is cart hly . nd low t""
thIngs of he>a" m "; ou r age. ho,,·c,·e •• In ag,....,menl " 'ith the counri!.
emp/usi~t'S the role 01 Chri'tians in relation '0 the presenl ,.·..,.-Ie1 .
Christians must ... ke earthl)· ",alilies seriau.ly; lhey must "'lIard
1hemst>1,·"" ~ di.<inely commissioned to "'NetU", Ihcst> ...... Iili.,;
properly and 10 "..,'" for the temporal U ,,·ell.~ ,he ......... 1... 1'·.·
tion of thei r lei .....· human beings.
Fun ,," probl ...... aro5l" from lho> lact Ih., the full meaning 0/ many
latin If'rrllS c."not be "'Produced in a single "'ord oI lhe "'' 'NCU'
la r le.g .• the> latin Iftystmum).nd ,hat many literal translations a~
ill-ada pi"':! for ",,"ing 10 mu,ic. The "~ p<"ricncc of Ih ...... ".rious eli f.
fieultlt'S caused • "'id""pl'\'~d di,sa lisf.ction ,hal S(>(>med '0 ju,~ fy
the opponents of a "emacular litu . gy.
 In Ihis difficu1l 5itualion thl' Instruct!on of Ih~ Roman COfl.ilium on
Iht, tran sla tion of lilu"!;iul !<.'.ts lIanua ry 25. I%'1} prm;ded " alu-
abl~ hdp_" The docu",",nt WaS bi1sed on t"" ",,"ults of;m inl ... M -
ti"".1 rong~ un the trans!atlon of litu"!;k.1 ""XIS (Ro ",",.
Nonmboo r 9-1 3. 1%5). It says, among m h ... things. rhat it is not
""""sh 10 Iransl.", a tl'Xt word for wo rd; r.t...... -Ih<> translllOT
should gi"~ fi rs! ~id.,r.tion 10 thol.> mt!.Oning of t"'-" communica -
tion~ (no. 81. A faithful translation, t""nrlon-, ... nnot boo ilKlged on
H
the ba$is o f lndh' id ",,1 words: tl\(o total ronte>.t of this sp<"Cific act of
c...,ununkation muo;! bo.' kept In mind, U ...rll as the I.I.... ry form
pn.,....- to U.... n>Sp«tiv .. languageH(M. 6). , 0 kN>p the rorrect sig-
nification. words and ... prt'S$ions must "" u~ in , Iwir P"'P""" his-
lorical. .....0...1. and " 1",,1"",aningsH(no. 13 d).
n... langu./;<' ($;IYS t ..... lnslnlcrion) should be I.... t oI ..I<·.... ted rom-
mon U$;l!\", C.......·ra lly sf"'akin ~ it is Iwtlff 10 c..,.... \"" "'-""" lan-
gua&" "",oded Hby infusing a C hriSli.1n meaning into common
words" rat ...... than by "importing uncommon Or t«hnical terms "
(no, 1'1. 3), A~ In as pra)'ffS art! ct>n«'nwd, "th~ formula translated
mu51 berom~ tl.... g'..-.ull"><' p ra )'~r of th,· rong"'S.tion and in it each
of its membo,r,; ~hould b(o able \() find and e"p~ himself or ""r-
"'11" (no, 20 c). In pra yt'f'S to be !;pok"n by the community, and "'p"-
ci"lIy in .cclamatiOllS, sp..>cia l h,...od muSt be gi"~n 10 thc phonetic
and rhythmic 'lualiti,'S 0/ the lanKuo!:,' lno. 35).
,,'.IL....'
'I'h,,,..· ,'T'C bu t of the d ocum"nt"~ m;my imporl.nt di"-'Ctl ....s
dnd n"ommO'fldati"n,. Th~ ~"thors "I the I",truch"n we", ,wa . e.
h<,wc'-er, Ill"t tr. nslati"n~ ~lcJle. how~'·.-r good, Me not ""' lUllh ,
Th~ .locum,·", th.".~fnr~ ""ds wi .h this imp"-'$i ,·c .nd significant
"b"'ryation: -T,,~t, tr.nslotro lrom a""' ''''r langu.ge. ~ dearly
"0' , uH"'i"" t lor t"" cek.-br. tion 01 a fully n..-.ewed liturgy. n..- ""'"
ation '" n,'w 'c~tS will boo ....'(.'S6a.r)·~ (no. H ),
Thi. admi"';"n!K'ts OUr .ge ~ diffic ult I.~ , roo<, on ,he one ruoo.
t"" langu"II" 01 tl\(- liturgy muSt be In' elliglbl,, a nd lrue to li le,
" .... ithout la"",n" in,o lhe l~ngu.S" of the """'spopers, t .... !K'it-nc",.
or I.. ddish )a"!;oo . ...., On th .. OI .....'r hand, i, should be the uprt"lsion
of I{'l igious ""f"""it-'IIC'I.'; it ought 10 bo.- language ' .... 1 emerges from
r ,od .. nd speaks to God ; it ~OOJld slTil:e to the cen ... r of 1"'-' h uman
..
I\(o.n and th"" rome dose to potu,. .• $ .... s bo.vn theuse with ~y
p!ioIlms .nd hynuu o f Ihe p.>st. " Te~.~ of this high. qu.lil)' cannot
be pruduoet.od on orde., The)" require Inspi r• •ion and lime to m.ture_
Our communitit'S must rca!t;w this ilJ\d be polioi:nl_"
THE LA"; Cl: AC [ Of I. JTU MG IC AI ~I C"S
1M M~'lnmx <f -SI.~" - D"d · Syml>oJ ·
In iOddition to "''f b.>1 Lang ... &" thol.> li'urg)" .1"" uws a " 'orol"",
spe«h : , ,,,. world 015illll5 I..... t point to s pecific ""Iilio. II is "",-,",
of rou_, , .... t :;.p<.>kcn wor<b ~"', in ~ bfnId son"",, .udibk- and Iegi.
ble ~ig:n.. w,otht... human heings. In addition. 00"'",'''''. ,"",.. a",
things. pt''''"' ..... Khortl', and po5tUrl.'S that 0 ... p<'n:<>pIible b)" ,""
"""!1e5 and th., point bcyond ,heir o,,' n exis,enu and ""tu,.. to
other. in"isibk' ",.Iilics. In addi'lon to their """n ""ti,'" "",aning
~ nm,·,'Y a""tl\(or; 'llry arc "sensible 1"",,8""" of uwisibLe ",.Ii -
ties; , ..... y full<'tion as signs. Thus Thomas Aquinas in his , ...ali.., un
!he> _ra""-"-'I~ k .." 'go ck-An('d a sign a~ "wrneth ing Ihrough
which a person amiL...·... knowl<odJo:c of some furlh<>r thing."" Signs
are t...."'lo'" n·,.. ~la"'ry. although !hey do no1 d isclose the fuJI ""is--
lential .""lily 0 1 tha, 10 which Ilwy point . Thi~ ",Iali<.>nship between
visibl" and in\'bib~ i~ ponibl<' be<:aust' 01 a cen ain simil.rity be-
tween sisn aad ~ignifit.od ,
tn.. word "~vmbol, - wh ich is dcri"ed Irom the C red. is .. Iso used
lor Ihis kind 'of s isn, Orillinally. "symbul" ",lem.'<I to the two hal",'S
of some bn)k~." " b j«t (. ring,. ~t.II .• t., blct.• nd so 011). which,
w hen 1i.1\'d tosc"lh~. (C "-,,,k: sy",ballr;n. "throw togcther" ), se,v ed
"no-
.s . rneollS by ..... hich the ho lde!' "f hall could recognizc in the
holder of lhe other on a ulhl'rltic lIuo$t. m""""" gc'r, or p.rt"'-'!' in an
ag""'''''''' I. A sy mbol is thuu sign that consists, St' to ~pt'a k. 01 tWtl
ports:. "is ible p.r, and an suprasenslble ",ali,y which Ih< ,' isible
port ,;igniA.". Only whcrllhc two p.>rls .... put togeth ... does t""
who Le bo.'COme , -islble.
The.., is no as"-"",, •..-.' on the conccptu.1 defin ition of symbol or.
I",",,,,fore, 011 how lhe word is 10 bo.> used. As used by "",ny, symbol
h.os • bro;lOd mNning .nd inc:l ude., in p •• din" the ..,.,Ii", rang.. of
signs. 01"'-'" use i, ln. rurTOO<>'~' ....,... I.... t diSlingui.m.. it from
rei'
t.... of lhe world of siS"" H ,"'1' limit it slrictl y ' 0 s;gnificatOl'}'
phenomen.o with two rneanings .. " in ",·hkh ''''' imm<'dia tcl)' "-'C.
ogniuobk- Intaning urges the m ind on to a further """'n ing_ -'" n..,
obio"<tion tt) this d<,,",' is th~ t ~\"rry sign is a " plwnom .... on ... ith tv.·o
meanings" ~nd pt>inlS 10 a " furtt>cr meaning: e\'en if Ihe eLement
0/ " immoodi. le" n-ro..,nilion of 1m- 5igniflc"I"'y thru~1 can b<> found
tmly wi lh difficulty o. "aries in d~ree.
AI"" um;..otUli><1ory Is the attempl to dcline • s ymbol as a "~Iyli'.ed
sign~ and lhen-b)' diff,.'n."'~ le il from othe. signs. A. V....lIeul, fo r
e .... mple. ... ril"", ~ mOt'(' one.' 51yli;(e!I, the more t .... sign ap-
p""",,,,", lhe s)·mboI. and the morv one.' I'"M"S from sign to symbol_
... Thus ,,-r h.,-" h<'«: 10 do " 'ilh lhe e \ lrerne 0/ spirilu. li'.... tion
and .tyli7~ng ui iht' image."'" Bul in Ihls .rea, 100, the Ii ..... uf dem.>r-
cation c.on only b., nu id . and it ...ill be difficult 10 deOd.> in , -ery
many ins... nce ... hetht... tl\(o dcgrt't' of SI)·Jization has been ",ached
IhallUms" sign inlo a ~~·mb,,1. Nor is it possible ,o.ag""" ... ith ".".-
heul ,,-hom he aS6«1S that "a s)'mbo/ is ""'..... a .... tu • • 1sign. but a
~ultura l sign. and tt.er..fon.. f..... l)' ch~ 5ign.·'" Thi$ as.... rtion
"-ould I... d to tho! conclusion that such " prinuJ s)'mOOls' as .... h:r.
wind. fil'l'. IISh'. moumain . nICk. and iIO on . ... hid, al'l' shared by all
p',,,p"" and cul l U">S. do not d_n.. " 'hI' na"", ·srrnbo1" al all. "
Al l IIx...· ron.idN~tions and criliqut'S SUMl-;.! the .:K!,·isabiJity 0/
nul h,kin~ for cri tl'ri a ta dlslinguish bo,tv., ...'" o;W' and symbol
. "d. in,tead. "f using tl\(o two words a. sYMnym •. " Thi. is nOl to
d"ny thai '·orio,,' si gn .diffe. in thc ;nll'n.ily ... ith whkh th<>y carry
Ih" mind to Ih<' .i,.,nilltXI r.)aiily or. in <>Ihl'l" word~, thai th"y differ
in their pow,>r of .I ,<;n ifylng.
1110' us.> uf signs (symPols ) d{)('S nOl al all """an on impowrishmcm
of commUnkOliu" . On th (> con trary' they are able tu express im·isi·
ble ",oliti....... ilh an inl<>ru;ity nat often .chi~,·cd by ,·crNII.n·
SUdse. They mcdiJlt' a '1ukk. lntulti\'e grasp and p."'et.... te Inlo
. ",as largel)' ck_oJ 10 logk~1 SjX'«h .
"Symbolis m is . mode of , p.'t.'<"h th.1 "cnIUrt"S 10 penerralf' the
world 01 11K> incoml'" •• I>I~ b)' m~.M o f coml"ri~, . ... hile at lhe
""m,· tim(' mdinl.ining an appn>priare d b lanCl' from it. An .-xp.......
. ioo i. s}'mbolic when tilt- cognil;"r ront''nl ""PI( . !pd .......ms
op'''' 10 ,·.rious kinds 0/ ackno ..·ltodg"""', and appropri.lion. 10 a f-
fect;,·e.s wdl . s rognh h'e access, and 10 qoile "vied ~ibiliTies
of und""'tanding by lho!;., wI><> al'l' add le . !Id and ~ .... the ""I"'ri'
encc. Symbolism Cdn ~r\",' os 0 bridKt' b.-'''·c,,-n '·.rying k"ds of lin-
gui8tic capability and can ,',','n I<'op U"~r quit..- proouunced linguis-
tic boundaries: "
The wOfltl 01 signs ,hal we encounter in cw .yd o)· lik> is <'xt<'ftSiw
beyond imagining' ",'" • ~re confronll'd w ith. b<>wild .... ingly wm-
pie>< and mulllf.ct11'd world.·" This ,.• ri<"I)' is .In'ody ""ident in
!hoe im""""",,, ,'~riety 0/ d.SlSofk a""",.
-I\oopl~ SJl<'II<.. lor "".mpk-, of na"'ral.nd .rtifk;.1 S}'mbols, sym-
bols pmp<'1"ly and Impl'Op('l'l}' 50 c.lk'<! , . rmbols lJonSI""",1 and
opaque. Ou d ~incl lon is m.>de bo.-f,,'<""" primat S}'mbo>t" s pring-
ing from nalure l.Ild history .nd 5)'mbols ,h.t.", Striel.3t o.-legis-
bled or national or ronf('SlSioool. In rd~n."'«- to the orros of lift> in
which symbols apf'C'I' a d istinmon IS dr~"- n b.;iw"",,, psychologi ·
cal, ml'laph)"5ica1. ~liKi"u~. and ""Ihetic 5)·mbols_An at!""'f'I is
flUId.> to brin8 oul Ihe n.>tu .... and ruk' of s)'mbo>ls by distinguishing
onlologiul symbols from fUlI<"ti",,,,1, "i'"""",tati,-e from e~p .... -
sive. p~nt~tio.u l from di""''''i'·... s)'mbolls lhal "eil from sym·
bols thai discIOSl·. II i. p< .... ;b~· \() sp"'ai< ol SIalus symPols ;
~l'I'5Si\"l' . •• ,.><i~';\'e, inStrumen l3t. and goa).dil'l'Cled symbol.
15iT15; dn:am .ymbo>li sm . ~t symbol;sm~. a nd linguistie ,ymbol-
!5ms; primary and ~"ndary symbolism s. y,~ il is ~t:;" "bso.n·able
lhat in all th'...• dfo". AI !jCh~mall ~.a lion Ih~ ,yn,bol s Ihcm","-~",
. ~ usually ,·o nen'l .. i ndi\'idu~1 ",.,litiC('; whkh c.,n l><- systema ti zed
only with difficu lty.• tlea.1 if logical symbols. cu l min~ting in Ih,_
that a", math~rMlic~l. a", left out of ron~idt'ra ti "n _· "
In ""'.... t liOTlO'S numCrol.lS sc;;"",.", han' d". 1t c"''-'1\Si''el~' with Ihis
world of symbols and tried to ~n.ly~<' it ~och in il. own I""hn k.1
language. I n..ed ooly ml'ntion IinKuisl~. Ih~ ""i"""" of communi-
cation . ...!igloos phcnol!\M\Ol''!IY and philuSt>f>hy. psychology (in-
cludins deplh psy<:l>oIogy). ".lCio~>gy and _" "ial psychology. Most
import.ontly, in ' .... I.st f......, d...:-.dos r.emiotlC'S. lhe 'lCK>ncC of sign:;.
ha~ tlk"" a ~y"'~ma t k arPn'lolCh to "IN.> s pecial chararl<'r. signifi -
CIDCt', and functioning 0/ \1\(0 'Igns through ... hich human being,;
communicatf with 00. another ' ~ He ... too. l...-hn ic.1 lerminoloS)'
has quickly emerged . i01though the rompcling syst<'fT>S .'" far from
hoving """,lied as ...... """"1 o n "·nninol"KY. 11><- b"" 'ily o f the p ......
""I OI.Iuu.. and tIw <!dire \() be und""'''''>d by all tr.a,·e led me 10

""oid this tL'<"hnkal terminology (th~ "" m,' hold, I", the te<:hnic4 l
tL'fminol08J of ttwo otht..- ",icnces I h.tl'~ mmt,onood j.'"
n... c""""" <f L,/utgiall 5isni
In Ihc bibli , .1 t and C hristian und~r,;t.nding of th" world every 1'~i~I'
inl' lIting i, ~ cre.. 'U"-· ~nd therefo "" at th., sa me timr a ~ign poin"
ing to the CI<'alor. ~Th.' h<'JH'''' aft' ."!hnt; the glory 01God; and
th., firmam.",t proclai ms his handiwork" (I~ 19:1), - f wn in tho!
onCn"'n~ ~nd tho! ramation Ihe kinlldom and the II lo.}" a", p"""-'f\t.
Lord, lor him who ,;.,"''" il ~nd whose g.:I7.t' .. mb,,",,-," .11 thin&", ">0
In th(> incarru tion olOlTist the inromprehensible IUIlnt'SS o f di,·in ..
b",nlo\ took b"dily form. In C hri.t Iho! glory of God is ,,"'calM in a
"'lTporc.l, """iblc way ("'-'t' jn 1:14; 2 Cor 4,6), n.o... who ..... him
- . ttwo Fatheo- Un 1 ~:9). - l ie is th(> i""'g~ (riton) of th~ in,·j.ib",
G<)d~ (Col. :. 5: """ 2 Cur 4:4), Und!,r,;t"od in this .... )., .he God-
m.n, jt'Su. C hrist, is lhe m,,,,1 profound , lhe mosl wm preh'-"'~i\'c,
Ilw rich"'l 0/. 11 !ymbols, di->elosing . , Iw dO<'S th~ infinit~ dim<-n '
sions " f God.
The Chun-h as " m)'stical bod y o f ChriSl " .ha n o; in thi, £0, l>OIulity
0/ God in jt'Su, C h.ist, n ...",I"!lions sp.'Jk 01 the irICorna tional , 'rur'
lu", ul th., Chu ",": bKau5-t' the Spi.it of Chri,t hIlS ~nd works in
it. lIw Chu rch e~ i~1!; among th~ ""lions .os .. "i;;ible s'gn ul ... 1... -
lion; in ,lIld Ihrough it tilt' h'gh priesl of the """. <01',,"""1 <ommu ·
"k~ h'" tn., i""!~ibl~ IIk,.-)' ~nd grace ul God Ihmui;h the vi,ibk
,i i;n~ Ihal art' lhe sacr.rT\t.'nt~ It is f"",sib l~ 10 undC1'!;u nd in this
",n,.' the ",,,,ds of Pope Lo.'<> . he G ft'~t ~ ~~I ): " \\'hal w .... ,';,ible
in ChrISt 1\.1~ p.>SSt'd .II'cr Into the s","unwnts of the Chu"'h,~" And
Thomas A'luin~. sa)" "I th ~ sae,amc11ts in the narro'" ~se o/'he
tt..,.m Ih,lI th,,},,1\' sign s n'(.' l lin~ lhe 1'.'" Ihal is,.he p.",ion 01
..
Chrisl ~.ig"" '..,...."""~Ii' 1. :;i1t1lS point.nll 10 .he p"-,,,·nt • •ha. is, '0
•t..> """1",,,'.1 of groc.. (SIS"" d...... ~"''''l ll .. ). and antiClf"'Io'}' signs
.nnou""ing Ihe ~Io'}' 10 OOm,' «'gOG 1""S,,,>stiCQj.'"
Tho! <ullk ""Ii"il)" of lhe lailhful (I he a"' .... ding line (0/ hturgicalac-
tlon l ~L"" d isp l.. )'~ a " ·... llh 0 1~~'mbol" .cti"ns a nd objeclS. The
"""]1 ..,,,,,,,bly of tho- bilhful,. c"'arly. !ign, i"",much.s it i~ not.
rolll'(tio", 01 di spMa lt, indi Viduals but th~ "people ul God; lhe my I'-
.kal body of Ch,isl, God 's "".tnr. in tho- litu.gical acj;on, and " ',,,"t
" "
is .ignifi"'! and 'Kl ught is communion (kom,)"ia) ",ith God and or",
anoth", as "n~ of II'tofo S"'atrs. 01 .ll the bl"""ings included in ",1\,.,
lion . Tho> .n.... ti'·,-ner.;.. I\" ' <TI!f\(t', and thankful respt.rlw 01 the
romm unity 10 lhe "'oro 01 Gud .nd 10 his ,",eram,... t,,1 aelion
ohow~ il",tf not only in s pok"" .nd su" 1I woro. " I pr. iSt!, thdn 1<..-
gi" ing. ador" lion, and pcl:ition, bul also in bodily ..-lions, ]>&.Itu=>,
.nd ~tu .... as ... ~I..,. in the uS<! 01 ~'mbolk oI:;. etOi. In ... hal ful·
lows herIo J shoUlimit myself to. ~ho" 'UI"\" 'Y: OO;:.u", 1 must "" .. ,
brief I r;!~r the I\'ad", It, the' ~M,'nsiw li", ••• ul\' for m"", d<'lailed
information and "xpl.""uon ....
E,'en bodily I"""u,.,. can "" an .xpn"ision of spintual altilUdes and
co.wiClio!ls, Th~ po>lUrt" used in III.' liturg}' • rt' standing, lm""ling,
.
and .ittins; .... llJng (prt"''-'''';ons ): ,>l>l~ , mc", u. bows, including
the prQil r~lrtI (If slmchlllS oul on .ho- ground, '"", for ~umplc. on
Good frid~y m a l pne>tlr o.d,,,,,li,,,,; and, io many countries, .-cli-
gious da",;ng ond ",unds,'"
Geslures wilh lhe ""nd, ~'" m.lny: 1"ld ing. .~ising. stmching out.
imposing, signing " " th th~ lT06S, stri king Ihe b.~ast, bk~,ng. gi" -
inll 10 other,; in tl\(- gre<>ling of pea"", ~nd washin g. NumerOOJS, 100,
are ritual actions in which ,ymbolk ob~-,< ts are uS<.'<.! : lor ~ ... mp l",
lhe pouring 01 wa ll'" on a f"'Tl'O" at baptism, anoinling' wilh hul)'
oils. At M.ss Ih~ ..... is lhe ki"'ing 01alta. and gospel book; th. pn-p.1-
raliun of Itwo ~ltar (the holy ta blel; the bringing of bTt"ad .nd wi",·;
.he mixing of wal,'f with Ih~ wif\(', the b",aking 01 1m, hOSI: the,.. -
ere<! mt!al as sucll; lhe greeting or kiss 01 peace; .he u"" of inc""",
on ...I ..... n ocea"""~. In lhe roUI)<' of the liturgical y.a ......... is "'"
signing ... ith ashes, th., "riling ,,/ the ,,,,,,", .he III,-""sing and proces-
sion 01 palms, Ih" w.~ hing 01 I'~'I on Hol y Thursday, 1m, .il".1 01
light dur ing .he Ea~t•.,. Vigil (Ea,tc ' eandl~), ~nd all sort; ul bl ........
ings (ol foods al Eas"", mM icirwl hl'fbs on .he 1\·.51 of Mar)" s As-
s umption, prod lOCi' at th .. I\.11"\'est l.-ash).
During lhe liturgical year w~ . I!oO enc"unt~r many Ihin gs thai "'1'<,('
as ';8"&: eTO§'l, cand le, sanctuM)' lamp. alta, \'t'ils or ba~ dq>i<t-
ing Ih~ passion, and images. n.e churcf, build ing. as a who'" and
in its rartll, i. full of ')'mbolism : l"'ll'rim p.rlS such as ,'nl.ance
~ou.I and main door,lowe . and ""lis; int~rio. parts such a~ Iii<>
altar. ambo (pulpit!, pn$idrntial chair, bapti~mal lo nl, organ. and
 so on.' n""itu'gka' I·""n".:nts and I~;' ,<>In,. a ... a l'" symbolic; I
,ho II Sf't" k of Ih~ in tt.. """ k'<1inn.
Hi"",!>, ~nd S'gnif"I(Q'Ifrof'''' L,lu'1(I(QI V",'m,nts ~nd Cui""
The ..arly Chri>lia ns had IIQ sp«iallilurgic.l n"Slmmi>o. On Ih~
olh~ h..",d. Ill~ w .wiction q\lI te !()On arose m.1 peopk sh.ould
.... c •• fosri\"C g<I..,.,en ts for Ih~ t'l'ieb.anon 0/ lho: ... en><! mnt"";""."
AftlT Ill .. COn5unhnian ""'olurion lho: hlilh~ d ... XY " ..".; p ut on ~
pol' wilh high im",.,.I.1 offici.ls and ..·l....... JJ""·n:!IO "'e;o. SJ""'ial in.
~ignia s .... h as Ill~ SI"'-'. m.onipk>. p.tllium, ~ ring. uturgieal ,."!it.
m".,t.. in I"'" prop.... sc.'nM' 01 th(o term firS! app.-on..t in Ill,. fillll
a.-.tury. " ' ho,." Ilw anci"", Roman gam 01 mon-runic and tog.>-
Wet{' replacn:l b)' , ........ rmm~ 0I1lw Gauls.and c..rmans (trousers
and shan ",.. I). 5;""" c,·Icb •• n~ of Iho: liturgy nmlinul'd m ....,ar
tho.· old r-i,·,. sarml..," of Ihr 1I0man,. the ~U!! wu sp<'rificaU}.
hlu~I(,l1 \·estmm ts Ih.at 01.." I..... (enlU.it's W",," inc",.sinXly felt 10
be al ... n. In what folluw, I sh.!lllimit my'!".'lf Ii> do-.rn.bing bri<>f]y
lhoe mn"t impon.nl 0( tht'!;o.' li!u!"J;kal I·onn""ts.
The ~lh (from t a ti" ~Ibws. "whilt' ") is . Ion" ",t.ite undrrgarml..,t
that wa, Sl1CceI!i< lf to ,II .. old IIoman tunic (Iuni",) ond is WOrn ot
Mass by all ""k-b,ants in So1c.amenul P<"dl''''. Und,,, tllf' .Ib. 0. 01· ...
it in many .eliginlls orde.~, is a doth laid ""~r the <Mulders (the
omi",) . "hi s might be d_ribed .s a kind 01 :<earl; ""ording to tllf'
P'('S<'n! ruhriCS it n("('<l nm ",. worn os lon g os tllf' alb fits neatly
aro!1nd thc n«k. No. n<.'l'd th\' cirlft" ... (ri"S" /""', "belt") be " ... '<1,
pnll'idl'<l th,> " Ib i~ soc"t Ihot no ~lt i~ n<.'l'dl'd.
TI", ,to/~,. s.>shli~~ strip of ~k"h, ,...~ o.iginol1)"" mark of """ul~.
offi«· . II is n",.. nISt1"H'<l to th~ on i-;KT.mentat o.de". Bishop,;
aOO pril'SIS wear it .",und II", noxk and hanging d",,'n in front On
bolll sidrs fbt,h> ... th .. ,donn, pril'SlS ,..,,,, , lhe ""cis e~ ow.
Hwi. £hl'Sts). o..",ons "'~a, It (We' lhe Ie/t s hooul<k •• nd e~I~""d ing
d 1agon.lI), .croo;.s It> the right sid" in Iron, .nd Nck.
The <I"$~blr or " M~S5 I'~lmenl " (In 1..>11n: clfSulR but .lso "....,.~/o
. nd piR""fI) IS lho" out~, hru.gtC~1 g;orm~I; II o:k>1il'"" lrom !he~.
£icnl Rom.n log. . Orig:;nall)' it ......' ronlC~1 in s lwpe.and "'as 10....
0\''''
'-""<l lho, he.d and CQ, ......-.J Ihe mn ... bod)' r chasllbLe- from
I..>lin ClI$JII• • · llnl(> hou!'<·"). In lho" Ih.lrle.>nlh ~ Iury Ihr gar""""1
waS ShO.tl'fll'<l at Ihe sid",,; Ih" tl.'5uh was Ih" "Got hic " cha,uble. In
the &roq"" j1'('riod it ... ~s sho.!<·ncd el'en fu'lhe., and he,.,.y b",·
eade wa, uso.-d in making il; tho' rt'SIlJt was. highly omam""tal ga, .
mmt (the "fiddle b;ock" chasuble), In 1~!5 II><> Cong.egation 0/
Rilo'S c:k.'(I~rn:! this " mini" (lwsubl .. 10 b.- I"" onl)' allo..... bl~ fonn
and p..,h.ibitl'd "GOThic" elwsubl~ T1w d,'CTl'<' was not ...~I hd'."'n
until 1957.
nw .1....11( la n.lme probably '~k" i<1g IU an QUIlT garmenl origin. l.
ing in [);)1m.1tf~ and " 'om by men and "'"OmlTl at tho> end "I tt... 5('(".
and cet1Iw)' A.D.) btoc.....• t.... lilutgkal null.. gannent of de.v:<.Jn5. BUI
it was abo.an q>isrop.1 """nnenl wom undt-r tl><> dwsuble.
nw 1""1( w~s the out« &,''''''''1 wom by subd......-om; it ~arne in-
creasingly to nosemble t .... d.lmalic. (The orde. 01 .ubdeacon ..... s
..Liminal...:! aflt.'t Vatican II.)
llw:o pi .. ,.;,,! (lite,ally: ".alncwt "). al~ known ~. t"" mpe. is "'um
by bish.ops and priesTS f(W mAny actions outsid.o;o I..... ceicbration of
the EllChari .. , for e~ampl .. , in pt'O(('Ssions, the ~h().o l Office , """ a-
menta l bk";sin" s, ronse<:, alion., other bles<ings, ~nd so on. 11 is a
festll"li' cloa k o' " pe Ihal ..... d".. a Im()!;t to tllf' Gmund; il i. open in
the from bllt dnwn together O! tf,., b ... ast with. clasp.
n". ""mum prob~bly d~"·d<lpt.'d "",1of the stole and i. no ..... an i"'ig-
nia reSo!r\'L'<l to the pope and .... id\>nli~l archbi<hnps . It consists o f a
cross·shapt.'<l band of ..... 001 Ih., is worn on the sho uld"", owr lhe
ellas uble. 11 has a l~nhlT shorl band in I.ont and back and is
adOrned with si x erOSSt.'s. Or.:e t~ tio.~ " 'as eliminall'd by Pau l VI
1IIf' an:eptance of tht. p" Ilium 1>«• ....., the si"n of • oe ..... pope's as·
sumption oflh .. so.'C of IIome.
Anyone beside a hi,,,,,,,, pril'St. or d~a ... 'n, ...·ho performs a ,.,n.·ie~
alit;" . lIu m~y ..... ~ • • 1.... ' iturgkal ..e5lm""ll.wlully approved in
u eh n::gion (GIRAI )01 )."
In R>gard 10 tllf' "",,~i"g of ','urgral ,"f'S/"""" •• tt... ~,allnSl, ..c"""
cf'Itt" 1Wmo" MtMoIll c~11s .11l..,t,..,., 10 I......, aspect!;. ""'" fiNI is thai
lhe , ....strnen'" " llhould , , . lymbo!i7.e th(o fWlCtion ProplT 10 earn
ministry. Bul al Ille IOIme time Ih. .. I'f'SIm ..... '" should al.., romribule
It> the beauty 0{ the ril~· (CIRM 297). A /un"", signif0C3t"ry .. t.,..
rnmt is rortnf'Ctl'd wllll the l;oc, lhal Christ Ih~ high pri""l .octs in
"
IIx- «,Icl>ranl~ 01 the liturgy; tlx-y afl.' his instnm>ents and n'Pn.... nt
rus p<"rsorl (st'<;' SC 7), In the(elcl>uIion of Ihe Sill'ing m~t"ri<'S it is
prim.rily Christ who ~ts, and 10 him the p<"f'5Qn and subjc<:ti" e
outlook of the hum." priesl muSt lak~ SE«)Hd place; Ihis rol~ 01 the
human pri""l is indicalOO by lhe liturgical g.lrb in ,,·lticll he is a. it
w ..... hidd<-n fn:>m "iew. Th~ "eslments h.1'~ Ihus ~ m)·sl.og08ical
m<'aning. th.1t is, the)' help the p.>nicipants 10 und...-st.md and c. pe-
..... ne.. Ih .. mys tery. By .ny .croo,,,,ting til<-)' ut' ......... nt nol 10 c u ll
lheir " ·e.rer ("nlil 01" p<"f"5OI\ality") bullO silo ... ralhe,- Ihal Chri,1
has ta""" tlx- wc.",r into his Ioen'ice."
n,.. fon1\oinll: considerations. ", not me.nt 10 gh"t' lhe imp""'sion
,I>.>, lhe ,"".,;lmmt. wrucll ha"e come inlo uS<' in the Cou,,", of his-
lory "".",Id ~ fl.1a",00 in their pf\'5m1 form. As r shall sh.,...· in d ....
tail in I"" nt'xl Sl"Cmm. hrurxk.1 signs ore changeable. -n..,
docu"","ls ." I.... Chu",h ta"" Ihis faCl into ~rounl 10 lho.· .",1....1
tI>.>l , .....>y admil a n-nain dc<:cntrali7.ation 01 ...:c1l'Siastical compe-
t""c~ in IhiS . "'.: R'1\.rdinll til<- design of W'srml'nIS, lhe ronfcr.
0
"""'" 0/ bishnps may """,rmitll' .nd prt.lf'O!lC tu tho.· Huly s....
adaptJ tions th.t «''''''pond In Ih~ nt.'t'ds .nd usall'''' 01 t lx~r n -
gion. " (GIRIIII )().I).
In the cou'"'" 01 hisl(}rkal d~"elopment ~ (an,,,. of colors ca me III ),.,
.""",i.tOO wilh Ih~ ,'''''tmlmts. Tn und~"'t.nd the r"I"", ........! in the
earli ... t Utu rgical "estments w~ mu"l look to the t,"Ch n'~"gy 1m d)"'-
ing fabrics in antiquity, AI Ihe lime an "'pt'Ci. ll y pri,ed dye ~am"
In:>m a ",-,,"'lion 01 a mollusk ()( IIw gcnus Purpu",; thi. wa, ac·
qui"..! drop by <imp,lhinned, ~nd uS<:'d to dye material. By "arying
Ih<· amoont of ,"",lion uK'd ~nd Ihe lenglh 01" the d)'eing process
and the e'J"'Su .... qr>ou~ sh~d .... of rolorrould be ~hie\·oo. The
mosl " 'p'-'1Ui"e and thcrclo.... lhe mOSI fashionabk- ..."". dark.....J;
I'lin)' SJ"-·ak. in this wruw.'(1ion 01 , blKkish purple. Ne.1 in Ill<'
,..-at.. "f ,·alu.· ("' Tnt' °N),.I purpk'.o Th(o darkrr tho.' lIano<"1l. I""
mo.., , ·.Iuabl .. and It"'t;"e il " ·n . Thu •• nrk'At d(-pirtiorl. u.ually
show the p"p" and bishops in dark d1asub~, ... hi)., the ,·est"..,.",l.
"f <karons are "f a bnghler color. In th<· nin th and tenth """tu~
the .OO""II""h""I08y ... as Iosl and nl'l'M by • Ieso; """"""i,'e
O.... lhat uS<'<! planl 1OIp$,"
Only around 1200, oo..'cv ..... "'.~ . ~triC1 c.non oIliturgic.1 cul~
"
I!'Slabli.lmd. th'>UKh Ih,'fc ..-,'t(.
carly c hurl S along Ihi. I"", during
lhe Carolingian "","od. In""""'l III prm'i<k<!lhe first arelul d ....
scriplion 01 th~ custom. f(,lIowl..! in his lirnc .... Thi. unon ",.os .>C.
«ptOO and fI.'<:I.Imml'ftded b)' Durandus 01 f,"\endt, at the end 01 the
t/tin.....,lh n'fttury." It d id \lot beoome obligalor),. he",,,·,,,.. until
tIw publicalion of ttl<' Tool'fttine ~ lissal in 15m, wh~ it has been
Wom O\'er, " 'ilh minor ch.nSfl. into 1M Mi56a1 of Vatican II. The
GmmII Insmut;"" <fIN /(o ..... n M,s~1 lOIys: ~Valiety ;n the roIer of
thr '"eStm.-nf>; ;, meant to g"'~ efl«ti,'e . OI.I",,·.rd expres.ion 10 the
spKific cttar.CI('f 01 I"" m)'St.'ries of the faith booing al"bi.tC'd and.
in thr rourw of ItI<' year, 10. smH 01" progf\'S6 in the Cltmtian life"
"'" '"''
Thr most important pr1-'!I<:riplions ;>.~ unrtr f"" lhe E.lstcr and
Christmas ~ tIw bst. oI lt1<' Lord and iii. MotIwr, of the an-
~Is. and of no.m-martyr samt" InIlor I'alm Sund.); Good Frida);
fea5~ of thr p.anion 01" Christ Pmtc.'(ost .nd ItI<' feasts oIlIle.~
ties and the marty'" II'"'" for "Ordinary Time "; ,,,,,In for Advent
lnd L~nt (also permitl<.'<f in lilurgies fot I.....• dl..:eascd); 1>/",* in lilur·
gics for lhe d«~_-d (opti" nal ); >VSt' on Ih" lhiTd Sunday 01 Ad w nt
(Gaudete Sunday) and Ihto f<lUrth Sund.y of uml (La,1 ...' SundO)').
AI; wilh Ihe liturgic. 1 """tm'''' IS, lhe cpi,;c<,pal wn lcn.... '.,; may "n·
dert. k~ . uil.blc ad' ploti"". (GIRM 3(6). Mo,,' p"-,,,ious '· .... Iment'
(e.g., ,·t.'Slm,,,,ts of 1I00d bnX"adc) m.y 1>0., "s....! on oil festiw OCC,l '
5ions, re~anJless ,,/ th~ col'" of th" day (no. 30':1).
The Eastem riles ha"~ nf> ",.1 canonical " ,I"TS,", lea" il w," p"' -
oc:ind In:>m!lO~ CUSloms of the By1.amin~ rite and '''pt'Ciall y "I th~
C,.,..,k Chu"'h ....
The attitude.nd pnClice of th" Pn>hStam Church,.,. di/f.,,- widd}"
from region 10 region a.nd confession tf> coni_ion.
-", .. la l.. mooirnl m.dllion regarding liturgical colors wa. ""i-
denll), continU<"<!. "" adopted , most ""tensl,..,lr in lutheranism.
The Refo ..... ...d tradition paid no attmtion 10 til<- ql.l<.'Stion bee.u""
as ""rty ... lhe $iK~th «.'fIlury il h.1d al",.dy rompll'"h>l)' r limi -
I\oltOO the altar and hrurgical n'Stmmt s, , , . Only in "ery """,m
)'l'al'S, as a 0ISU1t ()( the 1nO\·,-""<-,,,t of liturxical .norm, has il r.iS<'<!
the qurstion from time 10 time ... Anglianism, ..-ith if>; >ITtJng atla<h_
 m,.'n l kl tradition. Went Ie. OWn woy; in AngJn.C.tholi.cism il O<la'
"110m followed to 0 largt' ~U~t tlw !nedi<",·.1 or Roman CIlSlom_""
In u..., Sc.mdi"" ·i~n COIJnl ries. IhI.> Rdor ..... ti"" "pnw<'<l "..,.,,,, ron-
S<'T\·.Ii,,{' <1n'n lhan G.. rman I.lllherani~m In tM maUl.. 01 Cen-rno-
ni~1. ~;s incll>lk-s tlw "~nwms lor .\1.\6 and prob..bly, in
f'1UlCIpl~. tlw canon of hlurgic.1 rotors."'"' l<.:o..·ad.o.ys the call for
IIn .. t", Icsti"ity and ""jo)"lnem of color in I'totl'Stdnt worship is boo-
coming O'\'<'r loudl".
n... Mutability of UI"fiial s.g~.
~.use. I~Iu~1 slgru are ""'.nl to Jignify and shed lighl on in,' is-
~I" ..... hl'""', Il\r;, .ctual f'O"'... 0 1signifying musl be lesled from
II"", 10 11m". Many signs are ""'Y old and origi ... le in cult.",,. now
Ionji; paSL ~bny 01 Illese l'oIrne signs bek>1lg .dm illedly to the so-
calilod "prim.11 symbols · thill .... COmmon 10aU ~ln and Iran-
sc.. nd lim ..; other •• ho"'... ,·...... re bound up with ItislUric;t\l""riod .
and cultu",," and ~"fft-r sum(' loss oI ll>e-ir , ignilic.lory powe.- "ilh
lhe pa~~ of tl"", or tralllill'ft'l"lC.. to <>I .....·r cultul"l'S. This is no b .
true 01 man)' signs and s>'mbolk ani",,", Iound in ..creod scriptu,...
lhan of .,gns and s)'mbols added ia"'r. Think. for (' .ampl ~. 01 Jesus'
u,," " I spink in healing tllto sick Or 01 til<: many lilurgk.1 .igns
lak.", ""~r from It... <:'e,...",onia l 01 the Impl'rial ~ou" . It.... tile Con-
, 1,1n1inia " ......·" Iulion,
For thL, n,.JOn Vatic_n II wa. conc.:ml'd Ih. t Ihe "'X " . nd riles 01
Ih., liturll)" should "express mo,... d~.rl)' Ih~ holy Ihing. Ih lj' '>ig-
n>l)" a nd th~t the Christian ptIOple. as I. r as ~ibl ~, a ... ab l~ to un .
d,'r.;I.nd t~ern wilh ~ast' and 10 ta l~ part in lhe rill'" fully, . eli .. ...!)",
.nd as behlS. community" (SC 21), lhc sam~ intention lind. eVen
cl""r(T ~xprcss.ion in Aniclc 34 ... he ... it Idkes the lorm 01 a di"",-
tive "'lllt, rites s f><,uld be markt-d by. noble simp licit)": tMy "",ouJd
be sh<>rt. d~. " .md unenrumbert!d b)' u",I!ISS n.'P"li tions; 1M
s h<>uld be ... illlin til<' ~I~'s PO""ers 01' romp ... hc.-ru.ion and ~s •
ruJ.: not ""'lu i", mucll e.>.pl .... hon.·
As a malt", 01 IMI, the.- "" <ision of the lilurxi<:al book. Il\.ot .... s rom.
mis6in,,<'<l by IhI.> Council ~n " 'ilh a ",·t'Ming nul 011"" signs
u5l-d. An ""ampk' wo uld be thl.> ri", 01' Nptis m lor child ...... from
",·hlCh lhe rt'lorm !.'Iimln.led ,he Ihreefold b","Ihing On the child'~
f...:e. ttlt, pladng of "'>m .. salt In tf><' mouth, 11'1' touching 01 nOst'
and ca.., wi lh ;.piul~. and j.n on. At tf><' .... me limc. h<>w....·c.,olh...
t ip that an! s till "~J)' mNninlllui today. such as the signing wilh
~ !IIgn ol lhe C"", .nd Ihe )o:;"ing oIa wlUte garmenl and a HI can"
d\I.>, ,,~, not onl)' h'P' but had tl>e-ir meaning fnrthe. clarified by,
lor eumple, lho.' p.rticipation of pa ..... t5 ...,d .ponsor:s in the sign·
ins 01 the child wllh thl.> (1't)HO and by tt.... lighting of 1M baptism;t\
candle fmm th~ F"~I" candk."
\I is true. 01 "",,5<.', thai erudite ""'pens c.n show the meaningful-
_ o f nuny signs dc';"ed from ...,ci...,1 ruJIU ..... but Iound uninteJ·
Ilgiblf t(>day. The need. ho"'· ... n ... ~ that lhe ordinary faithful
should be abk I<.> und .....sund 'hem '1uickJ)' and "" ithout a gn'at
deal of ... planation. O!ht.....·iw l\w.'lilu'llY ri;;k. bcroming a mu·
"b,..
seum pi«l' and I. ''f''''n ,,> tf><· ",tion oIardw.'Ologism. Wilh litis
in mind !It!noedktin.. A. V.-m..ul u<ges· lhat the forms thaI rn.'Od an
eJaborat" ."'........ ~al "'pl.".,tion 10 make them inlelligible and
can no lonll~' bt! mad" mc:anint;ful. 1><.. """""ed Of 1Ii'·..... !l('W
shop<'. A Htu<gy that unl), bo",omes de.r when p " "'lod,-d . n d <>C<'Offi.
f'lnled by . lot 01 ~~pl .... tion is "I d"ubtful ,·a lu". II no long~'T
speak. to the man of today.· "
Ev ang~lical theologian K. H, Bieril~, i. in _g"-",,ment on this poinl;
he writ~.,; with re'!l. rd ,,, Lutheran worship:
"Con temporary pn>blcms oi litu' llica l p ra~is ca nnOI be ,"" In'" sim-
p ly be N'tuming to real or s upf"""d ·origin.,' Such a process o f ""'-
tor.Uon fails 10 take Inlo accounl lhal lhe litu<gical sign. w hk h are
10 b(o 1t'S10re<! wet"<.' orisinall)' loca ted in enlire!)" diffe ..... t s)'n-
loSmas and ~,"en in an enlirely dille,...,,1 cultural and social conte,,1
Ind thallhc meaning the)' mly tu" e b<-<>n able 10 ron" e), in lnal
conlt'~t cannot wi tnotJl furt hl.>r ado bfo transr.. .. ed 10 a new ron-
te>ct.·"
llw lacl thai Ih" abilily I<> signify ran und'-""KO ch ange also means.
and ",..", rwcessilillo!S. Ihal Iht: liturgy muSl be r. "': ph,·e I<> appn>-
pria'" p'.5tlI,-d..y Jig'" Ind lhat in "icY.' 0( lho.· "aned cultures
within lhe OIW "'orld "'id~ Chu",h there nn "'" no imposed unifo<-
mity 01 'i turginl signs. Th.!", is. f'lraiLeI he,..., " 'ilh church architec-
tu,...,. As late as til<! early d«ad<.'S 01 Our own rentury lhe,..., ... '"'"
inn"",,"al circles wilhin bo(h glNt conr..-i""" that "'....., ""'-""8<'1i-
 <ally ~ to any dep"ru", from the ar<:hit"""ur~1 styl.,. of the
past. A«ording to lutheran architect Otto s.""."..
these di.ctples
of N5toric:io;m were promoting the imprK5ion tN.t the presmt-day
Church i, an institution 01 and for yestt'fday and m..erore t..cks
<..edibility." Similar obi«tions were raised against Catholic <'C<:les.i -
n t iul ba,. 01\ the introduction of any new archiie('junI5tyle: -me
p rdlibitions noI only w_ inj\lOous 10 e«lftiastiul ~rdUtect\ll1'
but alienatcod the enlhusia$tk )'OW1g from the Ch\lrch, ",meh ine"i-
t.bly stTud them .s ould.ted . nd as 5On'IO'thing wilh which <lIM'
..
r-.:I no longer be COi....,~.· V.!kMl II "';'cted thi. inflexible
clinging ro the If.diIlONI: ""1M art of Our own d.ys. coming from
.... ery ...... and ~on,shall.bo be given""" ~in I""
Chtm:h.
on the condition tNt it Jo!I'V<es the plMeS of w~p and ... <"n'd.
rites with the ~tt\U..... nd honordue 10 lhem· (SC ]23).
n.... por.llel with church an:hilt!ct\lre <lJld lhe conciliar declaration
. ... fully applicable to the whole world of ]it"'gic.1 ~gns. The "~gi<
~i.<'M)J of ",iu.i:>lIIIry tttrl_ in ~t cenhuWo is <>no:' long indkl-
menl of the unenlighrened view tN t the traditional ~II"S musl be
uniformly l'eIaiTM!d.t ~l times and in all cultures. lJrurgic;ll signs
Iha l are not fou nd in the inlell«tua l world of o th ... cultuf'e5 o r r-..-n
conv<')' INo very opposi te 01 whal is int""dlOd certainly do ""t serve
INo Uturgy and the faith bul are a hindfa~ and ""ume of harm.
For example: lIlhe end of lhe sixl"""lh ",nlury, und ... the prult'<:.
lion of INo Portugueso,! colonia l ove.-lords the Latin rit.. of confirma.
tion was inlrod~ inlo the Christian rommunities 0 / ""uthem
India (the "Thom.s Chri~liansH of Ke.-.l a), whkh had previously
been und ... the Influena. of th~ East Syrian rite. SiTl<"t' !he ritua l of
confirmation Inc luded IS one of Its signs a slap on the ct.e..l, the
new ri lr led 10 vlolenl demonstra tions. begus.e tim action was rt'"-
garded as humiliating and degrading. Theorigina l merning-"Be
mindful!' ~f tNs sign that was indlgeno." ro the Gomn;,n tribes of
the Mid d le Agt'S met, In Kerala and elsorwhen!. with misunderstand-
ing and resista~."
Another ill~n ation of the harm th.1on be dON! by an uncritic.l
inlroduction of rull\1raUy condirionftl signs is the unqt1alilVd tI$C
of the Rorn;on c.onon of li n.u·g:k.l oolon.. A$ is now g"..£tally known.
;,. China and _ oth« rountries white and nat black ill the color
~~'mbolic 01 mourning. II. then. we w.nllhe liturgy 10 eJ<"",ise ils
symbolic powe.-, we mu~t pay heed to lhe horizon of undrrstand~
ing propl'r iOe.lCh culture; in other word~. we mu~t aa:ept t~ pnn-
ctpl<! of If\(\Ilruration . Vancan II finally look this step, · Pro ....IOIlS .
shall also be made. ",'en in the rev~ 01 liturgk~ books, for II'g;b-
male v.r]alion$ and adapution$ to different grotlp5, regions, and
peoples, espt'ci.lly In mi5ll00n l&nds, provided the ... bstanlial Ul\Ity
of the Roman Rile is p,cse r.. ed: this should be b<m>e in mind " 'h""
rites are dr...·n up a nd nJbrics d pyboMl " (SC 38).
THE CONTE M PO RARV CA P" C ITV fOM L IT U RG Y
Cloeorly ronn«ted with the symbolic character 01 the liturgy is lhe
question wtwlhel lhe IMf\ and women of our Ie<:h.no1ogic,] age aft'
any km&er It all opobk! o f celebrating the liturgy. Are lhey any .
Ion&er abl.! to linde-niland w, sign$' and symbolic ~ons 01 w, iii·
\Ilg)' and to communicate. in and thro\lgh these, Wllh God and the
communily?
Roma no Gua rdin i, I pioneer in litugica l ,eM'" and ed ucation,
noboMl this question once again a f..... mon ths after lhe publication
of the Conslltution on INo Liturgy. In a letter to !he Third Gennan
lJlu rgical CongrtSl I t Maint in Apri l 1%4" No ca lled attmtion to
thai whkh is It the very helrt of any liturgical ",""wal, namely. the
proper a«ompli.hmenl of the liturgical act:
" ... the symbolic action i, 'perfonned ' by the ",levanl agmt as I Ii-
tu rgic.11>C1, and is'read' by !how who peteeive it in an Inalogous
IICItha t Intui\!. t~ inne!" meaning In lhe external form . .. . Symbols
.... by their nature somCl hing oorporeu-spirilu.l; they are expres:-
sions of the inlerlor in the e~terior and, if they an:' to ex~ th""
full e.pn!SSive powe!", mUjt be acoompli.ohed in a serious and recol-
lected mlntlCf and be ro-loCCompH,hed in an act of intuilion" (328).
(Even in his early yea<"!l Guardlni IUId lell lh.JJ, to be a key problem.)'"
At the end of 1m lene.- Guardini . sked tN! dit.quieting queslion:
~" lin.ugical action. ,nd with il ""eryth.ing we oll 'liturgy: so his-
torieally cond!IIoMd-tlO linked 10 the ancimt or the rnedie>'"
world- tNt _ mWlt in alll\one$ty cease 10 practice il? Ought we
prmap. forre ounelve to admil tNt men. and women li" ing in the
ind uacrial a nd t«hnoIogiot:al age and cond itioned by the psychologi-
"
 cal .. nd oociologic.. 1str'I.J(1UIft which this "8" nn crealfd are sim·
ply no \ongoT capable of Ututgiaol .. chon?« (331-32).
II is ck>ar from the ronte~t thAI Guardini was not in principle~­
;ng thr liturgy itS ttle myslery of the .pplkation of salvation and
the glorification of G.xl. Rather he was focusing """"'ti.lly on ··Ii·
turgical actions·· which mm and women acrornpl i~h in a sy mbolic-
corpo<~.1 manner and wittl "Insight'· and into which they musl
pour tho:ir mti", p"~lities.
From tilt wealth o f cootributlons 10 Ihr discussion sta rted by
Gu .. rdini·s letter I 'ellct one which begins by shifting the qt.>eStio:Jn
10 .,.odorr a ..... but which IlOI"OrIheless weIRS quite helpful:
NAre the m..., and w"",", of today opable of ·....,.;ns· I work of art.
Ustenlng 10 a symphony. marveling at a landscap". ""I";'rlling"
feast. and o f doing 50 not IS mfre passi"e spectators but w;lh .ctive
participation and interior appropriation. with hea f1!i d~ly moved,
in m thuSiasm. with true p.rtkipation in thr f<'Slivity. and with the
power .nd cap;>dty to give their fe<>lings an appropri.te "plft5ion
of not>lfo /esti'·ene!l6. o f prl~ Ind honor, and tim in rom munion
with others of the .."'" mind?" "
J I.I$IIS"'~ may not in prindpledeny th is fi>CUlty 10 the mm and
women of tod.y, ....·en lhough;t is in many w ayssub"",,"sfd and
rw.'e<i5 10 be brought back 10 IiI\-. TM'ither ....... y we utterly d .... y the ca-
padty for liturgy. In the secu la. sp ........ our contemporaries not in·
frequently disp lay an understanding 01 and desire /0 • • deg ..... of
cermoni.land sh"",· themselves inTmorly m<Ned by II," At the
u"", time. however. lhe: c:oru.c>ous. acth~ accomplishment o f litur-
gical ~actiOll'lN depends on certain p ....... ppasitions; I must briefly
mention t/w> most imporunt of th .....
In the firsl pl..,e, !~ is ooed of .1i'·ingfirilll thot in th~ li lUrgy
God himself. in Christ, is acting /or OUr sal'·ation and that we.....-d
this sah'"ion. Thls faith includes. of COUTS<:. the fundament.1 brlit't
in a personal God. Back in 1944-45 Alfred Delp spoke of the "lac k of
capacity for God " tha t many peop~ disp lay; in tile age of the"Sec-
ond EnIightenmmt« this phmomer>on hi. ""':ome e.'tTI ~
marked. especially sin« the religiOlD ;md Christian toei.li:u.tion of
childn!l"l a nd young peopk ha, been 8Qnegle<btd in _ t decades.
A turnaround in this area will requioe an rifo rt .Iong the enli..., p.1 ....
100".1 front and not ,imply in liturgical fonnation.
Another presuppos;tiOfi of pl"OJ'e'" p.1rtidpalion in thr liturgical « I·
elI •• lion is a cerUln men...... of interior ,ilrncr, concrnt..lion, and
"Pltitua l .iertn<.'SS. These virtues are Jacking in many people of our
technological 'g" with its numerouS stres.ful situations but .150 its
intrusive. limi ll~ s~pply 01 light entertainment In the ....... 55 media .
"StillnesI; m ust nat br ,~perlici.l . .. our thoughts. o ur feelings. our
hearts must also find resl .... Still....,.; .. t/w> tranquiliTy o f th~ inner
HIe; the quiet al the depths of ilS hidd..., stn>~. It is. roIll"CIe<l
toUl pi , """. '" bt-ing ·aU then>: reo:q>li'~. aiETt. re<ldy.... '
Ymally, celebration of the liturgy pl'l'Supposcs the p.1rtidpants· 01-
p«ity fvr rom",unily. A comm unity is mo..., than the ,um of assem-
bled individ uals. It i~ th e banding together of maturt' human beings
~ joint actiOfi in mutu.I.lfinnatiOfiond I'l'Sp<'CI. It requires the n:-
nunciation 01 isolating individu.lism and ,.,11~~red~."A
pal dnl that divides must be <Nb C"'''''. 05p«i.lly the isolation of
the mod..... individual; in .ddition. all the intmor s tilTings of " ..er-
lion and h05lility IOW .. rd the nrighbor; lhe ind ifht,,,, ...-e to the many
who •• ..., no concern of m iN:: but who a .... in lac:! members of tM
.-rN:oommunily; a lethvg;c sense: of oppressiveneM; Ind ""on,""
Many Otristian,of Our tim .. win certainly not find il euy to ........ te
thete conditiOn> within themselves. ThPir altain"",nl ""l uifl'S not
only appropriate ill5truction but ongoing edue.tion and form.ltion;
norwU"J I'$' this altai~tl<eetl\$ J'065iblc in prind ple .. ,'en to<by,
'The occasional celebration of tM ~turgy wilh I sINll group on be
'" v.llluable help hc:re •

I
" "

Chapter Five
Music in the Liturgy
In Ol der '1'1 pre"en, .mbiguities ;;and ml5undersli\ndings in dealing
with thi!. m.lny-fac<!1ll!d "'bi«1II ... Wbe helpful tn ;;ag ..... on " cleil r
~minology, Tlleex~ion m~m S«TII j"f' ,.ed musk1of,he
Roman dorumt'f\ts is usu.lly <I oomp ...~"e temo t..... , includes
both 'vcal and lns tnomt'f\I<l1 music:, Thus,he tnsfrw<1itm 011 Music in
I~ /Jtu'iY ... hich ... as published by the COlUi~um and th .. Congn-
ganon 04 Rites on Man:h 5, 1967. NYS: "1'he'erm '..........:I music'
he ... includ""" Gfl'gOrlan chan,. ,he sev..,.al s'yles of polyphony.
both ancien, and modem; sac:f1!d muslc /or organ;;a"" for other per-
mi tted Instnomm,s, and the 5.iCTl:'d. i,.... liturgic:al OT rdigiou ••
m usic nf 'he people."'
On the oth..,. hand. the Intemal,,,,,,, 1Study Group on Song and
Musk In the Liturgy (founded und~r , he name "Uni..""" La",,- in
19(6) pn>fets th~ term "liturgical musk " (iICt' "Unl .. ...,., Lau. Docu-
ment ·80"). By this it understands "a ll ium" nf vocal and iI\lltru-
m~ntal music that .,." u:;ro In the liturgy,"" Thi. terminology will be
usrd in the ensuin!! di5CUSs.ion; 1 shall distinguish between singing
in its various /orm5 and instrumental music.
Ht STO RlCIo.l S U R V~Y
The prim in'·., romm unlty 04 jl!nJsa"'m had its origins in Judaism
and ... u quite fam ilia r ... lth the singing ;;and in.trulJll'l'ltal musk of
thr kmpl.. Utu rg;es. It ill very likely. on the other hand. tn., no mu-
sical imtruments we.... lUE'd In the synogogues. Thor ......wng:sand
pr;;a)'l'fS .....,." dell" eNd in a kind nf manl. and W pullT\!i .........
sung. In the ~nt5 of,he Lut Supper of jnus ..... .,.. tl)ld that
" ..·hen ther had suns ' hymn, they went OIOt 10 the Mo.,ont of 01-
i,·..." (Mt. 26;30; Mk 14:26); that is. the diJdp les and Jeus sang the
" gn>" H.o ~I " (P5 11 2-17), ... hich ... n part of the PQSOvl'j" ritual.
" .
n.e Plullne letters exllon the (Omm\Jnil~ to "'t "ps.ilins and
hymN Ind spiri'ual songs" be heard in ' heir midst and to I'I'joi<T
and 1i"8 the lord ', praise wi th full hea rt5 (Eph 5:19; Col 3:161. 11'1-
addition.. the New TO!'StaJTlll'llt con~ins mmy ~xl!l of hymns. ""I"'"
dally hymns 10 Chris~ /or example. jn 1:1-18; [ph 1:4.. 14; 5:14; I'hiI
2:(..11; Cnll ;1 ~20; Heb 1:3; I nm 3: 16. The " heilvenly liturgy" in
IN! Apoalypse lrE'q\Jt'l\dy cite h)"1lliU in hooor o f God and the
"Lamb": for ex.omp~, 1:4.1; ' :8. II ; S;9/.; 1:10, 12.; 11:15, 11f.; 12:111-
12; 14:3; I ~')f.; 19: H I; 21 :31. It is thereto ... ~tima~ 10 rondudr.
"The Hrly Christian communities <l<:«'pted a nd used singing as an
ek ...ent In their litu&icallife.... It can ~ iIOS$urN'd ... ith a good
deal of COfIfkIE'ro« that in ;;addition lO , he If""'tanf'OUS -.ongs of
Spirit-filled Individ1.lal! t~ ... e.... ~ liturgk.ol "'xl~ for the rom-
m unlty. ln the oou_ of ",~u,",,' d .... elopment the bala.,..., be-
tween the two forms of Hlurgic:al music shihi'd inc", .. sin!!I)· in
f.vor nf commun;;al singing.·'
nw pulm5 in particula r ~ as the " hymnal" 04 the ~.rl}· Chris-
tian oommuniti..,.' Along~ the ps.11ms, how",·cr, there ...en:
many hymM in!lpini<l by the Christian faith (ps<llmi idil)/ ;"i. i.e ..
"Mmmll de" pulms). the charoctcr nf .... hich is ,!ill attested by the
Glon·a and the old .... put of the Tt Dr~",. On tflt, other hand, early
Cluistilnity did 1'\01 develop a lute for instrument. I music in the lit-
" " ,.
[t \I undetstanda~e that J ln« there waS no li turgical central ization
n>gIona l lnfluences should have m;sd~ thei r appearance in lilurgical
musk. In ... hal fnllows J sha ll oonrentrate solely on the develop-
ment in the Wesl. Ind even then. I must ~ """)' brief, '
ThorConst.nlinian ..... nlution and ,he ~noction nf magnificent ba.ili-
c.. S!Jft'\gthfned the tendency 10 g,."ater solemnity in th<- liturgy.
This "'"Y .1J'Ndy be toeen in the malU'ol'1" of .inging thr ..... Ims. In i_
tially the singing wu .... panlCrial. tn.t is. a choir or can'or alone
....g the ongoing lexl. ... hlle the oommunity took part by s inging
an undianglng.nd o ften R'pe;;ated rr5p<msoriwm (rnrain). which . in
the brg!nnlng. mighl be su.:h short formulas as "Amen· Or "AI....
Iu.." or "Glory ~ tI) the Father...." At a lat,... period. how",... r, an-
Iiphonal psa lmody (twn .llII'l"natine; choirs) came inlO use.
 In the fou rth crotury Antioch and Milan (Amb..,...) were th~ ""'-
t ..... ~ of this antip~l psalmody. Part of the ni"f"'rtory 0/ ~ from
thO' fourth .-.mtury OT> wn the ,~ltilU$, I " 'ordles5 mlPlody that
!ioeI"\~ to eq>res5 profound emotion. I melody " in which I hO' heln
voices what elMOI bo: put into words. ... llIe /wlti/us found a home
""J't'Cia/ly in the Kyrie and at the Allduia (Nre in the lorm of a con·
tinuation of the final syllable). In the early Midd le Ages the . ddi·
liM olll'l<ts to the 1~!JilU$ g;o'~ rise to b..., Ll (espec;.Uy .t the
Kyrioo) and to ~uen<'I$, which We<'l' joined to the Alleluia. ~ ow.-
forty se<j"""Co.'S to a single monk, Notker Bolbulu. 01 St. Gall (SW-
912). Th<> many se<j~ of the Middle Ages wen. m;luced to lour
allhe Tridenti .... reform.
From the founh ,,",Iury on, hymNS 100, which In n rly Christianity
usually had quilt! simple ""'''' and melodies, showed an ad"ance in
t... tua l and musical qu.lity. In the West, chieOy due to tho. InOuen<;e
0/ Ambf05<', hymns beeame popular in dluacter (this afler Hilary
of J>o;Iin!; had broughl num~s Eao;iI!'m hymns with hlm from
Asia Minor). ~r duef outw. rd char~ w.s <tpcIition of
the same strophaic stn.Kture, Hch s tanza hiving thesamt' numbel"
_!
of syllables and the sam .. melod y (the . ta"" •• we ... i.<ostrophlc lnd
iKJl!lyUabioc). It is estimated thai aboul 35,000 hymns in all wen. com-
G"'li'!' .... n dwa"t acquired a position 01 'f"'Cia l importance. Accord ·
ing to a tradition that g""" bock to the eighth C1'nlury Pol'" Cregory
I (.59()-604) roll,oclt'd the melodies sung in the Ma .. and Offitt at the
paf'l l court and rrorganiud them. To him 100 is altn"buted the
Roman ..:ltohl ani,,","', which s ut>stanti.lly inO~ "",ging in
th~ W<'SI. As the Romon litutg)' spread, "'" to • la rge c''''''t did the
Roman manner of singing. This was ~lIy true o f the Frilllkish
kingdom under King Pepin and EmperorCharlemagne.1n the paost
not only had ~lIy infl ... "",d liturg;." ~1'Ioped, ..... t "'" had
"""ny v.ried forms of singing. Now both Pepin and Chan..magrw.
demanded an unqualified a«eplancr of lhe Roman manner of .ing-
ing (their decision W", to some ~~"'nt politio:.lly moIi,·ated) . Th<>
school of dlant which Pepin founded at Metz wllS. greol help in
thi. process. E,'~ then. howt'\'tT, Qormanic ~erSkInS of (ho",1sing-
, "
InS peTSi"ed for centuries; In fact one is u'led e""" today in the par-
Ish ch un:h of Kiedrich neu Mlinz.
From the mid·ninth century on. poIypIton>r C"~n:h _ g d ....·eIoped
NDrth oIlhe Alps (il wu called dillplronill .nd, in the beginning. ot·
g..nwm as well). It " ... dOil!ly a.sod.ted wilh lho;> ckw lopmen t of
the musical notation known., neume5. """,latter, howrvPr, did not
clearly indiule the pitch; it " 'as then>lore replaced ,. round the )·... r
1000 (Guido o f A..ezzo), by a system of lil'll'S with the line not"" a
IItird. apart and with prefixed IPrlers for Ihe pi lch; tho;>sc 1.ler be-
came Itle ciefs. Beginning in t ..... lwelfth emlury, the types of noto ·
lion w...-e de"eloped that would ullimitely ourvjve: the Cr~
1'Ioosuhoe-nail w notation . nd the O<juare not;otion ..·h id, in ils late
medieval form has ",mained the notation ,,'led in Gregorian chanl
down to the p~tlime.'
Polyphony Mwith its hannonioc and m~lodic .... I.'OI'trWSi .. underwent
• further refinement in lhe fourtemth century. The I1I!TTn AIS .......
fnew a rt") ,,'U now used ; the fo<mcr manner of oinging wosdc-
ecribed I S Ars~Nliqu~ r o ld art"). The links betw~"m polyphony, on
the one hand, and GTlIgurian ch.ant and the liturgy, on the Dlho;>r,
Wfte gradu. Uy w .... k~, and the "new a rt " fou nd incre.sing
favor at worldlycelebratlon$. For this n:~ in 1524 (d uring the
~ in Avignonl Pope 101m xxn published me Constitution Doc:r~
s"ndorwm PRlrum, in which he condemned excesS<.'!I lond called for I
mum to the o riginaJ liturgic'" mw;ic.
•
During the thi"""';th and fourt ...... th Ct'nturies Frana was the
leader in the world of muiioc. "The- fifteenth ""'tury, h_·ro,..,r,
brought. ,hifllo England and the Net....,·rl.nd • . Und~r the inOu-
me-., 01 Franko-Flmti.tl rom p"""'''' and mu.ici."" "d. ",iocal v""al
polyphony" devrioped at the leading royal courts and fiN Uy.1 the
f'l paol rourt; Filippo d .. Monte, Orlando de Las.<>, and Gi",·.nni I'tor-
Julgi da P... ""trln.o (known simply u r.lestriN ) may be n:garded
•• the chief rq>resentativ" of thiS ,"",W form.
In its dKi(t" on church music the Counctl of Tren t (lS4S-1!i63) ron·
ee"'.... itloel f m.mly with the flimination 01 abUstS and goa" e no s ty·
lillie: directi~es. .. In its D«n-Iwm <k obtnnolld .. n ....Iud .. in
,rIm",'io", Mi _ (Se55lon 22; Seplembel" 17, 15(2) it e.horted bish ·
CIpI to rid their chun::hH o f lhos<> types o f music that Introduced
I N anything unbridled or impure" (Io.sdvwm 0.. ' imp"'''''') inlO the
pt..ying of the org.on or the singing. [n irs s..tIsion 24 (M. ",), 22.
1563) tho! council included - rij"em;r.ate music" in Ihe condemN -
tion ." The rommission of ca rdlnills th;l t was cha rged with impk!-
menting the Tridenline dectees focu.ed esp«i..tlly on the ~\a"",
betw..... I",,' and muoK . nd on the rompl'f'henoibility of the 1<'''15.
n.... " Roman School~ under P.!estrm.. mod~ a spt'Ciill dlon tosat·
;Sly these requinMoenl$. • AI the ~inning of the llr'..mt<'l'f1lh """ .
tllry the Slyle of the ROIlW1 School bee.me the 'SIi'I"ious .lyle' (sly/ItS
paris) ...·hid> prt>p4Igatoo ilM:lf th rough the follow ing ern \uries; it
w;llS ohm expV>dN by the ilddition of N'W .fferti,-" ..k" .. nl'
w hich served to interpTfI the ,eXl; most imPQ<lan tly, through tho! in -
troduction of sevenl m oil'S it beame ' Roman Epic IlaroqU<!:«II n,.,
new s tyk of th f B.oroq"~ period may be d~bed • • "cuoceio
chun::h m ....ic: the way for which had ba>n prepared by the "Vcrw.
tian Sd>ool"; it was ch.ar~ bythf ""'" 01 0IeY ....1 d1oif5. alm-
nation be!W~ choir and soloists. and the inclusion of
instnunenW ~ ~ and Ins I tttonrion was paid to the . Inle-
t ...... of the litu'llY; liturgical music ceased to be I maidsen'ant in
the ""'- of God and became .. mlstre5 filled with the spirit of
lrium phalism. n.. Massb«im~ a musical work of art to whldl
people "li,~- with d..rp emotion. Thi. wa.ln.>eesp«ial!y o f Iii·
urgi.., in the .:a thedrm of the (pril"l<:l"-) bishops and in the royal
eltaptl. of the greal princely hOUMS. ThIs was the " vilal $O.1 ting-
(Sit:;",~) for lhe - Mu ,oes- of the gl""l cla...sical rom~!1i. Mo-
un, Haydn. and Beethoven.
BIIroque e>tuherance came to an end in the ninet"""th~tury
Ch un:h. impoven5hf:d as thi. "'os by the Fl't'r\Ch Re,'olution and
the loss of ~d<'5i.asrical J>IOI* 'Ms in Germany (1 803). Then: we ...
timid .ttempts . t n:fonning C itu",h mu.ic SO as 10 aS80Ciare it more
c~ly with the liturgy; in the ...oond h.lf of lhe ce<11ury t~ a t-
lempl. d",w support from the md",,'Ot!I of Abbot Gueranger
(Gnogorian chlinl). ln liti5 con,exl menrion mUSI be ma de of F. X.
Witt and the -C"';liln Awxialion. " which -SOUghl nt'W fo rtn5
through imi tarion of ~a.ly classica l polyphony" but "fo. the most
pan did not get beyond a n unartistio; superficialily. -,'
An e" enl of nvjor lmporun« was lhe publication 01 J>;us X's Motu
Proprio T", k so/I«ilwdi"i (1903), which P'""""'ted its.>tlf as a new
rode ol l.w 10' liturgical mu, ic and to which ,efto", " would re-
pNtedly be made in sub5equml papal dira'ti '·..... Tht document
C3lls liturgic'" m\lSk -a neteswry pan of the solemn liturgy,- al-
though lis minls~ri.o l 'O!<- is strongly f<mphlisiud MId it is ta mEd a
"ample hand maiden of tt.. liturgy· (no. 23). Ind isJ>':'1l5'lble charac-
~i($ o f this m",ic aff ... ;d 10 be hoIinestI. which eo:dudn all
"worldli".".: and artisric quality (no. 2). The supreme model for
alllitUl'lkai music is Grtgorian Chant (no. 3), in d ose association
with th" classlca l polyphony of the "Roman School" under Pale-
llriN. Mo ... r«eI1l music: i$ acaoptab!~ in principlr , - for il includ ...
woru of s u.ch high quality. M'ri0U!l"""'lf. and nobility tNt they Iff
by no means unworthy of the liturgical act ion" (no. 5).
At the end of this iohon ~urvey """'" n!1T1a.ks on Germa n lltu.wcal
song a.... in order. (Although thew nex' f......· p;orlOg<'Iphupe.o.k o f
the history alGerman lilurgical .iOng. t.... y Iw v~ been ",ta!ned be-
~ 0/ ihfoir ("I)IICI!IO' value. Ed.) Tht'n! is ""idence ....'en from the
early Mid dle Ages for t.... uiswnce o f accaJmarions and !oOf\g5
(Uiom, from ~ Kyrit! tlmo~ l tha t were sung by the lilurgical ",_m-
bly." The ...... idence becom ... much mote p lentiful in the high and
late Middle Ages. Man y of tllel;e GerlNn hymn ' . .... 1_l'O.'n<Ierings
"_.
01 latin texts a nd allimeo display a mingling of !..otin and German
~M05t of th~ .... I<"I1!!\CeS to Gennan soogs CQl"lCem W elaborate litur·
gies on !he nuojar le~d IYS .. . \.nd J p~ ... land in as.i Od ·
arion wi lh]5CI'muns. : . , Thf ~un:'" justify t.... a,,;/iwoption thai in
the fifteenth and ea rly ,ixt"""th cenlu.il'S German hymns Wlore
widely and enthuslastiaolly used in the life o f !he communities. In
I"" ritual accomp;onying t ........man and in the bll'Mings on the
major "'ast5 and d uring pilgrimages Ip«ifi<: hymn. had an ""tab-
lished place in the ro"'~ of tlw liturgy." ~
Ph. Hamoncoun brings out t.... import.nce 01 hy""" in the Refor-
marion rommuJ\ities under the5o! rubrics: "Sp~ and consolida-
lion 01 Ihe faIth." " U... in the liturgy in pLoce of Liotin h)'I'WI. -
"Oorvelopmmtofhymns based on the ])SIIlms," -n.. inlrodu.ction
01 hymnals. "" The first P'otestant hymnal. the IklrtJidtrf>u(~. ap-
peam! in 1524: the firsl Catholic hymnal , Ihlil of M ~l Ven.,. w,",
"
 pUblislw<l al Le;pzig in 1537. The number Qf hymnals and prinled
songs incrtised grv,oUy r.;,wMd I .... end at thf si_lftnth century .nd
thf btginnlng Qf tho- ""'·enbl'enth. 11wo filS{ dioclSOin hymn.b W"n.'
introdUC@dasfilrly as I .... sixlleenth ","rury."
In the M"Vftllftnth and cighlftnth centuriots It was still tho- ruI~ that
the ~ songs proper (Kyrir, ...re.) W<'f'e to !<Ike the form at G "'8""-
ian chant, but th~ Gertn;.n hymn gr.dUlUy nu-d~ i1:5 way e'·en into
thi5 hi~o closed reolm .... peciaUy in pile ... that lacked Irilined
singe", or choi.s. Jt was thus that tho> "Goorman sung Mus" had its
beginnings. This tl>'nd to a "German sol~mn MaM " Intensified in
the period of the Enlightenment. ~In almost aU diocews, diocesan
hymnal, and p.ayerbooks. which included many 'hymns for Mass:
now mack their appearance .... The nQ\.·.. lty heft was not th .. form
bu t the typf of hymn,. for myrned irutructionJ and sung M.!OI dev ....
tions now ~Loc..d t.... roo "Id p,araphrases at the Ordi ..... ry .nd the
,",oll hymns for tIw I'ltIp....• .. Thi5typt"of hymnal was hardly 10
t.. found anywh.-rt ""tsid.. the GennMl.aklng wo rld.
In theJeM td half at til. ninl"l ...... th ...... Iuty lhot CeciHanist 11\0\....
MftII, which strongly .... pported R.,..,. in il!; increosing!reld 10
complete litUrgical omtralization, Sft it"l'lf against the uSOl' of Ger.
m.n hynms at M..... In the IWmtil'lh century. and <!Specially in ron-
nection with the liturgical mow", .. nt. th .... e were strong
disagree",,,,,!;! OVer t"" ...... 01 c,.rman hymns in ,he con text 0/ the
··German SOlemn Mass·· and , ..... German sung M.55eS 01 various
kinds.» Alter Vatican IJ an important rolr in the dev..Iop_1lI at
German Catholic hynuu was played by u.... Catholic Hyl\Vlal at
Swlturland (I %6) and by GotII'SJdJ. the C.tholic pray.. , boo!< .and
hymnal published in 1975 by the biVoops atGenn.any.and AtISIo'W
and at thf _ at8olz.a,.....Bress..none.nd I.IEge (for their German.
sraking populations), with aPJler'di xe for Austria and tIw vari-
ou& German diot I: rs. ,.
ll ' U~ (; ICA~ MUSI C A fTER VATICAN II
V.tk~n II devoted a special chapll'f (Chap/E1' VI) to -!laC~ music"'"
in il!; Constitution on ~ Uturgy. On M.rdI~, 1967, the Consilium
.nd the Cong"'S'tion at Rites published .n !~61""Clion or> Mu,., j~
llit Lilwrgy," wl\ich"." itsel! the tosk of concn!l:i~ing what had been
6.lid in lhe Conslitution and of """'Iving !lOme problelTlll. The Gm_
"
""11"""",;,,, of 1M RomIrn MiMm applies these prinicples !o tho-
Mas" (po>uim). I.naU bring toget""r""~ the _ importanl guid ...
linc'& gh·m in t t - ,....·e.al documennts.
V.ticitn II considers liturgical music: Of, ~ p~!ely, "so.cred """8
closely bow>d 10 th~ texl," 10 lit ~. n«t ury or integral port at tM
!lDlemn Uturgy· (SC 112). nu. means that in tIw lil\>rgy muSIC 15 not
simply an om<lmmtal setting.. "not simply the Law~ltlft that is 5et
up U " dtroration on fl"llive oe<;lsions."" but iJ i\"'if !itu'K!l. ··In the
sung reporu.es to the readings and in the Sanctus "nd Gloria mll.'lic
itself beromes • Iilurgical action; it b«orn.-!i liturgy which the com-
munity iccomplishes by singing 01" li5"'ning .nd with. plrtidpa·
tioro thltls inl .... iOl" and not men.'ly e~lerio •.·"
In ad dition. because of its sign £haraCier music: in the liturgy is .ble
10 inr.ensity thor active p.orticipation of the faithful .nd to p romo ...
the Sliites at soul which JrOakl, h u ....n beings '«tjlfi,·e to God',
word and towcramenlal grace. II sheds light on tIw mystery at
Christ. promot... aWard."" of community and communication
among the f.ithfuL and giV<':'l the liturgy • befitting iIOItrnnity. · In:
Itru....."tol.nd org;on muskconlin .... asl l were the wordles mus><:
of the early Chrilian AI1eluia-/uloilw6. For Ihtf'f Irt n1llitie that con
lit experit-nced. and ""pressed only in lhe medium at art .-"
Musk must ploy the part of a .,.""ntln worship. II mUjt be inl",
g.ated into thc.liturgy and .ubordinated 10 it, rather than the oth ....
wa y around. Important parts of th~ liturgy mUSI not boo! obscured,
nor the "",·eral ministGfs hind.....d in thtir UturgkalaCiion for the
sakeol I magnificont musical display. Musk.1 performlncn must
not t.. .Ilow,..;! 10 .,....'·mt the active participation of the communily
Of unduly prolong the ""lebration as. whole (lotSlrwc/iorr I I ). To
take .n .... mple from the p...concili. r ....: the polyphonic sinsing
of the Sionctus bE/oie the words at imtitution and of tho- 8enedictus
.ftt-r them II>' no longer permitted to obIc:u~ tho _ ... at tho
Eucharistic p .ayer and P'""""'" i" !..ing he.rd.
The principle that ~thoso> p;>rts which of thpjr ""ru~ ( aU for singing
art in foct fung ~nd in the .tyl~ and form demanded by the parts
tholllHlvn· Ili 10 boo! observed n~"dly in lilt altlmllKm of 1M £IICIo> ·
rift 1I~.In«IKm 6). Most important in this conte><t Is what i. known
.. ~c.ntillalion, " that is. "the muskal J>'dtation of the ""lebrant"5
 p""'idmtial prayers, ~ Our F. t .... r and ttl .. intercession<. th .. ""cl.-
m.tiOflS of tm, peopll'. and tho! .~adi"gs. «:10 This en.b"" t .... ...,~d.
inS". praym, and answ('fS o f the P"'OpLe 1o be ""P~ in such "
way that won:! and teoc! remain the I!SSoential e).......,,,! but gain in in.
' .....itl' and solemnit), by bring uHet1!d in a mY' ''mi< ..,d m ..lodi-
"'" rTI.1nner." Tho! ' .... IIS rtCI'" that was common no! 100 long ago in
~rommW'liI)' Ma_ · romp le\li!ly climiruolftllhe rhythm and
..... lodiOU5nP.!olofNN' aJ 5J' l@chandli>emoreseemed · ""... Iu_
~J1'S<'tIt5 a h UlNn and s piritual v.l~ whose inclusion in the
m u&i<: of the Christ i"" liturgy Can be I gain." "
Many (rhythm ical) tongs and mlllkal instruments are not to be ex·
cluded in princip~. pnwidft! thot-y.:an ",,",,'~ I ministrri;t! funClioo.
1loe introdU<:tion of t ..... '"Cmacu lar into th~ lituogy ina ugura ted a
difficult p~ of "'iustlTWflt a nd ..,.putiOl\ for church compos-
ftS and mU$icil nt.; it w lS e5p«i.lly d iffic:ult in countries tha t ~

I rar; <"antilLation. on lhoo tootr"ry, hri&h1E"nli both, to the advantage

of the t~xl.
n,.. cond iliOfl!l tequ;r.cj by the.ol""" fonn of sung Masu ... nOl
f>' nt in "''''Y communiI)'. n... ,""t1I(",.... points out, tin..·......".,
that gradations are possible. " For tho! choico- <:tI porno to be s ung,
It..- should be first tNt <:tIlhei. natu"! • .., more important and
particularly t"'- sung by the priest or otht;r min;s,.,.." and ' n-
swt"l'1Od by the C'OOgl'\'gation or sung by the priest and rongt'egilOOn
lOSfl""', Later othc.>r pu n. for , .... congreg.tion a lo"" or the "hoir
. 10Il<', ""'Y be .d<kod gra.dually· (no. 7). Speci.ol emphasis is I.id on
tn., .inging of the I't"SpOfISOria) psalm and the rnngn:gational Our
Fatn....,
WII<", the litu rgy is c~lebra l<!d in latin, G "'8"Tio~ cllAn' tarn pre<: ....
d~'TlC~ OWt ~ ll OIkI."t forms of slngin!!. ~ council spe.ks of Gregor-
,.n chant a~ .. distinctive of the Rom.n litu'1!Y" (SC 11 6). " Bu t o ther
kind. of ia<Cl"I'd mu~i" especia ll y polyphony. art' by no mean~ ex-
dud<"<l from liturgk al celil"br.tions, providw they '""ord with the
.pirit of the liturglcll lK'lVice" (ibid.). This 15 tnle. in pamcular. of
the p•.'op"'·s own religious sanKS. t!vt is of hymn. and ot ..... r songs
in In.- vemo>culu (SC 118).
hitherto known I"IOIhing.. l pan fro m G.tgorian chant, but poly-
phonic choral singing in Larin. Th~ ""'" of Lotin me\od;es with \"eJ-
nK\ilar te>:ts J'fO"ed 01\ t ..... whole: to be the wrong approach, ..... en
if the tffv, I WI5 OC"CI$ionally I UCX alul. A poin t nude in the In-
I In.iCtiOl\ 01\ the lranslariOl\ of Iiturgicl.l lexlS a pplios here IS well
new CI1'ations "'" net!ded ."
All thi$ w ill requil1' time II\d. • Sood deal of ""lienee on the put of
tIw f,ithful.
"CompositionS ~.nnot be conjured up o ul of thin air. or at least
good ones GlMOt, nor Gin eothu,!;utk $inging be had by c"",·
mand. God gunt that WOI"ks may soon be composed and given 10
us which will strike the falth/ul as being contemporary and vit.1
Ind will srir thei r mthusia5m and in which !hey can truly~xpress
tho-h &lIves. Then their vokes w!ll oot fall sileot but rather lill the
Hrttoly liturgy with something of tM h~avenl y jubilation which
.waUs uS at the end o f o ur pilgrim journey and which we cannot
Imagine .part ff!'ll' mUllk and song.·"

1M """,/;. . m~sic 1.llditw.. o f each pEOp~ is ahio to "" "'~mw

and prumotw (SC 119: M"e 123).

-n.~ Christian tr.dl tlon h;u a, ri",",nd in m any places exd u dw

muloiral instnunenlS from the liturgy. E"en Icday then: 111' '£SCI va-
lions w ith rfgIrd to cenain inslnlment5, t>eclll$f> they 111' "'S"rded
IS nnbodying I musk.l C"Uitul1' that is incou'patibl. wi th the Iit-
uogy. On the other hand, the ;"'tnJmenl.ai music: 01 many C"U1ture.

"

Chapter Six
Liturgy and Popular Piety
Alongsid~ thfo offici;11 .. orsIUp of lhe- Church .s §Of down irlliturgi-
cal books.nd n-gulaled by p.1p.11 or d ;occAin lo .., thco ... arc many
and "arinl "",,p~ of Christian piety 10 be found in brwd
strata of t .... ~ ... or in munidp.1litiC!l. communiti .... and familie5;
l~e"PR'S5ioma ... summed up in the> lerm Mpopulo.. pio-ty" or
"popular ",ligion,M .. hich includes ... Iigious custom$. Many
cust""'"' ",ad> bad:. to the rime of the p.1gan reUgions and ....ere
tal>', chri>tiani.....:! to " grc"~f or ' " _.,,1...,1.
AllhouKh popular
pwry and Christian CUSIOm. "nd lhe problems lMy bring. pay a
substantially g1W.t<!r roll' in 1M Romance CO\Inmn and a mong thfo
peoples ,,·hich thrio! COUnl""" roloni • ..d and ch.istiani,..eo;I, ..... mely.
too.., of Omtral and South "' m~";ca.lhe J'hlllipi",-", and S<l on,' the
following ~' positioo w Ul be limilt!<! primarily to thr situation in
(;"rrnan "tlp"a king arcas.
Ma ny klrrn s of popular piL1y have lhel . rool~ in lhe Middle Ag ..
and 1M B...oq"" jX'ri od, which hold a quite different attitude 10 life
and lived 1M faith In I diffe""'t way; furl .... rrn""'. thrio! devotional
fonn~ pr""up~ social , truclun!S that a' e agra , ian or choir.octl'fi..
tic "I a society of a rliSln!', Un derstandably. therefore, the mm and
wOfl'll'1\ of OU' p n.'5t"1'lt-day ir'ldustrial Klriety. wh066' mmtaliry ha s
been oh_pro by tN: 5Kon<i EnUghlenmml. take a very cri tic.1 view
of th_ <l<-voli,,,,.1 forms ar'ld h."e th ro"'n many of them o.-er-
bo.ord. Thisi, ~i.Lly the uS<' w ....'" tradilional cu..toms have
been infill r. t..-d by magical notions o . hoi"f l>een the ocaos.ion 10.
.... gic.1 p. actic",.'
Other. less questionable ",Iigious CUStonu hl" f also bHn affo:l>:d,
.......,.....,., and fOt !eVer.1 "'''SON. filii, broMIlt-veb of society now
w.:k .Ii,;ng faith in the tnonecendent wo rld and in suprasemibloe
'princip~liti<"S and po"'~"l. " In addition. 1M COMdous"'-'S/l of com·
muni ty and traditioo MS been ~akeno!d, as hoi. t.... aluchmenlto
tradi lion.: thi' d ..... ~lopln<'nt hois beo.>n hastened by tM p ...""knee 0/
the nuclelr ("mlly. Nor rNy w~ O\'erlook 1M 1",1 that in the li'"es 0/
many t .... time ".-ailabloe "pari from work is lorgely devoted to the
I!I'ItftUclnment provided by t.... ml!l5S ""."<Ii. or to exploitation 01 the
poooaibil ities.ffwded by inc","sing mobilily. A. a reult, propk
haw 10. dec<lde& been ulking of a cm;5 irl popular piety and popu·
Iar d evotional cuSiomS. Tltis includes the bishop!! 01 the German-
~king world , who in 1960 had this to wy in answer to.
questionnaire 01 the Roman CorIgrt'gation lOt Di,·j... Wor5hip con·
CftfIing the .«eprion o f 1M liturgical reform: "Popuar piety has
IDn.g t-n on the w"ne. Tho! liturgical ,elot on It• • not halted but ho ...
M
IInld the(kdl.... '
Ootspite .lI this, it would be an C'ITOf to <t.."cribe popul". piety a.
mnpl y a "product of It'ligious deg('f1oera.cy' ar'ld to co .... ide. it a
tI\ing of the pa~t. It may _11 be lhal the liturgkal rrIO"ement with
its joyous redljcovery 0/ the beauly ar'ld importAn<."<' of t .... liturgy
Iuos ... mrwhat O"crshadowed th~ kind of prayer and custom pro--
dliCfd by popular piety, "No one e&n deny the w .......... W"" 01 popu-
lar Catholicism. ilS darker sid.', and Its w,;ceptibiliry to
deba""mrnt. On the 01 .... ' hand, as I'aul VI insisl..-d in hi.~ Apostolic
E>:horl.Uon £wMsrlii MUMI","di, ilean also hdp many 10 an 'au lhen-
tic enrou nl~' with Cod in J t!lU~ Christ. ....
Even ordinary commop 5eI1S<l would SUK@;6tth.t w e not in diSCrim.
lnately discard " tho! 0111 ways" without flrsllnqu iring into lheir ... al
value. Thus al 1M General Congi'I.'N of (".erman Catholics
(K.otholikentag) at Trier In 1971 Balthoi:oa' Fi5Chl'f u..gee! thai we
" not blindly throw away whatever ,...,rns outd.tnl but ralher firsl
uk whO'lhe. tlw forms in question can be purified.r'Id dco:pent'<I so
.. to justify lheir continu.ed e.15lcnre in" .... w world ,'"
It is the""fo", . pastoral obIig.tion to SO"f"1.n! IIW' wlW'at from t ....
ehaft. thai is, to rediJroveT the worthwhile good in the manifesu-
lions of popul.. piety. remov~ aU the coat!! 01 painl. n it ....."', and
the incrusIationo.. .nd th"" IO'Ilhe communitie5 Oft that thr old
nat......s a", meaningful ar'ld attractive. If the ..,.1i2ation thaI Mrak-
... _pn "pa_"'" I'S'. appli ... 10 the liturgy, it 'ppl..,. much
"
 n'm" 10 many m.onireslatio .... o f popular pi<>!y. What the Constitu.
tior, on the Ulu'llY requires o f tho! r~ligiou~ devntio .... 0/ ,Ilc Chris-
tian prople and o f the devotions proper 10 pUti"ulu Chu,"'"" is
",<!uiR'd also of popul.. pi<>!y: 1"- manif.. tation. Nshould lit' so
fa~ trull ~ Ilarmonlz.J wit h rhol lirurgic:al ...- . accord
wI th the sa :oed litu'llY, al'f in som~ way .... ri,'fe(! from it. and lead
tiM.- ~Ie to II~ (~ I). A refoo ...od popular pioeoy ,,;on complement
and mrich the offici.>l liturgy, and its inn.>,.. power of OIri.r:;an so-
daliuotion can provide a valuable sen~C4!' 00 a Ii!.> of faith·
N.- form~ 01 po""l.r dn'orion and religious cusoo"", tlut 'P"ak
~ the people need time 10 .... ,.eIop. They wW de,-dop rrton' """;Iy
on the deg,", thilt the failh grows strong.>r;ond lhill a liturgy in
touch with li ~ yl ..ld~ aUlhmtiC im""iJes and emotional,up port. A
healthy po""ln p iHy will Ihm in turn«o1.lribule to lhe de.pening
of the faith and the enrichmenl of !hi! liturgy.'
Chapter Seven
Liturgy and Ecume nism
Dt VIOEO CH~IS T IA N lIY AND THf EC U MES 1CAl
MO V£M EN t
n.e fact !hilt Chri.r:;anity is rna .... up o f "'...,. thfft' hun<ln>d autono-
rt101.>S kChu~" or faith rommunilies and thus p...,.....,t!; a picluJ\"
01 division Ncontradict!; the will of Chri$!. scandalize!; Ih<- ...... Id.
and dimaS"" that most holy cause. tho: p reaching of thcGospello
n.e
....ery crealUl'f.· ' fint <k'cad<'S of 1M lW<'niinh Cl"f1lury""'" the
~ in tiM.- Prot"lotant world of two mo~"'"""ts. - hith and Ord •.,."
and -U '" and work" (the laner focusing On practi<;.1 Christianity),
which kad for ihIrlr goal to eliminat .. this dioonl er. "fht, two mo\'\'"-
ments combined. provisionally In 1938 a nd definitively in 1948 al
their plenary meeting In Amsterdam, 10 form the "World Council 01
Chu n::hes." ..",~ World Cou.-.cil 01 C hun::hes is • Id low ship of
chun::iIes which ronf""" the Lord J..-sus Christ as ("'.0<1 and Sav ior ac-
cording 10 lhe 5criptuf'l!!l and Iherelo~ _ k 10 lulfill together their
com mon calling to the glory of lhe 0,.... God, Father. Son. and Holy
Spirit. -> The Fa]" and Order Commi!i$;OII. now pan 01 the World
Council. w JS rommi!i$ionc<l to ~tudy the po!'sibility 01 a rapproche·
ment 01 the virlous traditions at the Ihrologicall""el.
On the Catholic side, John XXIII l'IIubli.hed the N5e<:rl'Iariat for Pr0-
moting til(' Union of Christians. - un<k-r lhe prrsidency of Card i",,1
Bea, and thus inauguroti'd an in n."nSifii'd rffort at unification and a
cloIoH collaboration with the World Council Theend 01. 1%4
brought the publi':'li"" of the Decree of Vati"",n II "" I'£umenisrn.
Ectommiul Dirtetory. Part t wU published in 1%1 and f.cummi<>ll
Dirtel/lry. P.rt n , in 1970.' On the NsOs of these ItonYn document!;
~piJCopal con/( ltioce and IndMd ual dioc.,. ... ~ued funher guid.,.
""'.
 n,.. ~ff"rts made by the. C hristian Churches to "",h;""e unity h~.-e
m~n,f"'l\-d thotmsel"ei ,n numo!f()US bila tera l Of multil~teral s tudy
g,:""ps buth allhe intrmatioN11~,,1'I and at thl> reg;un~1 and di ....
Inc! ""... Is. A high poinl in lho!se co/lorts at thl> internatio..... 1 Le-'I'I
h.asa:rtainly bem I~ Uma Report and the »U"'" Ulurgy: which
WUNsN on I"" report; I W U rome back to;> lhese in the final _-
I' on 011"" p"'Wnl ch"PI"".
Of the numerou, bUa.fral SUI.W1oe1l" mention ""'Y boo mad.. of I""
~ sua! by the Joint lutho.... n·Roman Cath.olic Study Com-
"'''''0'.'' Tht ~ QmJ rltt QUIrtl! (Ihe »Molla R.>porr of 1972).' 1M
£WMrtU (1978), TIlt Mi"'~"y i" rltt Chu'flr (1961): and Unity
II!""". Abltjs. F/}(>It$••ltut SIIIgtS otC.rh(l/k-lul/onQn Ea:k-Url Commu-
II"", (198S). Of ~uaJ importance .... the 'eptw til of the in"""".
lional Anglican-Roman CaU",11c 5cudy CommiMion on the
Eud.. risl (1971 and 1m) Ministry a nd Ordi ..... tion (1973 and 1m)
and AU~IY in Ih(o Churrn (1976. 1981 ). AmongdocumenlS of.
""gIOM I kmd 1 may mention The Amrrk.on Rom..nCatholic dia.
Iogu<-with th.- Epi~opal Church and w ilh lhe Luth ..... n
Churches."
These docum,,·n.s aN! ~nough 10 I!how Iht- r~lenland inl"".ity 0/ ....
u ....... niCll efforts in OUr cl.y. Nor ""'y the accompanying ventul"E"S of
I
local co mmunilies b.. (wcr lookt'd. AI this J""'eJ, how ....·er. it must b..
rem~mtx-r..llh.llmpalicnce i~. b~ adv~r Ind that th~antkipa_
tory st~-ps tlk ...... by individuals. !!roups. and communities ""presenl
no s~"11 danger for the ~'(1.Imenkal mo,'""",nt .os a whole. The "'._
""" IS thai Ihis kind of b..haviot Can easily kad 10 Ihe fomu tion of I
""",. conk'S.lon ond Ihus n U5e further division and intra"'f'«lesia l
strife,' What we nc.'ed is unw,vmng pE'l'j;(:v<',ance in cfforts al
unity•• long with the n!<lliza tion Ihn ' dlffe...,to::e. which in the
(ou~ 01 four hund~ yea~ have Ilftocted ....·cn our ....eryday boo-
~vlOl. e.nnol.bo> e/.nunat.!d in len. fiftren. 0 , twenty ytl>~. Any 5<>-
coal psycholng,st ...·""Id laugh al us, Wm:' we to appnwch him wi lh
such """,,"agan l "f""Clallo.u....
IO l NT EffORTS IN T llf. A RE A O f UTUR G Y
Ecumenical cfforlS ha"e not """' reslrirtl'd 10 s6mtific theological
d i'OCUssion but h.,'e had COf\Cn!III." coffecu in the Ulutgical ",aim. Of
..
these s~ps.~ ....... oIhott. ~me Iongl!1'. loward unity I may mention
It.. following:
I) In 1987 lhe reprl'Sc, uati,·"" of th~ Christian Churches of the Ger-
m.n'5po!"kingrounlries ag.....d on'
rommon v .......... of the Our F,,-
ther; !he SO''mling bod"", oIlhe cnun:hes intmdlK"fll il in 1968 or
recommended it 10 Ih .. synods and communities."
b) 1971 SoiIW" new f<'U ........ ic'l lnns\.ltion of tMse texIS ...·hich an>
tpokm by the w~ipping rommunily: the Ap051l>lic and Nicl'ne
Coads, theGtori • • Sonctus. Agnus Dei and "Glory tott.. Fl thotr.""
c) The IIrbrits~ntti"JC""fI /iI./ih""",ist;M UftIg~1 ;m dn.lsdtm
Spr«/lgmn (Tuk Fomo for an Ecumenical c....man 'i ymnody) has
bee> working , ince 1 ~ 10 d e\'colop oommon songs for the linu-gy_
11>1' group Iw tllUII far produced th .. following collections:
Cnrori_ /(i.mn./K..ur (Common H ymns; Im);G-s.ingt' "".
BaI~llung (H ymtl$lor funerals; 1978; a child"",'s h)''''''''I: i.nK"hI~.
IIIml" RJgtn/Jogt>! (Shine. MulilCOlo1'f'd Rainbow'; 19&3); and
"c.sangt l w' rrauw"," (Wedding Hymru;: nol yet published). The
C.tholic hym .... l. Cotttslo/!. of 1975, look 0'·..... monr hymns from
the first 0/ these rolleclions (1he5e art' distinguij./ted by In ~ for
"tilrwml'niJCh · • •.... wmI'nirQ/ »_ und .. , tht- number 01 the hymn). and
tho>", Is a good ehanet! that slICh f')(Umenic.1 hymns will boo inco'l"'l-
rat.!d InlO lhe new hymnals noW 'Ning PRop.red for til<> Evangelical
C hurch In Gt-rmany.lhe Evangdical Reformed Churches of G<.-r-
m;m-speaking Switurland, ond lilt' "Catholic Diocese of the Old
Catholics in GerlrIlny."O>
d) n..,.,.., aN! various ritual s for th~ ecumenically Celebr3t.!d wed-
ding of spou_ from dIfferent conf0."!6i<ms. with mini"'~'fs from
both confessions taking p.o.n."
co) In almost aU ronununirQ talmenicallilurg;c. ITt' o:lebrated in
wtUch offidals oI lhe P'"rticip.o.~ Churc""," t.lke p.o.n. These .... litur·
gillS of tho> \oIkIrd withoullnr Euchari5t. All tht- go.'en>ing bodies of
Ihe Chwches dllSin! that such \iturgiI'5 Ix",., .. a "'8ular pan of «c1e-
5lallile. To boo ,«"''''"....
ded as tsredally apptopo;..te are the """"" 01
Pr.~ lor ChriItian Unit)' (JilnUaf)' 18-lS). the .... eel;. hefo... Pmtl'COSl.
Ihe """,I«I's WotId [);oy of PraY'!" (fir.!! friclay in Mardl). !he tal .........
 e~1 Way 0/ m" Cross for )'OUnl! f'WI'k' (Frid;ly bt for.. PoIm SU ....
d~y). liturgies on d~ys 0/ penancf and pnyer. ar.d titurg:ie!; in
x""""-
u...... is dis.gret'm~t w,th ~f'd 10 s1w~ Euch.orists (inttl u"n-
munion). Tlw Evln~ical Chu.rche wekonw C/uisti.lnsof other
conk ""IIS 10 their ~ralion5 0/ the Lord'~ SUM""", bullhe Catho-
lic Chu.rch i5 convlnco!d that joint Euchlltlsts a ... not possible t.-
UUM th_ is as yfl no rommunion in fllith and Church. Ortly in
c...... o f !We t "ity and w>eIer cem.1n conditions af\' EVllngdical
Christians allowed to ",""v, communion.t 1M Catholic Eud ...-
ri~t.-In 1M ~iew 01 the C atholic OIun:h m" faithful are obligftl to
a\tftld Sunday Ma5Ol, and thil: altft>da~ mUllt not bo> mad, mort'
d iffirult for them; they .... tlw odot, instructed not to Klwdul,!'CU-
iT\fnkal Ut~ on Saturday~ and Sunday morning.
/) In 1980 ....w trans!ati.on of IIw Bible wn published with the rol-
Iabo... tion of Evangelical e~Ift. 1lIt tr...sLation 0/ the New Testa-
ment md the Psalln5 was accepted.r.d reoonu".... dNI.s
I'CUmt:nkaJ by the Ev.ngellcal Chun:h of Germany and the E~.ngel­
kal Bib], Society. Ort the Catholic $ide tltis new tr .... lation Iw.s .1_
...ady bo:en 1IIttepI0ld into the German Book of l-Iour,;.r.d the new
lectiona ri..s for Mass, as w,lIu into othc-r JiturgtClI boob of more
recent da t.. ,"
g) [cum,."i"l collaboration Is also 10 lit ~ in various pint sta t...
menlS which tou.:h If 1,151 in part On tht liturgy. See. lor ""a mple.
the declaration Dtn Sonntog ~n (The C'lebration of Sunday).
which was published on the lirst Sur.dIY 01 Adv .... t, 19M. a. a
"joint .tII t""""'l 01 the GC'rm.n Episcopal Conferen<T ar.d the COun-
cil of the E'·.n~lkal C hurch in Germany.'
Theso> variou, steps Iw.ve c ...aled .. brwd ....a of common pray,..
ar.d """g. Not only have they II!'(! to reciprocal union ar.d • .....,uncj.
alion 01 unlCl'\'ing ~dices. but they .... the mOllt tlPf'ladous "'PJ'<"S'
sion of • de""l ",illation 10 adoir.·, unity On I~ith and On .lik hued
on f.ith .
TH( tl MA UlPO~T AND lH~ tlMA t I l U .CY
Among IIw IofDest adoir.'emenlS 01 the «umotnical quesI for unity
are undoul>tordJy to boo numbEoed lhe s~wmenl5 of the Faith and
" "
QrdCf Commission 01 tho! World Countil on const"l"SUS in the a...""
of Illpri,m, Eucharist, and Minist!)'. 'l'h<>se "",..;",,<1 lhei. finishing
touclws in Janu.!),. 1962, at th@plenary ml'eting ofthev.orldCoun'
cilOn U m.>, P""', and are therefore kI!()'.\·n collectively as the ~lim.a
R.tporI."" Tt.. IhrH 5~I\'""",,ts .... the fruil 0/ a 5O-~r process of
.oudy Sii'l'tl;hing bKk. to the first Faith and Ord"" Conference al
LaU5;Q'!1'oe On 1927. The ""'tmal Nos been d~ and ,..,.-ise<! by
tIw hith and Ord"" Commiss.ion at Accra (19'l4). Banplore (1978),
and lim. (1982). Bctw\'Ol'fl the Plenary Commission mft"Iings, a
.~group on B.lptism. Eucluorist and Ministry Iw.. worked fur-
u- on the drafting. esp«ially ,fier Septeillber 1979 undlT the p ......
idency of Fm.. MI!< !huria n o f tlw Taid Community. ,I.
Sinc:e 1968 th~logl.lns of the Roman Catholic C hurch ~r.d of other
Chu.rchco!; not bo>longing 10 the World Council hav.. rontribul ....
ttwir shoo ....s full members of the Faith and Order Commission. In
tIw fiN1 VOlt tllken.1 the UrN meeting the question to bo> ,·ot.... on
was r>OI wn..ther the membo>rs agreed with what wass..id inewry
pat1 of the IhrH SUt lcmt'ntS. but rather: "is ihe lext. in your opinion.
5ufficit'ntly develop«! that it can hl' I«'I\t to lhe m.. mber OIurdu'S
of the Faith and Order Cnmmission ,- ~-'
ror "",or commt."ts.,-"
l'he!II. Stll~ ..... ts of ronverg......,e w",e ~nllO all the Churches.
.long with. req...est tlw.t they s tudy thern and take an "~I .tand
on Ihc-m by the end of 191>4, An a/lliw~r wa. soughl~.,.peclany to
5CV",a] question" To what exlent could the individual Churches
recognize in th""1 1 the faith of the Church down through the c""-
turies? "'hal consequences could the Churches dnw for tI",,, rela-
tions wilh lfit otlwr OIurcht'5? What help would lhe "'xl provide
tlw individual Chu,,:hes 10. thcoi. worship ..... uc. tion. and .-thic.l
~r.d 5pirituallil~ and wltnew? Wlw.l suggestionHould t~
Churches rNke /or lheongoing work loward urulyboth on the
.INI d\scu~ ar.d gen"".lIy?'" The <e$ults of the "'l'lir's ....·ere to
boo publi5hed and "lhe«Um .... ic~llmplk.tions fot th, Churches
w~ to be anal)l2l!'(! ota lulu... World Con"'llI"~ on Faith and
Ord,...~" In the ,ntention 0/ tlw .u~ IheChurc"'-" would in IIUs
w~y begiW'flan opportunity tOlCapt the Uma Report while sug-
gesting various change and ~d.ition!t.
We can ~ti .... tely fe\>l g...al uciternent a'I we ........iI the ~ults of
 tlw processol ~rplion. Tht' le~1 is ci pab~ of doing ,wif with nu-
m~ rni'undeTstandlngs. bringing the thought ind language of
IIw vallOUS tr~ilions inlo closer line with IIw Chuldo of IIw begin-
ning. and thUS e/faling I mutual rapp.()(lwment of lhe Chun:Iws
a. they sed< tIw p I of unity In lroth and love. litu<gy and Lift>. nw;,
unily we sed i, noI a uni formity in ....·ery detail. Just H IIw
Chu",hes of IIw WI and West ..~ united d uring thor first rniJlm _
nium despite many diffe. 6otfl in IheoIogjtlll method. modes of H_
I" ' ion. liturgy. I nd viu l ..... nil"uOOns. it i, llso coo ",e;'·abJ. tNt
- may lOday I~ I COld m ..... on III... .. ..1iIl points without
thor individual Chun:,," bring C'OfI1pell«110 .u.....,drr their "p..<:ial
rn.rlct~ a nd incIqleldml ~ence. T1w goal .. unity in multi-
plicity.
Wilhin I 1l1o.oo1 tinw nume.OU$ commentaries and aids h.o,'" ap-
I""'~ tNl ~ Inlmded 10 flcilitlte '"" , tudy of the lima docu_
meJlt by individ .... 1s Ind groups.- As ~"'b 'O!<rpnort of lhe
doc~l. the n5pot\J1' in Cllholican:1e!; h., Ihus far been mainly
po5lhvr.
"With ~rd 10 boptism il 15 possib~ to If"Mk on lhe whole 01 a
e~u~ ..With re~ard to lhe Euch.orisl we ean ag ..... with ev,-,,),_
thing pos.~vr thaI .S Slid; ot ...... q~tioou, howO'Ver. are l<.>ft open,
which 10. 1M Catholic C hun:h ire not open. <,:<pecially 1M quesbon
of thO' perduring pn:sm~ of }<':<us Ch.ist in I"" Eurharisland the
question of presidency (mlnISlry) .. the Eucharist, The e>:i5tence of
open questions i, clearest in lhe " .teOhem on miniStry, d •.,;pite lhe
many v'-")' positive things thai are ... id lhere. E.pecially obvious is
I"" qU<'5lion of apostolic succes~on , The question of the Prtrine 01-
fi« i' lt-It aside completely. In .umm.ry; a very g.,tifying and far-
re;oching CO'' 'e .
gctle.. and a c~l r ,tep forward. but nOl a
con.....,us. ' "
On .t he Eviln~licl l 'Ide ~ and mCftcriticism i. being heard, .....
peollJy of lhe Ihird 51attiiiEOiI (miniSlry). n,.. 'II temenl of "'<Ira......
lic co",""'Sene.. Is .1100 ~ardtod by ""'ny as /wlvily lilted to
C.thoIicism.
By Iny ao;"OUnting it Cln be said thll i/w U ..... Report hu inslilled
......... ~,., into the «uonenlc:ll dilo~and giVeJll1J __1S.i.OJ rom_
..
mo.milies a valuable stimulus to reconsideralion of their leadling
and pritCllce , It would be a shame If, as S<'t"1I1S 10 be happening here
and there. anxiety o'·e. pos!ible changes In the received Ir~.hon.
.. Ihe< lhan lhe question of 1nJ1h, ..'ere.llowed lota ke priority and
inf\ect the prtXOSi of ~.
Talting the lim. Report .. his bas;' M_ Thurian oomJ>Ol"-'d a euma-
ristic liturgy (Ihe - Uml Uturgy-). which was celebrall'd lor the
first time on the """110 lasl day of the li ..... Conference (January 3-
IS. 1982); il was celebraled ag.lin on July 28. 1982. in the ch.opel 01
the Ecumenical ~Ier in c.er....•. and in solemn fa..ruon al the
IiJ<th p ...... ry m Hling of lhe World Council in VMOCOuwr, 1983. The
irltrntion wlS to Iransll~. 's It were, the st.J.lemenlS 01 co.",~
irIto the fotm of • «lebralion and thus make them concrete. In com-
posing the liturgy M. Thurian took., his primary guide the main Ii·
turgic:1Il Iraditlons of East and W..,t_Sinct' the Rom"" Miss;Il of 197Il
adopted the same approach, II is not SOlrpri5ing thai th.. Uma \j'~
urgy.nd the Roman Eucharist &how e~tens.iv •• imiLorities, Thunan
distinguishes three parts in lhe euclrari5lic liturgy;
"'The Introductory pan unites In.. propl .. of God in confession, SUj>-
plication ind praise (confession of ,in •. litany of lhe Kyri~., and the
Clori~). The second pa n . lhe liturgy of I ..... Word, bt-gins wllh a
proyer o f preparatl"", It lnclud.., the Ihret pr()(lamahon.: "I •
prophet (first lesson) •• n ap06lle (second if'SSOl'Ol, and C hrist (the
Go5fw!I). Then lhe voic .. of 1M Chun:h i. heard in In.: sermo~. mak-
ing lhe eternal "l"""d contemporary and living_ The sermon IS fol -
lowed by .i l..... ' m!'ditalion. The fai lh 01 the C hurch IS then .
lumm.ri~ed in the C .......! and.1I human r.eeds p,.....,.,ted toGo<! U\
the !nt~, The third pan. the liturgy of the eucharist. coru;i5ts
e5ee1lti.lly o f lhe g","1 euch.omtic praye.. prt'<:eded by a short P"'P'"
lration and Iollow..! by lhe Lord', Pr.ye.. the sign of 1"'."". and
communion.'"
Uke Vaticln It Thurian strives .o fadli.ate an nlemi,·.. p;lTticip'"
lion by lhe rongregatl"". while a. the some tim. not ~lIo... i"g tho
..... denhip of the offic:Uol mi"ister 10 be obvured_We 'Ihould not
ove.look tome delibera.e .ssimil~tioou, "'.... in t"" text. to I""
Roma" M. .I. Conv..... y. _ parbof Thuri.n ·s '"'xl could be
"'
used 10 enrich t~ Cilholic Cl>CMriitic t ek'br.tion (e_g._ the pn-para-
lion of In., gi fts).

Tho> thing that prevo>nts C~lholic Christians from joining lull)' in an

l"CUmen;cal <"I>Chuistir lit\lrgr (inrludin3 Ihr I'l'.;:"'f'tion 0/ comm u-
nion) a r~ lOme <105 yet undarifled qUC'5tions ...-garding 'IK' mini' ll'r
or "'~ of the e\lChamtk mebr.nion and the di\'~ ... in briief
about u.., eucharUtic ptc':,iOtnce. As long as ,........ is noI .. ",.1oommu-
nion in faith and Church. ~a.nnot be communion in the ElK.....
';. 1. bt>caus.t this is .. sign of uoion w ith Chn,! a nd h .. O",d1. " Part II

The Areas of Liturgy

I,
"0
'(

Chapter Eight
I
I
Nature .1Ind Import;lInce of the Sacraments
An e.ISeIltlill part n/ lhe liturgy is the ct'lcl>ration 0/ th(o seven ..cn-
ment5. In Ihls area theology lias diliCovc!'I'd new fOCl:!ls and c... atro
new empl\.>wsln «<tn ' d ........ des, "Bee. ,..., lull adnnlage II •• been
tnen of "lttlropology (sociology), «elesiology. ~. abo,·.. all il
chri5trology tN.I ernpho";,,,, soll!riology and pnel.lmalology. this
thto!ogKilllt8nse now d isplays. multip Licity of ,,",W ""'pR'SSions
and points of rererene.-. .rufts in emphasis_ md new Ippra.cM. _.
The Latin word sorra""'ntum '''is originally a trilnslatiol'l of the bibli-
cal G .....k word mY"I"",", whkh In the Ne w T."tlmenl does not
mNn oimply " mystery" but A!'fcrs to the unfathomable s.Jv1ng;or.

Iioon 01 God in Chrisl (_ Eph 1:9ff.l and. " ""e sp«ifocall y. 10

Christ hilTlJ('lt who is "the m ~ery 01 Our f.ith« ( I TIm ) :]6). The
tn.oIogia ns of the first Christi.n rent"ri... ulti m.~I)' ga"e It..-
.... me ",yJttT"' to . nlhe wn,,!) In(! actions of J~'Sus becilU~ these
we!'\' spok~n and accomplis hed fur om sa l,'ation . The Ch un:h la ter
on went even f\.lTt),... and deiignatt-d her teaching.. worship, pray-
m!, blessin8~. and rtfes as mysltriJ> . 5«f'~mmt_

Ou. cum>n t ClW ""'P' of ;t wsacnmomtWd id not de>'~1op unti] tt..

twelfth emtuf}'. whm .... " rty SchoLr.50Cs d~isht'd t.en.........
greo.ter o. nuojor and 1.--, or minor ....".;un...,t. (som"'II'N/Q lMiarQ
tI miNarR) . The major~.mmts i~ludO'd baptism,(onfi rmation,
Euchari st, penance. anointing of the !Okk. or<Wrs, .nd m.rriagc; II...
........ ininlt minor sacraments bee .. "", known collectively as "sacra-
w
"""'tall. '
It is possib~. 01 rourse, to ilJ1lCl« the tt..ological IUslor)' of .... word
"$;tC1iI.ment," \ISO! the term in .... bro&d sense 01. sign of something
valWlb~ or lignifica nt (5ubjecti~ely and objKti,·ely), and end up
calling ev~ry vehicle of meilnlng, be i\ person or thinll •• 501cr.·
 ~nl! But such. Ust' of lhe term would r.u~ confusion "".... d~ys
and hind~, ,athL.,.!lun promOl~ an unden;randing of the " _ _en 10><:.
,aments." W.. ought ' ..... rclore to m~inta;n lhe meaning which "sac-
ram"", " has ;>C'Qui1't'd oyer tht emturin and "S<!< "f the ... me for
1M ...,'en P<:1'.ments.
TlH S"'C MA~IENT S AS TH.; OSGOIIII(; S ... "I .... G ACTIO'l/S
I o r C HIl IST
The most important appro«h to an underslilJ\ding of 1M s;ocra.
"""'IS is from thf "anlage point of J'-'Sus Christ. IIi5 pnson. rn&
sion, and ;>clivi\)' an! !h(> basis of Christian f.ith and tM SOUin' thai
nourishes th(o C hurch in the .ctivity by wllkh i, rommunicatl'S sal~
,'atioo1. The rw,... T""'a""",' and the Church ', SpiriHnspiR'<i faith
maks til<- folJowing key $Utnn('n15 _bout Q,.;st:
aj He is moly. human bei"lland a' lhe ~ lime thcellemally ex-
isting Son of God; In olher words. t... ;, God·man.
b) He is conscious of be1n& called by , ..... Father to bring th .. human
,""e a nf'''' gild ti d ings and besla ... upon i, drliveun<f: and sal,',-
l ion ( ..... U:. 4 : 1(,.191.
oj His life is 0fI<.' "f ",,",,-Ice and 5/!lI-<1~odk.tion to hu"",n kind and
",.d>eS its climax in his pusloo .. oJ ~um.'<t ioo, whe",in he 0""""
tom<'S our death and gi\"<'S us lJle In abundance Un 10:10 and dst~
wheTl'l .
dl He promi'WS 10 bo.'SluW the Holy Spiri t and in the Spiril his own
abiding pre5l'nCe, on Ih~ cummunlly 0/ d i~dp"'" which we call the
Chu rch (Mt 18:20; 211:201.
el H~ commissions his dikipk.-&, and gives lhem authority to c0n-
tinue hi~ !o/I1"ific 5erVice throuw> p rl"lching 0/ the Word and admin·
istratioo of lhe ~amt'!lts. ln doinll ~ he identifies himself with
them in ~do~ a solidarity tN I he lakes ac«pIance or n;..:tion of
them.L" .C(~1'lance or re;ection o f him~l/ (for e><ample. U 10:16).
ms set 01 facts yic.-ld s wide-ranging ronclu~ "'8"rding the ;>1;.
tivity of the C hum.. \-llhmeo,'er the o.u",h proc ... i.... hi1I word.
wOTShips tM F.tIwr in Spiril and in truth. cdeb'JIe!I the 6turgy.
and OIdministeh 1M sacn"-ts. he himself Is presoml and _
through the Church. V.. rio:ln II lihows a u..n a ppNrioIion. of th", on·
'"
going .cti,·ity of Christ (SC 6-7) and ca lls the lilurgy "an """re;"., of
the priestly orne.. of I""us o.ri!l" (7). The sacraments. bring an 0:5.
Mrlt:ial 5«lOr of tho! lilu'llY. al'l' Ihus .ctions of both Christ and his
Chu",h. NQI oo ly do they have thelr foundation (in a manner still
10 N specifiood) in his will for our SoIlvalioo; in addition. he as well
.. lhe Church i5lheagmt woo IICcomplishts them and he fills
them wilh Solving »Q\'·er. ~ wll retum 10 thi5 bask idei' 01 a sac-
nmml iU " 'e de.1 w ith ei'ch of the ~·en.
T HE INClllNIlTlONAl S Tl UCT URE OF THE C H U l CH ANO
THE SAC ItIlMENT S
In hi1I incamation the Son of God bec.me p;>rI of the human race
and INde Our nalure his u..·n . As a rt'lo-ult we enrounter in Jesus
Christ bothGod a nd man. omnipo«nco: and WN.~. WI'in<>
riches and human ))O,.erty. divine triumph and human suffering
W'l1O dNth. If we understand, SoICtiment .j defir>ed abstJ;>etly by
moditional theology, that Is. iIS • visible si gn of invisible gra"" then
w~ can appropriately describe Christ h.lm~lf b tho! · primomial sac-
",menl." For hi, human lif... and Icti\'ity and. above all . his ""If'gi'"
ing for uS 0<1 the Cr055 art' . visible. effic&Cious sign of IIi. d i\"lne
,,"ving wi ll Ih't opera!" " fOIl' us human beings and OU r ""1,,.Iion. N
AI primordial saCTlmm l Christ became Ihe dynamic , enter of a
saving activily whkh IICCIQo 10 apprel\erld and transform Ihe enlin'
lIuman race " ia Ih~ Chu",h and ibllilurgy.
In a ct'rlain sense ani. "",.su", J~'Sus communicates lIis own di"ine-
lIuman COTUlilulion 10 llIto Churcll. iouofar as lie uniles him<i4'!11 to il
and ma kes it hij my~tical body. ~ Church thus h.as a visible.
lIuman ~kIe: It is a "Ch urch of !inn ... ," wllich ~ nol uru>cqu.inled
with wretched f",!lure ind knows Ih.t it is cootinu.ally ca lled 10 ron-
versiO<1 and ItpentanOll'. But as body of Christ it i. alS() filled with
God and called. in the Spirit and ))Owe-r of Christ. to roIlaborat ... in
ttw .. I"alion of the world . The Chu",h Ihu. btoco....,..,;Sible sign
.. ... Ivalion amoog Ihe nations; It h.a~ • Slicra""",t.1structure and
function. It JI,Inds beiWfffl Christ. the primordial 5aCTamml, and
the p.rtirula r sacraments which it OIdministers it his comm,md_ Vat·
ican II calJ& the Chureh lhe "uNve,.,.,1 _ramel'll of SoII"ation." that
hn bfton ftbbIi!.hed by the Spirit of Christ .' Many lheologians
HI .~
/
~pe~k ohhe Chu",h n -... cu.ment of C hrist. - or - foundatiorw.l .nd
root SKramen!.- or · principol or comrh:l ... Mi'·~ SKra"""" .·
The _ 'm SOICrammts Lil<ew~ dispLay the in("amatKmal Slluctu,.,
po..,..... 10 Ori,. . 00 his QUlth. 'They are at firsl glan« inronspicu.
OtIS OC'C\I~ in the visible world; ""'p)., hUlT\.in act;'·;Ms. made
up o f words and ,igns.lhat as such cannot have ~nr f.,.ruching
~ign!ft<.ncf or effecl5: a little water pou~ on the head; oil uS<.'d to
anoint forcl>ead or hand . ; bread and wine OVer whic h I P"Y'" of
thanksgiving is $poken; the laying of hands-.occompanlcd by.
pr. yer--on the .ick and on candidal.,. (,,' ordCIlI.
But bOi!hind 1"- limple, ,-","'"yda), occutrenCeti 5UondS the omnipo-
Iml 50lIving will of God who communicates himself to hUrn.1n bE-
ings through Christ .nd his Spin! and thll$ brings Into "xislcnCe the
.... w creation of the New TO'SIamenl cov""ant. Christ. the high
priet who !I<:'t'b o ur "'!>-alion. stoops to human beings and liIt!i
them up 10 the father: lik the SMnarit." of tIw pootable he pow!> oil
and wine into tlw w o unds 0/ hutn3n brings Uld canlfos them 10 the
inn where I~ a re ....1On!d 10 h""IIt.. ThoI;e whoare UNwa,.,of
the "" 'ing powt'f that God e>;1'f'rlses in t~ ~mcnts must v~
I""'" .. ~!denc.. 0/ ouper5tition and magic, Tl'Iow, on the mho:r
IuInd , who appl'OKh the YCr.menlS with failh aN! filled with won-
<kr as they rontemplal" ih<-m .
A s fa r as the ron('r~te form of the ;ndj\'idual sacramrnts (tho! ac-
tinns wi th their int~rpfl'loti\'" words and prayet!l) is con~.
presomt-day tht'Ologians (and thr pres('nl-day ""'8a lmkm) no
longer shal(' the v~ of earlier """turies thlt each YCrammt in a l)
Its deta ils was e5tablillhl'd by Chrisl him5rlf. Christ. 1M pri1llOnJ;,,1
1'I<'N"Im1. rMkn II., fllui"g will <J!«1;f!r rllrwgll Iitt Churcll ~ un;""""1
!OI(N"Imr. The Church"5 role ill to l'I"nder the wving work of CItrilit
present 10 f\~ gerll,ralion and apply it 10 !hem. It was ftIOUgh for
Christ 10 .... '·e es ... blW>t<d and darififd the P"'post served by the
.lal"ilk rifMS of eKh :sacr;mwont. no., functiotl of the Church . on
I~othef hand. is lodl'l...",ino> thuoncnte form (sign _nd words)
by which Ihr 5l<ving will of Christ achieVf'!l Its g0.01. or, In other
wonb. to delerml"" lho! concn>te sacument.' rilf.
This ma kes It understandable that in tho! hilltory o f the C hurch
~ two"e """'" !10m.. diff........,... in lhe outw ..d funn of tt... Sillcra-
menl& in ","tand w..st . nd tNt .·,...... in the h!!;Iory of th .. w""tcm
Churrh i!WIf I",,", h.v.. bo.en changes In s.ip Ind word s Or H.... t_
1111' and form .H n.;" is true noI INst of our own postooncililr period,
now ,twot Vatican 1/ has giwn the order Hlo 1,Indeou kt! w ith S"'"t
care . general ",form of the li turgy itself. - The council gi\"es the fol-
lowing b.t,i, for till- order. "For the liturgy i, made up of immu"',
ble e lement,. divinf'ly instiluted. and of elements , ubject 10 change.
n- not only may but OUghl 10 be changed with the pi1sS/lge of
time If they h.,·.. suffered from lhe intrusion 0/ anything oul of har-
mony with the innt'r nolu", of lhe li turgy or h"'e "':rome point-
Iat"(5C21).
Thlt theolog;a.l ronn-ption of tho> ~ram<!fl ts IS having theiT ulli-
.... ~ origin in tho!- ""'ing will of Ch ..... and 01 the C hurch a, rom .
mlJIionfd to glVC' the ....:ramen'" their concrete form p . OIffts US
apintt a .... rrowly bibUdst outlook WI ",ceptJ I , :sacrament.1
only wtwot ise>p...ly mentioned in the New THtlmmt, and also
.gainl! I .... rrow ..;.-w of trMlilion lhat seeb to Jhow the ...c ....-
mml! as hal'ing acqui..ro a definili" e o utward form in the """" 01'
Iat distant pi1S1 and th.atth"",forc ni«ts any ctwo"8t.
TH ! S AC RAMENTS AS COllA~O M ATlV E ENCOUNTE RS
WtTH C HRIST
Tm> 5licra"",nts owe lheir e~i ~lomce to IhI' saving will of God as this
operalt'J in Christ, In them Chr;!;I, ,he Savior of the world and lho!
high pries! of th...........· ro\·erunt,comt'!l to meet human beings in
~ of salvation In so doing. C hril;t. tht' primordial ~rament,
make w.eof thl'Chwd... the uni~ersal SKTlm".,t.
U _i00i< upon m...... saving YCTImental actio"" • _,,'.., willi
OIri11t Ind, in a nd through h im, with the Falher.. we have I «JI'I<:epI
that makes an important point. For - ltI'IoC'Ount ... - bt.~wccn pi1rtnen
w ho.", intell«tu;>J beings ,,-,,!uinos tKiPl ocal ~ and n:rir-
roul w lf-giving. Christ lakes hwnan ftwdom SI!1iously and ~
Ion. refuws to ~ his oller ot gr~ on humin beings. much
leN simply force it upon them. He wan". penonal encounter be-
twftn p<lrtr\tl"S. The " sha "," which human beings must contribute
It faJth In jesWl" the e"" lted Lord and Savior o f the world and in
the Father 115 ,t... one who ,;ent him to s.lnctlfy humankind ,
I
k A JiCr;lmenl is in .. _ the extlmslon of tNt infinite gift which
the f ather n;os giVftl. 10 .. world in need o f fI!dtomption. in It... peo-_
I0I'O 01 his bdov«l s..., ",ho choR lop"", himself up for"'011 the
Cl'\lM, In giving 1limSll'1f, howevft; the Wol d appWs 10 ~ hum;m
brinp.1f IIwy .~ 10 W I'l' in It... gih 01 ~tv.lion. Itcy must h."e
faith; thi!)' mus, humbly and gratPluUy open theJrueln'. to the mn-
Ng1! of s.ol ... tion and sumondeT them.wl vl!S in f. lth to God who
giv"", his gifts 10 them.· ,
"Fa lm, " In this context, is 10 boe undeo-slood in its full New T""u,
menl 5e1\.ie; lO-ilh Is acl:nowledgementand confessi"" and.s trust
and Ul\J'He'rved readiness lor , urrender 10 It... fUh\>._Th is i~ fai th
thai is Inspi"-'<l by love (fid.. ' . ';"'1, P""'''') and I'l'oct..... ilS rompl ....
!ion and pel feclion in love. lltis kind of faith exdudos """'1' form
of soeIf..... tisfaction, rompt.~ arrogance. dornlMefi~, and
inronsid~.leroes.. Jesus himself ")'5 Hut this kind 01 '.ith is .. p ......
requisite- foT ;u.lificillion, and he "xp.-ly require it of tt.c...> ..'ho
(QUo! to him for Iwlp and huling. HI: finds il only 100 often Irlirog
in the JpirituaJ and rdigiow; wadfr5 01 It... Jewiah J'ft'Ple, and espe-
riaU)' in his f..rIaw-1I)wnsrnm at Nauo reth; he finds il chielly ;IJnong
It... lowly and despised memt-,. o f his p!'Ople, .~ til" collec-
tOl'l ,lnd &innf1'5. md among foreignon. ln the p.o,. hle of the !'han-
11ft and the till roIlector he c,""tiglles lhe ,plri l\J~1 pride thai insists
on Its own ~rit., while he promi~ divine fivOT(ju~ti fication) 10
the tlX coUectQr with I'Iis humble, trusting opE1\r.ess. n.., evangelist
ev~ notes on Qtle oeu"ion 1h.J.l lesu~ "could do no mighty work"
in I'Iis home town. bec.a ..... 1he unbeli" lhere was "" g"''''t '"" to
make him marvel (Ml< 6:51.; Mt 13:58).
Flith, then.. and tIw desi.no for s;,jvalion and ..... d.ine,a b w1f-surrm_
de.. which /filth implies. is a IW!C' ary condition In Ihe n'Cipienl if
ClIrist "1O(8'a l ,,",,"'alion .................. Uy and tIw saocnmmt is to be ~
m~ftl fruithllly. In IKldition. ""err sacrament. being God'. finn prom_
~ 01 talv;l1ion and his ~ """virIB won:!. ;s lib a -.:I thltt is
toWn within tIw luunm beint! and that wiH ~ develop _plI1 fmm
the faith and 101." 01 the Il'<ipk nl. In thiJ _ , every .....amenl i••
God-givm boegirnirl3 thot must be foUowed up and brough t to rom-
pledon. Thus the s.oc:ramenul gift brinp 1t9 recipient _ to5l< and dury
thol 0lIVI0I be fulfillftl Without pmoering f.lth.
>0.
The ""sic impor\anct' of faith is further under!l<'Onod by the fact.thlt'
neiw. I"" prontisol> o f ,.,.]'·ation cont.a.lned in the ~meot.>l phs
nor IIw meaning of lhe .. cr~men'aj ~gns Un be grasped withoul
faith. The oacr.amenls can be cek'br.ted , in tht full m d p' "",,'
_ , only in faith. On lhe 0Ihe-r I\&nd, one of Ihe.~a.1 ~~ of
the NCl"amenls is precisely to nourish and """'lI;I~ lhi> fOllh In
tIw n!Cipimts. !t is coJTe<.i,~, 10 spo!ak of 1M "sacraments 0 1
f.ith," .., Valican II (SC 59) do<1s.
T HE SACRAMHH5 AS MADI C A L S EL f ' R E ALIZA T IONS Of
TH B CItU RC It
When lhe sacraments a", de:'lCribo-d as 1'<'"""",,1, rollabarali>'.. ""_
counters of humm beings wilh Christ. the Imp..-ion may be
given tha tll>ese encountl.... lak.- pla{'l' ""leIy in lhe privat~ sphen>
of Individ ..... ls " 'ho """k a nd find thrir God and the ... j>'alion he of-
m.. Vatican II al ....dy "*'''' this v;"'w:
~I..iturgical services are no! poi"ale function" but a", cel..t:"'tiom
~ 10 the Church, w hich is 1M ' _ram ....101 UnIty, namely.
the holy people " nited . nd o rdm!<! " ndl't" thEir bishops.
Thf.n.I.,... liturgical services involv~ I),.. whole Body o f I),.. Ch"r<eh;
they mmift.sl il and have elf«ts upon il. but they also conCern lhe
Ind ividual members of the Oourch in dill<!n!nt way', ao:ordlng 1<.1
their difle ... nl orders, offices, And Actual participation (SC 26).-
ThiI ecclesioiog.s,al side o f the 5oKramt!nl$ is to "" &et.'n fi.,;1 ,,{ .11 in
tIw fact th.ol!h<1"'"" administered in .nd by IMChu rrn. As we .
.. w the Churdl is the uni"ers.ol sacramenl. wl\ich brings the di v"",
..ving will 10 fruition by commission 01 Ch~ ~ ~~ial -;_
r.ment. It is an instrumenl in the hands of 0Iri5t; II IS his Mm, a. "
_ , lhal is exln>ded and ~ble 10 all human brinp; il is the abid·
In& sign 01 his n .... rn""" and hi. helping luI·e . The adminiMration of
IIw sacr;a""""1s is, of COIJ",,". not the only task God has given 10 the
Church, bul It is <:erUinly one of the ~I~I and importanl .........
It Is one of the radical sel f-~aliza lion5 of the Church and is compa-
rable. in this respect, 10 the proclamation of the word of God
lUll! u the Church mu,1 p......",.e Ihe word of God ... priceless leg-
.cy and. in season and Out of "".,.,n, tranel. te a . nd proclaim il iO
each ' ucct'S8ive age, lhereby al the lame lime bu ild ing itsel f up, ""
,
:71
with the 5OIl.Tamerot1 'These ~ in ,.... f""J .rwlysis IIw pasc/rQI "'YO-
Itry <f riot Cfrurc#r', Imd I/IIUU p1'Nn1 and appli~ to lIuman IIeifl85 in
r>Hd f)f w lvali.,.,.;md 1M Church may not withhold IIwm. , .... , n
' .... Church may........,. faU silent in ilS pnxlamation 0/ IIw g<nf
MW5, neither may it grow WNl)' of admin~1ering thl' sao:nmmlS,
<!Vft1 wilen • totAli tarian govemmmt thn!i!t'n5 punishment /or thi5
ministry. Paul cried oul on <>roe o<'n:<ion: "Wot' to me if I do no!
prwch the g""pel!~ (1 Cor 9:16). In liJ<. manner, the Church mu,/
tttink of itself u betraying its most .p«:iI/c minion II illifW of ad-
ministering the l\llI.Tarnents OT .l1ow5ltself 10 be dlssuado:d then.-
from by external in fluenc<'S_
In all this thl! Church is not simply ~ng f.ithful to. m.nd.l1>; it is
.Iso buildi"!! itself up in and through the Holy Spirit. E,'..-y ..cra-
ment thol is IKlministl'n'd and re«iVM 5I"!'t'C'$ Iitt /lui/dinK up '" 1M
"'yslbillody <f CitrOn; i t ~xtends thai body IJ'Id giVfl it MW Ii "". For
thu",,,,ments, each "«,,,'ding to its special pUlp( a .nd gift of
graft, bring new mern........ into II... rnrnmunion o f the Church or
lnItl.~ new, likogiving Iioes willi tht- Chun:h and its lINd. This. how-
O)'\"er, is 5on1dhing thai d..rui",,]y .ffc!cts not simply Ilw myatic;ol
body IS .. totality but .11 0/ its nwmbnJ as well. Tl\4, Churrll tllu. ~.
lualizes itsel f in tile me'su"'!ltat it _ramenlall y NtloClHies lIuman
beings •• nd il llas .. ver rww l"1'al<>tlll for tIIanking Cod and in le...,...j.
ing for its momb<.rs. whether new ur mOI"1' Inlt,.u,.. ly gracO<! Or
callO<! to .... w jXIwers .nd lasks (in ordrrs and marria g~).
This eccldial dimension " fthe ..cr. _nts llso makn 11 clear tllat
tllcir ulmini~tr.tion an .... , ...,. b<.. purdy private matter. but muSI
by it. "'lwrt br« litwrgiall ",Jri,rQli,m and llavt' • form tha, cor .......
. ponds to this dIilracter. Thus the", cannot N . ;n ttw:o &triet _ of
Itw:o wOfd.. • ·priv. ~" Mass or baptism. This fact help' ..... un""'-
Stand Itw:o efforts of Vatican II to ' uIVe all l;Iu'lka' cd.bralio:ms in.
(I ud.. me pn'SenCe and am"e participation of tome community.
how .... ,.,. . mall. "This ap~ witll . p«iaJ 10m. 10 Ille cd.brillion of
Mass and the odministralion of ttw:o -.-aments" (SC 21). In <I?, :,it>-
ing Itw:o individual :\;Icr.".,..,.,t. J shall Lay spec:i.lemphasis on this ec.
cJesiological .",ll itugicaJ aspe<:t oI l""i. Ci'!eb.alion. It is dea r from
I"" outset. of ( OIl""'. tllat the f""'Slb~ melSure o f rommu...,l pa rtido
palie>n dif/...-s from sacrament to ...,rament.
00
THE EffICA C Y O f TIlE SA C RAMEN TS
WNot I'ws been ...id thus far makes it clo. that Christ is the u1ti·
INI~ ICIUJtt of the efficacy 01 the Slcrammts. He is the ",al gi""";
the lndivid lWl!i rornmiMioned by tM Churrh are as it w....... instru-
Il\el\If in IUs hand!!. Even in Christian antiquity the question was al·
retldy rai5ood. in <0IUl0'l"ti0n witll t"" d il\put. ""..,.I>Ipti!;m by
' .alies. whc!).." I).., :\;ICr.menl•• re tffit:aciou . .... en when the
lIuman mini.u" i. un wortlly (for u lmpl<!. beclUS01 n. ;,.. n.rotk
or lias rommi nO<! a serious , in .nd Illus Ioltt tile grlO! of Cod).
1lleoIogil'" llav... l..... ay. insisted Ihal the ",Ivilic activity 01 Chrisl
OCC'Ilrl whene .... , lhe human minisl .... ~"en if pen<mally unworthy.
perlonns the <'SSI'f\lial rile with th .. intenlion of doing whal ti>e
o.un:h inlt>nds 10 do in t ..... ncr.ment.
With 1!Iis oituation in miJ>d the Scholastic tIleologia ... al It..- begin·
nln& of the thirteentll o:nlury developed lhe ronct"p! of 0" opm''''''''-
."" literally. "by ....son of Ihr work pe<foo II'Ied.• that ;,., by ",.".on
of dw f""I"' lly poTformO<! rite. This oo,>eeptlon •• 1ons with the
phr_ il5<>lI........ up> '5~y soonc:tiol1ed by lhe Council of T""'t.·
Lest the phr_ Jt,od 10 I m;Sunc!ersta.nding ofthr 5ilaammlS as e>.-
fill'M in mogic. it must be dearly understood thaI the rile isonly a
mons by wllicll Christ himself ~ffects lhe interior Nnctification of
the recipient. At ti>e ... mo: lime. be it noted. lhe mini.ler lias I n obli·
gation 10 smvr for that personal inu,rior wort lliness t""l is r«jui~
by cooperalion witll Cllrist in communlca ting SIIlv.hon .
AI far lS the recipjrtlS are concerned. the ~fI«t of the ...,rament is
always & gift. nevh something merited . W""t is ""Iui~ of them is
thai t1wy "P"" the,,""')v .... by faith and ;nl....... ..,u_~ to
the Lord who ro~ to them in the sacrament. The Si1cramenlS can
pn:od~ no .. ffat in """'" who by delibeut.. unN)J..f and intmor
¥tiol1 plaOl' an "obslade" (Latin: 06rr) in the way of Christ's rom·
munkation of gna. n..y 8" away ..."pty and aret'Vn> guilty of
NCriIeg<'. No kss important . figure tIlan Pui llimsel/ u. gmtly
warns agaiAA tM unworthy t'\'CfPIioI1 o f the body IIJld blood of
Christ (I Cor 1\:27-29).
SEQ U ~NC~ .
HIE R AR C HY. AND INT ER CO NNECTION Of
THB SA CRA M ENTS
In the W...tem Churrll theologiiltls reOe<:tlng on tile prlCliOl' of the
 Chu",h c~"", 10 !l'w! rondu:lion th..ot there are 11<'' ' '
sacrament'!, even
though during !l'w! first millennium the "" .... "wcr~ment" WM given
to oIhtT "mysll.-rics" 01 tho! Church. such loS II... dedication 01 a church,.
monastic ronsecr.tion, and funen.1 rill!!! (at times ov.,.1hirty "sacr.o-
mmt'!" w~ Iist.!d).
5IDce the SchoLl5tic p!1iod tIw ~'<!f1 SN:T~ thus singled Old ..... '·e
hem p.-nled In a WI order \h;ol repl'\!Senl¥ primorily the order of re-
c.:ptioo L Bopti!.m. ronfirmolion, and the Eucharisl .... d alre..Jy bem re-
garded ";J'ICle antiquity as »er.menlS oI -lIIiti.ati<:ro· (sacr;unm1S
"'hen>by one beroo. tVa Christian). and "'en' usually administen!d
d uring the EMit. Vogil. after oneor _ )'t'~ 01 prepar.ti<:ro
(caiedl""""""Il"). The SKnment 01 n!COicilialion, 100I<00 upon as "the
ptank that """""l'5 US am tho! wpwni!d< 01 [,...;ousJ sin." was origi_
naUy .dmi~ only ra .... y. in _ ~ only on.... in.1ifu.-
Ii""'- The anointing 01 the sid; was meant to"",,,, bodily and spiritual
reoon-ry in the diffirult situation 01 seriou, iUnes. The two ~a_
mcnt'! 01 OIdr •• and matrimony. wlllch wen.- placwI at tf,., md of the
list and w ...... a!so mO'o<'Il IS "ucraments of Sla t... oIlife. " have a spe-
I cia! 8<>(io-ro:~al funtion : ordiIutlon IS the bestowal of office
I thai """ore; the promotion of lialvatioo. through proclamation of the
faith, !iIUTgy. and octi,·~ !cr.'e (martyria.lellOu'l!i.I. diakonia); and mat-
rimony which leads Ie the eslablishme!'ll and iWK'!il'ia.tioo. of the fam.
ily .nd the- bui lding up of what .... ve beencillOO "lillkCh"",hes" or
"domo.:stic ChUlC~."
A. far as the-lli<1r.",hy or ranking of the s.>cr.menl:5 among them.
,d,·", is ~. the Eudutrist. being the ...... "'" .. I and a.:tualiza.
lion of m., pilsctu.1 my",-ory. is the cenleT and summil 01 all
s.>cramc.'r1tal ;lctivi ly; lhe other sacraments are in • greater or leTT de-
W"" ORl.,.",.;lIO il and dcrl,... their pow .... from il. The """'" holds for
the tid! em",ro of J;lCTamentab--dw ' OI etc ••1ions ar.d bk'1ingo and
for aU othrr forms of Chri!ltian liturgy. Ev...., Lutheran thooIogiarts a(-
kroowlodl>" Ihis , mlrality oI lhe Euchariilt: 1lw Holy Communion
....,.,;hip 5erV~ is the hidden. va ,mt.:en,"" 04 aU worship "",ices.. If
It....... detach th"msel....g from this ' f •• IIi". if the Holy Communion wor_
ship ............ hi no Jons.>r p. _tl'V«i as the.:en .... supporting theenlin>
wurmip life. then ttlC.'Se deuchecl .......·1ces will _ t ' rily beroo,*
stunted ar.d dw.orl.-d:
Baptloim may tIO! as/iigned ~ spOOal plM:r aloopide the Eudlarist. t.!-
eoUS<'. being tho! <1f'Itr.mceway to all the othtT WCflImerot'!, il inc0rpo.}-
raleS h~maro bo>ings into the mystery of Christ.' '!'hen.- are good
' U! " IS ro. ~ying. 100. INIl OOtIlirmalion and the wcr~~ of fl'roCl .
cilialion--thl' gih of the Spiril and the forgi' E."S/i of sin5--ate in a
way ..... 'eiopmo.""* of t!w sacrament of baptism.
Tht Chwdl mainwl'IS that thi"ee:sacnmtnlli imprinl a special mark on
the recipio.'flc the ' SKfamental char~ (the GI'\!d< word dttlrrlldh
orWnaUy rrot'anl a die or !ltamp). " '1IIch is ~ and thete/on>
t-J any ~tc.od "'*PIlot. of these ~ Tht tIwe are bap-
tiam. con/irmootion, and Oidr. S,· According to Augustirw. the dwact...-
• an abiding 'OI t'''.1ion tNl ~ the recipienl a permanent JlO5-
,wi00 01 CIviJl. " 1l>omas Aqum. ink. p.tlS Ihis UA "", ation as a
particip.1bon in tho! priesthood of Ouilit . nd an ' appointmmt to """--
ship of God " (deput.ltio ad ",lrum d i";num). that i.: "each of tho! faith--
ful. deslintd 10 renoi~f w~t Is rortnO.'CI1I'<I " 'ith worsttip of God or to
rommunlc.l lt' il to (,the. s. ""
II is oft...., said that lhe ~....., SoXTamerot!> gi'~ div;"" sI""'8th and aid
10 humaro beings at the "nodal points ' or decisive situations of their
Ii,,,,,, and are thus in profound ham'lOr'ly with human nalu",. "The
__ ero sacT.ments bring "",I thl' implieotiotl$ of lif~'s supreme mo-
mmlli .r.d , ublimate lhese."" Even JoN"" Wolfgang von Go:tho:. a
Proio.starot, fourod tM world of the..ever> Catholic sacraments deser-
vmg of praisoe and esteem from this poinl of view." TIlomlIs Aquinas
had .llNdy develo£t'<i 'Chis palllilt l between bodily life and the role 0/
the ""c... ments In life &piriluallilo!: ~ and birth <::OITl'Sf'O'\d 10
baptism. matur~tion to confirmation, nourishmenl to the Eucharist.
healing from si~ 10 p<.'fla nc:e and anointing of the sick; author·
ity for le.tdi'rShlp in the life of the oommurrity rorresporods to the sacra-
ment 01 oodc,s. whi\c tho! sacramenl of matrimony serves the natur.l
and !ipltitual building up 01 the community. WIn applying this aN'
logy with roaNTliI human life. ~...... wt: mUSl rIO! ''''....i00i< the
truth 01 faith that the sarnommlli ..... ,'C "'" their supre",. go;ol the irI<a'-
poration oIbe1ievfls Into the J'l"h.ttl mysrery iltId, ultimall'ly. _ I
communion with the iii""" God. In the ensuing mapt ..... I shaU fol-
low this Amt ~ _I d itcuJi;, in a ~ briri' way. the mean·
ing ard titursnl form of the individu.ol ......... ocnts."
,I
Chilpll'r Nine
Baptism
f lU rMI 'O ~ TA NC [ O F aAPll5M
In the "jew <>f a U tho.- oonfcniom Npfurn is W most important and
ba~ic "..""' of Christian Hf~: ;t is an ecumenkal 5aCTamffil. Flith on
tn;, point is bi1sro on Ihe clea r 'eslim""y of th .. New Testamen t
writings and an unbruken subsequent tudition The New Testa-
ment k'Stimon;"" "'S"rd ing baptism vary In K'COId"""" with tho.-
theoIogi<"al stance o f Ihfoir . ",!hOB and the;r intention in "Tili"8'
Takm togt'ther. 'he~' give In imp.....,.;,·" p ktu ll' oi lhi' grNt imp"'-
Ian.,.. alTributed to Ihis sacrament by the prim itive community. II is
to be observed, how'-"'cr. that the N{'W T,... talTl<,.'fll testimonies ....
con""mcd primarily w ith tho! Npti5ffi of adults. s ince the bcaptism
01 childrt'l'l br<;.me pn.dominan t only in LalCr tmlwioes.
In whal follows I shall bring <lUl lhe impolUnct' and signific.1lrono 01
baptism .alht'!' in the fmm of theses than in II><- fonn of an c~eg.:li.
,ai or !noolugical !<{'ali oc. The subsequent cxpl. rullion of the blopm-
mol ri t,,,, will. ffon;l an opportuni ty to d""dop !lOme Sla ti' lioent5 in
We.lI .. dcuil.
a) Ch ristian baptism N5 il5 origin in a d iro'C:li\'" o f the Lord (_ Mt
18:19; l k 16:16). This fin is lndiT1'Ctly ronHrmed by the uniV<.~J
and undis put.:d baptismal pranice 01 tt..> primltiv .. community. In
thiS rom~""t, a promi""m Protestant e~eget.> I'('marks thoot tho! origin
of the ChristIan custom 01 baptism """.insl mystery' unless w. d.-
dde to tike seriously the Ir;td iliono; ",&"rd ing the mis6ionary m.n-
d~ te 01 tho! ,;,.,., Chrisl'
b) n... rond itiO<ls a ~n mu st """'-" in order to receiv.. baptism
a .... an inll!rior chang.. of ways (con version) and f.ith in Jt'SWI Ind
hi. ~~. Bu t this hum. n contributKm is not to be intefpmed as
an indepaldml .ochi.., ...."""'\, as a meri torious a.C'I ,," Uing fur • re-
'"
com~. bu t r.ther as i,*11 dependent on tt..> p .... venlen t grace "f
God. For "no""" can eome m m{" unles6 the Fat""r .. . d raws him "
Un(4 ).
c) & prism inrorpor"ti!i hu"",n bein~ inlo th .. Churm . s God's
~It 01 tt..> ..... w co>·enant: it istheA'fo n.· the sign of I cllI.nd 01
.. Iv.tinn. just as circu mcision had bft!n the ro"enantal si gn und,.,.
the old rove""nt (see Col 2: II). Incorporation into the Church si-
multaneously brings member.;.ttip In the mystic;al body 01 Christ
.."d fills I.... boptizo!d with the Holy Spirit (1 Cor 12:13). " Undt-r·
- ' in this "",nne •• inro.po... tion into theChurch is the primary
basic effect 01 baptism .... At t.... 5.1me time . .. it islike'.<.·iS(' I....
means by which we atlain the fullness of baptismal grace. ~)
d ) TIw union wilh Chris t l~ SO p",found and int ....;'" th at the bap-
tized are drawn inlo the SOlving m)'St{"ryo! th .. death. nd ..... umoe·
tIon o f o.ri5l; u...,.
share in h;,; p;o5Ch;o1 mystery. "We wt'f1' buried ..
. w ilh him by Npti Sm intodeoth. SO that as Christ witS ,aisro. from
the dead by tho:- glory oIlhe Fatho,..,.. W<,IOO might w3 1k in ""wness
oIUIe" (Rom 6:4; 5<"C also VV. 3 and 5; similarly Col 2:1 2ff.).
~) &ptism is u.., g' I....... y to new IiI.; it is . I'1.'birth, ~s Jesm ... ys in
w ords reporte<I in the (;o,;peI of John: ~Unlcss ....... is born of " 'al.. ,
.."d the Spirit. he' CiOnnot enter u.., kingdom of Go.r Un 3:51.
f) It ls. new , ""lion in which. di,'i".. omnipole"'~ is at work : "'If
.ny On<' is in Chri~t. ho,o is a new c",ation; lh.coJd h.u passed away.
bM-oold. the new 1\.. come" (2 Cor S:I?) .
•
g) "Thoe ... ving inion o f bioptism does .way ,,;11\ , .... sq»ration of
human booings from God; in other words. il brings forgi"eness of all
l in, including original s in . God beslOw ~ the low whkh. he h3s for
his '"beloved Son " 00 the baptized as well , bt:<;.o..· lho,oy ha,,~ be-
corroe members of Christ·s body and brothers and iliSit'l"&0/ his Son .
"See whal lo,'" the f ather has givc.-n US, tha t we should boo c.olled
the dtild ..... oIGod: and so ..... aTe" (I Jn 3:1).
1\) &ptism gi"" human life . n",,· lull""" of meaninK and th..
hope of an ..... m.llife in communi on wi th God (...., Rom 8:(7).
&ptlsm is tho. not si mply . n exlema l rile oI acn'J'Unce into a
human organw.tion . l oo&:...:i al fTOrn God'. side il is . proof 01 h;,;
 m~rcy ~nd $;Iving will: for human heings il mea ..... new li f~. in and
with <..luisl. IhJ I is ordered 10 pomcip,l!i<>n in his glory.
I HE N i. '" M'H O f 8A PIIS M fO R (:IUl OR U.;
\\'I th the New Te. UITIt'nI procl~m.ltion of baptism as the starting
point. til<- fi rst n-ntulies .....·eloped .. n ''Ill i~ riil' for b<-a' ming a
Christian; this b«anw known ilS III<- rile 01 Ch rist;"n " ini li.lion "
(~.tion. incorporation). 1\ ine looro in a si nglen>mple>. o f ac-
1Ions.1I thai ..." today d istinguish I S b.>ptism. ronfimuOOn. and
I ...... Euchoorl54 . For !his re.o~ these th ...'(' sac.ammts a", known as
til<- sac ........'Ilts 01 in itiation or the foundalional s<""alTlt'nto. Histori.
cal ,*""riopmcnts in lhi.' W8\1em Church IC'd 1<• • d ea",. di,'ision bt--
t,,«'11 tho. th ...... and 10 t~r .....::eption on 5E"pi1>r.'" occasions..' But
......... n infant b.lpnsm did bKome prt.<dominant from the fourth """.
tury on, no ptOpt'r riil' 01 child b.l ptism W<lS c",att'<l lha t ""Quid
tab- d ..... .c<"t>Unt 01 th .. situation of the immatu .... child. Tho- rile 01
baptis m for mild "", "'as and r""""ined an inadequately adapted
rite of wptism for adul ts.
Vali-c. n II perlOtnled a );fCat _" ice by intn;>d.ucing. radical
chang" in this arN.; it dl'Cl'"lX'd that "the ri ... fo r the b.lptism of in.
fanlS is to boo ...-vi!ioed a,1d it should he suitt.od to the f.ct that those to
boo baptil'od are in/.nts" (5C67). In rt'SpOnst· 10 thiS dill'Ctive the
Roman C"ngnogalion for Divine Worship published. new rite for
tho' haptism of child",n in 1%9. Th,' followi,,); ...1le.:tiorl1l an d expla.
nation s "'~ I»sed on (I) Ih~ (".crn.'rJI Introduction, Chri~lion Initia.
t"'''.to tho' ri tt'S ,,( b,lpti ~m f<.>r .dult~ ilIld Iflr child,,,,,; (2) the
In trodtJC~ "" to the rile 01 b.pri~m for child,,,,,; and (3) the ri te it.
""If'
Th. I.~gilil>W<)l '" B.q!I" ~' /0. Child.....,
This prol>l~m Is nOl a II('w ont'. Tho! hi~ rory 01 t ...... C hun:h tells of d.
fo,ts by vari""s g""' flS ro h ....., inl.nr <.>r ( hlld wpri..... d""l.lred m~
gitim..te and inval id and to .."Iace II by the baptism eltClusiv.-Jy of
~dull." Tho- "n'g' 'tes gh·t d ifl... ing .ns"·ell' 10 the qurstion of
wheth .... lilt> NI'W TO$Ym ..... t is famili.r ... ith ar>d apprnt<O$ ttw. prx-
hcc of the bapti ..... 01 ch ildl\'f1 Or (10 pllt it Ie5!iI nlbiguou~ly) of in.
fanlS. Orig.... spoI<t in fa,'or of the position tha t it had been
practiced fro m the btoglnning: "'1"he Chun:h hilS rec.;\'ed from the
apostl ... Itw. tradition of haprizing children no less II-uon adults .....
n.
Ever si~ I'roh.'5tam theologian IGari Barth attacked it in 19-0 ('.
profoundly diSO«kred prac tice"), the q~lion 0/ its Il'gitim;K"}' Of.
U the use may t>t-. its appropriateness has onC1' again been the sul>-
ject 01 discU55ion.· The ne ..' rilo! adopts the /oll .....·ing position in its
tntroduction:
" From lilt> earliest limes, the Chllrch, 10 .... hi<:h the mi'l/lion of
pINching the Gospel and 01 b.>ptizing WM; entrusted , has b.lptizcd
not o nly adults bill chiidren,tS well. Ou.r Lnrd 5.lid: 'Unless a "",n
is...t>om in walo!r and the lioly Spirit, hecannot enter the kingdom
01 GOO: Tho! Church t.u . 1..·. )'5 understood these "'ord!; 10 IJ\l'"iIn
II-uol children shou ld not be deprin,,1 of hapli .... , bocau.., IIwy an.'
boptiz<'d in tilt> faith 01 the Church, . fa ith procla imed for them by
their parmts MId godparents, who "'I'resen! both the Local ChuTd>
and th(' ... hok- ~ of 5.linb and bel i",",,",: 'The ..·hole ChuTCh is
tN. moth .... 01 all and the molher of each- (IntInduction to the Rilo!
oIlNptism for Children. 2).
Dii11"S,.~ Ort Bop/i,", Qrtd 1'0011""''''''''1 ", /lap/i,m
Acrordin" to th .. new rift' oll»ptisrn f,,, child",n. an effort must be
!ThIel<- 10 imp,....,>," on .dults pr""""ting th";r mild"", /or baptism the
obligation they h.,· .. 01 r.i ~in); theM- (hild,..,n as Christians. This is
to be dol\(' prim~rily in p",limin.ry m•.".,tings with the pa"",IS. '
" Wh ..... Ihe ~wnflj ..... nol y~1 1''''1'....'<1 to prof...,; the laith 0' t() un·
detla kc th(' du ry of bringing up their ch ildren a. Christian •. it is for
the parish pritSt (pOSlor). kt.'l!plng in mind whatever regulations
may ha .. " been I.Htdown by the ronferenct> of bishops. 10 deter·
mi~ ! he ~ rn~ for I"" baptism nf infants" (Introduction to the Ri l<'
of INpti~ m for Child"",. S. 4).
Such a po!I!pon<!<Ilent o f bolptlsm_ which is nO! a dcfiniti,·c refusal
of th~ sacrammt~ws how _ iousl)' the Church lake,; thc"',,*
que'KO'S of Inlan t b.>ptism. Ev.... ylhinll must be done to k..." I»p-
tism from becoming an empty Iih.....·. a ",wing 01S<"ed that is thoen
not cultivated and hilOS no ( honee of $u",,; , ·a1. At thor sam~ time. thi.
artitllde 10 infant baptism counl',", the ugly ;acrusalion that the
Church's primary IN"'" for clinging to infant baptism is increased
membership, the grealK ~~Io!mal iX>""er that numbers bring. and.
itt IKMI"It' E"rop .an COIlntries, the larger nurnboo. of prop .... paying
the Church tn "
 Ch,ld &p'~m ~"d 'MC","mu"lty
Although I~ 1'"""'15 hoove tM prim~ry righ l and .... poosibilily 100-
lhe I>;.plism md Chmlian rearing of their dlild",n, the kxal rom -
munil); as \'illibl~ 'ep'Uenlativ. of the unh·ers.ool Church. aIM has a
s igniflCanl dUly and ' eJpoo~bill ty. Tho.- man ...... in which boptism
was adminis ... n!d 10 chi/d.tn in many pl~1!'S until " f~' decades
ago "·u stICh iii K> obscure the fact thool lhe boptism of a child J1(>I
only affO'Cb the salvation o f an indh'idual bu. is .1.... ~n ......... 01
profound signiflcOinn' .0 the rommunlty of b\>1ie\·M"S.
The IWW ritual highligh' s the rei.>tion of th. ""·.... t to lhe- rommu_
nity and ....,phoosi~ the 1IIIII'1" 's oesporlJibility. Raprism is, afle.- a ll
an incorporation Into ,he peop~ of God. The lat ..... must ,.........""..
make a rontinuingeffo" 10_'0 il tN, in a<:oord;mao wi th God 's
....·ill as """ny human beings as poNlble .... bopti~.l'd rnd thallhis
inlt ..1acquisition 01 sal,'anon is organlaoliy rnntino.wd by • lif.. of
faith with the Kck'5ial community. !herdo... il is """' importanl
lilal ea ..."him and otN" lay people should work ..... ith prieM, and
d ..aeons in p..."aring for bopti!iln w(Clo""",,, 1"1, .. "",, 7). Thc I"l'f..--
""C .. i, ~vid .... tly to dialogues wilh pa "."IS who .r.. undKidl-d be--
eau"" their faith i~ wtak. bUI aJ.... 10 partldpalion In lhe ahady
ml'fltiollt'd dialog ....., on b.ptism whkh are "",anI 10 mak~ pa"",1S
mm\' co.ucious of th~ gift .nd .... pon~ibi lily gi"cn tn,.m in lhe bap-
lism of thl~r Chi ldren and 10 slrengl ..... n them in their failh .
" In Ihe octual «>I..>b.ation. Ihe people of God ("'p~1cd not only
by tn,. pa",n IS. godp.n,...,s. Ind relath·i.'!I. bUI also. as lar as pos.si .
bl~. by fr i""d~. n('ighOO,.,. illld IiOme members 0( lhe local ChUrch)
.hould tak~ an acti,·~ p. rt . Thu.lhey ..... ill , how IMirrom""," faith
am! ""p.... s 11'Iooi . joy oS 1M newly bopli""d a", ""'''' ''ed inlo th~
community of I~ Church" (Chri";",, l"iI;"lipn 7).
"_In Ih.ts Wily it i~ ~lNr Ihal the ' ail h in ..... hich tM child".".", bop-
I,zed LS '""<>I II... pnvill~ f"'S1 mion oI lhe indi\~dual family, but 'ne
cummon I",asu"" oIlhe whole Church of Ch"'t " (InlrodllCl:ion to
theRi'" 01 Raptism for Childft'n, ~). In ~ 10 facilitalc ' his pam",-
pabon 01 ,,,," communi' y in , ..... celebration baptism .tvmLd nor-
mallybe.dminist~ in thf J'lfish dlurch; ho5pitab and priva ...
home. .... ac<",p' ilb ... "enl.lO!S only for ",a!lOl\! 01 health Of other
compelling pasiOtal........t.
'"
"AJ, far 1$ ~ibll!, 111 recentl y bom babioes ~ld be baptized al a
common cell'br.'ion on the same day" (Cn.;j l;Q" r"i'''liooo 27). nu,
pnoctice will hi!lpensure • large' aUendance 01 the communily at
the biooplism. Funhermor~. boptism should O«;>5iorw Uy be eele--
bnt«! during Sunday Ma~ IiO Ihat ,he enti",community may par-
Ucip"1c and Ihf d oet'Connt'Ction bet...-","" boprism and the
EucNorist may be c1 ..... ly 5e<!n (lntrod uctiM 10 the Rile 01 Bapri<.m
for Child".", 9). Finally, boptism I S ..' independent liturgical cere--
...ony may at,., ~~ afternoon dl!'VOtions or be eelebrated iii pan
of • Sunday lilurgy of the word.
Ev..., ilher bopiUm has hem adminis ...,..,d the community rnnlin-
Uft to hoov~ a '"f"."'\Sibility. '"The Church in the form of the local
rommunily.nd lhe believing fa mily render< pcr;~ble, ros ......, rnd
IUppot IS tho! derision of the individ ual to 1><>1;.,.,.... for it is only in
the community 01 the faithlullMI the ind ividual ;" abl.. 10 P"'""""
_ .'
Tl¥ Offia c{S"" .. s."
1hote who KCIi'pt the office of sponsor ren<ler. ' p<eial pcrsona l
terVia to the d'lild and its parents. Th.. practice 01 having .ponsor,;
(godparenIS) ca me inlo being in the first Christian cenlu ...... in con ·
nt<Ction with adull bapti,m and the period of p",paration lor il (Ihe
Ulechum""."'). n... duly o f sponsors was 10 be guaranlo ... 10 Ih,·
community of lhe !lerious intentions and aulhenlk conH.,-sion "f
the catechu """ns. They were to Introd"" .. IhOM' rnlrus ...-d t" their
ure into the life of the community, """'glhen lhem by ..... "rd and
<!XIImple in f.ith and lhe following 01 Chri51. and .tand by lhem as
helpen during Ihe prepa rtory ri tt'll and lhe administrati"., of tIw
Acramenl. Afterwards lhey wert' 10 reI. in cI"", ties I" the n.....
members of Ihe community and hrl p IM-m as needed_
H istoric.l developmen~ (the entron(f "I tIw "'""ss<-"< into lhe
Chun;:h as a re!iu lt of t .... Constantini. n Revolution; the f""l"""t
poIIpooot iloent o f bapti''''' o ft .... into old 'gt; the ;"""as.ing prac-
tice of jnf, nl lNipti,m; and lhe 6",.".1 s uperliocializ.ation of the
Christian ronsciousntss) gradually eroded the cat""humena"'" .nd
with ;1 the offlct of spoMOI'. AI lhe end of antiquity, when infanl
INiptiJm was al~~y lhe usual thins in Ihr Roman Empi"" pro,;-
.
s ion was ind~ lIill mode for spotosou, and;n the beginning the",
,
1
was sH Il ~n awarme;s lha! thO' pilffflts w~". primarily responsibLe
for I ..... Nplisrn and CtuUli4n ...... 'ins of th.eir child ..,..,
Within tho:- rile 01 in/ant Npfisrn. how(",ft, , ..... ~ inrrNs-
ingly 1II'ndo.'<l to repll,ce ~ p;lm11S until rlnaUy!he lattn w....., rom-
pleWly ..~dudoed. The sponsors. and no k>ng~ 1M ",'enlS. w .....
now reg.o.dl."d as gIIaranlOQ and mediators oIth .. faith . TlUs "'!'iou.
misundl'f'Slandill& 01 the !'dation of tlw parOl_US 10 tIM> cl\ild in 11>"
latt.,.'slpirit\lal.and religious df"'elopm.:.u wn conditioned .110-....
all by an a<YSSi'"f theory 01 s piritual affinity.'· The point was fi.
nally ....~ .....!I«e pu.'n15 absented them!;.eh..., fmm tlw> baptism
of Ihrir children.
1M ...,... 1969 rih!oI hoptism for dtildrm fin;.lIy put a stop to , ........
~ .... '·eiopmenlS a nd ~on!d It... rorrect ",Lotion between
pa""'lS ""d spoil"""" " 6«.IUlO!' of the natural n:lalionships, parent!;
h.o"e .. ministry a nd I ~ibility in the bapfu;m 01 infants f1'l<>«'
important than those o f the godp.Jtenu " (Introduction 10 tlw Rit.> if
&pliJm for C~ild,.." Sj.
Ilu! this primacy of tho! pi1rental role lolilurgy ar'ld Ii'" does not pn:-
" ... 11"" sponSOf'f from playing In important, evm if subsidiary
part, 'I1Ie spons.or i. as it were ,"" p'mnalll"U repn:5entati" .. 0/ the
enli", C hurch and. villible link wilh tht: community. M on,over,
.hould Iht: pan.'11ts suff.... J j""Sthy!ll1\t!Sli or die an early d~alh, the
sponsor can look d IN Ihe child; he Of JIIe can a~~is t lht: parcnls in
diHicult queslions of Ihe child's ",.ring and "ocahonal direction
and Can directly encourage and guid~ the child. Spnl\SOl"S Can thus
help Counlt.'T til<! harmful ~u lts of a c..... t.ln i",lation Ihal not im ......
q....,nll y af1«ts tht: contemporary nude.ar family.
The .... w rilc ofo.pti5m sets d own th~ following ""lui ... menl5 for
spon~ (Christi/In '~ ir;",ion 10):
-n...y mUSt I\o"e tt.. malurily in fafth Ind Christian living thol the
ofm .o f ~r ""lui~ their age should ~ such Il\ot. humanly
"I""'king. It w,ll aUow lhem 10 ""- I(be t..... It .pcllis;bility of span_
""""'ip for J fairly lO'ngthy pt'riod .
Illey muSI ~,'es I\o,'~ al",acly reeei,-ed the sacrn_rs 01
b;optism, coofirmation, a nd the Eucharist.
I '"
"They must bc.-Ionll to tho! C"lholk C hurch md not be excluded
from II>!! o ffice o!,;pon.sor by any canonieJ I hindrance.
- A Nphl.ed pelSOll who i, a believing Christian hut a member of a
Church 5o'p<lrat«l from R""", can, howe"er. be permitted 10 .......·e
as 5p<)IISOI' or Chrislioln wihwM along with. Catholic godpa"""l, if
t..... P"..,.,ts so dt'Si~.
- 1/ the p"rmts han' d ifficulty in finding Jmong their acqua.intances
a sponsor who ~ the desi"ld qualiJlCalions. the parish com'
munity (p"rish council) ~uld 50 10 " '(IIi<. In an nn~ the
pan.'r'lts may also do wilhooJl • 5J>O"I!IO", if no ouitable one CiOn be
fwnd in time (see Code 01 Canon loIw 11983], can. 8121· Bert ..... no
span!lOf' Il\on one who is not up 10 the Ilsk Ind, being I me ... super·
numerary, dimini.hn rat ..... thon incn>~ ..,,;p«t for the o!fin- of
Ir _ _ r. .
........... 11
770t P""," Timt'p Bart .....
Until well into Ihe Middle AgolS the Vigil. of £.,.~ter and P""II"CO:51
.nd, in many regions, the night Pefo ... Epipl\ony were lhe p ... I•..-n:d
timei for baptism. Tn i,; d'lOice WIS motiv.ted by a d..si ... to ma ke
cI~'ar 1M dose conne<:tion between bapli sm and the greal ",'ing aC'
I;on, 0 1Christ. Bu! the high .ate 01 lnflnt mOTt.1.lily in past lim ...
• nd a concern for IkIo ch ild', .. I,'ation (Ihe "iew was widespread
thaI unbaptized child"'n were lost) led 10 Ihe custom and law th31
child.en w~f'{' 10 "" bapli1.ed a. &OOn os possible. The words quom
primum Cas 5000 as poIisible") in canon 770 of the 1917 Code of
Cmoo LIIw w....,fnterpreted to mean Ihat a child was to be bap-
lized in the- finn few days afler its birth. As ...... ull the molh .... was
in p.;oetice excludt'd from participation in Ihec .....mony.
In CIJde, to faci litat~ the mother's participation and to 0110,," enough
run., for p..."..ring the- p"nmlS (dialog~ on h.optism) and the "" ......
mOllY i"",II, lhe 1'Ie\\' rite o! h.optism prescribfos lhot the sacramenl ;.
to be aclminislered during lhe fil'St weeks .11"" birth . Only if lhe
child is in dangerof delth lsillo be Npt~ wilhooJl delay. For
the,i<o emoI'. gendes In abblt viatt'd rit~ is providt'd that may be ....1....
bnlted by I laypenon. If the dang"" 0/ death is im minent it ...
enough to pour _ wal1!1'.nd I I the- same h_ pronounc\" the
baplilmal /onnul. (1 Npd~ you in th .. ""me ...1. In oro...to
'"
'I
bring out clei.ly Ihe pu;:hal chnilCWr of b<ipri5m it is d ... ir. ble 10 question of wh;ot Ihocy are "Il king of tM Church they reply:
cl'lebr.t~ it durillij tho! Easter Vigil Or on, Sunday. which is tJw. day "6aptism : N<!lthet eel",r.nt nor pa""'~ orr obli~ to uloe this p ......
of Ih~ ....... kl y c.-lcbr.ilion o f ~ p;r.sc:h'l mystery. In any case, "" err ~ formula; !hoe qUl'6lions and answers can ~ in othe< words, pro-
Nplllm should Novel ( !.!.arly ~sc:h.ol charactrr.
vided ''''' ....... ning is the wme. A""ady evidl'nt he.... is a ,.moin
flexibilily WI will show !lsdf at rlUm~us ",her point, IDd tho . is
TH E RI TE O F 8APTISM fOil; CIU LD RfN . SJ.tU(TU~r,
NIlctiorlal for 1M resl of the Uturgy as well, but esptdaUy the lit·
/nlrodlt(llWy RittS wgy of the .'l&Craml'nts. nw hope behind Itt.. aliowaTloCe for ~ari ..
C-nng of ItM. comm uniI)' assembled fo, It.. baptism lion is that the ctn!mony wm •• ke on • "".... r vi""'ity .nd be be. ""
~Iog..., wilt! tlw p«nmt$ acbpred to the situottion of . he moml'n'- n.. ~Iebroonl now.....und'l
Dialogue ..'Ith the godpanmts the pan:nts of their obligotioTl to ra~ lheir child in the OriS!:i.n
Signing of tilt' child w it h !he croes faith; he gi'·os them the opponuniry to ""P"- their ...... diNss to do
_ The god POrl'nlS an! asked whether they inbl:r>d to a id the po •.
Uhlrgy of 1M Word
ents in their task.
RNding(s).nd homily
Inlet , " ons nw celebrlonl. POrl'nts, and ~ ""xt mak the sign of the , ..-
Pr'y.. rof E.orcism on the child ·s forehe~. This signing or sealing is mNn\ to .t.....\
Anointing w ith the oil of c.olechumens or impos;tionof h.mds tha t lho; child belongs \0 Christ; il ...1:00 • renunciation of Satan,
w ho is conquen!d b>· this sign.
Crltb ..ti<m of 1M SoIcnImtrll
Slessirljj; of the baptismal waler lJhlrgy "' tilt Word
RenuOCu.tion and prof<'S5lon of faith nw pU'P'" .• of this p,,1o f tn.. liturgy is to stre-ngth... the faith of
Baptism the pan:nIS ond OIher p articipants. dttl"'n thei r und ...standing of
hlpliom, and intercedc lor tN.' fruit of the SOCTamenl. During the
£rp!Jl>Ullory Ri, ..
INdin g(s) and homily the childn.-n m. y. if neco;-ssary, be brought to
Anoin ting wilh chrism
I nearby room (the er y· rnom ), wMro: thei r crying will not distract
Clothing with baptisma l garment
tM aS6<'mbly. This p"rt of tM cer"",,,ny begins with On<" or two
Giving of tho> baptisma l cindi e INdings. one at ~t of which should be from the New Testament.
Riteof tho> Ephpheta
An Ippendlx to the ritual contains nul"l"lerous suggestions. nw
Ccmdud;1I8 Riln wish<!s and situa tion of the parents should be taken into account in
Concluding add"," making the self<:lion. Betw ....... the readings ,,",,1m VI."TS<."5 . "d ~p­
Thtolunl '. Pr"Y'" propriatc rc/raiflll may be sung . Here again the ritual offers . wide
BI......mg ilI>d dOling hymn IM'tcclion. nw c~lebrant .-.ow deiivers a short address on the git! of
hlptism and the task il ...""Us. A ~ may beaddoo, but a time for
l"rrod.",,"'Y RiltS silent pr.ye.- may be cho5en inste~ .
Afu.T donning liturgicA) Vf'StlTlO1llS oi a f6liv .. oolor 1 ~7 L. ",.; ,'
.
pnest or
d
_0" (- ·· ~ ~r -~
celtbr<>J1 t) JI'1ion5 him...Jf at tN en!ru,ce 10 !he
nw intf,,:.,.sions (four ~ditiON.1 formuJaoies.rr si,·en in an ap-
pmdi>c) an! not only for . he b.optiu ..<h bu. for the pa ....... ts, """'.
church or in lhe pan oi thechu~h where t1wcommunity ...S f •• 11-
ton, and participating mtmbe.-l< of tt..:- communily. They end with
b~ fo r I~ hlplism, and greets them in his own words. Tho- por.
In invocation of the saints, 10 which the .... tne!I 01 other .... ints m ay
nm a", asked WNI .... me I~ In! giving Ihri. child. To II-.. furth.or
be added (for fl<mlplc, It..:- patron $lints of the hlpti7.andS and of
 tllt! church). 1/ the rongregalion ;5 P"'Pared to do e;o, members may
add lkei. own pditiol"l5 10 thoo;o:o fo. mulated by the «,Im •• nl.
The celebranl now UII;>O; ""'" of the I ...., pny~ of """rcism pro-
"i<k<I, u ki"8 thai Cod would drliver the child"", from the bonds
of sin Jnd make Ihl'fO a dwelling fc ' his Holy Spiri t.
TIlt! lnointing of Nch child on the brNSt with the oil of <at,'Chu-
IN'fI& i& inlrOdOOild by . pra~ tNot CIlrist would s lrfttgth"" 1hEm.
In antiquity, anointin g with oil WitS thoughl 10 gh'" h ..... lth and
strength (fo. example, in w1"t:Slling nutcf>e5). Sinn- lhis notion has
largely dlsappean!d and the p.aclk.l u.'"0/ HI<! nl<' is difficull in
tho> caM' of infanlS, Ihe Mlointing may he omitted_ If il is, the cele-
branl places h;" hand oi lrntly on ...... child . This Loring on 01 the
hand can be uno:k>rstood.s it was in thear.cierol Roman rite ofbap-
!ism: as. sign th.I lhe child is '" be . escued from Sot.n', domin._
tion and mlde over 10 Chrisl.
I Crift,,,,,.,., af I~ s.r.n.......,
n.erommunity now nl("-es to the fonl Or lhe baptistry ",her(' lhe
""lebranl speaks I few words in pn.'P ••ation for Iht- blessing of lhe
b.plismoJ wat ..... Only during lhe £oste, SCa.an does he u"," lhe
wat .... lhal WI. 50Iemnly ronsecrated d uring the East .... Vigil; at
other Ii...... he bk-s6es wa"". /0 • .-..ch n-Ieb.-.lion of baptism. An ad-
,-;ulIagt' of the """. p.ao:\i"" i. ""'I c•.'lm.anIS need no longer UM'
I for ~n en tire year lhe W",~. Ih.1 was mixed with oil 01 the Eaoire.
Vigil and has in time grown 51.t.e--. rondilion certainly not ~i .­
able from the hygimic MId e5t1wt;c s t.1ndpoinlJ. The rule to be fol-
Io..-ed now is ,,"unci.tled in U... g"""ra] intn>duction 10 the _ ·.... oJ
riles of baptism: "The w",er to be used in baplism should be I"",
wal .... and dean, boIh for lhe s;,ke of the authenric sacramrntalsym-
holism and for hygiomic ....~ . (Chrisrion InilittliOtl 18).
II i5 .,-plicitly allo ... ~ that the wlter ml y be 1ivina" wa""', that is,
wa"'" /lowing into and oul of tho: fonl (_ ibid .. 21). The original
form of baptism (5t;)l u~ as lal... itS Ihe high Midd Ie Age'l), nam~ly,
imlTW!fSlon ra lkr than infusion, rhus h<>romcs possible 00Cl' 1TIOft'.
especially sin.:., Ihen! is today no d ifficulty in p lplns warm wa"" to
the font
The celebrant may ct.on.e among th ...... pray<'lS!of the t>le5ing.
n,
~ con"'ln a .... m.:mbrance of Cod's plSt lIIOvins deoeds (",",T1Ule-
ais) and a pditlon /or the gr~ of baptism (<'pid....is). Ar baptisms
during lhe WI;>r_son . I t which the w,rer bkwd during the E.s-
Ie" Vigil is uged, two of tho> praY"'" may be modified 10 =,u thai
N.Uerblessing.
A further. immedio te prep;ir.tion for the administration of l)w_-
ramenl is lhe PO"'""" and sponsors' renunciootion 01 s.tan . nd pro-
'-ion of fa ith. It is \I,., parents.nd!ipOll5OJ1'. and no longer the
children, who art" questioned and pla~ under an obliga tion. In his
Inlroductory addR'5S lhe celebranl sp"'u of tho> parents' unrondi-
tiona! obligation lO ....ar llwir child"", as bel~~ . Two IormuLos
.... gin·... /or the mlunciation oIs..tan. The th ...... qursriol\s.sked
in tho! profession of f.ith make u!<l: of the Apostles· Creed , wh;,;h
"" ii originally the baptismal professi"" of failh in the Wesl (in lhe
Easl lhe longercn:ed o f Nice. and C0n5tantinopl~. present
Ma» uLtd - w U used al b3ptism~
The crk-brant and t .... congregation thnl give their '!l6en110 the pm-
fHsion of failh. Som~ other formula besides the one in lhe ritual
may bt- uM"d, 0. even a sui labLe "'ng.
n...se ~rarory rile!l '~ followed. by the$.lcrarnenlll action
plop< I • • threefold i""""rsion or infu.5iOll with WI"" on lhe head .
while the celebrant spt:aks the words: "N., [baptize you in lhe
""me o f lhe Fa lher, and o f lhe Son. and of the Holy Spiri t. " This is
thecruci.l ri t... of~tism and sufflCeli for a valid baptism in an
~. The saJ\.ifk action of God in the NptiLInd is symbol-
Iud by lhe UM'of wa""', for in t .... Bible wll". isa sign of purifica-
tion and jj~.
Aft ... the baptism the fa ithful p resent may ling a short . cc Lo ""'tion
(I Lorge nu mber of l""Is .... provided). In CM tra'" to older custom
II i5des"trable INt if a\.11 possible the pa ....... ts should I~ves
hold the child during its baptism Of, in clM' of immersion, "lift the
child oul o f lhe font,H whUe the godpilren lS simply place their righl
hand on lhoe child.
Upbo ... tory Riln
Afttl" a prayer lhat Prepill"ft for . nd explain. his action. lhoe ""1 ....
brant anoints IIw crown of the child 'slwad with chrism . This rile is
n,
 rnodt:ll.'d on the l.oo nting 01 priests arod kings in the Did T....rament
and is inn.nded to show 1Il001 a, a m<:mbo.T of I"" prop!.> of God rhr
Npti>.ed person shal'\'S in tho! ruyal priothood of Chrisl. ;>5 we a n:
told in 1 PdlT 2:9.
n.., clothing of tho! child in a white garmenl no! ""'y ""'lolls the
u.ly days of the Church wh ... the newly bap ti1.ed don""" w hib:
g.ormmlS whkh Itwy then W,,", al the ttkbution of tlw Eurn..risl
during Eas"," ,,·eek. The whi", g.>nno!'I\l abo symbolizes thai tlw
baptized al'\''' "n_ Cre.ltion" and ·N~ pUI on Christ" (_ Rom
1J:14; G.ol 3:27). The rilu.ll expressoi!S thr wish lha l tlw fa mities
wo uld Ihe,,-l\'fS p"'f'ill'\' I~ white g.>rment; it y,r:>uld ""I be put
on tlw child, how ..•.... befr:>n! thr bap ti .... propr!'.
As I.... iIICCOITIpanying pl'll ~"'" indkl.tes. the gi'<;nll of a b.tpti:smal
candle (whid! rhr f.ther (If godfather thm lights from the E.oster
~k) is intertdf'd It!< a sign Ihat the """"Ir b.tplized Ito,·., b«o .....
child"", of u...
light and Ue 10 walk as , uch (Eph 5:8). SO , hat ther
mar one dar, lamp of faith In hand, hasten 10 mt.'\"t tne;r ""uming
Lord (_ the ;>arable of the ten "irgins).
The (optional) Ephphe!a rite Is inspirl.'d by Jl'Sus' mi r.rulou. heal.
ing of a deaf mute (Mk 7:32·37). 1'1>1' celebran t touches the ""rs and
mou th of tl>e child with hi. th umb lond prays thot j",us will soon
mabie it to l>ear his word and confl'5S th" fai th.
Omc/us.", of tke Rit,
If the spati.llayout of tho! church all ows. thc retire congrega tion
procl'SSei from the foot'" the altar as. b.ptismal song is being
sung, n... ",Iebrant briefly l'I.'CiUi the b.apti.m just adminislerl.'d
and looks ahead'" the u.c:raments of con firma tion and Eucharist
that.I'\' still to be no<:cl"f'd; then all join in t"" Lord's Pra)'l'l'.
n-.. ""I.-br.n tthen bl<'56eS the mot""'" of tlw newly b.aptized chil.
.I.....,. their f.then. u... godpart'nlS, lond lhe other faithful (four fo •.
mula ...... gin·n). Finally, an u.sler WIng Of the Magnifica t is ~ung_
-wtIrn- lher.. is lhe practice of bringing b.apti~f'd infants 10 II>. al""r
of the BkssftI Virgin Mary. th is custom i. oils.. "ed if appropriate"
I (Riwof II.>plism lot ChildrtT\ 71 ).
To ... m up: this n_ riteofb.aptism for child ren may to. r'\'S'IrdI'd as
".
a considerable impfOVE1l'\e111 upon the old . For lhe firsl time, it
lakes aeriously Ihe f,iICI thaI thC' otIC' to b.. b.pti.zed is . 1 best an im-
INtul'\' child . There Is no lo"Hid.1 dialogu<' with a child Ihal is still
~ to thin k Of spo!oIk: inslei>d, the cek>brilnt addrt>!.ses the PiOT'
.... and godpa""'tS, .tSl<s them .bout Iltrir 00.;1'\' for the baptism.
IIwir !ejection o f So""n and sin, and Iltrir prm.-;oo of faith. T",e
.......gI\. heslill ,dd..:sse5 the child .t 5O"\·....al poinl. in II>. rite (t""
words of baptism. the anointing wilh chrism.. the gi'~ng 01 the bap-
tiomIIl g.>rmenl. the Ephpnw. rite). The ... is. how",,,,",. no pretense
.. a di.loguebul5imply words !'dd t( . !Id to the child bo:a.use the
Chwdl talus il seriouily au person. j~t as the mot""" does.
whole behavior nonetheless we do not ..-gard a. i,.,..,tional.
A further merit of the """'. Til(' Is otIC' that 11w.,·ulready alluded to
__ enol times: beause the child Is INprized in the faith of its par·
ents, the latter al'\' the ft'al partners in I"" diatogu.e tholl elicits the
cIni .... for b.aptism. the renunciation 01 SoI.1. ....nd the profession of
faith. The paNilIS .... h~ called upon to be faithful to their own
boptilm and to !'WIder th~ nt<:t . 0ry "..."ic", of faith to I""ir chil·
drm .s the lallet grow. By rompa rison wilh lhe p.I'\'nts, the godpar·
fnts (.s I remarked in ronnecliOll wilh t"" opening rit .... ) "'ithdraw
10 Mcc"d pl ace: Ihcirs i. a 5ubsidia r')' r~,
Not leut beo::ause of Inc option. allowed and the possibilit i<"S of
varying Its form. this ri t~ of baptism can become an imp"""h'~ and
gripping communa l ~k.obration thaI does justice to 11K> intrinsic
meaning of the ~,,1int. For tho! ch ild being baptized, it becomes the
beginning o f • joum")' 01 f.lth which needs tlK> continued ""Ip of
the rommunity if it is 10 ....iIIch its go.ol. "
TH E lNCO Il PO . ... T ION OF ... nULTS INTO THE COMM UN tTY
HWoriali Sw'"')'
llw Christi"n community reali~ed at • "ery urly dale tha t the w.y
of an .dult to fJi th Jnd IIw C llurch ilia process 01 growth that u k...
_ ti rneand usuany n~,b Iwlp from the institutio ... Christian
lik rNJUi"" a training .nd protection .... hich .s a ruk> can "'" pm-
vided only by the concI'fIe local community. TM Inull ..·.. s the """
""blishment. by the end of the ...... id century. of lhe institution 01
the c~tfChulTIfNlt for lhole _king b.pmm. Hippolytus of Rome
in t,;, ApasleJit TnaoI,,,,,,, (beginning of th~ third ~ry) gi' ''''' uS a
 d<!lail«l picture of the structure 01 the ca!o!c humenatc at the center
0/ the f\\!sh:m Chur<:h.
n." av ..... ge length of thc catechumenate was Ih ...... Y"dr$. During
this time the applicants fOl" Nplism rec .... ,<ed instrucoon in the I. ith
(cat ..dll'Si,) that dtlHd on e~ occ~on with a prayer a nd an im.
postion 0/ h.lnd:i. Some ~ks (usua lly al tho> b<>ginning 0/ lent) bo,-
lore tho> adminisn.tion 01 N plism allhe EIosII'"r Vigil they began a
period of mon:-lnt""5f prt'pIraiion; they now bec;a ..... known as
rompr:1ml", Of "candida,"" (I'lomolly: " _ kns" ; al Ro ..... lhey were
also ca lled rl«Ii, "rne! m ones~).
This.,..nod 1It-gan w ith an examination oflho>andidates' manner
o f life. II ,,·as also marbd by frequmt attendu.c" a l liturg;e. o f the
" 'oro and by numerous oth ... lil\Orgiu l actions .lOCh as '-""'rrisms.
impositions of h.ln(li, signing> with Ih<o o;ross, """pilon of ,"" <n>ecI
and tho> Lord ', PraY"', lhe givins of b,"sed salt, and 110 on. Thfo re-
cq>Iioo 0/ the th.n!e "sao:n m...,ts o f in itiation " (bapli,...,. ronfimu -
lion, Euchirisl) look pl"", during the Eull'"r Vigil Th .. neophytes
r newbom11""" ent""'" upon • time of myslagogka l instruction
thot occupied I"" whole 01 EaSt<T week: during these daY" they
w~,... drawn d""f'CT inll'llhe my~t~ry 01 Christ and his commun ity
and we .... instruct,od moru fully in the ';gnifica ne.. of the ..cramt"Tl1s
of initiation.
Once th" maSSo'S lIt°san to ('nter the Ch u",h in the po<t.consl.ntin.
ian p"riod, th e c" .." hum ..",ate wi th its ~" eral stag ... gradually lost
it. meaning and lina lly fell into di,uM'. Most o f the liturgical com.
pon""ts and It'xts of lhe cal<..ochumenate " "" '" retained . howcver,
and (Towd«l tog"tht-r into a single baptis mal rite wilhout any inlt'r-
vals of tim~ bctw",," them. After "arious romplai"'" aboul this un_
.uitab~ rite Iht- Congfl'8ation at Rittos ga,·", p"rrnission in 1962 to
brea k it up in lO M'\""" s tages. bUI it rna.de no changes in the ronten!.
Va tican I[ tad,k'<l the probll!m in a"""'" radical way and ordeTed
lhe restoration 01 a m ullistag~ ca lemu .......... le for ad"l", and chil.
drm o f sc hool.ge (SC 6Hi6; Dtoclft on the Mi!l6ionary Activity of
I.... Ch"",h I~). The ""'" rite appeared on Jan".ry 6, 1972. and a sec.
ond, revised <!dition in 197...
n." new ritual publis.hed by Rome a, a model (an tditio typn) in.
'"
dude5. rite lor , multis tage '"techumenat~. a simplified rite at
ad"U inillalioro, an abbr~" ialt'd rite for use in dang<"\" of d"ath. in·
,lfU(tKms on ~aring unu lechi~<!d ad"lIs for oonfimution and
ttw E ucha ri~, .nd a rit(' at ini tiation for chlldren of school age. The
foIlowing 5ummary duls only with tht- full catech"m ....... te and !o01-
emn iniliiotion.
1M Otrni:MIKm 11{ 1M Orttrhllmt"Utt Qnd Inr';"lion
1lw Roman rile gi"e5 tht- name ~pnoca""'hummate" to lhe Ii.......
during " 'hich ind ividuals experienc" IM r fim inter..st in the Chris-
u.n f&ilh, ""tabli)h contact w ith belie-'erJ or Christian groups, and
tIowly do?\<e lop ." ini' ial faith and a ..... d ine.; for con,·"",ion . The
derisi,-e facror t....... ill W t theM' "symp"thil".t'rS'" .....1......,'-1"'-"1 by
IIw Christi.1l5 around them a nd ex"....ience an openne55and ht-an·
Iftl Love on th" p.an o f the Christian community. No formal lilUrgi-
cal. a!lebration i$ con rw<:!ed with the p rea t.l<:hum...,at.. and the
pniod o f o?\·angeliution .
The '" t«hum ....... '" Pl"Op",o - un<lcr!olood her.. as the I"""i<>d 01 .....
mote prrpu atlon for initialion-t>q;iru. with a rile of ~lanc~
into the order of catechumtm •. If 1M a ttr.elion to the Chri,ti.n faith
hu grown s trong enoullh that on~ can Sp"ak 0/ Ih~ beginnings of
f.lth j" Christ Ind if th~ pcrllOn i, determined to .sk for ae<:."taoce
into the Chu"'h. thero he Or !Ih~ can ccrtainly be accepted .mon~ the
catechumens . The ap pl icants. al",,~ with the friends and acquainl.
anct'II who have a.crompanie-d trn.m thus for on their iou""",y, g3tho:r
in the vestibule ofthe chun:h or in some oth .... sui tabl~ pl""e; he ....
they a<'l! presentt'd to the local ( ommunity or its "'presentati ..."..
Ind u... ~Ilobr~n t asks them aboullhei. """I'·e. Those .... ho hav~
helped lhe applicants come this fa r ~tt"'" to tht-i' .... adiness 10 """"'
.nd follow o,ri$l. Thnc witnesses are lhen:fore calk><! "sponsors~
and are a'lked to rontinuc he lping and guiding the applicants.
A1tI!f • prAyer o f th. nksgiving the a!lebranl (and. if desin:d. the
SJ>Of\5OfS a nd 0Ihe<s) Jigns the applicants o n lhe for.,),.,.ad with the
ml85 anti. If desired, !llrir 01"'" sen51'S, and leads them into tht-
chun:h. After a litursr oIlhe word the ap plants a .... given u-opy
of dw N..w TO&ume-nt (and a """"'~ In In.- msWng inlen: ' ' 'Ions lhe
C~UI1\ft\S.ft "f""ia.Uy commended to tM I...." of God. nw.
names of the appllao"ts. who al ...ad y belong 10 the Chu",h in a {'W.
tlin <k-g_ ("th<- ChuTdl enbrM<5 tM cat«hUrnt'M lOS ill; ...... n ... ith
I rnotht'r ' s I...·e and concern· , Introduction to the Kitl' of Ouisti.m
IniTiation fur Adult5 41), are pIacro in the li~ of cah:d!u_.
The foIlo ...ing period is me;lnt to be one of gro ... th in flith and
Christi. n lifr. Of decioivr importance here are f"'I"5OfI~1 con t;>eb
Ind ro.Wt'nIo/Ition. within IN> circle 0/ catcchummt. This circle is
alw IN! '·l.... "" for 'pedal instructions which, togetho!r wilh lho> con-
v,-... ~tions on lho> fa ith, are.o help ihf> gro ... th of faith . Tr....s.. in-
s tructions , as w ell U Ihe li turgies of the ...ord il 1M Sunday
Euchari st. m.>y be followed by "pray," for dcliwrmel'" (exo.-
cisms) 3nd bll'S<! ings_During this period, tOO.Ih<- candidates should
try tu find ~ uitable godp.arents.
~ I8lgth of the catedtumenat<o d~s ",li rely on '""' situ.ation
of th .. c."""humen. As. ruW. il should talet< at \('. 81 • ~ r. When
th<- tim .. com", to a'lk. lor ad. ........ ion 10 baptism, lhe romml,lnity pro-
vid ing tM c.It'ChU""",", III' should co ....... to a decision logether ... ith
The cat""humen. From !hi!; rommunity the Lat ...... llhuuld tho;n
ehoooio! as . sponsor """"""'" who hal; ~ of IIpI'ciaI aIiSi'ltance in
lhe practic\> of . Christi<m lire and who can now bNr ... i_1O lhe
lived f'ilh of lho> applic.nl. CommuNl5ponsorship is also f"""i ble
and Is especially appropri.", when the e."""humen has had his or
h~r first eXp"rienc'-'S of the failh in a youlh group or the family cir·
cie or I f.mil y Ihal has befriendl-d him or Mr." "
The period of proxim.>le p .... paration for baptism usually begins on
lhe- first Sunday 01 Lent. lhe period of peniteotilll p~ra lion IOf
Eas ter. Admi55ion 10 the groupol candidates for baptism presup-
poses Ihat t ..... c. ndid.Il- ho~ unde.gone . geou;neconversion. ha,
an adequale knowledge 01 the Christian f.lTh. .nd Is firm in f. ith
and 10\'", T1Icer in,·oI,oed in the work 01 I~ cal«ilu lt\eNie mUSI
,..Iie judgml'nt on these points. Admi,sion 10 candidacy <X"<"U1$ in •
liturgical «" """"'Ykno ... n a'l the · ";Ie 01 e ll'("tion " .... · enro\lment
of ""ones.." The candidalESan> now kno ... n u " the ~- rchosen
ones1 or ' omtprtmlt"S ("....,ken-~
Tho OriN oI eJalion" begins wilh Ihr p~tation 01 the candidates
and Ihr h.'Stimony of thcir godp" ........ t!I. After lhe Cimdldates have been
q"""rioned and have <OIemnly pledg<'<! thai they desi", 10 """;ve Ihr
ttw-eo. 5;\CflIments of initiarion. they «>nfirm This O1'5OIution by writ-
in8 their ",,!TIeS in a speci.al book. As a sign thai the godp.lrI>Ilb in
turn an> n.-ady 10 .><n'pI their t I;~bilirils. they .'" in"ited " to
pia« their hand on the shoul<Ieo" of the candidaIII' whom they "'"
piEsenting'"" (RiN of Cluisrian Initiation of Adults \33). The rite of
eitel;m Of rnroIlmmi 01 narnI'S dos0!5 with int.. cd.ions, althe ~
01 which I ..... a>1eb .. nl exlends ""' hands in bl_ing ..... er the cal<'--
dluonens.
The six w""ks ending in ihf> East'" V;gil are a "period of purificaliun
and o:nlightCT'lm<>nI"' and are marked by rites implemo...... ting this pu.-
pcet'.n- inciuoc, fin;t of all, tht' "!lCrutinics" or major """rcisms. In
iheM', by means of silenl praY'-"" and inlC!"Ct :dons OICCUmp.mi<:d by the
ImpoOIiIion of hands. I"" candldaloS .... to be stmlgthl'ned in their et-
a. to rcroounce the E,·jj One and follow Christ """" do. dy_ Theex-
ptiie:o« of the communily must detennino! how many of the ttm.o.-
ldwduJed scrutirUes (an...- the homily on the third, iourth, and fifth
Sunda)'5 of Lent) ilfl" actuaRy «kbt ~ted.
()Ih&oor rites of this peri<><! .... the presentation of the Cnoed .nd the
~'I Pray.r to the candidates n- 1"'0 rilt'S may tab- place during
• weel<d.ay M;w;.~ the Wid and fifth Sunday!! 01 Lml_ Th<>y camo:
Into rxistence in Christian antiquity at a time ...""" the "d;scip~ of
M!lKy" was slill pr;>Cticed. Nowadays the eetCl roony mighl empha-
Iizt. meditation on Ihr two ""'IS.
The Rite of Ouistian Initiation of Adults provides for a speciallilu'KY
oIlhe ... ord fOf ~y Saturdlty morning; the- ,,--citation of the <-Tl'<'<l; the
~htu rite; and choosi"S of a b;,ptistNll "" ......
n. actuaI "cdo:t>ntion 01 initiation" Of incorporation taks pla<.'<' dur-
ing the bii1'l" Vogil; the community should be prt'polred lor it by , "';1-
able sermons and dialogues. It bop ... after the ptU",tation of the
andldail:S and. brief insIruction by the «,ioobnnl " , th tJw> titany 01
the Minis. This is foIkno.·ed by the bleseing oI lhe b.1tp n.ma1 water, the
~oIS.tan and ..... tlw profc .t!x.n oIf.. ith. and lheacto{
~. The iIIlOirtting 0{ the C10WIl of the head thot foIk>ws upon
ttw ad oIb.1tptizing is normolly omitted 5~ COO"Ifirmatioo is ""minis..
teed during the Vigil. Since the anointing Is omitted here, then the
only two ll'"I"IUining explanatory rileS . re '""' clothing ... ith the b;,ptis-
 nW garmmt and tho: giving of the bapti!ilN1 candJoo. The b.lptizing
JA its! is It...- ministeT of ronfirmatloo whidl then foIlow&.
The ritual of initiation ~r d-'eI' it!i climax md rompl..tMln in the ensu·
ing a.lobntion of the Eutharist. Dllrin~ IhiI cfloobration sproal atlm ·
lion is given to the newly baptized and their sp::>nsor5; th"Y' togethtor
with thrir rcl.tiv8. Tl'<l'ivf rommunlon in both kind ...
During tho: time beo-...... &ste< and I'enkrost the ,"'vpt.ytes ;ue to ""r
em..c the new life given to them during the catechumrnale and EllS! .....
Vogi!; they art' a~ to iidlievt a dtipi. uruiofStln<1in8 of it This pi, iod
of postbapmmal aM *
is tI .. [efoo~ aOO ai led a pt't"k>d of "mysu ·
gogy. " that is. ofbeing "led " (oW. • "1e.<1in8 toward" 0< "guiding ")
rt"iOn' deeply into the "mystery"" of Christ. It int thr 5lOme ~ a pe-
riod of gftM."ins c]c . . to therommunity. The new rite "",,"ides
!
that at the end of this "great EIIst.... adave" (the ~'en weeks bdween
E..5t ... 1IJId ]\,ntecoo>t) thm! be • cdebo.tion; depending on cirnrn!.
stance this may be li«Om~ by eo:~ fetj,me. The bishop
should mak an e4fort to remain in close contJct with the!;e ",-ow rnemr
hers of the Church and . ~ to oelcbnle It...- Eucharisl with !hem at
IeuI ~ a year. e!p ially if he himstIf wIS urub]j, to pie ide at their
initiation.
From time 10 time the rifot't to....slore Iht multistage catechumeNte
for ad ult!i has btocft disparagtd as an e><tttise In ard>eoIogism . nd as
simply a hobby of historians of the liturgy. It Is true, of COI1t"Ie. th3t the
"not
old aulOtNOtically ben.t than the new. In this instance, howe>''''
the """,,,"ration lor !heucnmenl$of initiation in\"OI,"eS onore than in--
IrllecuIoI Irarning it musl .t,., be a training in thfo faith and in. life of
faith. This. how""'t'l", "'l~ • period long enough /or it'SMg and pr0-
bation, lesl Wf' rm.m ~ apin to Iht ""I"" fidal Christianity that
ct\aractlo!riz<od the Constanrinim ag<'. Furfr.,t ",,""c. the 5acramcnts of
I initiation contain. walth of thrology and spi rituality that can be as·
similated only w ith rime and in 5t1gd."
OJapler Ten
The Sacrament of Confirmation
A«ording to Itu> Chu rdl·. tradition, u...., i. a se cond ""cramen! of
iNtlalion. known as "confirmation." Th~ N ID<' is derived from the
Lltin ccmfi'm~lio. wllkll is 10 be understood ~s mc~ning "a st"'ng!hr
enInf;." Th(' mn1i"" a l theologians.also used tl>o: NID<' "imposition
of u.. hand " (.... n l/j '·"'r-itio). The £.a~It...., Churdtes colJ this &aCra
r
"'.'I"''"
awnt Mytt»i (Ihat is. anilinting willi or chrism) and describes
huffed u a "strenglhening " (/trltIoiols,j) and a ·compll'l:ioo ·
(Idri&sif).
O.'(;IN AND ME AN tN G O f cO ." n.~ A T t OS
Ccnfirm;I rion m usl bot ' .;e...1N! as "err clo5cly conrot'Cled with !lap--
tIIm. The bath of w.ter, accompanied by invocation of the name of
Jeu- or of the entire Trinity, ~ffects an inrorporalion into Chrisl and
~ body. the Chun:h. The action has it!i effect through the Holy
Spirit and il . Iso best..,w. I"" Holy 59i,il. AI , vel)' early time, non~
thelas, tht baplismal ""ion s....,ms .Ir~ad y to havf included an im
r
poIilion of the ha"'!.(k'e ActS 1 ~.sf.). The .ctrismund heresies lhat
"".ng up in the firtl ""nlury appa","lly brooght . growing danger
that despite • • h,red baptism the conr>ection with the aposto lic
Church and with the ongoing trafl'l0nH6ion of the won:! of God !NI
w .. carried on therein might be _ak.ml!d or enlirely aboondoned.
It ~ d..,irabk:, therefore. to lay sp«ial emphasis on the impo-
Ioilionof!hoe hand al baptism (as we find being dcmt as e., ly as
Acts 8:1'"-17) .nd to ... se, ,.., this imposition 10 the inIf leader of the
rommunlty, namely. the bishop as successor to the apostles. This 1m·
poIilion became an t ffecti"e sign of communion with the apostolic
Churd\ .nd of the ,..,...Uant dul)' of Spirit ... n,;piftd ....... ice.
Thlf hypothesis I. confirmed by the first t~l~si" e ""counts of iniri r
.non in Tt"ft\Illian and HippolytU5 of Rome. 60th wri\e"rS IlpUk no!
 only of. postbaplismal anointing by the baptizing pri"'" but also
ol on imposition of the bishop', ""TId tllat communicates the Holy
Spirit •• nd a signing of the f"",head . Hi ppo/ytus includes. in addi.
lion, an o>pi~l anointing o f the lI.s.d.' Tlw> impoo.ition of Ihe
hand and anoinling by the tnsloop, logether .... illl I ..... pray ... of the
rommunily. thus berome .. ffieKious signll tn..t lhe bilptized """"'"
n... by the po .... l'I oI lne Holy Spirit bee""", a rompleto- ..... mbO'< 01
Ihe Church; tw or sh~ NS all the ri&hts of a Ctu"i.nan but is alse> oo~­
gated tu W~ in the Church' . ....o rl< (Sft Ihe biblical dv.risrru; th;tt
.re forms 01 servi« 10 the Church).
Tlw> delC' iptioro o f this part of the lota l ril.. o f inlli,\tion asa «giving
of the Holy Spirit« has, l\owpo,.l'I, foslond the mistakm idea IIuot
the ptf'Vious riM o f ..·. 11'1' b.oplism does "'" """lOW It... Holy Spirit.
This i. an <TrotI«lu, interpretation. For the N ..... Tesbmmt. and.,..
p!'cially , ..... Pauli"" w ritings. maQ- It perf«tly d<oa< ,hat the Holy
Spirit is alse> rtcft,,~ in 00IIn«ti0n w ith b.oprism . In Paul 's ey....
«tu t.. in Christ" means equi,·ak'ntly " tu ~ in the Spiri' " (Sft I Cor
6:11. 19). TheGospcl o/John, too, presu~ 1Iuo, rebirth " from
.... 1l'I and the Spiri' " (I n 3:S) is • single evmt On 7;)7 . .)9) . Jt i. til .......
lore preferable 10 s p"ak of a speci.1gift 01 t .....• Spirit in confirmation.
Thi. in""''Pre'ation _gf<...., .... Itll .... h.t is $aId in the doeuments of
V.tican II. The Coun<:il says, among other things: "By In., """,rom",,1
of confirmation tho!y {t ..... failhful).", mo", fully bound to the
C hurch and Iht Holy Spi rit endow, them wilh special s!n'ngtll . so
tha i tho>y are mon!' strict ly OOllgoolo spread and defend tho> fai th,
both by word and by dl'<'d, as tTlle witnesses 01 Christ. '" This pa ...
$ag~ is ciN>d in tho> Apostolic Constilution Di"i~ •• "",,,,rtium ""tu.
' .... o f August 15, 1971, in wh ich Paul VI promulgoled and
approved th~ ~w rl te of confirmalion . n... meaning of confirma.
lioro i5 d r:scribed in si mila r 1"015 I" ,he Introduction 10 tt.... new ril<>
of confirmation: " This giving 01 the Holy Spiri l con forms bel ....·'"
more fully IOChriSl and SlrMgth",s lhem ~ tn..11hey may booa.
wiln"", tu Christ for t~ build ing up of hi5 110dy in faith and Io~. "'
From the Iounh ~t ury oro. Ih .. importa "", given to the episcopal
impoo.ilion 0I 11Ie hand and "'oin ting .and 10 It... special gift of lhe
Spirit therein ree..h 'l!d WI5 signific.an Uy Mightened by the fact thoIl
in many .. n!'U "xl~1 cin:Um5tu\('ft uuled rnnfil'nUllion """ bop-
'"
Ibm 10 be sep<l laled in rimf and plac ... ThU$ St . JerolTW' WroU>
arou.nd 380: ". do not deny thll it iua~ia"lical CU'llom lor the
bIIhop 10 trave l 10 thow who ha,'( bHn b.optized by J>ri""'s and
d CO'\II in pIKes far dlsu .n l from thl! large cities. in order thoIt he
lnIy Impo»oe hands on Itwm and inv~ the Holy Spirit upon
1hmL" He sees Justification for lhest' "ronfinnalion jounII'ys" in
AcII 8:14- 17, .and ad"': " E,·", if 1M authority of :script..... did not
""f't'Oi I the practi«, the i. S"oth",nl of Ihe uni~ Church would
hIo~ the Ioru o f a command .... This sepa •• tion 0I1he pilots of Ihe
inIliiotion rite wU certainly not .n lde.aI. II is ~ expresly pro-
'fIded in the new rite of Confirmation that when adullsor dtildn:n
01 KhooI age an!' b.optized 1M b.optWng priel hi""",1f can. if the
LW"", is not presenl, administer ronfumalion botfoo ( the ensuing
•• br ltion of lhe Euch.>rist.'
T HE N~W RITE OF CO NF 1 ~M AT 1 0 N
The ~ rileof ronfi nnation oommiuioned by Vaticmll ar-
pN~ in the lummer of 19'71lS. IalCid.. of tM Romln Pontifical.
The new ril<! emphasizes the intrinsic connKtion of ronfirmation
wid! Chrislian initi.tion IS. whole.and provides that asa rule it is
to be odmini$lered wilhi" lho> celebration 01 tho> Euch.irist thelhird
...,...m••11 of initiatio" (no. 13). nw $aCre<! action is to have. fes-
tive en..rlcter and. In "I...... of liS ecdesiologicaI5ignilkanc.. , is 10 be
ulelll.N>d as fa r IS posslbl .. with 1hI! p.rticipation of lhee,,"'" c<>m-
munlly (no. 4).
'The bishop is (11 1td the "primary mini,ler"· of ronfirmatioro; the
Iaw .Lso gl"es lho> facu lry 10 confi r m 10 l... rilori.1 prelatesa"d terri-
torIIolabbots, vlca .. and pref«ts """"tolie, '",,"Ioli<: administrators
and diocui1n odminislralOn within the limiU of their territory and
whl~ lhey hold office (no. 71). In addition . any priest CaJ\ confirm
w ...... h .. " baptizins adult!! or chiLdren of catecJwotical age in tIw ab-
' nee o f the bishop or whm III' is rec";ving lhose already baptizOO
into full communion with the Church. I" d.nger of death any prWst
can validly ronfinn . Furtlwtm ......, bishops "nd the abov .. named of-
lidals and dlptarlft can coopl priests /or rnnfinnalioro when IIII'
nwn~ 01 thoow boring confinmd is Ia~. A«lAding to the ......·
Cod .. of Canon Law (an. 8&" I) IIII' d ioe I -'"' bishop u", in c...... of
,_ Ii\)" give ~ or more p' w. tlS the fillCUlty 10 ronfinn.

With ",g.rd 10 1M age fOT confirTnation: by 1M md of lhe lhirtemth
c~tury il had becorTW! ~eltabli5hed custom 10 pCl5tpone ronIirm.-
I,,,,, tu I~ """I'flth }flt. Ao;cOtding 10 I~ new ril~ bishops m~y fOT
paotoral r.,.!IOIl5~ an age INt ~s m~ wilable (.rod thai may
tlM' ... f~ be rroo:n advan«d)." One such reason may be "10 implanl
d...."ly in 1M livel olIN f~ithful COnIplete obo:dioPnce 10 Chml the
Lord and a firm witnessing to him," nw~,..d Code of 1983 .....
commends 1M trMlitioMI "age of disaenon" bul also gi,.... episco-
p;o l conit-ft'nCft the rlg:htlO det~ a diffl'ftnl age (Can. 891)."
Unlorhu\;1tely. I~ later lhe a~. I~ loci et becomes I~ intriMic
ronJll"CIion ~ confimuori<m .nd b.lptism. and the more diffi-
p'_'
cult il i!O 10 ,'e the originalllO!quentt of INIptism.. confirm'l!'
.. nd Eudtamt. ......
The institution of spcmonhip is ma.intainood in pril>ciple. C .... 796.
L of tho- old Cede Nos ~ le~ uled. and il ~ recommended in·
sINd tNl the godparenls _1 b.toptism be ~lso the opomors II ronfir-
mahun. thus making clearer tho! close connection of these two
~.ments (l~lroduction. nO. 51. The ne<InI!Iity oIhaving a Sf""'"OT
for ronfinnallOO IS nOi .bsoIole ("as far u possible: i.lys Can. 892
of the new Codt). The role of the sponsor is 10 see to il. along with
tIM' p."",.,s. th.t the ronflrmed person fulfills lhe obligations ac·
cepted With the HCUrrI('nt (ibid.).
Confirmali"" Is usu.lly 10 be .dml nlst<.'l'ed du ring Ill<> <1'lebration
of Moss . If In 5pO.'Cial Ca'!eS ills adminisrered " ulside 01 Mass. it
mUSI be pr~'C~'<.k'<l by a IIlurgy of I~ word thai is model..d on thai
of the M.",. f.lcreplon the Sunday, of Advenl. Lenl. and El.sler.
other ""Iemnities. Ash Wednesday. and Holy ........ k. the rormulary
0/ one of the two Ritu.l Ma56E'S of Confi rmation rontamro in the
Sacra"""'taty nuoy be used, C haf'I'I'T V of the Rite of Confi""ati""
giv<"S numerous wggestlons foo- the bibbcal ",.dinK"-
Wh.,n confirmation Is .cImini"tred during Ma05. it tak"" plac:e
aftef the gospel a nd conlai"" the following parts:
l'rcsentarion of the ca ndidate,; and homily 01 tho: bishop.
R"""""al of b.lptismalpoOllli!1e5 (renundari<m o f Satan and sin and
PlOtt"',"" of faith).
In'' itarion to tM communlty 10 pray in 1ilenC1'.
PnoyH of tho! bi~op for the gifts of the Holy Spirit (he and the
ditIf6 mini~e!1 of the SIC"ment extend their hands 0\"'" Ill<> candi-
- ).
A/'Klil'lting 01 the forehead with Ori$m In tht kmn of a cross
(which is tho! Impos!tion o f the hand "j. and words of adInini.5tra·
tIoP: "N.• bt> _led with the Gift 01 the Holy Spirit" This new for·
tIIuIa was cho5oen for its similarity 10 lhe one used in the 8yz.antinoo
QmrdI; it replaces the o kkr formul.li: " N .. I , ign you with the sign
of tho! (J'OI6, .nd I ronfirTto you with the duiJm of "",I,·alion. In the
_ 01 tho! FlI"",,".• _." The new ly ronfirmed ao:tpts the admirus-
awliorl with an "Amen."
b' c t' ions for t~ newly confirmed. their parents a nd sponosors.
....,. tho! entin' Chun:h follow.
During tho! enJiJing ('eIebratiOll of the Eucha.... t lhe newly"...·
firmed may lake pan In theprepararion of the gifts, A solemn bless-
Ing or • prayer O\"fr tho! people may replo<1' the usual blessing at
thu nd of M'5~.
~ new rile omits the old... custom (In u5e 5ince tho: thineenth cen·
tury) 01 the "slap on the cheek: which had acquired a unique and
u
dbtrOoCting promlr.e-n« In lho! minds o f confirmand •.
CONFt~MA TION OUTSIDE TH£ RO MAN ~ITE
The Eastern ritllS. unlike Ille Western. have always p.,'••
~rved til<'
tempor.l connection of the thre<! rites of in itiation. In the ByUln!i""
rile. afte. donn!ng itIei. clothing and a/ter a proyer by the priest.
the newly baptized are anointed with my",n on 'o",hea d, 1')"....
noH, mouth. eus. breasl. and '"I; uth anointing is aa:ompanied
by the formu!a: "Seal of the Gilt of the Holy Spirit. AmI'fl" Altel" a
Eucharistic liturgy of the word the confirmed (including infants)
are Immediately given communion.
In the other Eastern rilel the newly IMpdzed IiUwise re<eiVt""·
era' anolndnp. bul the$oe are d one bofore they put on their doth·
ins:: they an! "(JOW!'IIed" with. headband. and. in many ril..s. . ...
alJo "girded"; only among tho! El.stem S)-"1'i.M is the ,"",pNsis put
00 the bnp<»itlon of hands."
l1'III' Refoi noel' "'jailed the traditional SKra ....... t of con/i ....... hun.
claiming tNl il denil!d t~ power and effkacy 01 baptism. In its
place th.-y devel0p0!d, in thei r catoxhetical P ' i>Cti«, a liturgical act
b~ w!>iet! at a cenain a~ (abou l 1210 H) the baptized;or., · ro......,...
CT~Ied· as full ~mbers of the com.mUJ\il~ ond .... itdmitl1'd 10 the
Lon:!". Supp<'1". This act WII5 abo si"en the roam" · confirmation. •
UTI(\.,rstanWng of thit rite has W>dE~ m.ny ctuong.-., and even
loday then! is r'\oOt full "p,",lhent on il. Confi..... ation often includes
an imposition of the hand. Each ronfurnand usually 1"I!<?i,.... a bIbli-
cal lexl Ihat Is to serve 115 a ",ide fort~ ye.>rs ahad."
The · Order of Cmfi ......rion Of Imposition of thr Haner among the
Anglicansdosely foIlow5l~ Rom;on rite (but without theanoint-
ing Qt signin8 0f the fuoeheood). ~ rire is regoordl!d auignifyinga
personal ratification of the baptUnul ~"'ises; tho- Chun:h joins
lhot- ronfi ...... nds with its int~ In contemporary Anglican
rites the $aCT.mmtal aspecu of ronfirmation (imposition of hands
with 0.- without anoinling with Chrism) now immftl ialely follow
baptism .
Chapter Eleven
The Celeb ration of the Euch arist
-Euchari5l . (w!>ich i" Gn!ek o rigiNUy signified an attitud .. of gra .....
~a! . • or thanksgiving) is the ..... me of the s.o~t whidl the
CathoIk Chun:h usu.tlly uUs the ·MoSlS· M liwo "S;ocrifiCl' of th..
....M: and which the RefOfTl\el'"5 ul! the · lonI'. Supper.· So muc!>
lID been thoug!>1and wrineJI aboul lhis s.ocramentthat an · o ut·
h ,· . uch as Ihis book p rcwides, cannot ",,""min<> in ck>t.ail all the ...
petti ~Ioptd by e..egesls, dogma and the !>istory of dogma, and
llturPcallCience.
OlHGtN . SA SIC CO SUST, MAIN L INE S O F EVOLUTION
~ .re fiv~ puIIoIge!I in ,t.. New Testament thl! deal ..xtensiwly
wlth this IIIcr."",nt a5. "'giCY left uS by JE-s"" Christ.! a m ... f....•
ring. finl of Ill, to the four ".«ounts of institution," which in tum
developed Out of two Mre,ms of tradltiOr'l: """ ... pl"t.'M'flted by Mark
14:22,25 and Matthl!W 26:26-29, tile oth .... by Luke 22:15-20 .nd 1
Corinthians 11 :2J.2S. "Ca . e/ullnv('Stigation .hows that the Lukon
a«ount i. not Sime!.Y a ropy and deve lopment of the Pauline '..:r·
Ilion, bul thot uchOf It.. two goes ba\:k 10. vcnion of tt.. text that
must have orlgillated In G ....... k·l-I"". king Ar'ltioc!> .nd bct:n f..,nnu-
\ailed around the y~• • 40.·' The> iIOUrrt' of tt.. Markan acrounl (and
of tho! Matthein, which is depC'ndCr'lt on the M.rkan) muSi ha"e
bftn ....e-o oIdl'l', with ilS roots in . vl'f)' ....Iy So:miti( tradi tion MId
its origins in tht first <ko;ade after I.... d~.th of jesus.'
The origiroal form of the acc:oullt of i",lilutinn "'''''' ha,'e been
IOmdhing: like t!>is: • And he look bfe,ad, spokr the b]I'SIIing ........ it,
~ It,.nd ~"f II IOthfflo. And ~ !-i1id: 'l"ltis is my body, ... h;ffi
Is given for thf "'~ny, Do Ihis In "'""Dr}' of ......!' In lib manner
abo ttw cup afler ttw ~I, wilh thor word", 'This ~up is th~ new
covftl.lnl in my blood.'·'
 '\"h(' fifth p..sA&, to which r ,ncrrro js John 6 :411-59; ......,., tooken in
conjunction ..-i!h u... oth,e,- four p.ossagt!! this sheds fun"", theologi.
I (".1 Ughl on th.. .,uct.. ristk myM<'I'}'. '
JONMo"S 8etz, a ~of dogma&, who dM,od In 198oI;md.,....,
(If 1M most "";omt students of lho> Eurru.riSl in recent decades,
.urns up as follows !he ronte.1t of the biblical p;!55.1ges jU:;I d"-"<l;
"If we take. romp rehensi'-e ,-jew 0/ , .... biblical message concem-
;'''8 Ihe Eu.;hansl, th~ lines 01 continuity and the ,ustalning ideas
e merge .11 the mt)' (" dea rly. Such an o" .. rvlew yi,-Ids the following
synthesis; The more the N ew T""tamenr spea ks of the subj«1. tilt,
mol'(' clearly II prodaims the idmrity of the eucha ristic gift, wilh
tho! rorpo ...... 1person of Jesus, who su,,,,,,def'S himself to • bloody
expi.nory d"'th on u..,. cross, for us and our sah-ation---and who
gi"f5 himst'lfin the ""<Tamenl as our food in oro.,. 10 apply 10 us
' .... I!'demprion wrought by hi. <lNth. This rednnptlon is thud", ..
.' H.nri.lUy identic..! with himsdf. with hi. person: ir>camal..-d. &i"-
Ing hilTlSE'l/ as;> s.ocrifi< .. 01 expiation, and in aU things ;;acting for
our ... 1\'aUon. Th~ p~~of this p<'1"5On'~ p.>SI SI~ing "CI is Ih .......
forecloscl)'bound up wilh his r..,,,1 p":>encr. ~ IhI- Euchari~ i.
thoe SMTamem.1 pl"\"Sf'rK"e of the ""ti... savinl! e"ent known as
'/l'su.o;,' in which tm, p<' ..son and his work Ionn ,n indi,·jsibl.. unity.
This i~ the f~i th whkh all 01 tm, Nt"W Testament wilnl'S!e"S attesl."'
The two terms which J. Betz constantly ,,_,.,..J 0' I"'rw""J p"'_
~nr( and pmt"trr:. r1 thr 11("1 -aN inl""ded 10 bring OUt the point tha i
in 1m, euchariSlic: cek-bration not only is JE"!l"~ himself prt.~I. but
~, i, his ia"ing ,""lion thaI cul",iNted in his j;(!11-g;"ing un t .... cross
lor US and OOr 5.illvation.
-o,e gi" whic:h Jesus has left us is not ' imply an ideo> thai is 10 be
prodlimed in words and I"<'r><kred sensiblr in .. 501(1"amenr; il is nOl
simply an ..xislnltial "..,.. tha' is to be ",.Ii~ by faith and the- ethj_
ul f"lIo" ' ing of Jesus. Th .. linal. ""premt gill of Jesu&, <'Ild thus the-
~ of Christia",y as such. is hoe himself. jocsus Christ. This prr_
"'" me.lns ,.. not only toappreh""d him through faith but to re-
c...h ·e him In hi. rorpor.li ly .....
The La~t SuPP'" 01 I""u, ,""olved inl<, the euchari'tk celebralion of
the primiti'·~ COmm unity in """cral stag ... Initially, the words 01
'"
blo!t5ing o\"er the b"",d and wino> "'''''''' spokn .f""a regubr "'....1.
"they " ."'" then rompletely oepor.ted from StICh a m .... I .nd «>m- .
billed wilh lhoe liturgy of pr.y .... on Sund .. y mornings. One of Just'"
Martyr 's writings shows that "n.>und the middle of the -=ond «:11-
I\Uy lhe ctlebl"lMm of the F.uch,uiSi w.~ pl"t'aded by" bturgy of
the word .uch.s ,,'''S cuSlom.uy in thoe Jl'wish s~sogues of the
dly! The two liturgies fusM 10 rom. .. singl. C<'k.<bration. The fin;1
complete wording of an early Christian Eu<hari$t that has. rome
down 10 U$ is in the A~t"'ic Tradili(}!1 of Hippolylus, a p"""l 01
Rome; hi. """ lise dales lTOm ab"u' 215.' Thi~ docu"""'t, Ii"" SUMe-
que"l'1 ones, offers te~ts intended simply a' rn<')(!.,ls that rould be
Ml.\pted by celebrants.
The tonlinued .p.... ad of lhe Chul'Ch led 10 the rise of a "umber of Ii-
h.tIgM:al centers. each with its own organiza~ 01 , .... UtUrgy ~nd
.:n
I . «i.tJly of the EucharisL I UlnnOi hen- go lnlo the p<"OIli."he5 of
01 ~ce>Irr$. We !laW in Ch"pter II tNt C<'nain lines of de-
..cIops",",,1 w ..... in I.CI followed; furt ....... h~'orical d"'~ ":rn bo>
Sivft\ below in the ""position 01 the ~b" Inurgy. At this po",t I
limply c.n attention 10 a dogm.oric Slaternt'lll 01 It.., ~ourK1l of
li'rnl, the~" is the rmdering-p/"O"S(>rn ("I'-.rIQhO). I"" mem0-
rial and tlw ~pplic:ation of the ......... for...n sacrific~ of Christ on lhe
CI'OoIII (OS 1740; Neu .... r·Dupui. 1546). With Ihls sta l\"lm"nt the Coun-
dl cle.rly "'..... ned al the beginning ollh~ modl'm po.."nod II,..
basic Ideas we .. w to be P""""" t in t .... New Tl'!il~mcnl ",",ure"".
In view 01 th<- nu...->U. and not olways It:licilou s 10,.".". tak .... by
~~Ieb ..ation 01 t"; Moss t .... Council 0 1 Trent .IS<) rommissioned
• ,aUt hi of the Rl:>nun Missal. The roew M i55a1 wAS promulgated. by
Pi ... V !Ia'en yt".B.fter thc clO!ilf" of ,he Council (1570), and re-
""......
mained in eff«t lOT "lm""l four hundred y.."rs without major
III the seco"d chapter 0 1 its Constilution on the Uturgy lhe Second
V.tian Council dl'IlIs ext ..........ly wilh -,11(0 mOSI SKied m)"S""Y o f
the EudWiriSl." 110 chief <"Dnl"<'m is that Chri5l's faithful. when p ..... -
""I at this mysllT)' of lailh. should "01 be the .... n .,..ongen; 01" .il.,., t
Sptctlton; on th . «mtrary. through a good underslandin.s of lhe
rilft and prayers they should take pori in th~ ".,,:n'd ....."'ce ron-
sdouJ 01 what they aN doing, with devotion and lull involvemmt.
 They should be il\5tructed by G x l's ,,"Ord lind be nourished . t the
t. ble of t""" lord 's body; they should gi"e !N nks to God (no. 4110).
Tha t this gool might be ...ached. the Council clecn!O'd th.>t the Order
~ M~M be re\'iRd in a w ay HIhioI will bring out mOR> c~rly the in _
tnnslC~tu", and p urpose o f its ..,..-~ral pun . and 'I~ I t", ConrM'<:-
t ~ bo-fwem III....... and will mort ",;>dill' .ac:hi~·~ 1M devou t.
ac'I1\'e porticip.1Iion of the faithful.
" Fo r thi s purpose 1M ril.,. .... to be simplified . due ca ... being taken
to pn!Sl' .... e their ~ubstance; elemenl~ thaI. with the pa' !Io3ge of time.
c.me to be duplicated or we ... addl'd with but li ttle I dv antaS".",
now to bt: discardl'd ; other e\('menl:§ trull hav., &\I HeJ1!d injury
through acdd~t ofhistory He now. a, lNy _ m useful Ot T\t'Ce!;_
.... ry. 10 be "",,1Ored 10 I..... ' -igor they had in the " "dillon of the h-
tht-n" (no. SOl.
I~ xoo, daln w ith thes<-dirwti "e!l the Roman lirurgial comrnis--
.. on work ... fim on I..... unchanging J>"rI of H... Missal namely. !he
"~01 Man. · After a r.-w chan"", made by I ..... h.lghest au tho<"-
it 1', Paw Vl . ppm....d and p,ollluigated the new On:k-r on Holy
Thuflday (April 3). 1969. in hi. Aposlolic Cons ritution Mi....l.
Rm>uin ...... A 1'.... , law, the ""ti ... new Mi_1was publioh .... [t con-
tains. In .. dditinn to the te~t .• GnuT"'l~'t'wrlw.. of lhi /W""," Mi....r
IGIRM) iU1d Gtn..,,/ Nar"" fo' "" Uturg;,;"r y,w "nd thi C"rm d",_Un.
like ~arli~r In~mductions 10 t..... Mi<s.o.l the GrRM gives not only
rubna l d uYCI'ves but also explanations of th e COO I.... 1!i of the celo:-
br.. tlon .
Afler r eal"$ of p...,..ration the Am"';c.iU1 edition of the Rmrur" M ..... /
( Tht S«N"""''''Y) wa • .......:Iy in 19,... On November 13. 1973 it was
"PVfO\'ed by , he Nation;d Confe •• ' .... of Calholic Bishops; 11:5 """
was then al lowed by lhe Congregation for Di" ,,,,, Wo.sh ip on feb-
ruary 4, 1974. l'Iw .... w MI..... I appe.>oN in 1974 and becameobl;ga_
,?,"y on Decf"'~ I . 1974. Certoin cll.>"," .iU1d additions II.>d ~
s •. - b«n ronstd....-ed: Ihe Congregation for Di vino! Wo~p ap-
P""'1'd t"'- on Seplember 3. 1974, for irtMTtlon in to a S«ond I'd;-
lion 0 1 the Mi_ l Th..... inc luded. I~ "umple" description of t ....
fu nctions of the n~'Wly ... tablished mini ~lri" of acolyte and lector
("'placing the d<'SCrip~on of lhe subde""OrI 's functions: GIRM 142-
'"
52). A '"" MlI ... formw~ """ were a lw.". pa.n<kd or , dded. A ..,.;-
ond dection of lhe American Soom"""'I~ry w h.ich incorpora t..d
IhewcNnges was published in \985.
With rtgard to the Latin texts 10 be included in this Mi<s.o.I: the rule
In effect s ince November 10, 1969. " " 5 til.>l Mlsu ls in the vemacu-
.., thould include a Latin appm<ii~ , A Y"1r li leT. Rom~ published a
MiH41t PO:O ""'''' conlaining additiona l Lorin Iii!Xl:5. n... s..cram ... tary
1ni:00po,Jled Ihi~ Mi_r~ po:orvu",.
ITIlU CT U~E ANt> INDIVID U AL P" US O f TliE M"S S
The liturgic, l reform has brought. transpa""'l clarily 10 the o~·crall
I\NCIW'f of the Mil"'."11tc MaSli i. made up I S Il w....... 01 I..... ht-
urgy of the word ,nd 1M llIurgy 0 1 the Eucharist. two parts ~
dalely coonected that ttu>y form bul one single act of wo rship. For
in the Ma55 the lableofCod's word and of Ch.risl's body ;s Laid for
the peopl~ of God to recei,·., fmm it inslruction ilrwi food . nu.
H
"
Ll ten .. nt undoubtedly IO'pres<'f\1s II .....·alWition of till' liturgy of I .....
W(Ifd, which in thepasl .... nU$ually called the wFon>-Ma"'w; .....
JIect 01 it was regarded by earlier cilSulstic morallheolog)' as only a
"\IftIi.II" s in bec"ure this ..... 5 but an "lnsignlflC~nt partH IP"rs n-
p ) of the Maso.." n.. opening ilnd cooclud ing ri l~ of till' Mass
form • setting for these two " principal parlS. "il
The linguistic usage of the Church allows OOth"tM Mass ..., a ,:"'hole
iU\d the second main part by ilS<:lf to be called lhe Euchan.'. In
ordll'r to avoid misund.,.,.t.ndin~ it woul d be better to sp<'.k of this
n t 'o..d port a. "t~ Eucharist in the ""rrnwer ,...,Si'."
The following oulline is intl'1'odo::l to ,how this slnlCtu .... lInd facili-
tate" comp .......... iveview 01 il. U.... " EuctuoristK Pr"Y"r theout-
linI' refI«ts prilNrily EP II . nd III; the special cNtacteristics of t ....
od_NCNoN tK: p r.yers will bed;~ lam- on in till' chap ......
O l C " NIZ ATtON O F TIlE [ UC HA l tS Tl C CE LU l ATlO N
a) IltlmlilClOry Ritn
Entrain w ith song (lntroil): vmer" lion of the alta ..... ith kiss and
It.. ftilt; sign of the cross; greeting of the congregation; in tro;iuction
\0 the Mass of the d ay: pmltenli.al ritl!; Kyrie; Gloria; op<'ning
pr·Yfr.
'"
 ..,00 antiphon is not sung.. it is ft!COmmmded th.1 it W m~de part
b) L1twrgy r1'M Word
_ !he prieSt ', inttQd uctioo 10 the Mase; of ~ dIY,"
fai .'1185: IOn,S betw":" ~ ~~inga: gospel: homily; prof~on of
"" til; g.... r~1 .nIE"EI ,...,... (proy" of !he fa ithful). tIw priest, roooelebrants, ilfId deacon then kiss the .lta. to signify
. . . veneration fo r it as I symbol of Christ. This may boo! followed
() [",""rlsJ (in .., rrower K'f\~)
.., In \net. iSilioo of the Ilta r, espect.ooUy 00 ~asl day!>. IncenSe (a
f7tp<J",' im Df IN .Ir•• • 1111 IN gif"
~of varioul reins and gums) wlIS used in wOf!lhip both in
p, E~mtali<ln of !he gifts; prayl!'f5 of prepmr;on; ;T>CftlS.jlion;
... Old T~ament \Ii!iTIple Ind in P"PI' Intiquity gt'rwraUy. Chris·
wa mg of handf.; prayer ov'"' thf gifts.
.... lnltiaUy l'fjKted its . -. hut in thr Constanrinian period it
C..m..~i.: p",," . , t&e its wly from the ~SI into Christian wcnhip. lt was under-
Pro:f~ with
. s.ncfU5,'' «IIII«Ta""'"
._, --:..a..., - -~ ~ of institution;
~I" __ _ s; w""' SI .d heft: as • symbol of pr.yoi!1' (_ r. 140:2) and as I sign of ,..,.
";::mroesos: pr.~~ of ?~ (In.>mnesis): commun ion epic' ....;, tf*t ..dof the Church', intd ec. vy prayn. Eventually tke
a . pr.. yer for uruty; '1'1"''
75'; ms with commemonotion of the paacti<'e ..-oK of inMUing the .liu, the sacrificial gifts, the <:to!i6
"''''1$; dOllology. _ \ma&ft•• nd e\'en the ~lebrlnt and conS"'S"tion. It wo uld"" a
"'.... b 10 intKp~ ~ IS" gift lOGo<!. a material offering
GlmmuNimr Rift
Our Fa,her with Embolism and do • ........,·· 01 . lite u\eb •• nl now goes to the pmidenlial dWr and from I~ p"'"
of m.. br'Nd romn\" ' ~&r ' IIIgn ~; l>rcaking Iidn OVer the further introductory riles and the liturg}' of the ...·ord.
p.o.rati 10'the . ing.llng.. and "gnus Dei: privil.. pray.,.,. of pn.-
on r . pnest; .«eptivn of commUnion; ptriod 01 oil"""" lite IoaItion Ind style of the presidential d .... ir should malo> il clear
or song of pu~; pflyer Ifter tommo.mlon. lhal the prie!lt Is Ike leader of the lllurgkal gathering 'The GIMl ,.,.
~ the bxk of the Nnctu.ry JS a suitable plo>ee for it and in-
d ) umrlwdiNg Rirt
~ that ilfIy suggestion of lthrot'l(' is 10 be avoidC'd (GIRM 271), "
~;u~riSh announcements; blessinK: dUminat; kissing of .llar; d,..
By milking tke sign of the CTOS5 together prie-sland congregation
place the~IVC5 under the Ctwi of Christ and signify that 10 this
INtroductory Rir", 00If they look for their s.olvalion, They then Kre<'t one another with
The purpose of I~se Is 10 meld the cong ... gation In«> a c . one of the formulas of greeting or blessing thai af<' pro"idC'd in the
L " Ind pl't'plre II ,_
commuru>v lVr the prodlmation of God's ""SCI"""
word and s.almeot.lry, It is q':!'ite permissible " this point for the pri~"'! to
I"", worthy ""lebr.tion of the EuchariSt. add hla perwn.ol greetings and good wish"" . To be ovoidC'd. ho", ·
r.'ef, is .ny e~ve e~pressi,," of IUbjrcliVC / ... lings. slfl(e in the
The enrr~"" sonS (L..otin: .nlipho"" ad j"',,,i'um) of the priest and
other mlIUliers hl$lo. its purpose "toopen til. celeb f . Ion& run the mlljority of the COf\8"'8arion would lind this mlOler, ·
slfy the unity 01 the glther'N .-.nle lHd.'- _, .'- _ shU '011, mlm· ble. 'The formulll5 provided m the M~I have as on<' of their Nfl(·
t of the ~ -- r ' tnOn'moU IS to the mrs-
!Ions to mal<e the (OOg"'Satioo conscious o f "the m)'5l~ry of the

-- "-
"'.y " Huon or ~ast,lnd ;occomj»ny the proceo.ion of the
pnest ... (CIIW15~ TMr.1!'fJNJ\Y"y,ofhlnd' · "- pthCftd ChulCh.-"
de MIfIS. ~.-­
cong~lion should not boo! tr.q....,Uy con- TIle introd..:tlon to the MaM of the day, which lhe poi ..., or ~her
mned to bdng dumb liMh tt ll; p'nlcullrly in Iheft>tr~5OrI quoalified minlI"" may give II this poinl. ~Id be brw.f and not be
:~ can~ choir. ind ron~11im
should e;och play I IN" Ind g e<pAnded into • fint Wi "1Ori,
us b..&i.n 10 funn the rommunity which lIw (elebo~(111s for-"
The pl.)"ng of the orpn may . t tiIMS I'fPII« the singing. If the~. The erwuirIg penitentiallCl I'fPIacft the old pra~ It the foot of
Waltar. otwhlcha~ of ,iN(theConfileOT) wasa INri. It

,.. ..,
 may stili ta ke t~ fonn of a rommunal roniell/!ion of guilt, using a
Gloria 1& now fII"i only on lOlemnities, leaSIS, speciI~celeb.ations,
Confit...or tIuot h.os bo!tn shorlened bur tha i also now includco a rt:f-
.-.:I SundI)'S (exc '"Pt in Advenl and Lent) (G IRM 31 ~
onm<e to lhe f.i1\1re to do 1l00d. lnstnd of tl\eConfileor ""0 other
ways of .sking God '. rrwrcy are provided; in th.esr prWst (or In- 1M fiNJ action of the introd ..... ory rites is ~opening prlyff. ~
<Mer minister) and COngrtgllMm spea k alterna tely. "T"tw:.e formul••
mab> \IS<! o f the lCyne lind thus help to shonm the ootnl'Wh.ot
pritt.t fj"lIn"""" "'"
. . .~-
congrega
lion 10""", and thm IlJows . brief
~ .-
fo r ~fltction and per$ONl prlyn. In t!w enslling pres
idential

lengthy introductory rilft. The K)'Iie and the penillmlial rite ...... y ,.... ~.-ial
pPyff, . . ~ .. - CNract ... of this p;lrticula r MlS5 .findsrayen
exP"'""""
aoo boo .-..placed by • sprinlding of the faithful with holy WIII<'!". " ..... !:!I _ i. L1y on 1051 d lYS. "llw o ld Roman operung P Chrisl the
The praJftS and fOng& glVftl for \IS<! in this rite make il cruelly II ..... ("ora~1 w'"'" .rwlYS I dd,ess!d Iotlw F. th..,. through .
caU ;utd _tw",l of bapli$m. 4"'101" in the Hoi, Spirit. At the rnnc:r....ion 01 the ptayeo-, which
'0
I ~ , I f 1"'.... ... the rommu-
..... l!:!I t &pNl<& in the fi"t J"""O" purl , _ ", . .. " .
The " ylit .ccl",m.ltion W;llS used even in p;lgan IIlltiqui,>, as II form . PI "Am",-" a H«ort"W word tNt is left untnnslatol'd In II\06I
o f hom.Jgf" to the dei,>, or to I ",Jer who was bring hono~ as a nity~;utd an$ "Yes, JoO be il!" or -re, it is lOr" The Amen thus
god. In I:f.rping w ith the writinp of Paul the Church appUed il to
~ tNt : : rongregltion ...... kes 1110.' priP<t:'s prayer ilS own
Christ as its di"int Lord. In the East such "'""'...... tions origi ..... Uy --~ ~
and. u it W'""', p uIS ilS sign.lute 10 It."
had !heir pia«- in Uliln~ C'*ttnit"J) of petitions; to e..,h prtition the
rongn>gation joined in with I "yriu«Ll mation. In the West these TIlt Ut .. 'XY I"{ IItt Word
li tan in wen! gradUAlly mo"ed iorwlrd from their origir\oll place at In the fi"l lIt("tion of this chapter 1 rnentionNl tnat as nrly as the
the...,d of tho! liturgy of the word lind u.JtimateJy acquired I""ir •~= 0...' «1\!Uryuo -....... - riitic celebration proper wa. p ,aeded
~. ~.... led by
l.ter form tltroo..gh omission of the- petilioou, n. .. GIRM (30) is in 'c- r!lltdin from ScriphJre. This put of Ike lihJrgy w~. m<><k oro
cord with anciftlt C\lstom when It allow s the in5e"ion of sho" the .r!gogue ",,",ice olpr.yer and relld~gs. Valkan lJ~l"tely
"erses (tropes) into I~ "yrie. The IC y" .. should. a. far as possi ble. decllrrd tNt "in N cred c..tebrations there 1$ to be more te.a~
"" su ng by the en tire congreg.tion. As a ",Ie, each ,.·ctamation is from holy ScriphJ M.nd it is to be mOM varied and apro,,,'" (SC
sung only !wi"". If the "yrle ..,cl.mation h"" already been used in 35) With regard to the e\Jch.ristic celebration it darted tha t "the
u , B', bl<! aM 10 be ~ up mort lavishly·
the p<'ni tential rite or in a litany that h., repl.ced the entrance .
In'foSUIl'$ 0 f ''-e . (SCrtion
51), of
song, the u'\la l ICyrie may t>e omitted." and it a nticipa ted that "In this w ay a more r.-pm;entah"e po
hoi Scri phlre wIll PI read to Ihe pMpl .. in t!w eou,.".. 01. p ..... .
The Gw,;" i" txltbis DItl rGlory to God in the hlgh ...t-) i. on .. of
tn.. many hymns rompcs!d and sung by tkeearlyChurch in the ~ d~re
bel" of ,..,," (il>id.). The mote.extens~ve
for this
rading 01 Scripture w u Insp,red ~} t rorw iction tNt In the hl-
num . .... he
days w/ore the PHI",. bo.ot.me the Church's IWoI hymnoJ. The first
0/ the word tooChrist uni\ft him..,lf with his Church. and le-
5t.onz. 01 the Gloria "'1"''''''
tho! song of the angels al Bethlehem <Ind
= y _1<& Its IIIlvation (see 5C 7).
then sinp ~ pr'IHof the Father.nct the Son; the IIt<"Ond stmza is
a n en th""iastic hymn to Christ, in tho! fiNl p;I" 01 which ("For you "In the fNdings, expLl ined by the homily, God is ~.kin& 10 his
alone .. ·1 wf can ~tiU hn. eel""" 01 the sharp "f'tK$ition 10 th~ PfOP1e, opening \lp to them Ike mystery 0 1 redempbon and ... I" a·
emperor worship o f antiquily. In the roune ol thtir f<:WI"Iftlical ri- . and IIO\Irishi"i Ilwir &pirit. ... Through the chants the people
forts, rep--"Iative 01 an the Christian Ch \ll'Chn ol tho! English- ""'..
' God' word their own Ind through lhe p rof ...ion of f.ithaf-
."...king world N ve ptlblishtd I IInlfonn monslatior\ of !hie Ooria ma f
firm their ad .
he'f. o..""1! to it. FiNlly, ~\f\f\~ bem fed. b Y !his word
~
and other litwgk", r IelCts tI5ed by !hie congreg..tion. In the Mass the make their petitIoN in tlw general ",Ietn "'OIlS for lhe
~ world~
ChI.l1d> and fOO" lhelolll .... tion of the whole (GIRM 33).

'"
 "The mno.u.ry jo, Morss. which implotmo:rltnl!he c<.Wlcilia r dec"",
w.s p~bli,hed by the Roman Cong...g.ation for DivilW! WOrship;'"
May 25, 1%9. A second officia l edition w as published on J~nuary
21, 19S1. The latter contains a greatl y e><panded pastorllin troduc_
tion.nd U5e'51he NI'O-VwlgRlr for the Latin t""ts. "The following
rules"" laid dow",
On all Sund.ys and feaSl days ther.! a ... to boo ~ ...wings al
n"err t.U.,., Ihe firol from the Old Testa"""'t lhe $<!CClnd from an
apostolic Idter or Act. or Ri>vela lion, and the third from /I gospel.
In ~er to open th~ Scriptures moll' fully to ''''' co"Krcglllions the
pencq>eS to be ...ad (a perirope is I passage of holy Scripture) are
organized to ('0\' « a th,."...,..lr period; the three ..""ual ~ne. are
known as A. B, and C TheCsene. is for"... .. dh'isible by J;!he
o ther two tMn follow (C. A. B).
Two prir.ciples COI'\troi the choice ofrNdings: !hematic agreement
lind se]«Iivr conlinuo~s ... ading. The firol of these prir.ci ples
com ... into play in the li turgically import."t .... son. of Christmas
and. Eoste<. ~ lhe Sundays of "OrdINlry Tim<"" ''''' p rir.c;pl .. of se-
lect",,, ro1\bI'\uous .... ding is .pplied: this m .... ns thaI • book of lhe
Bibl" is ..... d through. but omi~ U n be mad .. for pastoral .... _
KlI"I5. The p.inci~ of rontinuOUJ .... ding appli .... how........ on ly 10
the second ... ading.nd the g05peI; the Old Tl'SllIment ... ading is
chosen 10 hormonlU with the gospel of the day. The intention in
t~'S arrangemen t Is 10 avoid an "xcessive mul tiplici ty of themes in a
sIngle MI.llrod to bring oul bo:tll" the unity of t.... two TCStam..nts.
In Y.... r A !he Goipel of M. tth...., ;'","d. in V""r " the Goip"1 of
t.Uri<, a nd in Vur C Ihe CospeI of Lukto. "The Cosprl of JoM if re-
served fo r !he final weob of Lent arod lhe Easter ""'~ it .!slaup-
plemenl.'i the ~po:'! ot Mark in ""I' B. The Mts of the Apoo;tles
.upphes the 1,.., ..... d ing of tho> Easter season.
1he Lectionary usually schedules only two ....a ding. r"" weekdays.
For lhe hl'St tho......... two annUIII seril!$. YeAr I for ~,,"-num-
bemi "..."'. and Y..... II for ,..·...,·numbc.\'d yeoC5. The sel "2I of II"""
priol. on lho! other hond. is the oame evny yeor. The gOSJ>!J. a", 50
arranged tha I in Weo.ks 1-9 o f OrdiNlry Tim~ Ma.k i, ",ad. in
Wed<s 10-2! Matthew. and in "",,1<1 2:2-34 Lukto. For lhe spec .. l oeo-
".
..... spedal seIeo:tion has ~ made thaI lakes into account tho!
characte" of the season.
11>11 Lectionary al"" con"!",, readings fo r the f~il.Sts lind memoriali
01. tn.. lIIint" foc the celebration of the sacnmen" .nd IIIcramm-
..., and for Masses on special OCOosions and ,-olive Ma-. n-...
l«tionary p rmides a wide "",lcction ofl'Nllinp for " - oo:asions.
Tlw ",ltdings I ... deliv...ro from. lectern tha l ;,.110 known.5""
-.mbo- (from the G"",k vem • ....t..intin.1o a""end). "The GIRM " " -
pLoins the reaSOn for having such a lectern: -rn.. d ignity of the
word of God requin:s the churd> to have I p lace that is . uililblc IN
Ihe proclamaOOn of the word ilI'\d is a naturalloc:aI porn t for the
people d i1l'ln8 the liturgy oflhe word " (2n). ~ing oro Ihe spa"
tiaI poNoIbilities. Ihe leclem Is 10 boP located al • point wM",!he
i dm c.nea5ily be seen and ho!. rd by;ill . Thi' lectew is t .... place
not only for the readings but for the songs between the ",.dings,
tho! g05pel .• nd. if appllelb le, the homily and p rayer of the faithful ,
In keeping with tradition. lho! ","dec 01 !he pl5Uges from Scriptu,,"
if not 10 be the celebrant but another minis\ler. This makes it cleor
tNl the cekbiating p riest too pLa.ces himself under the word of God
and listens to it. While the nonevango'lic.l ..... dings un bP d""" by
• _doer who is. 11)".....,.., I"" gospel" alw.ys to be ...ad by a
deacon or I priest (the celeb. lnt if rM.'ceSSO ry).
The ","dcr m ..k$ th.. end of each of the first two ",,,lings by .. y-
ing:""Thi5 is the ,gon! of the Lord! " (VtrlnI1II DoIni"i,~. to whlch t ....
mngl'l'g<l00n repu....: -rha"ks be 10 God.-
A "",.ningful tradition pnMdes INt each "",ding be foIlowfd by •
lOng that rounds off what has been "",d and prtMd~ a tiJnI' for
m..dita lion. The firslrNdi"g Is thel'l'fore followed by a responsori. 1
psalm (former ly the GrOld ual). The GIRM sp"ak, of th is n an int ...
gr.l p art of the liturgy of the word. 1Iecaus. its content links it with
the ",adlng. the lectionary gives it right aft ... !he ",.ding. For the
vari0u55e1sonsofthe liturgical"...~ t.ow.... .... . nd for vuious
gr<:Wolpt o f ",int( ~ts t""'" a", """'" common ~~I psalms
INt do not vary: The!linging it ~.l; that Is. only the cantor
or psalm.i5t sinS" tlw psIIlm. while tho! communl ty sing' an un-
changing response after NCh v......, or group of W! liCS,
..,
The S«Of1.d reading i, followed by the AlI@luia("!'raisethe lord")
together with I ,,~. u, ullly /rom tM N..,.. Testament. This song.
howe'·er. dOt$ not look INck to the pr«eding ' ....d ing but is a prep-
. ration k>r the gospel. It is.n ...:damation addlE sri toOuist and
should tf"ltfoit be ,ung by the standi", community (Pastoral In_
troduction to tht _Oiod edition of the Lectionary). The AlIe1uia;s
omitted d uring Lft>i; ~tht ,.t'fWbefo .... tilt gospel ~ ..·hich rep~
lhe Allelui" is .1::10 c..tled 1M ~Tr...:t.~
If there is only ~ ~ing before tho!- g05pe\. the two ..-.gs ~
tw--. read ings onay be \ISed. Of OIle of thEm may be . elected.
Two §Olemn ilifs. Eo~.nd Pen_t. h." ... ~ additional song be-
IW ....... ~ings, !\lonely. the xq1.lt'r>Cf. Seq............,; w ...... originaDy
/ubilll$ melodies .<ided to lhe Allelu;. ; tho:y W<T<' later gi""" I"".. 0/
1M' own, and th_ in lum w...... eo.~nded by me..... o f identicaDy
5tructun!d statUa5 and of rhyme. The popularity 0/ u- ioOJ\gS
can be ~ in Ihe fO<111uo1 abou l 5COO med~al ""'Iu"""",, Iuove
rome doWII to us. Bea"SI'! the gen .... displayed 10 much WICOI\-
Pi",
lrollf.'d gn:>WltI, lhe Mi!lSa1 o f V (1570) limited the Uturgkal se--
q"tnI'" to fou r. In addition to the ~U~ for E",ter Uld
P,,"I«oSI, lho! ......... optionalSo!<!"""'' ' '
for Corpu, Christi Uld tho!
M"",orial of Our lady of Sorrows. In tho- fIl tu "'. all sequmce5
eom~ b<ofore the Alleluia, sillC1l! lho- latter Is me..",I • • • n immediate
p,.."araliOll for Ihe gO!lpel.
From lime immemorial, the proclamation of the gospel al Mass has
been an espt'cia lly solemn dfall. Arna,,! the signs of respect are
these:
I ) the read ..... must be I deilCOn or priest;
b) ho! rt.'<'Ci"t'J • '1'«;.1 blessing; Of n>eile!l •• porial prepa ratory
puyer;
c) the book of the g~1s is CIOrried to the ImOO in a pl"OC\""S$ion ih.at
includes inc .. Sf Ind condie!! (optional);
d) tn.. deaooro (priest) ligntt ~ book .. nd hi"""lf with the 5ign of
the<TO$S;
e) n.. In<<-nses the book before the ot~di,,! (optiornol);
f) """" and after the proclamation the boithful say (sing) speci.lI ~
clamatiOll!l of hom.l3e ("Glory 10 you. Lord"; "Praise lID you, Lon:!
lesus Christ- );
'"
It althougll the faitllflll sit during tho- e;orlicr ....a~, they st>nd as
..,.llIten 10 the gospel (sign of m ·...... nce .nd readmess);
II) when he luis finisMd, the ,ude. kiHEi ~ book and quietly
,..)'1'~May I"" wO«ho of ~~I w i!"" .w,o.y our sins."
" . ip«Uol1l'"'eoenct led III both wt~d w.est to the Cttation of
, , n it". m u",."",tt-d ~lOlIS"liuie< lhat is. limilfd Ie<:tionaries con-
'*'in3 only lhe gospels or lhe needed g<l5PC1 ~ The inl ....
a '1Ion 10 the re-viied Lectionary u'V" tho- .....·'va! of this custom
iJ.,. 36), 1m ,.;mllu wishes luid betn exp l ·· cd earlier. As a _ ult.
......
•• tia! editions 0/ the &o.t r! Co5pdf Iuo,.. b«n published in En-
" . tpedaI iESp«t Ioho"'n I"," tilt g<:>IipI'l reodin& in com~n.on
wtdI the 0Iheft should noI INd to any do:p....o.tion of the latter.
1bey 100 . .... inspinod sacn!d wrilinp, COU1Uiin God'. word, and. if
the11!1! from lhe N~ TeslUMnt, ...... tobe regarded lOS "good
_ _ ~ (a .gospel~ ). There/on! GIRM 33. fo llowing"'" Constitution
l1li tho! UIU'lY' saY"' o f .11 the .udings without distinction: - In the
I I d in . . ... God is ....... ~;~ .. IO lIis people, opming up to them "'"
.~--- ...
")'Mf:'Y o f n!demption alld !lal"alion, and nourishing tl\ei. spirit;
ChriII Is plesom t to the failhful through his own wOfd ~
The tl"adlrional .. me1allon fo. the gospel reading probably had its
~ in theconvidiOll thol the. mlIly words of Jesu. transmilted
In the foul gospels Irc I\i, own actual words. while tho! other New
Teetament writings art simply doctrinal and ~sto .. lleTter. of the
.pottlet.. Even1hough we Irc aware today lhat all of "'" New Test>-
ment booklcont.in lheological inlerpretaoon and ,..".......,.,t adapt>-
lioN lID ]»Storal neeels, the ,elot med liturgy maintains "'" special
...... of honor bestowtd OIl thr rtading of the gospel at Moss- Rome
evidently do8 rot think t:Ilm is any great dlonger of "ndelva.hllng the
othft" Su ipt ures; fuo tI",,,,,,,",, it SoeeS ' ''pport for the tl"adition in tI>e
puaIIeI rite of the E.a9tem ChW"Ctoc$. Abilrodorunent of ""'" a uni'· ...
... tradition COtIId crrIIinly IHd 10 ntisunderstanding.
The ~llnd other rNdings are ~ to be understood simply lOS
hillOrica! documents thai inform US aboo.otlho- past. Such an ap-
profIdI. would In fItt ~lOd to botedo:>m, since regular partiripa.nts in
tt. liturgy a .... familiu w ith a gmt many p.,nges 0/ the B:tb .... 11>e
importanl thinS 15 rather 10 undent.and "'" ScrtplUN5 as roon'eymg
<lmess..g" and <l """"'OIlS 10 '" ..,1-<lIY lilllll",1'5 and 10 Open Ou'-
seI"es 10 Ihis can.
n....,;o:nnon or homily. u" delsloud a, an in terpreution of lhe $3-
m.d lexl~ is """ of the oldest p.ort5 0( th" li twgy 01 the word_It
wu originally ""'''''ed 10 the bishop. In v~w 01 a ('efIain neglect of
lhe homily in many p"riods and rotInlriej Valican J! emptusiz.ed
tNI it iii. p.ort of lhe lilurgy md may no! boo omi ltcod, especially on
Sunda ys and feast days (SC 52). "By mdllS 01 the komily 111<0 mys-
l~il'S of Ihe failh and the guiding principlt'5 of lhe Chrislian life a~
~xpouO\ded from the sacred 1.... 1" (ibid.). Following up on what is
said In the Fir.;t Instruction on the Impl ....... nlarion of the ConsrilU-
lion on the litu rgy (s"ptember 26. 1964). lhe CIRM C"I"'nd. lhi. di-
rective to include an .".-pb.n<llion of othO!1' texlll of W day'. MaS/;
from the "i~point 01 "Ihe mystery being ctl.!bralcod and the needs
Pi .......' to the lisl~ (~1 ). As a rule. lhe celebrating priest 'IhoukI
gl\'e the homily"
On solemnilies and Sun<bys the homily is followed by the c...oo
(prof.:505ion of faith), either- spoknl Or sung. It n!pA'Smb ttwo as'?n!
0( the communiI)' to the wo...:l of God thit has been heard in the
.-....ding. and homily and to the essenlial rea lities of the faith; <It the
sa"", lime. it i• • praise of the Triur\C God who has wmught our sal-
vation. Only about the year 1000 did it make Its way inlo the
Roman Moss, in the form of Ihe l""glhy Nlcene-Constanrinopolita n
Creed . Thi, was originally tk bapris mal creed of tl'le East. wherea5
in tk W""t the short" Apostles' C~· w;o.s u!ed " baptism. In the
cek>bralion of the Eucharist, th ..... the cr..ed also .er\,es as a '0"-
mlnder oIb.tptism and a c.n to """,wal 0( the promi.... made at
that Ii"",.
The liturgy o f the word ends with the g ....... al in"'''(Joi0n5 or
prayer of tl'le faithful. Thi!; i. one oIlhose p.ons oI lhe Mass to
which the Uturgy Consriturion is ... fE-rring when il says: MOt..... ew.-
ments . hat ha.. e suffen:d injury through accident 0( Mstory ....
now, as may _m useful or neW. _n y. to be reslOred 10 the vigor
they Nod in the tradition of ttwo Fatlwrs " (no. 50). The lossaf the
pral""" of tM fai thful lasted <"'''' 1400 years. n- intelC . ...;ons
broad .... It..: horizon of the faithful. IS the people of God exercises
lIS priestly office in behalf of the whole huma n r~. For the peri-
DoN offe •• d are cone.........:! not with the ~I ""-'"'<Is 0( lhe ind i-
vidu.ol participanl§. but .... ther with the world wide needs 01 the m -
Iin>Church and of the whole r.ce. in acwrdM>te with 1 TtmOthr
Z:1 .J.
,... ru ~ .he following 0...:1...- is to beotser..ed: a) fortt.. needsof
!he Church; b) for public a uthorities.md the salvation of the world;
e) lor J,ll those oppn.ssed by any nl'ed; d) for lhe loca l community.
Within this g"""ral fram..work the ("QAt""t and form of the peti-
DoN can be fret,ly modified . In this w ay it Is pos$ible to let #the
Wlrm b ... ath of the p.--.nt" Nove. pia ..... In th~ I'IICharistk ..... lebra-
tkln . The role of the celebrarinK print ill to supply a spoknl or sung
introduction and conclusion; the iO\dividual pt'tilions are made by.
delCon Of cantorarby one Of mone of the laity. n.. community
acoornpanies the petitions with S - al a,:damalion.. 01 " 'ilh ,;\cn t
P"'~, in which c .... the r.a. 5 1 ry pause m USt boo a llowed'"
110t OftfmJ,ion of IN Cudo>rist (ill 'M ,,,,,,,,,,~ , _St"J
Thif ",mnd main p.on 01 t"" Ma55 begins.1ter the p"'p"rali(O'\ 0(
the .llar or "holy table, a. the Eastem Churches sliU call it. The
M
5Knmmtary is placed on tt.. allar; a squ.o ... lino!n cloth, the rorpo-
nl, is ",!'Nd out at the center; the chalice is placed on the aha' and.
.long:side the chalice, the puriAcator. 'The location nf the prep.a ra-
lion It this point rather than befo ... Mu" as In the past, i, me. nt to
mike ilclrarer that lhe liturgy Is nOW cnterlng Into its second main
part: lhe pan that in it •• tructult' reproduces the La.. Supper 0/
Jesus.oo renders Ihe p .s<:h.1 mys tery prt'9mt.
Pn>panlion 0( the Gift.
'The . ", 7-ntalion" o f the bread and wine origin.111y ronsi"ed sim-
ply in placing on the altar lhe gift. that w...-., to "" ronsccraled. As
lime p.o~, ThI' faithful ~n 10 add 10 the bread and wine thrir
gifts: for the support 01 the dergy and tNo rnun:h a nd for the poor.
In many ........ 01 the Qurch this d ....elopment led to tt... · offl1 'O;-Y
pl .... cxion· or procession with the giftll, in whic:h not only b"",d
.nd w\ne bul at ..... prod......, of naN ... ,00. l./ller on. money and 0b-
jects w ..... given.
In the lilurgy 01 the N..w T...ta.....,., t ,uch gift. rould nol ~ called
"sacri.fknw exct>pt in a m.... phoncallli!n5l!. bec. u,,", ~ p.n from the
 ~.rifire of~' the nt"W OO\· ...... nl does not ackno;>wledge other
~ISI~, cuilic _rifloes luch <IS W,,", 10 be found under till! o ld CO>......
!'\;Int 0< in the p.opn ""i~ It cannot be denied, how~·ff. thot
from till! beginning 01 IIlI! Middle Ages on, especially In the Frank.,..
Ga llic world, these gifts w~ Issigned an almost cu ltic "'critici"1
character which found ~xpltillion in m.ny praye~ and ~remonit....
Many pr. y..... of older liturgies of the Ma.s spokeofthe bre.d and
wine in term.. which SIIggftted that the con.oecrated gilts. that is,
till! flesh and blood o fChnst.alnoady Layon Itw allM Ind lha t the
priest wa. a/n>.d y offtring a cullic sacrilic. al Ih is point. Such
phr~ il5 "RKft,'t', Ohaly FI U- .. _Ihisspolleu t.osl- I I 11w~
smtabOn of t ..... b"""d and " We oft... to you, 0 Lord. IIlI! chali"" of
u lvalion " at 1M presentation o f the wine were pteml lure at this
point and could al best be interp"""<l as CJ<presslons of Imaginative
an ticipation.
It is ~iti ..... te, of <nu_, 10 undtorstand theSI' gifts. which are lhe
prod~ ofhuman toil.nd ~ffOt1, as symbols of lhe """-gi'ing of
lhe , .. thlul. n,., P"Ople of God m ust al all tilllf"S be wholly 'u ........
det«I to 1M Father in 'ruslN) obedienao and 1hfo1t0J unilled 10
Christ in hi§ spirit o f H'lf-giring and hi§ -:lClhptiV( saaifio:<t.
n,., ~ioed. ri .... fo r lhe prep.arltion of the gilts takft thl'5/1 points
very much into I(<nunt, n.. GIRM uys that it is melningful and
d""ir.ble for the faithfu l 10 pre;enl the breld and wine which the
•
•
p ne,;1or deacon lakes from th"'" II a <nnvenienl spot and places
on I"" all<o.; the priesl thm rKi\eoi the Ic<nmpanying praye ..... Even
though nowadorslhe flithfu) no long... bring the~.d and wine
w ith th"'" from horne,l~ in lhe p.ost, lhe ~twgk.1 .clio!> remlins
an npressi'''' spiritual Ngn. M~ a nd other gilts ~ the poor
which lhe faithful bring from home or which are roIlft:lfd althe
ch.u",h ca n appropriat... y be brought 10 thr aUar in the procesion
wi th the g.1ts. Th.,... are .11 10 be drited in I suitable pia"",
lhough no! on I"" altar (G/RM 49),
Tho: pr~yers thai a«omp. ny Ihe p""",nlalion of Ihr gifts 10 Cod ......
""",bit> the jewis h prlyer of blessing (~J In INI thtya...-
tNnbgi'ing and praiSOl' of God's 8<><><i1kX fn:rn which we ~"" the
bl :d and " ..... n,., gilts Ire al50 the fruit of....m and virv, and 01
..,
ht.tn'W> toil; !My Ire inlo:'nd.-d 10 ba:oo..... ~ the boNd of Iife~ and
-
MOW' llpiritual drink" in lhe wcond phase of the o!Udwi5Iic ulebla-
With regard 10 Ihe romposition of I"" /pfts : I.... b"",d is de$Cribed
In GIRM 282: • A((ording to the tradition of Ihe ""ti.... Church, the
....d mUllI br made from w ....al; Io::ording to lho! tradition of lhe
Lltin Church. it m USI be unleavened. ~ The latin custom W;05 lir.il
-.hIished in I"," pt'1iod from the ninlh to the eIe\'mth .......Iury.
!'rom the e~<t'J\lh century on it elicited strong «jwi""" from the
8yzanIirw Church. .nd .1 lhe reunion COUJ'ICil o f FlOft'nC1' in 1439
Ihr Iwo sid" Igreor<I tNl the body of Christ Is truly presmt in both
Ihr unlNv.....d Ind the l(llvened bread and that ueh print is 10 fol·
)ow the cuslom of his own ri .... ,.. Moreover, the host uoed. by the
fri"1 ".hould bo! made in such a way thai in . Mass with, cong......
ption. the priesl is able lCtuaUy 10 break the hOilI into p arts and dis_
trh1~ them 10 II IU51IIOme of lhe faithful " (G/RM 283~.
Of the wt..... il is requi~ lhat it be "from lhe frIIil of lhe vine
(""""". "'t~)" Ind ""' IIIral a nd pure, tha i is. nol mi~ with any
fonrlgn subshnoe" (GIRM 2801). Untilltw sixtfll'l\th ttnlury red
wine was piC/eOled; lhis is .Iill the cast' in the Byzanli .... liturgy. BUI
when purifi.cllon made their app<'ua""" in lhe Wesl in tho! six·
'-nthcmtury, tMn! WU I shift 10 whi ... w ine. ~oust' it left fewer
"""
The btNd . nd wine must be kept in good <nnd ition: the wi ..... must
not be allowed to"tum to 'inegor. Of the bre.d 10 "spoil 0< beco"",
100 hard I<> bebroken usily- (G/RM 185).
In the Palestitw o f Jeus' 1m... bmod and wine wfft lhe princip.al
food and drink. E.>ring: IJld drinking h.,'c • p rofou nd significa ........
fw tlwy mabconlint.>ed lifc possible Those Incap.ab!. of eating
and drinking or i.a(:king food and drink mU5t die , Every mea l is
thus. tacit .llusion 10 the dependeoce and frollty of our life. In ,d-
dltion, religious personllook upon food and drink as giflS of a cre-
.Ior who is not limply the ml ker and 5OU"" of life but alllO its
pi hftC. A mul mua beoorru-.i I remind .... of God the crealor,
When we ~ on lhilt wea"" led to ttuonk h im. But thanbgi"ing
II I form. of pr.yer. Pr')'ft " table is thus I hum.n custom of incI!-
culab~ antiquii)'
 Mells u .uch. then. haH J reUgLous charlet ..r; lhooy a re inhoo ...... t1y
sacm:l. At Ih<''''~ timf. thooy are & symbol 01 com munion .nd
friendship w ilh all who pilruJce 01 them. Au ..... ult. CllrislCou]d
make! b read and wine Ih<' visible .ign$ 01. mul in whirl> ~ him-
self Is the food and by wllleh he estlbli:ohts a communion wilh him-
sdf.nd alnOnjl;.1I who partidpille in it. 1M p .... Y<'fS foe- th ..
prep;lration o f Ih<' gifts thus already nuoloe a p rofound Stllfmml
abo1.>t the nwanins and pIIrpclll of the NC:Nristic ........1.
8do,~ the prWst p Looce the chalic:e on thr corporal. he mi~en Iittl<'
wa~with the winot. This rheoom0!5 from 1M ancienl CUSlom (and
tne..:fore 1ffI«tI the p~ of Christ hi......1f) of no! drinking un-
mi~ wine. Inany CI~> Christlanil)' saw a m ultiple symbolism in
the ..... ~: first an . IIU$ion to the blood a nd walfor whirl> flowed
from tht side 01 Christ and which were thou!';ht 10 .ymboli:te th..
birth of ttwChurch and the ~amenlS; IEMod. In im.ogeol thoo in-
tinuote wUon of the di"';f\f I11d human nalwft in Christ; and, fi·
nally, ttw dOH union with. Christ that is bestowN on us. Th ..
!IeCOnd.nd third 01 these init'fpretations an: thO' b.o.d'ground for tho>
prayer tlut accompilniell~ miMing of the wl",r and wiN:; "By the
mystl'1")' of this Willer and wif\f may we come to slla re in the divino
ity of Christ, who humble<! hiOTlM'lf to share in OUr humanity."
The prep. ration of the cup iJ /ollowO!<! by a pray.. r of ''..,If-<>!kring··
(""Lord God, Wf u k you to =eiv. us and be plcased. with the sa(Ti.
!k<! we ofif,r you with humbl~ and ron trite hearts"). An option.ol in-
c"" "",tion of I~ gilts and the altar. tllfo prit'St and the <congregation
I may Ihen fol low. Tht prayers thai acromp;tnied the i"""ru.ation in
tr.., pa.t Ire ominO!<! in the f\fW Sacramentary.
Tht ensuing rile of w.shlng of the hands is attested u early a. lhe
fourth Mltury (in je-ruNIem). Fo r a long tilN'. however. it pl1.'<l!d.<'d
ttw P..."UltIon ofl~ gi fts.nd WaS a symbolic caU to interior puri-
fication before the ~nning of the Euchari", proper. Only in the
high Middlf A3es was it movf"d to lIS present pooilion. Th~ acrom-
piln)'in8 prayfl' makes ;Ia symbol o f longing foe- purity.
n.. prepo talion 01 the gin. rnd!i w ith. the prayer over the gifts. nu.
is pnocedf"d by." In,i Wion 10 the rongregarion to Join in the
pray..,., "1'Tay. brflhrm. tNt ot.or sacrifice may be O<Npfable 10 God.
...
IIW a lmighty Father." n...
rongregaHort then expre'Sl'S its p;>rtirip;> -
.... by Hying' " May the lord a.ocepl. _. . " Both this exchange Ind
JMnY formulationl! 01 the following pr.yer over the gifts (known in
IIWp.ost as the "Secren ha,·. not infrequmtly faltered !he nUs-
.un idH that the pH,,"'lation o f tr.., gilts is itMIf .lready the real
~ 01 Christ a nd the ChuKh by which we obtain forgiv........
.nd ..I""tlon."
1loe Eucharist ic Pnyer
1loe part 01 the Mus tNI bqpns atthi. poin. and is a first cllirw< of
IIW entire cdebt a lion ronJiJb 01 a block of p rayers and ri"", known
• thtI' ~EUCNristic PraY<""" (pn-.....dr<trislD). It Sims w ith the pr.-f.
.,.. and ends with. the g....al do~oIogy bdo", the Our Father. In the
loman Uturgy it. or ratM the fi~ EUCNristir Prayer, is also
known as the ~Clinon. Ii !erm that signifies " fixed pilrt~ and pro-
M
Irct thtI' 100 that not !he ,lightest CNnge may be mild. in it. In
fad. how.......... Ii sl.lrvcy of the oldest tradilioru. esprcialiy in the
£uiftn Churdles (which c. 1I the EUCNristir Pro)"'r "onapho,, - ..
"offering"). &haws !hat then! . ", many possible waY" of organ izing
the memori.1 of ChriSI.the re-p' . mtation of the pasc!>.>l mystery.
In the VoksICTII Churdl of the early Middle Agt'S the ....... erm<'<'" fell
forthe Romiln Canon led to the questionable custom. later mad e.
IItw. lhat e><ccpt for !he pref...::e lind SancIU. the Canon was to be
I&ld In Ii low voice. The Canon !hus had as it w.-re a double veil
thrown over it. rongre-gations could no! lIfoar it nor, because it was
+er
In l...ltin, rould un derstand it. Only since 1%5 luis it been possi-
bW 10 Sly the Eucharistic Puy .... aloud. oniy .ince 1%7 IOsay il in
the vernacular.
l1w many Insertions m.d.f in IIIfo Roml n Canon (prayer. of self..,!·
fering.. ,emembrilllCt'S of the N inb, and intercessioru.-------before .s
well.s.ftet the word, of insti tutiOO"i) ~w thllt l'ffort!llo .... form
thb, Ittf only EUCNrisric Pnyer . 11owe<! in the West. rould geC no--
where. "Tlw:itfOIt Popt Paul VI ordered tha t Ihe Roman Canon
should. a port fro m m inor modifia, tioou, M lrit in its traditional
form, and that • iltlectiorl o f three new Euchari!ltic Pr.)"..... M
IKlded to It. ThIs i"iO!"W system went into elfa:t in 1968. Sirw:e that
tinv the Roman Canon hillS also beom known as Euchamlic Pnyer
(EP) ,.
 EP l~ is a ...... ision of the Eucharistic l'rayer fOlmd in tM .A.~tolj(
Trod!llO~ of H'ppolynu, a Roman prie!lt and martyr at the begin.
ning of !he third C«!I\Jry. it may 1/;e, .. fooE be describEd as. Eucha.
ristk Prilyer fran !he age of !he marlyn. EP III in iWW
composilion in which an effort was made to~ the Mructural
d ements, in a dHI't'i" way. EP IV rontl!1ns important p.n$ of I....
Eastern h~ of 51:. Buil. Because it praises in di'taUali the saving
acts of God ,t !$ . 150 known a. the HEP of ... lvation.h.istOl)'. SomE
H (It 6:2£.) and the K<:lamaliom of the crowd" Jesus' ~ntry into Jem-
o f ~ pe:uJiaritief, of eKh of the four Eucharistio: Prayers w ill be
menli~ wh<en I come to desrnbe the lit «.al p.ans of lhe stnr.
lu~. At this point I mention only the fact that EPIl and IV hIo ....
tht"lr Own preface,·
1he Euc:hIoristk Pray .... is introduced by three exhon ations and ....
sponses in whkh we find ancient ~ish and Chri~ tradition
(""1'lw Lord be with you .. .• ' "Lift up }'OW" hNrts . ..," " lA1 US gi'~
thlonb to the .Lord Our God .. . ~). 'Thi5lntroductory p rayt'l"-dir
Iogue ~ ,I cJ.a r lh1o tt'Ym the Eucharistic Proy.r!J, nOl an .ffair
o~ the Cl!l..t>"nl done but a prayer of the mtire people of God. T1te
d.alog~ ~ . summonl to, and the beginn1n8 of, the grea t pr.y.... of
tMnbgivmg (Glftk; M:lrl>risl;,,) and t~fon. introd uces not only
the p~face but thunlire Eucharistic Pr.yer.
1he ulin word prgtfillio Iohould not be understood and tr.nsJ;oted
u "forewonl ." 1he Latin prefix prill'- iSlo be understood here "<>t as
h.' mporal ("prior to") bUI.s spatial ("'before; in the p~ of'): in
the p~ of God and the rongnogation' tM p~t praises the Fa_
ther .nd gi'_ thanks to him for" Ihe wh~ wori:. oJ salvation or for
~ Iptti;ll l"f'«! oJ it that <'OJ. j'onds 10 the day, k.iost, or .....
son {CI RM 55a).1he ttaditi""" l Rom"" prelact'S, of which there
we re wdl Over 200 by late antiquity but wh ich W1're reduced 10 si:c
".t the end o f the si xth cmtury. for the m~t pan 5p<'ak only of a par.
IIndar 'Sp«lof tho! work of redemptioon. In the many J\f"W prefaca
I~.", tho:>so. thot pr. iw and thank God lor the <enti", "" in&
work of Chrisl and '!'\len for lhe entire hisiOfy of salv~ 1Mm from
er... lion 10 Ihe"""""<l com1n8 of Chri,.."
E~~ preface hilS a ttipanite structure: In introduction. • laud atory
desoiptlon of Ill .. saving am.::.t.. and I transition 10 the comm"",1
'"
• sIng of thO' Santtus. "The SO'COnd part sh.ows that tile prefares are
_ .uthentic proc lamaticno,
..
=
:~~;'~~~ ~'G~'~RM
should (SSb)
be s ung u)'S thit it is part of the Eu"
Or reciled by priest and congre-
.';M is den"ed from two
,....-ges 01Scriplure, the ang~lic hymn of prals.e !n [!alan', vision
I d. (Mt 21 :9). no..
Sanctus is on,. of the oldest p.arlS in Ilmost aU
"lilw gi! I ; its tint pa rt was probably tBcn o~er from the Jewish
ilL egy of pra~r. H05lnna is a Hebrew word wt originally meant
,Ioolpwor "Save, I pr.y,~ and l.terbecame. triuphant cry in honor
of God and the king.'"
In !he old Roman Missal then> was a palp.ablfe b_ k " n... theSanc"
_l)pOgia phy and ilhuniNtion brought thl! oul Vft)' dearly. 1he
. : 't T , !. :I and p ....·.iling opinion was that only now d id !he
c..on begin. The new Eucharistic Prayers, on lheron tra ry, have in·
tlDdl>Cl!d an organic !ramitian, tli(> poIilS/inctu$,
In EPIl and IIl lhis transition ill followed by thetpi.:!...;.. whilfe in
IP IV the rpicksit romeo only am furttw.r Imgthy p raiw of God'1
warIo. in !he histOl)' of w1v.tion. In the rpidem rin~oc.lioorol the
Holy Spiril is called down for the PUrp<l5" of tr ...ilforming the
bot d and wine into the ne.h and blood of Jesus . Even in EP I the
pno)'t'l immflIia~ly p!'l'C<!ding tho! words of instilutlon can be
callecI an rpicktu. although unfOl'l"",~ly it does nOl t><pressly men·
tion the Holy ~irit. In the Eastem liturgies thi$ q"" t,is comes ""Iy
IItoer the wo-nls o f Institution. ThIs di5crepancy led to. bitter rontro-
"lin)' in thO' Nrly Mid<lle Agos. 1he w...tem view was that the
tr.nsformation of the gifts was effec ted by the words of institution,
while the East a ttributed it to the tpid..m. T1te emph.a sis ,,<>wadays.
u In the tint four C«!turies, !J, on the Eucharistic Pra)'t'l as a s1n8le
Iona: pr;ayn-;' $' ~I, this ronl .....·eT$y ..,.",.. to bo: lating il!!
poInt. ~t .... st in Ihe WnI. The fi.,.l wordsof thlo rood Hlatory rpi"
~w,u .~ underscored by two rilO!l oJ bl..... ing: the extension of lhe
Mllds over the gi fts md lhe blessIng by the .ign of the "'055.
The words of Institution in the Roman Canon are not ldentic.l with
any of the fou r biblical attOUnb of institution. They probably SO
bAd: 10 • liturglnl tnodilion Wt WaS ooIrudy fi~ bdOft the New
 r""lIm""t documen~ rfCl!ived their written form Th~ d0ci5ion was
taken in lhe n!Unt1l'fonn 10 make lhe wont. of Iesus the .. me in
all of the Eucharistic Prayers. The ph""'" -n.. mystery of laith:
w hich had pm'ioo.ly been lMerted among the word. 01 institu-
tion, ..·~re n!mOVed from !he1l' and lurned into a transition 10 Ihf'
newly inlrodu«d an:b.nvllon of the community (four iK"CWno-
tion, a1l' gi''''''' in the s..a.rnenlary).
In It.. Middle Age the words of institution w""" highlighted by a
number 01solemn Ioigns, ItI\OI'Ig thnn gmun~ ... p...wW' of
adonotion. Inc:ewlion. and the ringing of t:t.lk. The elevation of It..
~lted host (from aboUI 1200) had il$ o rigin in tlw keen desire
of mo.:l i"".1people 10 ga.!le upon it; the rie..arion 0/ It.. chalice WIS
added only loo ter on." Th. medieval theoIogiansdescribed the trans-
fonnation of tIw gifts 1$ • · transubstantiation. " TlwoIogiIJlS today
spN.k a ~of. ·Ir,nsfjno l~tion" I nd I ·lransignilication." me;m-
ing therWy thaI the ronse.;nted gifts have I rw.w fullness of mean-
ing and .ignllkl~"
The transl.tion of the words 01 imtitution in th. venucu lar ver·
sm. of tM Mi5H1 has led in ~nt years to a Mated d ispllte. The
I"" t In t"" Roman MIss.a1""y, that the blood olChri,t is ·shed lor
you and for many· (.5 In Mt 26cl8 and Mk 14,24). 'The English. Ger.
man, Italian. and Spanish MiNals, on the oth...,. hand, have "for you
and lor all " Many C. tlmhCll "-'8arded th iS change as rodical
enough to endonger the v.lidity of any Mass in which t"" word.
were used.
In 1'<'Sf'OJUj! it may ~ wid that tM wiJ] of God to 5;lv. t"" hunun
. acc in Ind through Christ is univ~l I nd that consequently it was
Christ's Intention to shed his blood lor a ll, as un be ......, from:
Rom 6:32; 2 Cor 5; ]4/.; I TIm 2:6; .nd I In 22. /OOn 6:51 points in
the ... mcdirocrion. ~ tIw Roman Mi»o l uses the phrase·for
many," it h;u in view rather thf .octual efft'ct obtairwd; lor ;occording
lOC~thoIic tc.chlng many hunvn beings • .., in f ad lost. To.n.-
COO5ideration, miy be addfd Ihf' point madf by 1M i!1CEV!ts,
"" ..... ly, tho t Hri>rfW and Aramaic h~VfM word for "~U · and tt-.n.-.
/0"' use "many· in thl'se_ 0I ·~1I: a usagftNtcan al30 be found
in St. Poul (_ Rom .5:12·18; ] Cor ]5:22)."
Until recfflt!y, only a pritosl might rocit. any 01 tM prayeN in the
Ia:rw1 C.non. Now. how~,'er, the congnogation recites an acdama·
..... Ifter the words o l institution. When,. lor ... ampk. the conS"'Sa·
........ y.:"When wfeat this brud . nd drink this cup, ~ pnxloim
J'D'I' death.. Lord jesU5, un til you rome in glory,· it gratefuUy ~
, U \1$ f.i th in the Lord a nd his saving dee is, in acrord~ with
1 Corinthians 11:26. ~mJU;ng ........""'is f memorial11l'Cai1s the
..alit living work of Cluist. with each Euchori:otic Prooy~ spo:c.ifi<.
.JIy Nlming _ of t,,", most imponant moments in thot work; EP
I: P : 51 11'1, ltiurrection, and .!iCCnSion; EP II: death and nesumoc·
tbI.; EP 111: death, ~, aSCfflSion, and .........d coming; EP
IV .eF IOU: III but .dd, tM d n 'ent .mong the dead:
Cbely rontIeCted with tho! ."""'~s in aU of 1M Eucharistic Prooy·
. . is. pra~ oISlCrif'Ki.1 offeriIIg. It..,/<n primarily tothe OTlCt'-
taNU .....,.;11c:e of Christ in whid! M is both sacrificia] gift and
MCrioong priest and whid! is sacramentaUy p resent in the eucharn-
de: celebr.tion (lietz' · p'hl!nc .. of the act"). Tl>e Oturch .s Ouis!',
iIIY'fka1 body Interiorly U60Ci&tes it..,11 with his vol untary :...If·giv:
.... linking 11$ own ... If·giving to God with his sacril1c:e. The theme
01 the Churdl', • ...1f·f..crif>c,,· hIS al",.dy been «>UJ\ded at the
prepa ration of the gifts, but h""" it bKOiNS especially rel"".nt and
eHtc:tlve. ~Th" Ch urch', int""tion is that the faithful not only offer
thliI victim but ..1so I•• m to offer tMm"",lves and so to surrender
theYhlE lves, through Chris t the Medi.tor. to an ever more compl<-le
unlon with tn.- Father and with .och ot her, so thot at last God may
be .U ln .n" (CIRM 55/)."
The way to this gOllle.d. through Il'<:E'ption of tM body and blood
of Chm t. ~fore the Eucharistic Prayer al"" con tains a prayer
for the fruitful ,e;:eption of communion; this pray.,. is also called.
"communion tpiclnis." It Isla" the lime for the un ity of the faith·
fuI, which is acknowledged to be. special work of the Holy Spiri!'
'The communion tpil:1flis il followlNi by tIw inlle",e pion" for the en-
tire Church, itt officials, and the ga tN:,1Ni community, but .Iso · for
aU your chlldll'i\ wherever they ma yt:t." IEP m~ Commm>orolion
;, .Ito "",de of tIw dead; In EP 1·111 pTO>'ision is madf for ""'ming
SJlKlfic indJvlduals. 'The intercessioon for the dead ... tends to · .11
the dead whow f.ith is known to you .Ione" IEP IV). Heft ag.in
 UK; 00 ,he ottM.r lI.nd, !hey have .11(> ."".d 1M Roman IUthorities
.... penn i:lllion 1{)1' nt'W EucN.ristk Puy~n.. But . circular Letter 01
Itw SF .Ed Congll'!!a tion for Divine Worship. daled April '17, 1'17),
.... ted the ''Pi~l confe,ences p'mnissioo only to appro'.., nt'W
pnlace .nd ink'rtioos lind to S@6confirmationofthee_
IMry age mu~ «rtainJy be allowed to proclaim W praises of God
In ,.. own 1anll""p and ilI_.... d.1I« wili> its living faith. On the
" e hand, .pp.....·.l by tIw government of ,he Church is • necI:'$-
- r .id tomsuring INI "IMOI!nt ... and s ummit" (GJRM S4) of the
0viMian lil\lrg)l is nOl distorted by imNIancft and s uJ;ecti"ist
IIIIniJ1g5 thaI rcl1«t only ,he spirit of Ihugo'."
nw RJo, Ii"' . . ••dolly re;e.:le<llhe Ronuon Unon bK,n,,;e of the
Ida of JaCrifi« "'PI( ss~d ill h at>d in so doing .bandoned the Eu-
I dwiIIi<: Pr'Y"'" thaI is JlJch • cruci.o l part of the- Chri:5ti;m liturgy.
nu. ,"Hunon, and regret . , the miSUkc "",d... is growing today,
aIthou&h the .....d Nck will be • long one,"
C"'''''W"ioM
'The menorial of the pudtaJ mystery, with il$~.mmtal .... p,....
I I8\l:IIlion of this mySICI')' and the usociated ...If..,/fering of the
Churrh, is follow..! by communion, which is the ",""orial."d ..c-
rtfldal meal iMtituted by Ch rist and consisting of his own body
and blood. Communion, which is an t'Sfoel1tiai pa rt e f th~ eel..bra-
don and ill 5«Ond climax. oomplf'le!; Ike Eucharist and ..:Ii"" par-
tidplltion In It. ~word "communion" (from Lorin c"",,,,u ni.. )
origin.>Uy meant "Joint con.ctlm; joinl pe,,,f'$Sion ." The early Chu rch
uted It initia ll y for lhe =I",a l commllnity. from which sinners
cauId ~ ucluded (a e~-<ommunicated). TIll' word ultimately ac-
~ its principal mUJ\ing. Nmely. union and comm""ioJ\ with
Oui!It throo.>gh the sacn!d """"I. ill ac:cordo.nce with the word.
hII~ down from 0ui!I1 himself: "'Thc5c who NI my nesh and
drlnk my blood.~ in me.r.d I in them" On 6:56).
In the o1d81 known descriptions of the ftlCt.."istic celebration the
.t«ption of the sac...d gifts foIlowfd lmmf(!i.tdy upon the Amen
01 the cIoxoIogy," IlutlOme rill/5 of prep.aration for Ike ~on
~ inlh:x I'-'«d I I "" Hlrly dab!. The fir!;t and foo"lhost ofthex
was the r«iuticn 01 the Our F. ther. The theological function 01 this

I '"
 pra}'... i. "to complt"le the mys!~ry of In.- ","'rif>c.- and f
<:Ommunio - • L_ prep ....., or lOry of God'i lrJngdom; il hi OOrl'parabt.. to th~ acdamllions 0/ hom·
lion and then.. hared
or tu"" .. ronne.:tinglinkbc-' ... """,n.
sacn "",,, ac-'''_' , . - " boP found in the "i5ionsof the Apocllypse.
,.., S ",..al with ChriS! which tha'attion m.ke! poIlSi_
ble. G""8"'Y I~ C ..."t i. resp<>n>ible for the fact Ih., in th~ 1loe en5Uing gfft'ting 0 1 pNCC is also 10 boP understood illS an imrne--
Rom.n Mass the Our Fath~r no longer comes irnrn<'di ..... ' "~f dIa~ preparation for communion. Jesus says dearly, does he not, in
tho! fl'C ti of .~ r "" ore
ep on rommunion but is ""'!",raIOO from it by the II"""" tu. Semlon on lhe Mount, lilat reconcilialion with the brethnm
of pt'¥Y, the breaking of , .... bread, and tho;> commingling, "'g iI'I..st P'Kt<le worship (MI S:23f.) ? For this rear.on. in the Eas~m lit·
_pu the rite of pe."" ~ the Euch.ristic Prayer; this was
.
Tho! Our Fau- Is inlrodl>C\"d
rho! ~ra mentary gIVI'S four form •.
¥, a summons 10 prayer, for which
ho,
originally also the ca", in the West. Tho- priest first rKit". pray .....
!hat reflKts Jl'llUS' promise 0/ p"a"" Un 1~'27). With outstreto:iled
~~ the middl.. of the third "'ntury. and perhapoc ...·en .,a rlier the Mnds he ihc'n!lay" (or Imp) the g_ling of 1"'."'" Then. if the ac-
11110n for Ine.d In lhe Our Fathet ....·.s understood as J\"r..".;~" p<- morts
tIor> is judged feooiblo>, ht .. !he laithful to ""chin!!" • grt'<'I-
the t!UClwrislic bfNd ., Moreov '- 0 Ins cI p"aCl' .mong tt...,,-I,·<'5. The fonn this 8f""'"ling is to iak<'
f' . ...., In .. "'-'<!UeSl1m forg;,..·ness th.at
ollows In t""Our F"her "'a, seen.s reft-ning to a nee ria (lor ~mpt... I kiss, a handshakoo, a bow) i.left to tht ."isrop;tl ron-
Tallon "f the .'iOul for th .. sacred ban et (" ...... t . ry prep.>-
."f. . qu
. ., 6.1M.),ln,tw.reform..dlitu IVV then.. ·_F "~~
In lCCo,,,ance WIth Mt
.
",uores to dt~nnirw in acoordallU' with the cuJiure and cu..toms
of tn..1""'F1...
' " ..... , b - -." .....,- alr..,,-os I'1'CIIo!d (or
".- _ ,Y pnest ,,00 rongreg;.lion togett.:r; J>fWiousJy"
lion Aid only <h, . ~ , _ . ""-- _ rongrtoga_ ".. 1",,51 now d h 'ides the large ho5I into _ ·.....oJ pit:ns and drops
nn;> p<'t1ti<>n \ ,,~ I deli" .... uS from o>viJ").
• .....U pi<'<: .. into the chalke, meanw hit.. sooying in a low vokr.
n.... Our Fa,the.- is f<lllowro by ~ prayer 11\.11 develop' In.-linal f'<'ti- '"May this mingling 0/ the bod y and blood of our Lord Jesus C hrist
lion lor deU\-eran«' lrom evil. The priesl hel'l' p... ys for pr for bring etnnalli~ to uS who l"'K1'in" it" Thli ril<". known u the "frac_
Go<1"5 ""'r-ciful help. and for P~Ktioo , agooi..,. ronfu.ion ::; Ii tIor> omd commingling. N is explk.bt.. only In the light of h istO<}'. ~
SO thai "'e ~y ".wail i n joyful hope for the coming of OUr Snior~' left 'lNlI, prrionned hosts c..... into use (twelfth «nlUry). the
}""u~, Ch~'I. :n's
pray ...... known since antiquity as the
h~m (.. ,n""rtlOn), has now br<..", made less diffuse; it also ends in a
"mloo. lap rounds of b ... ad then u!io!d had to be brok....... into s m.1I pie<:es,
u at lhe ust Supp"rof Jesul; It waS thi' action that gave the """,,chI .
"ay th.t allows the ron8"'8"tion to ~.. Ith _~ _ .. . listie celebrM!oo its ncsi n,me, t ..... "bruklng 0/ bread ."
"1'0< tn.- ki don. .~ ....... '" w u .... ·«.. matioro:
"''t'!". " ng the f'O"...,., and the glory ..... )'OtIcs. now and for •
Paul saw this pradical necnlily of b ..... king the bread .. h."ing I
Iymbolic ';gnificance: the ~ bnoad which i$Christ i. shared by
The adoption of this encomium, which dates lrom the transitional It... m.my SO that they b«ome the ........, body of Christ (sec: I Cor
f'<'",od betw""n t ..... ficst and _ond centurit's (Dilhdr.o 9 4) · .~ ~ 10:16{.). The GIRM lNkes this interpretation ilS own (56<:; 283). Th ..
• small s ...... to rd '. • . IS a ....,
-,. .w. ecutnenical UI>Jty. sin«' E"angelical Christi..... JymboIism can be revitali«</ if I.rge rounds 01 bre..:! .... uwd in ·
have ad<k>d th .. ~lam.tion to the Our Father ""er siner luther in- stud 01 small. p ... lonJlftl ho,,,,.; il must boP acknowlt<lgt!d, how·
tmdl.lCed't'ntoh(s
. f ~ tr.nslationoftheBible'-m~"
nv me Gtee , manu_ t"Vft. thattl"le traditional practlee i. bPtl1!r luilftl to llrge numbns 01
'<"npt 0 to,e New Testament which he was using. Tho- Eastnn oommunicants. The GIRM (56h) ""p'UfllS the d..sire that the hosts
Ch U ~~. too. ~a.,·e it in their eucharistic «Ioobration, though in • for the oommun;on of the falth/ul be ronsecratro II each Mass; Pius
sOhle .. hoot mod'fied form.. This "pr.yw from the ficsi hour" n_ XII, aPl',.tins to 6c"edid XIV. had already urged this."
P""'5eS Ihr J<....... ronftd"""e 01 the first rommunillH in the final vic-
The dropping oIa piea 01 the host into tl"lech.aliCl' (the commin·
8ling) Is not eMily expl.iMd . The GIRM. which usually npLtins
therites,off~ nonpw..tion~. ~rdlng to mlny IICholars it

'"
 8"" Nc k 10 I~ Roman CUSlom a«ot ding to whkh on ",," "in ft.."
days Ihe pope "'"t , piece 0/ the cOJ«crated h""t to the priest. of
the fWighboring churdles , Al lhei • ...,.t Mass the priest. put this
1"«", called the fonr!trI'U"', inlo thd. own ch.ali«s a5 a .. gn of fra-
ternal cornmunion betwHn ' he pope and lhe p lies!!; md u . ...·ay
o f signifying th" OOft1o!SS of lhe s.>c:rifi~ 01 Chri..." Othffl; think
the pr..rn~ wUbot,O ... ed fn>m a rile that.""", in Syria a nd signi-
fied lhe "'5urrection of CIlmI and his p IC . enc.. on the alta •.
~le.nwhile-, the choir or c.ntor sings lhe Ax"'" Dri r Ltmb o f God1
in .' .jf"'~ri"l fashion with lhe cornmunily. During litis song the
pnes! MelI"" • pr.JI)"l"T 01 pnsonaI prq>ar.JIlion fo r • fruitful";u,...
lion of communion. Then, '~Tgmun«ting..M raises lhe host
..,.,.......ha • • bove the.ltar and 5~'" lhebiblic.ol words: "This i5
the l.ombofGod who takes IW,y th"Wts ofth" world . Happy are
lho:w:o who II\' called to h is suI'p"'"~ On 1:19; Rt--. 19:9). Then he and
thcoonaregalionjoin in PI.ying: " lord, 1 1m not worthy to ~"e
you, bUI only Hy 1M wD«llnd I shall be heal<od ~ (MI8:81. Thr
p,,"1 r«il~ ' sho" pr. yer Ind receiv.., the body and blood of
Chrisl first; he lhen giv" lhe hosI lO 1M f.ithful wilh lhe words,
"'The body of Christ," .nd lhe faithful allSw ....: " Am....,.· Oo.>spite ils
b"",i!), this" Amm" is. prayer of faith and adoration.
n... fai lhful.1\" tNe IDchoose between receiving communion in the
hand (m., ?riginal rite) and !"ea!'iving it in the mouth (cuslomary
from the ntnlh """ Iury on). A Ihird possibility_ the foi thful ta king
the. host for lhe.msdves from the dborium-is less rommendable
on """"ral COUnts."
n." /irst point to be mado! with ... gard to communion from the cup
is th.t it was customu), ""l'fl In tM Western Chur<:h until well into
lhe Middl~ AS6 Communion under bolh kinds i51T1Df'1' in acrord
with the instructions of C hrist and the ex.ampll' of the. Ltsl Supper.
Although I""oJosians ha"e ~ cotlvinced sine. the Middl~ Ages
lha t the whDlfo Chris!. body and blood, is presenl in each 01 the!CU.
, haristi<: spK· :;.the fact remaill5 lhat communion in one kind .w-
lers from a defecl of f Ymbolic pow ..... The gradual d jgppNrm.ce 01
communion from lhe cup since the thirtolmth century wa5p..x..bly
d .... to excessi ve .ru<ie1y Ie.sI the spilling oIlhe
n led blood do
greal wrong 10 the -".menl .nd thus 10 Christ Resi$tance to the
".
H \II4lte!l and Refornwrs then led 10 ' broad prohibition against
cunmuniDn from lhe cu p .
A IIBt c.u!iou' return 10 the original practi~ eaml' al Vatican II (SC
55). The CIRM (242) lists fo u.-n gtoIlp5 which ..... ybl! allowed 10
I'IC8ve "ndn both Idnds. Following upon an Instruction 01 the
RDman ~tion lor Oivi!\o! Worship of , ...... 29, 1971), the
""""rican bi5hops ulmcled this permisosion to weekday Ma ......
....t ,,", 'aM for other special oxusic:lns. lnOdober of 1984 tho-con-
IftPIion for Divine Wonhip aUlhorin'<! commWlion under both
kinds on Sundays and Holy 0.)'$ o f obligation. In indi,·idu.ol case5
the oelebr.JIting priest, O. in fNnsh cftur<:ht'IIlhe plSlOr, ntUJ;1 dmde
on pastoral and practicailirounds whether lr5e is 10 bI! rrwk> of
ttw. wide-ranging f.culti~ He should kt>rp in mind that the.
GIRM (561); 240) wlTm ly """""""', communion from the ( U P be-
«\lie o f il! fuller symbolism.
With regard to tho- ..... nner of re.;e;ving communion from tlK"chal-
ke, the GIRM (243ff.) dt'!Icribes four po»ibie ..... yo: al drinking
from the chalice; b) dipping of the hOISt into the enolice; ,,) u!C of a
drinking tubl!; .nd d) U!ie of a s ..... 11 spoon w ith which . sman parti-
clio that has been dif'P"'l in the chalire i. p laced in 11K" mouth. The
Roman Instru<1ion gives prefenmc~ to drinking directly from 11K"
chIoJk1o bec:luse of ilS fuller symbolism . Bt'fore giving 11K" chalice to
the Ift:ipil!nllne mini"e-r says: "The b lood of Christ.· and 11K" recipi-
ftll.nswers; · Amm.· Ai . ru le the r...::ipients take th.-cha lire.
drink from II, . nQ,hand il back to tho: minister, who lhen cleans til<>
lip of lhe cup wilf. a small cloth . In a Mal'S.1 which communion i.
Idmlnlslt"I\'d under both sp«kslhe Indi"iduol foi thful are f~ 10
drink or not from lhe cup,
In the first millennium of Christilnity it was e.mornary in both E;.01
and West 10 ,.and willie rKelving communion; Ihis was esp<"Cially
daUabW in recri~ from the cup. During the """ellth emlu'}' the
",a.." ti« began of kn..,ling to te«i'·f. Siner lhe ~I rouncil lhe
old cuatom Nos again bec:ome widt'llprrad. Tho.> IMIrU<."tKm [w-
m.mtkw", MytlltriM'" on worship of the Euct..ori$l (no. ~) pennits
the f.ithful 10 -.i"" communion in cilher lhe OIanding or the
kneeling poaitlon.
The epbropal cor.Ie. enca, in ....... dana: w ith Ro .... n directives.
 CUIIom<lry to use these ...·ords to signal the end of an assembly. The
~'Y lor p.t,:,or~; 11"5OI\S allow I~ l.lty to seve in the distribution
addition 01 "Go in peace, " to 1ht! Mass is ended." is then>fOl"e 10
'" rommumon.
be Wlderstood ill$ln e~tenaion. of the muning of t.... formul •. It is
Tlwd 'ISIn-bu lion
' of rommuniOllls ~ ied b . 10 be noted that the nlmt " MISS" orig;"" t"" in lhe Lalin fo rmula of
IIOrIg " fill fW'I<1i . ~ y a rommunlOl1
. on II to el<P'"S 0 utwlrdJy theromm ' , ~ .. For since from an early time the d ismiS&/lI wasacromp.o·
union of ~plrit by muns of tlw WIlly
of !heir voi~.
~ of lOY of twn , and to ma ke !he ~on 10 nnoive Christ-
1:;:::'0- nitd by • blessing. m~ WilS inteTpmed as meaning the ble55ing
whidlGod gi"alo particlpanlS in tlw Euchamt. Fu,lh", " ""t,
acI of community" (CII~M S6i) n.
body mon.u fully
lheoomm ' an ._ . Ie<tma y be' IIIn<1! ('V~ gift of God bestows a _po<IJibility and oblig<'" ilS ....
I\IOn ann with or without the psoolm, Of ~ , Ijli-'nl to a life 01 tNnksgi...mg and to the p",-;ng on 01 the divine
~ appropriam IOf18 lNy be U5ed. In ~I the ....m. rule$ '" 'lie and grace, the wortb lit. ",iMlJ toI we. uometi""" inl2rpn:'"-
.~ y ........ ~ for the singing o f the Introit. If ~ is no .;....;n Ihe Mel (with t.... Latin word ",tS&iII in mlnd ) u sign ifyingl mis5ion:
anhphon should be rNd befo.~ ord . ...- - - ..,-.g.. NCo. your miMiOO'I is begiMing."
fa ithfvl unng U"" rommuruon of m.
",. I I the ~lng..!oO roow at Ihen'Wi the prieit kines the altar be--
In ,-lew of the tligh signifiao~ of communi -..
propri<Ile I nd lManingnd. 11c.... find ~, ~an~ ...ng IS af>" (oft I'ltwning to IIw sac:mty.

in u.., ~;n";ng "'. b , e><p,",,~ .n!!ilent puyer oo-

-- .... ymn.psl m orton&DutirI th" . Ttl l! f ORM S Of 6UC li A R ISTlC CEl U!< ATlO,,"
brant Ci'" sit in the p~denl~1 ~JJ n,;. g IS 11m.. the erie- Although lhe louie SfnKNn:' of lhe tucharistioc ct4eb •• tion is F;JC.<'d,
" that follows is !ikewi~ I th
the.b"d' L." , . :- prayer.her communion
anksgivl1Ig,but it iJ liso I petition for
I I1Ig rrull 0 the 1aCT11ll<!l'1t.
thert a~ r.onet~ \'arying r>q)l'I'!I!iOru; of ii, wrurn are called the
" fOI n6 of celebrltlon."
C""d"s;"n Mol.., with # Con8rrga/i(>PI
After tt.. prl yer afterrommunion shon .nnounccrnmts be Thil II the normlll form of celebuliOt'. "As far liS poosible. and espf"-
~:d.. of ma tlel'l lmportant 10 the plrish . It would be a
• ~~, r:
rs7:':' i
how..v ..... 10 go into lengthy explanations. t thi . ....... n:as -
dally on Sundays and holyda ys of obliga tion. thiS Mass lwilh I....
J""OPle uklng ~rtl should be « Icbr.ted wilh song and wilh • s uit·
I ,I""" ""y
the d\a 'wou ld wo rk Iga 1n5 ' t I~ rontlnuing impressiony left -' •
b able number of minilte ... " (CIRM 77). Thr OI .... r minis ters usually
eu n stlc c~lcbr;l!lon. There is nothing 10 pm hlb"t til . Y Incl ude an a.;olyte, I lKlor. Ind canlor or leader of """g (78). In
from accompanying the annou.ncemenlS with his .... ~_.,.,p~,
word H~ then the r- '~'- ,na
' every form of celetlilion II deacon m.ay assi.t the celebrant . should
one be ."ailable. It 1, not permitted. on theother hand, for a priest
God ," bl . gr~ community with th .. tradition.l wish for
" ..etIoSl ~: NThc Lord ~ wi th you/ 11'1<1 adds tile bll'SSin to li ke the role 01 i d\!iC0I1 for I.... sake of g .... ter solemn ity, as was
p~r" Instead of the u.ual s imple form of bl . g the prxtKe In the ~I'I """Lemn Masses."
_ Ing h "" pn~1 may
L •
useeither. NIIOIe blessi " "
CIRMdoes mn ng or . praY"'OV"'the~le. "Tlw,o Amon& Ma55e!I with a congregation " Arsl pla<:e should be given. be-
(21)' th., s.. noc Ny that the ~ Ie are to kneoel during lhe ble!i6ing ClUHof its nwaning.lo the M1S5 III which I.... bishop presides sur-
d : cramtT1 tary NYS OO'I ly tN t lhey an:' 10 bow thm heod rounded b y ..... colLege of pre5by\ef5 a"d t.... "..;,m\ef5 and in
unng U.... ..,1cmn ble!i6ingor the r. •
fulare noc u id 10 make the . . : ...;rovertlw ~Ie. 'The faith- wh\dl 1M people take full and acti...., pan" (CIRM 74). Thl' Comli·

blll'S/ling. bul Ih is is I mearu::n:l ~1Utem::~~t.;:; tlw tution 00'1 the Ururgy had alrudy f«used I II..nlion on t.... public
...dwistic ce~.tions of lhe bishop (rradiliONoLLy calLed " ponliA-
The
. final
. ut!n di~ti·
N ,e, II r. "'....
. rJl, reaUy ft\ftRS: NGo II ' the cal Ma_ btause in them .heChur<:h bE<:",,,a vi5ibLe in a p ....
N ).

dl$m-..1 (from IIw utin di",':";"). ln antiquity II wa :In:oa':.y _ inent _y (SC 41).

109 '"
 CmrCtlrllrt>ltd Mo"
~ Mass lakes an espedaUy solemn
form wh,... It i, celeb,.IM by
_'n,,1 prif.sts , imult.oOOO<l<Jy, with 0fW of th ..... Jcting ~ I"" p rin-
a~ .....!ebranl. HhtorkaUy, ~ eilrly fonn of mneelebration in ~
\\tit w"" NsiloPnl ~Iion N in which only ~ highesl ranking
~ebrant .pob lhe Eud.... ri.ric PrJyer. In th irteertth..:entury ~
Nr.plidl conce!ebr.tion " d'-"'eloped. with each con ..... lebrant 'peak_
Ing the enti", Canon along with the J>OI>O' and holding ru.. own ~
in his lund. Toward the end of If>f ~i,-",al pt'riod this fonnof
coo """lebration was e<tmdftf to Muse althe ord lNtion o f bishops
and priesb.
Vatican JJ I't'.ffirme<llhe val"" of ronc.,lebration as manifesting Ih ..
unily of the prieslhooo;! rnd lhe sacrifi ...... All .... s.>1TIe lime. it broad .
er'II'd lhe range of occasio", for ils UIiI' lrId decn>fti tha t. n..... ri~
oi ronc.. leb.alion should be compc -:d (SC 57({.). This IWW ri~ WI!
pub!is/wd on M" rch 7, 1965," and was furtMr justif;fti and """",,_
II'I«IdM il\ the Insrruct:ion E~'lutristkw", "'YS/17iwm 01 Ma y ZS.
1967." lhe 1\..... Mi55llJ of 1970 rol\llil\ftf a re"i~ ri te (C IRM 153-
2(8) and again "'I,...dM lhe "«asions fo r its uor. Conceleb,alion
Nefr...:tivl'ly bringt 0\11 the unity of the priesthood,of tN~,
&net of the w.... p.q:>le ofGod · (CIRM 153)."
1M eM"",'",,, M...,
11\ the past I"" Mu, do.ily C<'/ebru<:'d in ",ligious communities in
conl unction with ~ choral offi ..... w.s h ighly est<'emftf, boocauor
J>"lPle SOOw in it NIho. tTl<>del of J"OPi'r li turgical c..lebration. N" .Vati_
C.., II, how..,...... and the manns ~rg:ing from II righlly nnp/la.
siu the obIig;olion of I'tiigious communities to (ao fn <l1li POSSible)
daily (con)celebution of the Eucharist. a<:rording 10 lhe possibililirs
In r.lch situation, ""
M4.o.! u"h Child""
Val;';'a n II had come 10 thor rulization rn..1 unifonnity in Uturgkal
celrbr.tions Ullnot br madelilr idHI (SC 38). A«ordingly. In...
CIRM s t.otes thaI ·~..:h ConfbehO: of bishops h... the power 10 lay
down norms for ils OWn lerrilory that aT'(! sui ted to the It.ditio",
and chnacrer of """"Ie., "'"Sians. and various communities· (6)_
This kirod of adapt.otion IieemftI es~IaUy urgenl in Masaes 10. ""'I-
dren. On Novimlbrr I, ]973 tlw COIlgI't'gfItion for Divine YIbrsItip
'"
:n:,nrct
br h..d Dir.c:lrnyfu< MasstS with Child ......" ln 1974Ii1rHrlJer.
- .
athnoe Eucharistic Prayer.; for MaS5e$ wilh Children were
The v.rious documents mmrione<l i<""P tN b.>5ic sttu<"IW'I' .~
c bc ation bu t "l/ow for tom4' simplification ~ ~ 10 facilitit l ._
J
a:
-do standi", and participation by dtil<1I't'n. It " Importanl tN.1 chil
~ °os far q poiIlible lake phy,lcal pari in tne:
Uturgy through pamc-
,' - in 1""" ions. , . . landl vivid pttsmt.oliOnl. . .. But (1\'0,0 a
.. _ .
children', Uturgy must h.ave 'PAces fer ~ __ ' The .
0; 'Kl<lly
.:..
pves the prit'Sl a.ttin Uberties in 1M d\oice 01 rtadmgs. The
homily can, if I\ee<I be, br giVf1\ by a rompdenllaypn5O" (fer " -
ample, a ~acher or catechist),"
In 1970 Rome gave its approva l to an ·Order of Mass ,:"ith ~af
Children· lor ~German~kingcountries: Q)/ft!4lnt5t "'"
C 'oorI(llSnl (UfUrgy fur thor [leal) (Eiminfl'ln-Freiburp_~ Tht ~~sto­
rat Commlssion of Austria . 1"" i'illued texts under the hlle of &&to-
ral C are o f th .. Handicapped in the Paris".~"
Mow with I~ Yowng . of I
The _ t: .... us situational many young people Is In ot l : " gre~
.......... _ ..... _--' from theQ\ri5tian fa,th
c:onoem lOday. Many hav.. bee> ~~'~ lf>W this br
and tt.. ,~1ore from theSund.l y E..rn.rist. The ?U8eS of c,,"
titted ~ only in the form of slog'I\like headings that do not
:pply in the i\l.me me ••-ure 10 . 11 of the young, decline, 01. D:risllan
. lWt tion and Christian Itadition d ..... to the IIr-<:hristiall1zatton
MlC1.I
oi H~w_ ''nstn.tction;
man y f:.nilin; defectiv~ Ioi ' hS o f re....-_ . . spreild of
... • ... ti ... uthority" O\Itlook and conseq .....lly a d wancmg from
and skepticism loward lhe N!ru.titution"; t/w lKk <>! aw~t et "::s..:.
tnnscefIdence and an exclusive allention to ma\lt'nilllhil\gJ (
=-
and. Enl!ghtemenll_ [n ronsequ,... ..... of these influences m&l\y young
It Lack. motivation for participation in liturgfes which tNy re-
u boring &net , e,, ";II. from life. · Many My: WIt: 1\0 I~ger find
In the Iitu'l)' the real pmblerns of the world a rod the ques~ .of
ronlemporary /JIf"T\ and wom,..., "'fKially since the hturgy 1I\ tIS.
usual fo"" nO longer allow •• pe~al <X>I1trlbution of lhe partie,·
pants. 0"
AU this nplains the efftw1 bei..g made in pastoral care of the young
'"
 10 ta_~e the. f.ilh·silualion a ... d ps)"chologiul slale 01 Ihe )'OUI\g into
con~de.O '1On as far as possibk in 0 'l! .... i~ing the liIUI)I)"." This ~f.
fort IS backed and ~ouraged bY 'M Constitution on th~ Utu'8Y
when.!t !'Oy' .hat In liturgical i... slructiorl heed must be 81>·..., tu
(ondilior\i. way of life, deg ..... of relig;o .... d~\"elllplnl'f1t. and po=~
of comp<ehmslon (SC 19; 34), and thaI "prm'isions s hall also be
mad ..... for l~ti ...... 1O' ,· . ..... tions .tId adaptations 10 d lffcl'l!fll
groups ... provided the subst .... tial u ... ity o f tIM> Rom .... Ri .~ is p rt-
_"ed" (SC 38).
Ma5S u"'h Spore;"1 Group<
Beca~ 01 the! a v..... .ge siu 01 presenl-day p.rishes and IM ' IO'ady
s h"15 m 11M> p"p"labon (.........- housi"'g de-'dopmen15; N tclHre
lowm), those who .tteru:l t .... community's ~turg:ieI; ut' usu.Uy
51rang<'fS to one ~_ Thi< anonymity CKtainly makes il more
d Ifficult 10 I!~pcnth<e the commUNI diTrM"nSion of the Euch.rist
and thel"l.'by.achi(ove. deeper undemanding of Ihis NcrOmen l. For
'~'S reaso... , In s.,pwmber. 1970, 11M> German bishops issued guide-
I"~ ,,:" the ceid>ral1On of , .... EUCllariil with spe<:ial,I''OUps. The
~idel""" w~ ba5<'d on the alrl.-.dy mentioned get\O!ral ~Ia­
tKlflS set d ....·n in Vaf)c.&n II and t.... GIRM. a tld on the Imtruction
lkri<> "",'."""/ij of Ih<- Congn:gation lor Divine Worship (May 15.
1%9; ",vised, D.o.:ernb..r. 1970), but lisoon the conclusions reK~
by vanous commissions in t .... CC'rman ... peaking count ries."
"Special grou ps" ~a ... ",fe. 10 va.ious cong~.tions; families . ..... igh-
borhoods. lpostollc groups. )lOUlh groups. paTf)ciponts atld guests
• ~ ronfe~. p<'Ople attendi,,!! ""'maS'" Of iubiJ<!leos or fu ner.1seo-.
VJCe'l,d,"" In schook and, finally. ~..... smaU groups ga therftl
.ro~ a sick petSOn. In U - celebr~tIons. also known (acrol ding
to Clrrumsl,,,,");iS Ma.,... wi,h small groups and Masses in Ill.
r.ome. lhe slTUC"\ure of IItt- community Mass is to be ..... ained. Ca ~
IS also to be taken tha t the practice doo.'s not lead to isolation from
1""-' larg.... commUnity but Tat..... fKiHta les participation in Its life.
" At . Mass with a small group il ls f'O'!'ible tu el<perimor t.... basic
structure 01 til. ~arist:ic ...,k-br.tion in a direct way; til. resull
con t,., • ~ .. nder.;.... nd ing 0/ the c:elebration w",," the «>ngrP-
ga~... is much large •. {or e .... mp lr, .t t .... Sunday liturgy. TIw lno-
nymlly Ihat 15 perh.ps atl""dant upon .I...g.... galhering wU! I",,"
,n
fei' .., 110 ~\'r. The celebration 0/ MIA with I """II
rIOt be
group should help individual, to fit more N $ily i ... to the 1a'8'" com-
munity:'"
It Ii dm rab1e that u....se Manes be celebrated eil~ in a srn.all ~tut·
peal ~ (for eumple, "dlapel or a chun:h UHd just on w......•
<11)'$) or II suitably prepared dwellina o r p~ 01 n _ ts"bly. A
Iidroom Of. home forl ..... g~ can besuch a $elting. In nonIi!UfSi·
cal venues" feotivdy p~~ t.ble c.n _ IS In , Itar. litu rgical
vl!S6l'lt-a p."'" for t.... hOl!IS .tId" chalire-.hould be provided . It
Ikould be taken for granled among believe-r5 Iklt I.... dl'l!Sli and be-
"",,viol" of the panici~ ... ts will be IlUited 10 the dignity of the celebra-
tion. The p,.;.",t should be ~ble as '.p' ! 5 mtative of Chrisl
and leader 01 the eucharislic rommunity and should Itoel£fote nOf
c .1 bt ate without the liturgical gai1T1ef\lS. MI... excep60nal uses. the
dr$ pmcribed 10.- the priost in .hoe adminislruion 01 other $KIa'
men" can be regarded as sufficienl ~; obviously. tt.. stole should
always be wom : '"
Iu fIT as the organization of the ulebralion itself Is roncerned. thoe
guidelines 0111 ror • U l-'l-'ful Jel«' ion of l-'l-'adings. prayen;. and
_ gs that wiU be suited 10 the p",rticuLu situation and I.... capacity
of the pilrticipanlS (_ CIRM 313). A dialogue on spirituallhings
!JUly "",lac.: t .... homily. In the Geoerallntm::essions the p.trtici·
p.I ... tl may add pcr!<>I"LII peti.ions; the rubrics aUow only the priest
to do this in community Mai6eS." Communion in both ki...ds is . 1-
lowed, 115 d istribution in such small groups being .... easy matter.
•
The existins guidelines were t.kft1. 0\..,.- by the epdcopal confer-
l1'lCf5 o f It.. Gernun-spnking countries. £l<t'O'I'1 for Swi~.
The bW>op5 0/ the lalter rountry ~ lheir own din:ctiveo ..... hich
Wll-'I-' published in 1971 .Ioog with instfuction from the Swiss Utur.
gical Commi ssion."
.M.tu wilhcwl. Con~lion
1ho! ITIOIII complete form 01 ~harislic celebrltion 15 0 .... in which a
commW>ity tau.. part (Ma" with Mthe galhtled ptople"; GIRM 25).
1ho! pI II nce of • community iH"pliciUy emphasized in , .... decu-
""",1$ 01 Vatic.n II .nd thCM of the postconciU.r rri:>m'I . The a,...
l umptlon thaI. community 15 pltoenl explains lhat during ma ... y
'"
, ~,
pt"riods in m..ony rites ~ Mass has ~ known simply'5 "tho> as-
sembly" (for examp,,": miRra, sY'"'xis). The Mass is ~n activity of
the Chun::h (of tlw '((//'5"'. thai is, H"" lSM'mbly 01 tI>OH who have
b"omulled) and not a "prh 'aa, ritual o f 1M priest" O. Rat~gerJ.
In e.;tremP cues. noo~eIi"Ss. the Ch",rdllJlow. tho: ~alion of
Moss With but a 5ingIe _mtant who ~resmt. the rommunity
(thwgh th .. sign i. m inimal) and giVl', the respomea of the commu_
nity in til<! "",,,ral dildogU<'5 (GII{M 210).
In the Tridentine Mi-.J the failW1' 10 hi" .. atl ..ast this single assis-
tant. or sen"er,w" deda~ 10 be. dt/«rllS Mr.- ( a de~t in the
Mass) and """'~ th.,«!ebralion midi though not iM.lid (Ot
rUfrrtibus X, 1). According to the II ...... Order of Mass, however, In
'0S0i' 0/ "serious n~ity- Mass may he celebrated without.,,,,,,, a
....wr: In this ca~, the ~ings ;md t/w ble4ing a~ omitto<:l
(CI/{M 211).
n.. theological justification fa< ..ying tIuol. MISS without. con_
gn>galion retains "its effectivet"l<:Sll and worth" is that "It is lhe ac-
tion of Christ and IhI> Church, in which the priesl always .els on
be ... )! o f the prople'. Sllv.lion.-
With ~ 10 1M rilull of a Mas. wilhoul a rongl"e!!alion I sh.aIl
.imply poinl oUI th~ mosc ","Iient diffeo~ from a Mass with a con-
gn>glItion: aftt..,. kis$ing the altar t ..... p~ "goes to the ml!l5alot the
left side of the aitar, and remairls there until the rnd of tile gt'rM'ral
int<"rc~ns" (GIJI.M 214),'"
FORr.t S OF EUCH"IUS TI(: DEvot iO N OUTSIDE !o4" SS
H isl()tiotl &rrosp«l
The real eucharistic p~ 011"'" glorified Lord in the COrIR-
cratt.'CI gifls o f bre.d and wlrM' causoed special lIIenlion Ind rever-
Mer to be paid 10 th_ ~1!11 outside of Ma .... Even in Chrisru.n
onliqlliry ""..... olllti5 h>Charistic ME "d W.5 om! to tho! abMnl (Ihe
sick) or wasgi\"en 10 the failhful to!a~ ho ...... with l'wm SO tN.t
they would hor able to reuive it on days when t ..... Euduorist was
not ~Id>rlted. Above Ill. """,e 0I111e .."dt.ristic bread was kepi ..,
tllat il could be given to t ..... dying as food for thm journey (viati-
cum). ThIs .dminist.. lion 01 tho! Euchlrist as viaticum w.. the oritI-
inal;a nd ~fic purpc se oIttsH,·.t>on.
'"
In the early centuries tile placr of n!krVation was th .. pri ... r s ll'Si-
~: from the eighth century On. 5id<...-oom in the church (the
"..,opItotimt Of d;"l:o~ik(m in the WI; I'" s.crlsry, or il' p~,
the _ri'l/~ or _ ..riu,.,. in u.. ""I) __-ed IS the iEpwoilOfy.
A furt ..... ",;uon for a!'OR wilh l'w pUClke of distribul.
1 O!I _h 'ation
Ing communi"" on nonliturgk.1 day, in the liturgy of the Presancti -
fled. which dINeloped in the Elst from tllt sixth ~tury on but
wllich in the West found ~anct only on Good Friday. Gener-
aUy 1IpO'olking. how~, ~ttfon w......deto"" 21 "air onIyas
much .s would be n«<led lor the .-1 liturgy of u.. ~fied..
The practice. first all""ted for ,e",salem in the .. ltventh century, 01
diltributing the Nm.>ining pi~ of eucharistic bread at the next
Mus met initially with riSistara lit the w...t.
Then. howe"n, it
¥,u d gr~dually until tJw, end of the iUteenth cmtury. AI that
point it bo<camt common pr~ to ronsecralll' enough ~ Io haw
lOme in ow< I.e." Despite numf'1'OUS ec:clesioslical w,minS" agAinst
this bad puctke"lt lia s still not been completely eradlcated_
From t..... Ihirteenth century on. tlw Vf<\ef.tion of the COi\S«Tated
Jilts outside lhot time of Mass grew rapidly: il was promo.~ ~
dally by St. Frands of Assi$i and his Order. This rotW dINotoonal
oullool found expl'i!'SSkon in. amon& other thing •. the eltv_tion of
the COnseo-lted host after tllt word. of institution (I pr.cti~e first .t-
tested for Paris at the beginning of the thirteenth C'e1tury). visits to
the me-.d Sacrilllll!1ll, the institution of the fea!1 of Corpw; Christi
with il5 procel5;&. (JOOO followf(i by ot ..... r pl'OCl'Mio;ms with the
Ble " Td Sacr.un~I ). e"J'O"ition of the ","enmenl outsi"" and ooon
ewn during M.SI!I (contrary to the wi.htsofRo ...... ). and the custom
of the HFony Hours Devotion ..... In the d",-otioruo 01 the many pop-
.dar assoct,tioollnd contratemities adoration of tho! Lord present
in the hooosl \ikewiseaome toNve an impor~ INI w,,", aug-
"""'toed by the ;1'ICOrpo;ation of "'I)e,IotiOO5 and Prlyom to tho!
Blr nr d Sacramml Into the dioctsl/"i hymn.o," .nd prayeob004
H
These and similar fOim5 of eucharislic devotion and worAAip are of
oourwllcit in principle. They do. however. bring with them th e dan-
ger tn.1 thrir connection with t..... ~ltbr.tion 01 MISS will beat>-
kWed, that tho! lilUrgy of lhot word. the Eucha ristic Prayer, and the
i«eption of communion w ill no Ioroger be e~pel ieroced as fonning
 • s ingle whok<, ~nd lhal!he '«<:plion of communion during Ma ss
will no longer be po!lcei "~ n I"" norrn~ti\'e and highesl form of
euchariSIiC dn-otion.
TN N"".Rift
TM litu'llical reform has cut Iway """'y (...... II.imen!ioned) ex.
ceses and R'ol!SeTIed lIMo prim"y 01 lhe n>eh.otistic «'Iebralion Ua
unilary who!... In tills ron ,",1 rei'enm<:e m usl be mode fi rst of all to
the Roman Instroction Euclwri.Hcum mysfrrium (May 25, 1967) and
to the !l«tion ofthe Rorna.n Ritual that tlMo Congrq;.otion fur Divi....
Worship published on June 21. 1m under 1M tit'" H<JI' I Commllnio",
find Wrmhip if rltt Euc,""risI o"WM Af4ss.'" smce the latter to a la.-ge
extml "'P""S !he d itl!di.," 01 thr Instruction, I shall refer to it
aloow in tiM' fol lowing d i!lC1.tSSion.
The Gene.-allntroduction to !he d ocumenl toeg; .... by s tating thai
tiM' «'id>n lion oI lhe E..c/utist i. the origin and purpose .....en of
t"" worship gi ...,., to the NCfammt on the . I\.iI' """ide Mass (2).
~No Ont! I""ref_ fI\.iIy doubt 'lhaloU lhe faithful show this holy
sa(n~ 1 lile n'nt'fatlon and odo... 'ion thai i. due 10 God himself.
a~ has always been tke p,"cli<:e l'eC'l>gJ\Ued in Ih~ Dtholk Chun:h '"
(3). Th~ primary and origin.1 renon for "'.... " ·ing lhe Eucharist i.
tho.· .dm in;slr~lion of viati cum; a _onda ry purpose is the "",ep-
lion of oommun ion outsid~ MIloS Ind Ihe adoralion of the Lord
who is p"",,--nt In the Eucharist (5), Sin"" lhe cucharis tic pre5<"OC<' of
C hri st Is lhe fruit of the oon"'-'CTa tlon. the Euch~risl should not be
On the ahar of celebralion at til« beginning of Mass (6), In order 10
mai«' adoration before th" 81t'5Sed s...;,r. menl possible during the
day, chu n:h"" s tlould be cpom fur al k.sl I few h""tScach day (8),
Jf the I'ithful are unabl~ to ta ke p.art in the «lebr. tion of the MISS
thl>y h,,,'~ thl> right to "-'«'ive comm union outside Mass. allhough
t ..... p.>star- should make clu, Ihe intrinsic connection o f commu.
nion with the sacrifice of tile M"", (1M,). On Holy Thurod"y M>CI
Good Friday, hQwevfl', commun ion Is .'·ailableou lside Mass only
to the ",k. On Holy 5.l,urd;o y rommunion may ~ r. 'C"eh'ed only in
I..... form of viaticum (16). Communion outside Massshould bto
given only in the .!letting of a Utu'8Y o f the word, whether brief ar-
long..... (17-.53). The ........ ti t" t!wn goes on 10 d · · rObe the .dministr".
lion ofrommunion 10 lhe s k k by an ke>:tro>ordina.ry" minister (54-
'"
18). The tinal d upter (l U) 5Irongly urge!' "dev Olion, both private
and public. loward the Eucharist ",,'en outside Ma56: but in confor·
mity with lhe norm, p n.'wnUy in lorce (79~ In practicing such devo-
rioJn the fihM... l should be ....'~I'f Wt tht _ .... men"'l p.e:;cn(e 0/
Ii>e Lord irises from the wcrifice ~nd h illS com munion for its p ur·
I"*' (80).
In ronnecllon with exposition of the mes&ed Sacranw.nt in a cibo-
riwn, py.c. 01 mon"1"I/"ia care mU$l be tu..... to a..o id evnything
~tIuol could in .ny way olosc:ure Christ'f inten lion 0 1 .... tituting the
Euc:Nrisl abo"e aU 10 be near US to Ie<!<!, 10 hN~ and to comfort w;~
(8.2). 1\ is lhe.dote forbidden 10 celebu lO' Mass while the 81essed
s.c.a"",,,1 is e~pc! ed in thr ......... church. In addition 10 the ,N !iOTI5
alreildy given fo rthis in 1"10. 6 (abm~), il is .. id ""'" lhal ~ Ihe ""Ie-
bn tlon of the ~ucha""ic mystlrry includes in a hW><-'r ...·ay IN.t
Inner oom m ... nion to which nposition is ........" to \e.ld the fli thful-
(83). A liturgy of me word should p!"l"C1-'de ""...... brief e"J'O'ition;
~eKp05ltlon merely fort ..... purpose of gi" ing benediction i. prohib-
Ited " (89). This trI(' ..... that t"" prodi"" hilh<-rto wid.,..,,,,,,d of sw·
Ing me /iN-I blnsing wilh lhe 8J..s~ Sacr. "",n!, for example. U
the end of devotions, Is no tong~r .lIow.ble.
""Jlw:o ordinary minister for e. positi,,,, of Ihe eucharis t is a priest or
~.oonH; if a ptic!;t or deacon is not .v.il.ble, an .tolyte. an extraor·
dinary minister o f oommunion. or (by appointm",,1 0/ the Ordi·
""ry) I memboor of a rt!liKiou s tommunity '" pious a ..<;ociation
de-dicalt'd 10 eucha ri51ic .doration m.ty S",,'e IS minister. These ex·
ceptioNl mini ~ters ma y not, howeve', give tile b l.... ing wi th the
_rlmenl (91).
n.e priyers, songs, "nd ""dings . t an exposi tion of the 8lt'5Sed s..::.
nnnent should be l och th;illhe~ locus Ihe fullauention of the faith·
lui on Chrisl (95). " h Is fi lting that a euchari"ic procession begin
aher the M~".nd \h(o ho6t 10 be u rril'd in Ihe p nx'-"SSion is con,,"~
cra lftl at thi, M _ " (103)."
TItt Drr6.rr OWl' , ' ' ' Ad",irrW,,'ion if Com "'lmiom .. , J'riDII.... Liru'8its
s.....yurld FtoSrdliys
.. II
n.e at\I~ .tw:ona~ of prifSlS in wide areas of the world has It'd in
many c:ommunitiet 10 priHtleu liturgMs on Sund~ys and feaslda)"$-
lnitbolly thIf !!\ONnt "only" liturgies of" rJw> wo rd, which had already
been reconunended by Varion II (S( )5, 4) and for which dirmiV\"5 forbidding it. But when communion is distributed in this contexi its
were Si,'m in no. 37 01 thoe Instruction Inl" Oft:~""",ici on tho:o 0r- ~ion with the Mass should be bl'Qllghl out clearly."
derly ClIrrying ou t of thoe Con$tilution on thr Liturgy (5<-p!...oo.,r On Junoe 2, 1988 the Congrega tion for Divine Worship published"
26. 19(4 ). When Rome allowtd thoe 8erlin C~ of Ordinaries
Oim:t~ frr s".;d.o~ Cdtbno riom ;11 rltt Absmct of. Pritsi." The Com·
in 196.5 10 ronunIssion laypttloOf"l' to d~tribute communion,. Ihe ....
mI_ on the Uturgy of llle National Confeiel .... ofCatholk Bish-
crpliOll of communion was soon . <.tdtd to 1M titursi'"" o f the word
ops of the United $tales, In l<eeping with the Dir«1Qry, pn>pared a
cundU(1td by thoe bity. Tht rapid ex_ion of distribution by ritual for use In S\lnd .. y celebration5 in the a~ of I priest that
laypenons[extraordinary mini$!<'Qol llw Eucharist') soon led in providf5 lor Morning and EverUn& pu~and a cel,btation of !he
other rountrit5 10 tht $ame form of p riestlt5s liturgi .... Tht m~;or;ty ~d 01 God. When it is pilSlonUy .ppoop>i.oollP communion may
of bi~0p5 Itcornmendtd Iht p racri« in Ihrir olfKiat gnflIes and u-
be distrib uted lil 5efYk'ft. The UtursY Commitu> also ~
p rovidN corOC lClI( di~i,·" N I ren~td in pari. the dt'risions of pam! a pMtonl ! tllmw!IIl to usist bishops in lhe """ of the ritual:
tho:o natioN l ,ynods of tht ,i~1its. "
QrIlotml ;1I S,tdd/." F~i'h."
()bjecIions wtrO:' 50Qfl n~, howe\'ft". to tht <qJUlaJ dimibulion of
communion at IMIie li tu~ of the word," on tht ground!; that the
distribution of rommunion oulSi~ MISS rould be v~ only u a
slOpg&P meowre lJ'd ""'., a p.a~worthy ~nnanenl !IOlulion. In
addition (it wa, Nid ). ~ WI, dlngrrofploilloting •• tatic or is<>-
laliorwil undlOf"llt.lnding of the Euchl risl thai foro .... attmtion
solely on the roruarlted hOiI (Ihe lUI pre:!encr of Christ) md .t·
l"dl<'5 less importance 10 the .... pre&enlatkm of the pu .:hlJl mystery
(Betz'l "preenc.! of lhe saving ,ct " ), It further danger wh that tht
c""otanlnsocialion of liturgy of the word and tommunion would
lead 10 decrea34!d esteem of the liturgy of the word in the minds o f
tlw faithful.
n.., Gnman Epi5copal Conference lntervened In the debate with"
reco mmcndlltion of September 20, \983. It 5aid: "l'h<> • ..",.;.tion 01
communion with the litu.l!Y of the word s hould nol be made the
rule ~t prit'Stless communIty llturg~ on Sundays · (II, 3). The ""'-
compa nyi ng - r.,torallnd Theological Cl.rific.tions · justified this
on grou",::,' of ':"" n.ture of the Euchari$! &$. rompleo< totalily "lts
"",o'fal d,m....,IOf\II Of .'PfCIs ml y not be I rbitnrily dotaehed from
one another and mad.! ind'l"'lodm .. • ItJoo to lor takm into iI<'OOunt
in th~ a ...... is the ongoing talmenk l l d ialogue, whk h sees the Eu-
d Ulmt., a unitlry whole and _Its an organization of it thai is in
accord with ;111 fUture. On lhe other hand. the bWoops had no inlier>-
lion of d~ying 1M NsK legitimacy 01 a ~tursY ofllw word N t is
.-.:ompanled by the dbi ribu,1on o f ('I)fIUnunion or, ronoequmtly. of

". ".

Chapter Twelve
The S;IIcr;llme nt o f Reconciliation
81 BLICAl FO UNDA l lONS
A coo h,d ~andin3 of the _ nmenl o f "-"""'Cili.tion or of
ponarn ~ire J f.lth-b.oxd u........,londing of m Sin is • deliber-
.~, frft depArture from the bindi", will of God; il is . ...If.willed,
.gwtI.hic "No· 10 thec:re.tor.tId his C'OfI'UNnd ... The Engllih
word -lin" is ultinuotely d~V«i from a GeTman word meaning to
""P<'ralf, to po.at • gulf ~eer\ CI'I"NI'I' and c",.IO<. For Christi. ""
il is'l the SiI"'" rime. betr.y,! of. di .. inely gi .. en .. ox. tion and of
the .... thmtic ~If·ftdfillment INt isacJUe.ved through th.. following
ofChriJt.
Sin.oo NS I soci.1 dimension, since it capriciously destroys the
buk foundltions imd s)'lIlt'm of la ws of humon society and work..
inju.~ upon o~'. fellow human brings. Thi. soc",! l.<pect
em"'S" e.. en more strongly when wr focu.son tM ro mmunily o f
bel", ...,.." the Ch ... rch, which Chri51cIIi. to an obligalory holiness .
Every _iou, sin of its membr.., is, drog upon and an injury to the
\'ll.ollty .nd credibility o f the C hurch ,,, d the"'fore to its miSllionary
imp.ct. Sin Ih", mi lita l" 'g' i",1 the a.coomp!ishmt'flt of Jesus' pur-
po!W 01 whkh Epheai.ns5:25 speaks w ...... il SiI)'!o thaI"" " Iovl'd
lhe Church.nd g.ve hinuelf up for he<, tha I he might ...ncti/y her.
ha .. ing cleanKd her by the washing of waler with the word.· _ In
,ummary, then. it Is poNible to ilpNk of . tMological, an anlhropo-
Iogk.l. IlRd • KlCb t and «<:1esi. 1 Mgllive .sped of ~".
It is NSy 10 see tha i thee I.... ruching tlaimupply only 101h. kind
oI.in which w.. 011 - "-1.01" (I In 5:16): an act 01 complt-t ... """Iy
willed luming from God IlRd the o"kr he has esl<lblished. Mod .....
pUlonl theology Ind ptito~1 psydlology '1'1' incli"ed 10 regard
....1 mon.1si.n IS " 1'1', beao~ .,.ydloIogic.1 conditions and milieu_
ecndi lionfd ...,tanglements ofto:n m.lu:. su pposedly conscious
. . . decision ag.1Mt God M'erT1 in fact dubious. Bul l'\'en whe ...
Ih!I'f Is not $uo:h i ded~ th(ol'1' can be: rn<nT><:rltous irw:ohele,,~
of behl vlOf and cu lp;tble b il ures that .'" not i1'ducible 10 tho:>s<> . ....
1IiaI~ tinS of wttich w~ are i n gull ly (sa' JalJlP.l3:2). It N5 lherefore
...., fUggeted thl! we net'(! i calegory of · ...,.;ous- si" between
·1IIOftIl· ind · ,·",,;al.·'
AoccsJording 10 Ihe gospels, jesus 01 Nazatrth.. who:>s<> food was 10 do
IN will of the 0IIf who h.td ......1 him (_ In 4:34). tool< sill ""'Y ...,.;-
.-Iy and hid N~ wonJ!; to ... y I gaiMI il (fo. nample, M118:6-t1;
23:1lff.). B... t h. was not simply an uncompromisi"g preacher 01..-
pertIInCe; M aU<> loved sinners, led !hem 10 reconciliation. and fo r-
pw the-ir l ins (we Mt ~:2 p.o ••). ":"<' dirna~ of his ~i~ fo r sinful
humanity w as reached ill h.lsecpLltory alld ~ling suffenng
..-d dNth (sa', e.g., Rom 5:8).
He gave pcrmanf/RC'l!. 15 i\ ...·ere. 10 lhis once-foo-•.u acl of reconcili.-
IIa\ by lNlilUling lhe sacrament of his body thai is given for u.
..-d his b-Iood illat is s.hed "lor 1M forgiven.:ss 01 sins ." He also
p~ hili d illCiple5 the rom mi5lllion alld aUlhority to preach - ",,,,,,,-
lInOe.nd forgivenes5 of sin . . . in his I'Iame to alll'lalio.... - (Lk
14:47) Ind to ad mlnlsler bapliW' fo r the Iorgi,-encss of s ins. In addi-
tion, he m.de hi. C hurch I sl8" Ind instTUm"nl of reronciliatio" by
t Illowing upon ii, through Ih~ power of Ihe Holy Spirit the aulho.-
'1l 5TO ~ I C AL
,
Ity to forgive lim; Un 20:221.;...., 2 Cor 5:18) .
IJEv ElO PM E '-'T OF PENAN C E
In 1t1 conc .. m for tho! con version of sinn<'rS lhe Church has in differ·
enl histori,,1p«iodsarw:il'l'gioni! e.erci5o!d varying degn"l-'S of
Mlki> ... , .nd mUdness and has deve loped I \'Ori<'ly of forms f<:>r
PftIInct!. The primitive conunu"ity already had tho> prKtice of ..x-
cluding (_ ecrommunk,ting) sin""'" from the community of God's
people lot. certain period in ",de. 10 urge lhem 10rolwelSiorI (_
I Cor 5:1-13). PnYl'l', f.,li nS- al_gi" i" S-,nd oIher good "'arks
Wl'l'l' ~rded IS adeqUll<! -..ns of obtaining forgiveness of e,''''Y-
day faultl.
In the following period the IIO-Cllied elpil<ll sins. chief among
which Wl'l'l' .poetasy, murdor. a nd .dultery, w""' trtad.. subject 10
 publk penance. If w~ allow fa" cenain variation!; in d ii'fe.". ,I ~ri­
ods and regions, the process of publ;'; ~mce involv..-d th<' follow-
ing phase!<: privat~ ron/ession 10 the bi'hop or his repft'$o:'ntative;
ac<:ep~ into lhe ranks of the ~it~rus, with detenninuion of
the obIigalory penancf; exclusion from thu elebranon of the Eucha-
risl md the tec~lonof ("OfIUI1union. ~ period of penana might
I.ut S('Ver;\1 yon; in JQme regioru. it ~ unlil the penon was
dying. In Rome, fNdmillllnce into theChurch (~rerondliltion)
usu.olly 1!XlI< pI.~ 011 Holy Thu..w.ay; the rite consillted olin impo-
sition nf Ihe hand and a prayer by the bishop.
As a general rule, the prindple in force was that reconciling.,....,-
ana WIS possible only """" in • li~~. In ~y regions o f the
Chwrll penilf"Ol8 Weft given lifftong ~anc"P.'I thai proved In
oflm intolerable ondal and erot ... m;cburdm. "The """II was the
widespread ~t of penana!: unlil the hour of death.
I In the monastic communities of the East a divergent form of pen-
• name because it places e""lusive emphasis on wh at is only 0 ..... of
ana developed thlt might M rnar-C:h:'ril:Pd as "ron/,,"ion 10 allY·
'.
" man.- A monk ronftNftl IUs guill tOI fellow monk. who was
usually not a priel. Ind askod fa" hOi pnyen. The pmod of pen.
•• Inc:.- imp' e' fa" sins cvnfes d in this mann ... w.,.
s ubstantially
!~ shoo1lef thm in offici.1 eocl:hotical pmata. When the ptriod of
,t
p ...uIIlce wu rompleted tM penilent WI, .gain reaoive' in.o fuJI
communion with tho! otlltr monks, Ind hi s sin. was con5idered to
hl.ve been forgiven.
I! Under the influence of Irish ilinl"Tant monks. almost all of whom
w ....... priests.• combination of the two forms 01 penana lust de-
~, scribed c.~ into uist~ from the sixth m"ltury on. Individ uab
oCO".fr wed their sins to a priesland recc-lved absolution. TheIr pen-
ance, which origiNlly had 10 p_Pde absolution. WI. now to M
I decribod . ~y the",f"", decn>Ed that "the rile.nd formularies lor
r p<'rformed within a short time after it. Mo~ver the penance itself
was cllrulued -c:cording 10 lists in ~ni~tial books rtariff pen.
Ince"~ AI> Hrly It the ninth century the ~ WI. ~g heaR!
that f""T""IIS ~ thrir oiM ontt a yor or perhaps thn!e ttmK a
y.ar. This d~lopmn1l reached ilt end at the Fourth ulffln Coun-
cil (1215), which p,"",Md lhat all sinnft"S must rom- their !Onf at
leut o~. y.ar.'
'"
Tho! modem F"'riod brought the .u-.·eiopl"!"Oent of "devotlonal conies-
tlon " in wh;';h only venia l sins were confessed; it !Ie....1K! especially
IA a P"'p"ra tion lor the "'-"«'Ption 01 com munion. The penances im·
pc-d bt.:allW increasingly lighter.nd oflm ronsis~ 01 only a
thor! prayer. I'e:"uonce almost completely lost its publk and Jodal d-
emmt and rnill"acter. It did 50 aU the more when from the "~\lemth
..,..,tury on ronfftsion was no longer mad~ in the wnctulry but in
11\ enclosed cvnfes·· """I in which the "'" ...... , was sepa,atecl. from
the pries. by I grill. This de,·elopmt'nt meantthal the original sign
of forgiveness, the imposition of the hand. was reduclK!to a raising
of the priest's)u.nd in Ih<' direction of lhe penitent. The words of
fcq:iveoes which the pric:sl spoke at lhis poinl had Ul1tilthe thit-
Iftnth century been in the fomt of a ~ition (the ~.tiVf form)
n
but ..... w bt.:,mea deda .... ti'·e:K'n.ence aMo"~ you ..."~J
Tho! last-narmod. dfwlopme-nt aoo IPd 10 the widesP'""ad u~ of the
na~ "ronlesslon" /or the 51cnmmt of penance. It is. defective
the actioos of the penitenl and o;Ioes not mer 10 othn per3OI"IoIl ron-
ditions which the pntilenl mU&1 ha~: ron~l'lion and 'E~nl.iOC1'. a
firm resolution, and n.>rompe e for harm done. Above aU. how·
evft", the Nine "conK -;on" doe$ not make it dearthat the UCTa·
~t 01 ~tion ill. liturgic.ol action in whidl theacti\'e 1genl
• not simply the one confessing but liso Chrisl. who through the
Church is saving human beings and glorifying God. [n Iddition.
the much reduced form 01 the rite promo~ the impression th.>t the
MCnIment 01 penanci\v •• a purely pri,·. te aff.ir; hardly .nything
1uggt5h!d ilS social and occl,....l dUOTIClIfI".
TH E NEW P OS TCON CI LIAR RITE
~ Father$ of Vatican II w...... awa", of the inad<'<!uades just
the we'""""'t of pt'NIJ"oC1' are to M r.... ~ so that tlwy mo", clearly
expresa both the natu", and effect of the sacrament " (SC 72).
Tho! OI!"W Otdct "..,.,itm,. (Rile of PI!"1\al"l«) Ippt"ared on Dtuu obe.
2, 1973.' It WIS deliberah:'iy not entitled Otdo ......,.,.""",.i ,.."i/nll;'
because ttwn.",otnn- /orms 01 ~-c:ious pena~lnd bee.u ...
ChriSti.Nln! c.UIK! to ronver1jon arod repenl.i""e IS penn''''"'t ~I­
litudes even ou tside lhe !lICrament.'
'"
 Afto!f an extensiv. duoologiou.land p.l5tor<lllntroduction. U", I\l'W
Rile of J>enancl!' ronlains th_ forms for the .dminislr~hon of socra-
mental absolution. .s "'e11 as examples of not"IN(1"imftllill pnlit",,·
tial ~ift>ration:
A. Rite for .-.rondIiotion o f iPdiv;dUlOI pMitenlS.
B. Rite for reconciliaticn of !leveral perUt""" ... Ith Indi\'idu.! confes-
s ion ind .bsoIution.
C. Rib! for ...rondUation of "",veT.1 penitents ... ith getl<!ral conies-
jim and .bsoIution.
O. Penltent ial!iO.'TVK:o-s w ithout sacramenUl l b-solulion (a Appcndi.
11).
Rift fiN RKonriIi4r'icn of IndjlJidwJ PtnirtrrfS
,- With regard to th. plare for the .-dministTa tion o f this QcrMnl'l"ll
",
the Introduction spt"a ks simply oI"lhe locatMlns ... and the pi"""
pi:' cr i~ by I.w" (12). During lhe four hundred yurspm:eding
the COWlcil this p Laa ...... !he ronhssiOf\loI with lIS grill. SlI'l« the
rouncil lhe law allows for a " rerondlialion room" which better sot·
isfies the desire 01 many lor a more J"!1"oOl"'I pmltenUil dialogu<..'
With regard to the time 0 1administration the new Rite ". dudes
only lim", wlwm Mass is being celmraled (13). Th" q~lion 01 the
minist~r's liturgical garb is left to the competent Ordinary. Almost
e"erywho;", in the German and EngJi$h-spo-aking countries lhe
stole is the only vestment requiJ"l'd . We OUghliO u k, however.
whether thf! wearing oIliturgical ,..,.Im""", _uch U . re customary
in. for eJUmple, the administration of b.lprism (a lb lor "'""",k and
s urplkel lnd sloIe) might nol by re....... oI" their greate... ymboLic
JXI""er be more approp,;"", and ""Ipfulto lhe NoCTi """,tal P[(UM.'
• ~I Dts<riplion rf Ril~ /:
, The pi iEst S - lhe pnlilmt and . ann the lalte.- has made thuign
of the ao55. urges him (0. hlT) 10 tnl5I in God. The priest then has
the o ption of .",ding (or recihng from memory) /I short ~_ge of
Scriplure on th~ mercy of God and human ronv~rsion . The point ol
stICh a .... ading is 10 make it clear lhat God's wo . d and grace p ....
cede any and all human efforl5. N""I com" the penotull confession
of sin s. which is lollowed by II d;alogu~ of darifiCitlon, dir«tlon.
".
.... ..aour~ .......t, a nd by the _ignment of an a pptOpt ;ate pm-
~ ThIll pen.incl!' . .... hich ...;dently d Oo!S not doaway with the ob-
any harm done by the peqon's oins. Wmay
the form of prayer, 5el1.deniaL ,nd E2,oecialIy ~
....orks of 'tof ' C)". Thew will undefli ..... the fict that
hi" ,
1111 fD<gi ve .... ss a !IOciaI.pect~ (1g).
",... prlrer of 'E pentane. by lhe pnlitell, the pri""t ·.~tends his
, tie or ,t!ea.t hi. righl hand. over the head of the pmitenl and
~ the /onnulary of IIbsolutlon " (19). G iv", the IheoIogi·
_conte>:t of lhe absolu tion. lhe .... w formull hll' advanlages ov",
. . old. It ....d s:
"GxI, the Father of mercies.
• ash ttw death and resurrection of hil Son
... ftCOI'IdIed the w orld 10 hi~lf
.-I ItI'II the Holy Spiril among U!I
. . the Ioop.eo- "'" of sins;
• .ash the ministry of the Church
..,. Cod si"e you ~n:lon and pH«,
_1.t.>Ive you from your iIins
,,!hi! J\IIl\f of the Father. and of the Son,
... of the Holy Spirit. "
Durln& the final words n .boIolve you .. . Holy Spirill. which suf-
. . In d.nge. of death. the priest makes lhe sign of the CIOM. thus
Ihowing: the connection between Christ's d~ath on the cIOM and
!Nt K'i of lI,ro"cili~ion. After the penlten.I·' .. An:-efl · the Pri"'.t dis-
.- 1' 'II him or hlT; .....er.1 h>rmuJ.s for thll dlsmw.al II"' proVIded.
RiM far R«orrci1inion of Sto...' Pm;, .... t, wi flllnditNItuli umjts<iort
. . AbJoI~licm
n. 2 E..... 00:1 form of ,,,",,ocili.lion Iorates the pencorW ~ion
.-od tKnment.o! .obsoIution of individual prnitents in the oetting of
a Utwg)' of tlw word in which a cons:regation of beI~PD Iil~
pan. TIIb form ofhn no difficulties If lhe group Is relatively sm;aII;
• the pup \ncreUI'S in ~, howeve.-, II becomn delirable 10
hive tlw services 01 sev~a! prit!lts. A communal coelob.ation Ce!"-
lIInly hel", to bring out ~ clearly the liturgical and ..:clesia!
clII._ of tlw pitK ' W of r«oncilia tlon.
,os
 Ril. Jot Rmmdlu.lion of P....i/.... ,s 'I'ilh Gmm" Ccmfossiorl #lUI AbsoIw·
litm
This third form differs from th~ fir$ttwo in that individual Or per.
50llal conffMion i, repiacl'd by • s...,eral ronf.-.sion 01 all the peni_
t... /:5 and that absolution is &i'·m to all as a group. 1M nit'
p re;up p ses th.>t the indi"idual penitenl5 are I1!"J"!1'tMlt, N,"~ •
fmn f1':'lOIurion 10 sin no mo ..., and a ",adiness 10 !nab good the
"'urn thrir ,ill!l ha v. done. Fonn ) is allowed only in dlngn of
<kath 0. if tho;", i,. · serious .......d,. that is, Ha ca ... in which, given
til<" numbt<. 01 I"'nit..nts, not ''11ough ronlessors are available to
he •• tht- individ ual confessions p'operly within ..... 5ONbl~ time,
,,-ith the ,"ult that, through no lault 01 thri. own, the faithful
..~d bt< focn.d 10 be 10 .... long Ii.... without the gra~ 0 1 th .. SKt";l-
ment 01" without rommunion" ()I). E.apl in urgent clOSe.. thedeti·
''I. • ion on wlwlh« the conditions......dftl for gen<>ral absolulion are
,·.,..;fied is for tlw bishops to mi ke. Before absolution ;' given.
··>ome e ~plalOry penonre should be p roposed for all to perform; in-
I.j di,·idual. mly add \0 this f"'Nn<:II if ,r..,y wish· (350).
Those ,,·too ha'"l! ....,.;,....:1 such a S"' .....I absal.ution mnain obliged. II)
.:onr.- their serioussins 10 a eonltiior within. )'Nl"·s~. 1M . -
,I'" Rite (3-1) justifies thio oblig.ano... primarily by an a~ to Ihc Council
01 T""" MId 10 the Plosloo-al Nonns SoIcrJi"""'WM P"."i,,,,, ... on gen-
eral absolution (no. 7) which the Cong.egatioo for the Doctrine 01 the
Faith issued on Ju,,", 16. 1971'11>eSwiss bishop . .dd~ furthera,-
&II"""'''' in the directi,·es they published. 00 the ...bjrrt
" Bec.o ..... the penillen/:5 being roon:iled "'""""""" wtoo by llwir behav·
ior h"'''' :M.'fWab.-d the' ... I'.... from lhe Chwch.. priIICtice dltin@;t..ck
to the Ip<II>Ib and the Wlinlf'mlpted custom of the O\urch requin'
lhot they mike a personal ~on 10 a priest. When tlnnen pi :s ""t
, t t~h·~ IQ u... authorized repl"\.'5mllti,"c of the (hurch they give es-
t p<'ci;>lly dear ""pre.sion IQ their attitude of repentance. On the other
hond, the act 01 personal ~on helps ihfm 10 <IUuntt tt."" <5dves
fmm their sins in a rtIOI"1.' doris~ f.uhion .00. 10 d£2PC. ~r ~
J'Ie$ for penance" (2. 8. I. 8 ).
It is to.. .sary, 01COil""'.
to be sure, and to nw.ke it ...fficiendy dear.
that the ·serIous ,in," needing II) be conI d a .... indeed mortal sin!I
."
.... conI.Iin. s.qali.·d y .os ......1 as OOj«tively,. r.dial dtcision
apinIt God.'
.. i pm"", to the question wll<"n a ..... rious need" for general.bso-
Ii '1.--. existed outside the danger 01 death. the SWiM Biihops silted
WI "uu.litU<1rion CMI arise in 0\1' territory during the ""ason 01
pa l,.."'tion forOuistrna6 and Easter. n,., ~.o. r«tOr of the
ctnuch must d""idt> whether Of not the .. watton indHd """,IS. Con·
S oI lheir responsibility, pNs'" should.ct prudently and in
"',
. . ttm..nt wi th lheir Ordin.ory. DeliMratdy to (fC"a IC a 'serious
- " would go against the In lention 01 the Church and its und....•
I oding 0( g ..... eral absolution. Pastoral ca re ""Iui~ the .,·(!idarlCO'
.. arbitrary action and a unified practia" (Dim"lit<ft 2. 8. I . 2 and 2,
" 1. )).
In. IaIting thi' po5ition. IIw Swiss 86h0ps. lib their Fm.ch (011 •
, a, h.vech ........ a solutioo that magn;>nimously utend. the
, . .""... ork pJ1.'e'tablished by Rome ill1d bu ilds on tM pastor ·s ron·
...... '..,e55 01 hisl>'Sf'O"sibili ty."
fltmilcltiJJI Sm.';"" witJ.:o~ 1 5« •• """,'''' Ab<o/uli<HI
In.llddilioo 10 1' - three forms oj" sa<:ramentall"l'COnCiliation the
__ RIle of Pl.'NlfICl' also gl'<es guidelines MId rumples of peniten·
tIAI Ututgles at which s;w:ramcnlal absolution;, not glven. no .....
ortpted in the Netherland, in the mid-sixtin. but then sp read
ItIn:>ush the c:....m.n-spea king countri..s w h...", they enjoyed ronsid.
.-ble f'<'Pularity in many parishl'S .
•
In tho! beginning.. },...."",er. tMse .....io:"es " •...., .oo:ompanied by serio
_ mnfusion.. 1Nsm..rn as many Joob>d upon them lOS a valid .~
_ live 10 indi, -;dual ron f' '5i 1m and many IheoiogiaM a1k...·1NI
Iho!m a ACtam ..... lal eftkac:y in ... Iation 10.11 sill!l, e's"m though IIw
-nca ron tained. only. sent',,1confession of sirlll. Tlw gu idelm...
siVftl in'~ document $.:Irrn" :lIlwm P"""i'",liDt of the Roman Con·
p-egation lor the Doo:trirw of the Faith Uu"" 16. 19n)" CO\lnlered
tt- ~ and ..",p«tations; tho n"", Rite 01 I'enanc:e tI...-n rontrib-
oted fUbltantially 10 a cLarioorion 01 the situation.
nw new Ri", explains tNt these """,-ices a ... "g"lwrings of the reo-
pie 01 God 10 t-r God·, word a, an invilltioo IOronv ....ion and ......
new,1 01 IIfe.nd.s t~ m ....geof Ou r liber.tion from ,in through
..,
 C llrist's deo.tll.nd resurn.'Ction . The ~lnI<:tu re 0/ !~ ~",,~ces i.
the ""me as tll.il tUually fullowl!d in c.!k-brllioos of th~ ,,·oro of
God and given in IIw! Ito't. if RKlm(i/iIIliott for ~1J1 I'milntls" (36).
~ t!'XI 111m !lOX'S on II.> wam in 37 and again in Apptndi>.U thaI
a rc must be taken to~ure th.t the fa ithful do not confuse IlM>se
celebratioos willi the c:..lri>ration 01 tM NCra""",t of pm.;ince."
In wll.t.lhen. is the chi" ,·alue of tIwsr ,.,.,..,.i(n to be Wund?
It is desirable to .rnt~ !hem ~pecially for thosr pulJ'O!*s:
-It> roster thf ~ril 01 peNfICe witllin lhe Chrisli.n community;
-to IwIp the '., thful to ptq>a ... for individ u.1ll C'ORfes&ion that can
be made Io~ral a co.wenient lime;
-to hclp cllild"", gradually 10 form thrir ~ ,bout sifl in.
human liM and about f.-:lom fro m sifl through CIIrist;
-to help u!«humenJ d uring lheir ron'"t'rsion.
1'~I~tial ~.i(n. moreover.• ~ "ery ~ul in plac,.. where no
rl pn....r. IS ....,13blf to gi"" s.>ctarrw"'UII .~lution. They offer IIc.lp in.
:1
,.
"
n,,)<hing lhat per""'l contrition IIv! CO""'" from ch.o.rity and WI en-
. bles 1M faIthful 10 n:ceive God 'I j!race Ihrough d ... ire lor the SoKra.
mel'll of f'(."ranc~ In tM futu~ (37).
T..... new Ril~ makes quil~ clea r thl-lir.eof demarcalion bMwe.m tile
"Rite for Reronclliation of Stovera l Penh""ls with Individual Coni......
.i~ and Absolution" and lhe penik'ntia l ....... ices jus! described .
nus do.: not ~c.n. howev.... III.t in Illes.: wrvic"" f'(."nilen!:5 may
not 1l"«'1ve forg,vcrws~ of lhoM- "veni.l" sins whicll llIe Council of
T""" ilself .s;oys "can be .. ~pialt'd by m.ny o lher remedi .... "" It
does "':" even me.n lha t at such ,.,.rvkft seriOU1l",;ns 100 may not
be forgo""" If a penltenl" helped in and by the servic~ to..rnieve a
I peri«t ........:' tanct' ~nd an unn/sc, ved 10.... of God . A. '''..''')'ooe
know" forg"'l'r>l'lIS may be ~cquired in Illis wa y .... en outsid~ any
3~ all peni lm lial5C."rvicoos. u the theologians hav. taught for em-
tunes. Bul «cording to the dirf(1j,·es of th~ Church ... rious sOns
Illus /orgj, ..... , like so.rious";J\Ii forg;,<en througll 8m",al absol.utiofl.
m ust"" oonft-ssed in Individual oonlession. if poMibJ. befo~ the
nexl R'Ception of lho EUCharist.
In i'." Append;" II the new Ri~ gi'_ models lor penilential ~
d unng Lenl and Ad vent. for !lmt.'ral peniten' iltl ,..,.."io;es. u><I for
".
pmilenli.1 st.'r... ices wi lli child nm . Uw,o young. .nd lhe .i<:k. In """",I
J'ft"' there has bo.~ .....st number of publica lions giviflg p.o.l1,"","
-"" models of well SC!",.i<:.... 50 III.t lhe~ is plenty 01 help av.iI.ble
fgr organizing them ,"
the documents discuseed nW<e It cleat thai the .uthorities of the
Chun:h Ire holding strictly to 1M principle enunciltted by the Coun-
cil of Tm>t. th~1 in every caw mortal ";ns mus, "" individually ron-
1 d ." ..·en if they h ..·e alread y ~ forgiven thmugh general
-..Iutlon and perfect oontrition, On this point. however, wide-
if..ad doubts ha'·ebeen r.iwd which found «P' sinn ....·en al the
Sixth Synod oI8ishops (Rome, Se p tember 2i-October 29. 1983).
T1wft is no doubt th. t the pnctia' of Ind i"idual confession is p""'"
ontly In a sute of ens;'. I I lhe empty oonles$lonais and oflm
aowdN pmilC."fl ti~1 5C.'I"\'k"t'5 make> (leu. On the onI' I!.Jnd. many of
the faitllful show a ~ui nc' ~.dinco» for COI1'"t'rsion.nd '~"""lCiIi.. -
IIa\; on the other. for whate\·er ~.,ons. lhey do not make their
.... y to tho confessioNl.
The question lNes. Iker"\'fore. whctho.-r the Church. must hold im-
mut.lbly to the dl'Uiied confnsion of mortal.il1.'la.a condition for
the exerd,.., of if!! pow.... to for)!;vt" ~ns and whdhe, lhe a_mon
of Thent i, .... lly 1>ISt!d on "div;r.e Ilw." .. Huben Jedin. nne 0 / the
'"ding .~pcrts on Trent . come 10 III. conclusion thai ncither tile o.r-
I"men15 from Scriptu ... nor I1M' . '!Iument from tradition justified
the clolm 111.1 'hi, is an immulabk: p.....-:t:pt of di vine law."" F
NoIwloseh. """ of tile I•• ding schol . rs on tllis subject, is ( o,w inced
that in the long Nn an ope!' attitude will be uravoid .bk: .
-A multip licity 0/ fo rms of un."."",,,,1 pen~nce (~n ma ke people
.w~on.ceagain of the sp«ialv,lw and dignity 0/ individual con-
'-kin. bu t il can also !how qulM clea rly ,hal ChriSfian penance is
not bound to • sp«lfk form . 1tI the firal a"'lysis penance always
""IWres a radkalln teOor lurnlng of the repentant ChriSfian 10
ChriIt and God. Giv~ lIuman .... rull'. lhis turning mU'l1 also find
an outward bpi ' ion. as !he history o f the Cllutd\ shows. but not
• poortlcula. «p"'Mion lhat 15 absolu lely imm ulable."'"
 PHI~N C E ~ND RE CONCILIATiON AMONG THE
SErARArE D CII HISTIANS
No.w of lhe Christian Chun:tw.-s Ciln ignore I""ba..;c nil of the g~
pl'ls for conversion.nd penance f_. for "",ample, Mlr: 1:15), for
lhi$ rea!lOn _lithe Chun:1ws noI only pINCh the neo;d of penance
bUI hit"" more 01" less instilulk>n.oliu'd ronn. of n!COOCiliolion.
The penitential rites of the _ '('fa I Wll'ln Churches roday dispLoy
a wi~ \'ulefy o f forms. Thew .... ~ifions and npansions of Ii....
arising o ul clthe early pl'oKliu of «o:J..$ial R'(Oh::i1iatiorL In many
of the orthodo~ £.!lem Churc/ws. how...·('f, any ril"" COO"l1.'§pond-
ing 10 Our ucr;olnftll cI pena~ hit"e f.llen into disu,..,
" In m.ny Ioc.al., in lhe presm.-day Chun:t-of the 6yzontino-
world a group of pRll!l!nts. folloWing ancienl cu_ .... join in rml-
ing certain pra~, bul in eo."t'ry ca,.. each indi'·id .... l approaches
the priest and ronfCSHS his or her sins. As a ruir, absolution is
gi,..... only .fl<P:. IIw: imposed pena~ hit, t-n perfonl"lO.'d . Tht-
s.omo! i5 true in the Wo.-si Syrian Chun:h. Among the Copts the p.a.:-
~ of Mc.atrll'nlal penance 5et'mS to have"",," forgott.... for quite
some time. In many Coplic rommunities onr may h""r the expTeS-
sion "To confess al 1M incmse." lhal is. 10 make a silent ronfession
during the incmJ;l llon ;tllhe ~nning of Mas •. aft.... which a <01.
emn formula of absolulion is ul1e~, ""
The Churches of lhe Rl'/ormation ronli n""" to pr..ach I"" need for
a ch~ng~ of hearl and for pomallCl'. bUIIhc>y abandoned lhe
sacra merllal ity of lhe p rClCe$S of reconciliation, on Ihe grounds lhal
lhe", an> no expliri l words 01 Institution by Chrisl in lhe Ne.... Tesla_
mt'n l (os Ihere.", for b.optism and the Lord's Supper), Luther him_
self highly eslt'elN:'d and pr;octkrd private conf"'"6ion.nd in the
booginning was ,~II pl'l!pared to regard it U a SKrament.\n its Iii.
u'Sy" the Unit<1d EVilnglic;ll LUlheran C hurch of Gt-rmany has "pri_
val~ co:ntft.sl"". (with varioU5 suggestions on how to organize il).
"n>mmUl'l.lI confession· in IWo forms, Ind. "public penitential __
v;c"." In oommunal COI'IfeMlon ~ is I general confessi ... of sins.
aftn which absolution may Or 8i'..... lO ..ach individual as
I : (If. lays his hand on . hem or II may Or gi,:ftl to;ill
toset"'" " 'ithoul any imposition of the hand."
u...
u...
"ron-
penitents
".
the Unlto.'d $cOl"". the 1m &ok of C"",mcm l' rQ!!,,' of lhe Episco-
a f'tonitent i.l Ord .... th.I.l may pn>eede tho> cele-
.. .
u5C'd as a separate !i<"rVkI'. The Ord ....
of';ns.nd ~ pray.. of .b<;olulion, If
, nOi us.ecI . lhe gO!1'loeTal ronfl"l/lion and ab<;olu:
the inlelUssions ~t the end of 11M> liturgy of 1M
also p rovides two fomls for the Reconcilia-
is.1so .... d<- forconfessWn 10 a de.-
n. /.Mil,.."" 8001; of WorJ/Iip(LBWI (1978) of the hangt"lical Lu·
..... Church in A.....nca alJo has. Brief Ord ..... for Conres.ron and
_ t h l t may bo: ~ bet"", It... cC'lebralion of the eucha-
~In
Iddition 10 the Brief Order the l BW plO,;des. rile forCor·
t:~.. ,.
ttConfesion ilnd forgiveness whidl may include an
.... ua Lmpolll '~onof h.ands and ilbsolution. .The, lBW and the
. , . .,
ritual or book of ~i"""ISnviat plOvidO'S a nle or In 'v, ua
,
canleuion and forgiv<'TW'\i~ including the imposition of handund a
pn~ of Ibsolution ,"
n.. Book of Worship. (1986) of lhe UnilO'd C hun:h of ChriSlcontoins
two orden for reconci liaHon: Qrd ... for Corporate Reconc,h3l".In
and Order for ReronciliaHon of a Penil""t Pe"",n. In the nte for lho:
Nl;0L ... il]" ll",ol I penitenllh .. minisl ... declares:
In Chrisl" nAme,
and .. one with you In lhe chun:h.
I declare to you:
Your sint Ire forslvm,
Go In peaa!,
In h knowINg .. 01. God's mercy.
In h COrporale rite u... rongreg.>liOfl ~lares In the minis"" thai
...."
l1li ..... are fors:lven ilTlnlC'dia llfly aflC'r hi. dedatabon 01 p"lTdon 10
The ~n Chu.n:h (USA) has _Ily published, •• a part of
it Hi" of ... pplemonlary reIOUlCft, I ~icC' of ~Ianco>::
Forpv..- for ~ w ith a Penitl!flllnd,vKluaL Th ... brief ......
 •

conSUlts of invita~on to ronfesoion. "",.r of __ , - ~ __,

. , u." "1!SS>on. """,ar."
lion 0 p.rdon. sign of poor and a dismiss;ol "

Tnt new fit... of the Unit*'<! Chu",h o/Christ . n d the Presb t.,.ian
Church mark the fin! ~ tlvseChLJ.l'Che have pm "d..::l Yform Chapler Thirteen
1m- indh';du.ll ~ IIIld absolution. "a

Sacrament of Anointing of the Sick

m'a led by skkne5 lhat bows down both
I is an age-old human e"perience wh;~h [""u me i.
10 my re<lders. Sickness makn humo.!"! beings mn&eious 0/
<Iepmdenc:. and ~i,';dly ~inds them of the
I' Ihal all human beings must die. Anothl'r el<"-
that makes sickness burdem;ome i5
, ,
!~ i :
.

'II•
I
cau ... the

•
Iil FO UNOATI O N S. ).tEA Nl r<o:G . HI S I ORI(II L nEVEL ·

f .... of Nu.reth " i .. bid the intefJ>ret~tion of sicl:nes!! . , • punish·

_ (lee In 9:1-3) when he poinbid out that i t on;;>lso have mean·

I . . derived from the fulure. In addition. Christian faith m. kes the

I 'illng.nd resurrection of Jesus himself the /oundali"" of a new
~ oI~sufming and death (_ Rom 8:17f.).
Sda,,,, can and rrlust .l~ be underatood as. fNniciparion in Ihr
,..:hr.l m)'5~ 0/ Christ; thil; m""!tIIlhal Iii<! 5uft.>ring of Chris-
"-'- an ~en be fruitful fOl the community of t..lievel'!l {Col 1:24).

n.e gOlp<'Is"U u. in nu .... ' ..... pa...gl'5 thatJ~s"o...ed sp«i~1

mncem for the lick and healed mony of them in body and spirit .
IWlhowed toIidarily with them as he d id with others in dist~; (n
foect, he ""<en ide1ttlfied hllJ\!Itlf with them 10 thf point that in his
ctilcou~ on the fina l judgmen t (Mt 25:31-Mi) he lnl~~ all 1M
help given or ~ 10 ~ in I\ftd IS !\elp given or ~u!!ed to
hIn\Jtif. F~ he~ and aUlhorized hI, disci-
pw. to ImpctR tw.dson thf oict. (Mk 16:18). anoint thnn with 0;1

'"
'"
 (Mk 6:13). ~ r>d hNI them (ibiil. ~ nd Lk 9:lff.,. Tho! Acta of tIM' Ar-
lle report lhal " her the d "'lh "nd m;ur~ion of Jesus the .1"""1....
hNled Ih(o sick in the name of Jesuur>d by hlnulhority (..,.. ACI5
3:1; .5:151",
Of spKi ..1 imponanc:e in undersll.nding the service givm 10 the M
"
sick by the .. postolic romrnunitics if the din!Ctiv~ in I1M' L..tle, of words oIsY"'p.alhetit rNdine5lllO _1st: · I lu,·~
r,,1'I'II!S .5: 14-15. n". .... son is Ih<lt it thows this t..l l;ng activity as al. lhecrowd- (M' 1.5:32: Mk8:2). fu n of pity. h~
them up: he gi,·es lhem ""'w strength.nd
..."dy tl king .n instituliono l lorm, " I, any "mong)'QU ,;ck? Let him
. . be<:ofne5 for them tlW'
call for the elde ... of the chun:h. and Jet them pray o,'cr him, anoint. ..-.d forgivmess if I "
the prostrated s ick_
Ing him with oil in the nameo/ I1M' Lord: and the pr.. y... of faith
his nothlng 10 do with magic and suo
wlll save the sick man, and the Lord will ."ise him up. and if he has
Lord In Nlulf of human ~
committed siN. 1M' will boo forgivm."

Whit the comrnwtity or Church is he~ aIled upon 10 do itI nothing

le!OI thAn 10 rontim.... the commission wh ich Jesus gav~ 10 his <llid- , 10 do with the msning of the
pies. The P")"!I" 0/ '''ith. "«om~ied .nd gi'<m visible form by not be v;e..·ed as
the anointing with oil (and by .n imposition of hands.: m;my thus
kind of ofIkiiI
inll'fPn!t theC........ phns<' ,""'...,,,,, I _ "oo'er lhem" in tM nnsb-
II i5 ... ther • sac-
lion gi\·en abovell, brings "boul bodily and psy.:hk de-livn;mce
a ....:ramen.
Ind restoration and, if needed, even the forgiveness of ,ins, [I is 10
bot- noted that 1lW' po!T8<>n5lhus aided a~ dncribed not.5 dying bUI r
simply a, sick; the service 10 boo givm them aims ..1 li fe and lW'alth.
AlloO Importanl is the fact Ihu lhe lic k a~ referred to the -elde ... - '"* J.t !III!'Olence
. . 0.un:1I.
describes how the lIKt~ment wu urldnsto;>d by
both F..ostem and Western. in .ntlqu,..,:
'", the hief proof
c.
(G=k: prrsl1ylmJ'). thai is, 10 the official, of lhe community. and used 'n the blessing 01 the 011 of the SIck from
ef ttu. 1s the priyen " \to the furhologilm
nOi lochiris matiC!' of one 01" otM. l<ind . In Ihe Bibk!, tlW' service of -'Y tImeII down 10 the p~t. Ifl, for examp , _
the 'k k is an official activity of the Church .' O'l i)(' Book) bf Sn.pion of Thm",i l , • fourth-<:enl\lry Egypbafl
The dati supplied by the Bibl~)¥1d two importlnt conclusions: , I hop, w~ _d:

The first is tNl w hen the Chwdl, at'Iing in the "'"me and by the Wu:allonyou.wh<>f" .u ",Ihoritw.,and .... .. _-' Y"'" _
...--.-.- w ho.. -
...

powH 01 its ri!;m L>n:I, uses vilIi~ sigI1s 10 5«U1'I' the saJ",,1iIln ofbo-
1ie\'ftS,. we leg' tiu",tety speak of it • adJninistmng a NCfamml But
the servn of the !lid; that is! •. " ibod in the ......... 01 jamesoorly
«(A .tljXlOods to iIw intentions 01 o,,;~ n ..... tv<'ft. wlW'n ~
by lhe prlyer of the faithful and !he use 01 visible signs,. it pledges su-
pernatural Solving tllKb. Th;,tfo.., thill 5ftVice Is I 5ICr1mftlW a.:tiv-
ity of the Church.; it is I oacrament. This mNJIII that.lib the other
loIICTiments, the anoiflting of the :Ud< Is in the fiNoJ .rWyals ..... ving K-
.... s.viDI' ofaIl men-.... w. pta y .....
,--, 10 wnd from tt.o. healing t
I Id l (wtwn. yuur) only btgooten ~ .(n!igrts:; ~":",of!light
.... ttuoiLIn dOCl!lf'who-eV(anoatMg: .. _ y-'
• _di'-7 and "eryinfirmity": ... 1et ,t obU.ingood ~and
... ay . wd of life and lI&lviOlion. I·. ,.ltlund whl eu.s
~oI S>fIS. 'dI y .. ,
of «lUI. bcdy, and spirit. and fuJI vitaliI)'.
The tuN! thoughts .... stilllO be found in tt.o. pr.~ wi~ which the
bW>op b' - n .. the oil of the ,;ck on Holy Thu.-.day. Even m the p ......
yes which until recffltly acromp.anled .nd followed "'pon the anotTl-

,.. '"
r

..,""
tins of the sid:, bodily and psychic I'O'$IOMion and .....aling played a

,
sick is also nOl meant to suggO"St
10 ilJne!i6. On tm,
flooginning in tIw eoorly Middle Ag~. howpv~. th~ emphasis in this ; in its Introduction that di\'irw
I _,ameli wu grad...,.Uy rni5p laced. resulting in a questionable 10 be healthy and slrong: " Pari
f'Taclic~. AI thl ' period. people t.mded 10 P""tpone the s.>cramenl 'j . Il\.ot we should fight

I of reronciJilOOn to" point ISC~ 10 death as """"wle, in order 10

n oid IIw hlrsh perlM>Cft tlW'n imP'" 'd; na h/5ull. ' .... _ "..,,"'"
5

of a nointing o f !he s;clt wu aoo pushed ~ d~r MId closer 10

aNI cartfull y seek the blessUlgs of

th.t according to tM ~ in ~ .
death, becauw il was Ihough! 1~l lhis _ .... ment rouId not be.o<l.
th~ documents 01 th~ m dilion lhe anointing o f the oid IS
ministen!d o.mlil l/Wr confol'tl6ion. The e mphasis thus canw 10 be
pl.eft! less on the hhling and restorative function of the &n<>iJ1ting ti .
and mot<' on the fotg:i~' ' w o f sins, ~It' the fact tN.. i t was im.
mediately pl"«l!ded by lhe ~I Men","" 01 noconcil"tion. The
hope .nd gi"'" them tM
n.J,"", ~Ust Anointing. ~ wl\kh clme into e"$~ in lho, twelfth
tMir ;11.-- as a d i5pooiticn of a
c .... twy. a l50 contribult'd to the tl'inlerp~.!ion of the anointing of It P"Slrvl'5 l .... m from fainthearted·
the sick u " sacrarr.enl 0( the dyins. Thus il cam .. 10 be fean.d
gi"es tlwm!O!1"1'ftity and pHC<".
rather ~n loved. (Originally Nlasl U.ointinS " m..ant only th.ol the
anointing of Ihf' skk Is !he last of the s.c.n ..,,,,,) anoinlings. fol. 01 all, then 1M anointing enf:S.nd heals thespir;tual and psy-
lowing IS It doeson tM,e . dminis tered in baptism, confirmation. . .,: , . In not • f1'w cases, howe""" ttm first f"ffe<:t
and ominatlon.) :: tho! o~erall course of lhe sid<nes •. A
• "psychosom.ricentity: . union of~y
The movemem o f liturgitll and /»ilOfal renewal in I'l'Ct"nI decade. II. down the spirit; ' piritual dl ...
_~ _
"hI... .
IN to a rethinking of In.- al lularion. Applying the andt"nt principle makes tho! body ill. and conversely "!,irilU.3l ....... Iorallon
that liturgical pri yer provid~. Mrm for failh and the p ractiC1' of
mhOlfl bodily hfalth.
faith (It" o"'~ai-It" em/mall- people c.m~ I<l realiz~ thai lhe QCt••
menl of 'r.oin ling Is inlended more a, a help 10 life on eonh lhan as r- .tedl USUft'll uS th.t pe,."."ering. faith-
In addition, Jesus::pe y . .. (see Mt 2\-21- Mk lI:23). Who
• preparation for dea th. Thill gratifying change of outlook wos..,.. IIIed an '"IT\Ove mounullJlS . , I
flect..d in. change of n. m~. u "LaSI Anointing " wu replacM by pnyer . . '". ffk of the Church's !;aCram<"tlta
_

"",
o~_,
willdlresetlm"t~to t".: ., .,. ,
• Anointing o f lhe Sick." Vatlcin J[ also welcom..:! Ih~ ch.nge. say. . . If 1 ds the pr.y'" and prays w, "U .
pnyer, m which Chnst hlmse N nd roduce bodily he~g?
ing: "'Extreme Unction.' which mlly alto INI more Propei Iy be • deny ihltthls prayer CAn p~ ' p
nlled 'anointing of the &lc k,' ill not .. _ram ... t for those only who
U1' u the poin t of dum " (SC 73).
In thf Lett"" of JaIMS should the ... fo... be und.ersto<:>d
The pqaage . I ,nd hope-fill1'<l mf.ning. ChaplaInS and
IOXOiding 10 Itt maxI"'" . hich the lick havf .,xpet ie locM a
II is, of COU~, not the inl1'nrion Or function of thil 5iCtllJTlel"lt 10 nunn atn tell 01 many c.,.,.," ~ nd ychic 1ft"" recriving the
~ medic.l atl1'ntion 10 t~ slc k 5up..-fh>OUll a Nl, .$ il We>"1' "to Ittiklng improvement, both bodily. ps ,
pray them inlohealth,." as we are told is donr in many MCIS. Sacra. IIICI"aJTItnt wilh 1.11h.'
ments do not fU5p1'nd the ~ ws 01 natu~ and a~ not a kind 01 .,.,...
\'C)'or belt for 'pectac"\lw mIndes; they do nor aUlomo!iaoUy THE N~W lITE O f ANO 'N "'Ne , O f THE
_ SIC K. I (SC
re~health. oed .. 01 the nle for thls WCf'lmert
Vatican II romm': :10: • I'fYUIKIn umber 01 the anoinl-
74), focusIn& ItI; .tttntion ~n.:.ny U\ the n

'"
 this .."amenl
ings .nd on the prlyers K<:Ompmying til<' rite (SC 75). The new He.
lion of the Ritual was published on ()e,;","boM- 7. 1972. by the Con. I ;
!he use 0111:.501'\ Mis the ancienl
S"'S"tlon for Di~ Worship, under tt... !itt.- 0"" 1I1Id""'" .
Church, tliU followed in t!w Elo$t. \h.1! ' ake!;
;1Ift""""'''' ..".,."'~W P"S,ouIis Om'/, (Rile of Anointing and P~sloul
Care of the Sick), [t w., p....:eded by raul VI'. Apostolic Comtiru. polenlia! bodily effecl of whlc:h. j."," speaks md to
lion s..c", .. Unci;",.,.,.,. ;nfi'mo",'" of November 30, 1972- tt... ril1' and the Introduction 10 it ",fe •. "

llwo 19182 Englihh fCl irion o f the Rite includes.an ulensi,'e pooslOral of anointing may be ~ upon sick pe<>pMo
Introduction. chapt..,. on visits 10 !he s ick. >ilIlIlI to . si<;1. child, and 105' w ,,«im..sr Fa or Ihe ~ oll1:'son.
communion of lhe &ick. the rite of anointing 01. sick person out- as Christian bel">-en. probi>b1y h.ve Hke<l.'or it wf'rt: thry
side MaSll, the ri te of anointing within Mass. anointing in. hospital of theI. faculties" (14). )1 is not to be admln,slffed to tho:
true death. has .Iread y oc·
or institution; a chaptt'l" on ' ·... ticum. lhe continuous rille (c.lIed fo r

I in SC 14) 01 pnw~, anointing. and viaticum for those near death;

a c""'pler on Chri..tian initiation of the dying.. rommendation o f the
dying. tile prayen for Ihe dead, .od texIS for u~ in rileS /or the
skk. In wl\oo t foI lowi I shaU locus on the ordinary rito:' 01 anointing.
""'y be .,unini$tered condition-

,
M
" The W continuous .ite will be described below in CNp....- XVII. lime oomes.
F. The rml'\'I'ed understanding ot lhe anoillting of the tid aff«ts 1'51""'" tN pnyer of the a.urdt, thus ~

.
I'
"
"
dally th(o question 0#111.. "",ipi",,! olttti5 wcrammt . Varic.an I! llad
al",.dy a_rted th,tthe sacrament is oot rese,...·.,.j to tru- wh.o aN'
attt... point of death buI may N adm inisb:Ted MU soon uany orw
fuU reception . " If the skknesli ~'" wor5<'.tM family
skk Jnd thO$e who lab care of th<:m have I~ ......
by their
'."•
,,
•
of the faithful begins 10"" in da~ of death from licu...orold
ag<"" (SC 73). ~ Gen.oral lntrodUC'lion 10 t!w new rillO speaks of piopt:'
,e(£ption of the

, It.o.e "wt.o.e ru,.ahh. is SO!riously imp,ired by skk ....... or old age of t~ olick has a rommll",,1

,.,, "" ....

[LoH" , pnicul_ Q'1rt>1. ~!J" (8). In "HmaHng the seri<>USll<'SS of the when it if adrniniloleT<:'d
sickness a prudently Or I'\"a5ONbly fUre judgment. without ,.;T\I'
M

pie, is sufficient _.. if rw<osary a donor may .". consui led (ihM/.).
M
l To .". avoid<>d, howC"er, i. th.,. IO>:c:.!SSive zeal that wo uld like to ad-
minis ter th.esac. ament {'Vm in mild mn~ or automatically from
a certain age on.
, thnlck; in the hospitals o. old·.ge homes . u ""~" .
J A repetition of ,he NOam",,' is .llowed Mil ,"" sick pel5OI'I r«o)1.·ers
J . 111" being anotntcd o . i' during the same ilInoss!lwe person 's condi-
tion becomes mo .... !leTious" (IntrodUC'lion, 9), The _umen , can
I also bl- ~ved before surgery "wl\en(,v .... a !;eMu. illne:5s is the
..... 'IOfl for the ... J'Kft'Y" (10). Adminlstution 10 sid, childrm. is de-
dam:! legitimate "if !hey ha .... sufficien' use o f ,"KIn 10 .".
strmglht-ned by th is ncr.m...,t" (l 2~ This Lut regulation w10 be
"""n "K,i",' the background of earUer "'8ulal;o"," and practi~, K -
_. ..... . _~ in ' individual
may be one ,~ ... ~ .'
• one I t which . number 01 t!w sick are al'lOlflted In ~ c~urch or f
~ (~ do,5 for t~ sick of I~ parish. oT during p'lgnml gl'S 0
. .r ' )' " _ wht!n t~ sac-
. ~ _'M'_---.l (M.ltside Ma ... a little commun,ty should be
ameot IS ...." .......... .,.. . .h
7 17 t nible<! that will not only accompOtny tho: _ red ~T:"t 01
IMIr f ' th and pray ... but even conlribute to It. For the P )'f'r
&0111\" ~ an "sentlal part of thllSlcramenl' an~ iIh.~ld be o!le,ed _
by .. many of the faithful .. po66ib\e. '"'"" m~ght tndude, ~n ~d'­
lion 10 tho: immediate family. ott- rela\lv", Iriert~. and Oftg'::ru
bofs.lf citcuTnlU,[(<!$ pennit, tM memben 01 thIS littl. comm ty

'" '"

may HHI pl~y iOn a.ctiVf part in .he liturgical celebration by. for u -
ample, doing the rr..:ling Of $haring in the inte~ioM.
Wilh "'l!ard to the minblCf of thi' _rament. the c.er.e.-.l lntroduc_
lion, IEfto. ting Nck to the Council of Tr...". ""'Y' thaI a priest i~ t .....
...... · 1'' ''1.... ' · millStH. and thaI ' , his offic~ is ordilUonly ad ntinis-
tl'R'd by bishops. p.iri5h ~ (pastors).r>d their aW .. ants,
pril'SlS .... ho are responsi~ for lhe sic:k or aged in hospitals, .and Su-
periors of derKiOl rdigious instiNId" (\6). Other p nests can .admin_
isterthe ucrarnl'llt wilh tlMo pE1'TrIisliion (a' 1eiI.. p. eJtJ~) oI .he
abm..,..named; if they Iuo,~ in fJ<1 prnumed thil pennission. ~
should afltTWards inform the compel1<nl priest (18).
Sintt "in tI\(o pr.>etic'ut I~t oft"" Wei! the blessing of the oil--
.nd thus also the- ' puy"" of f.ith ' (James S:]5)-wa< "'••" , ..... to
bishops and priests until the ninth oefINry. bul not ItM' administra-
tion of the Hctlmen! (il5 of the Euduorist) 10 the individual sid , P""-
""" through an ilooinling. · E. J. loongel ing thinks it "d ogmaticaUy
po55ible \hat clearons or ..,.."" lay penons .ppoin~ by the bishop
or In..- pri<e5! (ror "urn pie, fucl...;sHc ministef'!l) rould anoint Ihe
sick wilh Ihe oil bll'1sO!d by bishop or pri~t "; th~ n ... would be
similar to llwt of extraordinary eudtaristic minislf'n bringin g the al-
ready ronsecrat.!d Eucharist to Ihe sick. This Il<'W situa tion would
cvid ..... tly n.....:l a specialautlmrization from the Ch un:h.
Theoi l used in the a nointing muSI be oliv~ oil. or ..,me ot her oil de-
ri" ed from plants (20). that is blessed for thr p U'l""'" by the bishop.
usuall y II th~ Chrism M ilSS on Holy Thurtida y. In necessi ty ~n y
pri~t Can b less It (21).
Tht Nro.. Ril.
II is not difficult 10 _In the ' ordinary rite" . structurt similar 10
Ihat found in 1M M~ss and the olher _raments: opening and clos-
ing ri!\"S. a liturgy 01 Ihl- word c~ling of I reading from Scrip-
lure and in b;I(CSlions, and the ..-"lIall"''' of thr oacramnlt:
imposilioo of the h;and. ~ing of the ail (or,,, tIw ca ... "",y be, a
Ihionk.5siving th.ot Ioob b.lck to the blessing). and the anointing
"'ith il5 iIoIXOfI'Il"'nying for mul • .
The poiest begins by greeti", the sick pmon .nd aU who ~ poe-
...,1; he may use one 01 Ihe _ 'eral forTnulu .... ggP.IlftI or one 01 his
';~~:::;::;:;; . the ministl'" should take into accounl the particu·
~ no!eds. and desires of the sick And of othCT mem-
faithful and should willingly use th~ various
;,;;;. thai tM rites provide' (40).
pm<l" (and Ihr room) with holy water
the m061 lunda""",Ial sY""
actIo< l!I in ....,.ny religionJ.. Water not only clNnSeS bul ,..,.
l"e"i,'es. For Chri&tian5 il lulso a reminder of their
;;;~ ''''~'' linUd to the baptism
~ became a Chri&tian and 10 m... _ hatological
b.lpti~ The acroml"'nying (optional) t""lS makf,
t is offefN .5 a rn<>deI (il ai-
oM' I
• d;,posioon in tt.. m:ipient. At Ihis
therefOf'l!. pro-'isWn Is mldr for toaCtamenlal confes..... n if.
neoded and if it has not aln-ady been made at an earlier tune
i i in the
,
The Liturgy of the word begins with a readin g from Scrip ture. The.
n. refen .... rt to: Mt 11 :2S-)(). Mk 2:J.l 2. and Lk 7:18l>-23 but lIs ts
_:::ttoer thirty.Iwg, noo-gO!lpel readings and """..... t." "n gospel 1"'5-
_ I of whlch.om~ are indka ted as especiall y smtabt.. for the
SP
~. ln providing luch a lengthy list the!WW Rilual_i5 heed.ong
!he eaU oIYAtkln !I that in,. .•ed crlebralions · th...., IS to be more
z 11'18 from holy Scrlpture and it is to be more va~ and app<>-
16ttH(SC 35). HOepeMlng 00 cin:umstance5, ~ pnest....,.y glV~ a
brief lI:XP~narion of 1M t~x" (Rite: fW). 120).
The litany oIlntom:es&ioo that follows i. 10 br t lk ....... a model and
iIhould beacb pted to tin:urMtances- The in len::nsion. may be
tnade .~ lhe anoinlin& LMloeoOd of~. They re~te fif'l' aM I.,......
_10 1M sick. bul the-y also include ' .11 Ihow' dMkated 10 1M
t aft 01 the ,ick H (121).
the t 7Finial rillt btsins aft", the liturgy of the word; tN: Intro<!uc-
'"
 lion (5) USb! ils P"" S and descrit..., i! ~!I>e rite that signifi~ and
c",, ~ lhe III~ of the sacrammt. • "Ih<' w hole human",,",," as
ri te usM , inre the Middl..
The firs! P"" itllhe laying on of hands. nu. ge.ru~. often Ittt"sted so;mes (ey.-s. ears,"""",
in s..ad Scripn.tre, Iymboli~es. all"lOn8 O!her Ihings. Ihe out- . to., formu"," ac-
pouring
c
0I11rerl.g!h, authoriry. griOCf. $pili!, aid . healing. and fo.. !lOn>eWh. t unrortui\lil>ely. 10
giv n The layill8 on of hands in IIw aroointing 01 the sick ..... il$ person Nod rommillEd through the p"rticu","r sen se
nempl.lr in Jesus and the apostles. who in rum inheriM::! ilas a ges- an earlier Ii"", the mmiste1" .lso ~nomted t~ ~ olin
tu~ 01 hN ling from !twir.fewisl\ o.ckground. The psyehoJogkal I " 'hkto the sick ~ nptrienced the gn."Il<'St pam:
po ...... of the symbol deri ves from the lact tNI il d in'CIly "'1'" _:. . will be poMible to ino-e.oo~ the number 01 ~t.
bel~ a being a« tpled and made secure, I wordle.s rom. if i and tradition
fortin&. The 1ay\J1g on of hands is ~I funda rrwnllli gesture in !he
Church 's mi!\islry o f healinl( (B. Fitcher) and I sign that .. ..asily a single a nointing suffice;. whim
undtTStood and K'CeplEd by the lick. Ekn..,... the gesture i!! made made 01\ or some othe< ~ (if. lor ""ample,
in the Rame o l}eiUII and in imit,n ion ofhi", and booa..,... , .... pm' Is ronroo led by boonw.ges).
who Iwpcs 15 IUs honds ~~IS 0uU1 and GriM acts through
him.!h;' gHrure ~ lb""l0 Iwakm.ron6denn. a nd tn.st in the sid<
D hOS the "lointingol fooflo 9d and Nond. the minisle,.rmles the
"...... I OOhpanying SlKramental formula. the two pansof .w~ are
pued 10 the TWO .oomtings. "Through this holy an","ling may t .....
The r>e>cl s~ ill the bleslling of the oil. if the priesl does not ha ve I.md m his joo,'f and mercy help you with the gril<:~ of the Holy
with him any lha l has "I"f,Idy been b~ by the bWlop. The oi l t. _ Am"",,. May the Lord who f....-s you from sin ""ve you.nd
used nftod no longer be f_elusively olive oil bul mly be any oil de- " ' " you up. - A",,
.... m .' A roew element in !his lormu. la.~I. _ the em-
er
rived from p lant, ." In lhe andnlt world oil played an important phull on the Hol y Spirit (comparable to that found on ~'" p ray
part as a nulrioml. ' hNling ag<ml.and a cosm<'fk (used also b<'{"", IIcor the blr5illng of the oil). The Spirit Is _no I'Speoally on Eastern
and Ifter bathing); it was also used 10 grease w"'Stl<'fS And 151 fut-I 1hIokogy, as the "finll"'" of God'"; he b rings the wor.k of C hnst to
in lamp!! . It was thought 01 as "Ihe ~ol"l!d up power of the sun " (R. completion and i, th e re,1 efficient calJSj' ol.U " "ong .CliOns. .
11<''11.... ) and the",I"", bec.me. sign oIabundanl bl .... ing and fruit.
The tAcr&mtnU. ·eff«1i nam~ In lhe formula clearly reflect .what ..
fulnt"ti. In Ihe symbolic world 01 the Christian ... ctamen ts it is a
symbol of lift, enlighttnmenl (see phcl;~mos . en.lightenmtnt as an MId In l'oneI 5:14-15: dellver.nt'(. h<'.lth. raising up 01 the SICk per.
_ , and. If llHded. /orgivfnue of , i"". to., roew fonnul.o Ih~ .
u s ",", name for bip'i.m). lhe gi fts o f the Spirit and spiri tual pow-
""". healing.. hopo!. a nd ioy." 1/ the prio-.t......, oil a1re;ody b~ by
;s
avoIda the "thtr one sided emphliSis on the iorgmm.. of sans In
the old SlKramentalformul.o. which .... d : "Through thIS holy .
lhe bishop. he Ii""t ulters I praye-r of lhanhgivmg th/Jt i!! modeled
on lhe J~ wish bmIbh: praite o f the tllter di vi ..... Persons is foIlow~
anoinlin& a nd his loving lI"W.'fI:y ma y the lord Iorgiv.. w~hate\'''' !ItJlS
by a ptl ition thot !hrough l oom tinll wilh Ih ~ oil the .ock p<'I"SOn you hav' commll!C"CI through your sight (heating. etc.).
may nperitna! an l ileviation of su fleril\g and a slrnlgtl>ening m The TWofold ' Amen " Ihowl tNl the sOck person and th<' others
Ii"", of weaknes6. , _ .' _t an! ta~'~h ".rt in !he ~pray ... 01 I.i!h" and tha t thos saoa-
pi ... -oe leoiGod
IN'Ilt,. lib the 0Ihen.. ;n>'oIves the w~ p<'Op .
In the new rile the a nointing thaI Is now .dminiMen:d is made on
IIw Iort-he.d a nd ""nods. As ~ctnTr.u.fan' of human e"P~viry;" The ye-r tNot follows upon Uw anointing is not one of the con-
for.ehe.d and ""nds lepl ent the mti,., human being.1IOUl and d~ riles but ral ....... IUrns upon~
more t .... elfKts pra~
':;
and thus emp",.b nUw boosk" Ihrust of!hi!! Y<nmcnt: casmg

'"
 body ~nd mind ~nd he~ling of $O\ll and body by lhe power of the
head, and sevetill p rayers iii .... "",ited. An abbtCVi<lted form
Holy Spiri!. Si-veralallem.llive p rl)"eT5 a", given in view of the
'm ,~ ,', danger of de.> th.
quil~ vori«l sil~11on:I in whlch lhis s.cralTW'nl may 0. adminis-
tenod {advirlc«lIg1', e~tl't'flle or Il!TminaJ iIInes., lid"", surgery, for rite h.a$ worked to tho: di!>&dvantage of it. in-
" child or young: poonon), ,
ft~ally;n
The concludins rilftofthe ·ontinary form· rons;g of the Lord's
Pr.o,...-, (holy ronununion), and a blo!sAAg:. Rdomworion the anointing 01 the sid< hilO!l
If pn')Ondy .dvoxilted OI'I!y by. lew thcologians.ln the
If lhe anointing: of the .ick is conferred during: MH!l, the formulary
Iocll Chun:t.e o f the Anglican Commu-
of M _ foe- the anointing o f the . id< is USKI. The opming rile!; md
jaun option). ,tpu table .nointing for
liturxY of the wool USKI in the ordinary form I ... ornined; lhe S«T~_
mmt i, ron,,", , .... af,"" the gospd. Episropa l Chun::h. E..a~\ka.l Lu--
- Presbyteri.n C hurch (USA). and the
In " rommun;al orlebration al wltidl .......·eral sick pel SO".. a ... 01 ChriSl p rovide lor the laying: on of hands and the
anoint«l_ (fkbo ,l Iion u,at requ ires the pPm"Iission of U,.. Ioc<ll Or-_ with oil. These Churchoes aha ha""
din.\ry-<~ must 0. taken llul"the pn..stlays lundson ... ch one m
inc!ividuaUy and anoinlSeadlone, using the appointf'<l form_ Ev-
erydung elioe Is done onor for all, and the prayers are rOOted in !he
pluTal " (Rile, 110)."

THE ~NOINTING O f THE SICK IN THE NONC~THOLIC

C H U RCHES
ElIC'ept for the Easlern Syrian Ch urd! . • 11 tlNo E..tern Churches ha,'c
(or had) ril.. for the anointing of the sick, although lhese have
f.llen inlO obliVion among the El hiopia ns and t ..... Armen ians o f
Gmrgia_ n..,. ril"" have an l'Specia lly disl inctive {orm among the Or.
thodo~. who . peak of "the mystery of the holy oil" or ~the liturgy of
the lImp" (because the lnoi nt ing. are dent' wi th oil from a Ii"le
,
lamp). If the sick pe!'SOn cln be transported. the c.. ,..many of anoint-
ing tak..s place in a church; OflNorw;se it tlkes p lac.. in t .... home.

The rite Is normally celebraled by _'en pnesu. After th .. 'consola_

tion of the sick." which i, il kind of VOIi"" olfk.o, the oil is bLes.ro_
s." ...., anolnlings follow, l'oIch done by one pri$:; each ~nointing is
pr-t'ceded by a ... ading (from ~ ApostJ..s)and a gospel with an
rt,,,,,;.: (litany) .nd rather l'""8thy p rayer. llw anointing., for which
• t,..ig dip~ in the oil is U!M . a ,.. made in the form of a ""- on
'ord>ead. noostrils, dlecb. mouth, b,..,,*, and both sides 01 the
hand.; each i5 followed by. p rayer lha t is the ... me lor all the
anBiniings. JhI, open book oI the ~Is i5 then laid on the lick

'"
 ·1 Iho5eof

Chapter Fourteen
I active, lIdf-sac-
. IIfI"Vict Iohuman , ~Iike sheep withouu
~'" (M I 9:36; Mk 6:34). and he even gives his Ii ... for them
The Sacrament of Consecration (Orders) 10:1·18). He look.. upon hi. own de"h on 1M cro88 as an act

::;"~:i"""'~~'-~~'O:~h!".:
In the list of the sacuments that ruu!:>eM cu~tomllY sine. the high Fatller·, KCt'J'I'
of lhe world, will .nd
lS the gladly
key wonb in the ilac·
a. a
Middle Agt'5 the tixlh is the "'ctQ".,.",u,," (",lini,_"s..crament of or.
y .ow. But one who sacrifictoo him·
de ... • has ott.., been misleadingly rest't~ .. "ucr~ment of
INCh a w ay /or the ... lvation of the world Is in fact aoo 10 be
priHlly ordination"; in fact. however, the C.lholk Church under.
~. ." ••• priest and ",-en a high priest.
stlncIs litis SACrament 10 include thr!!e d~,""" of 1K'1'Y~. the nop ......
5enllllh," of wlUch J I1' known ... bishops, p~ .vu:I c1eaC'OO ... (fur comp1e1led by his
renons 10 be gi~ below. I p~ 10 a ll thill ACramenl of ~ duot the..,.,." ' p;t5tor·
"!he Na'mmt Of~ntioni_ To what eo,",! do '''-officn ...... mi!51on o f Jesus bul ~ thai
. of .
• nea the intmlions 01 Jesus Christ? How Wen! llle)' viewf(! md
p~~ in , ..... 'po5Io/ic rornmUl1;tie!;? l'CIl'.n ",nswer we musl
,~ IooIc 10 , ..... N""" Tnt'llWnt ~
•• NEW TE STA M ENT FO UNOAT IONS AN D HI STO RI C AL D E .
VEL OP M~N T Of TH E SACRAMENT O f O IlDER S the dlvi~ will which Jesus !leTVes iii a w~iWNIII U lvi fic will of
1lle New Tesummt has numerous litl.., for Jesus thai bring out the Therefon:. a. risen lord and through his Spirit. lie con tinues
slgnific.l>I'~ of his person and a.:tiviry for hi. feUow human beings. service through all , human

"In , ..... view of Ihr early Church ),,"us is the bringer .nd giver of
theSpirit. the JerI! and the sender. t ..... serv'!'II.1\d the ~ who
.. I
,
Ihis p"""",,,ce by

ellis to 5erv~. For !his TNSOI'O he is .... ignM mony trad itiona l Pn!5erlt by HI,bral·
nameu.nd ritles '''''I ~ me.onl 10 tIndIorsro~ his un i'l",u nd ..1- " ' 1111'1 a ~ iW"5Y of rommomoralion.
1«ly ~w ~ LoIOMip.,. the cruci fKod .nd ~ ~ who ~"'" on
bod1 w ith God and in his Churdt. Thus he is the Holy One of Cod, Whert Christ thus......w;!tis."...u.s and di!ciples 1000n1in... hi,
1M celebnnt of ~1u'lJY' the mediator of the COY_nl, the pi ie,! .,,"'...... offioe, 11. also promises duo, he sr.ands fuUy behind ~ is
who is both 5.lc:ti/icer and .... cn/icial gift. the fiNl .nd only high ~ ""4d: eoIKIarily with them. and it ",'en idmQaol with Ult:m-
'* "".'l'1l
,,"ItS, .
given to him in
is p l l d,.d of all pown, arid all authority lias bfton
ilI\d on earth. H~ it the Son of DaVid. the
n... 't"
whlon .L ~_ " '.•.•. . . Ln"".ys:
he tends the?U di:ociFI15 on U1I."Il"
who ltftn you hears me. and hewho.ejecll you .tjcciS me, and he
. "u .
no:

prophet. the Son o f man.lhe Good Shcphe<d. the King of tsr;oel, the whol'l!jeclS meiljects him who sent me" (Ue 10;16). He makeu 5lm·
Son of God . letus is the faithful wilness, the p ioneer of IIIlv.llon for Ilar promlIIe.1m- washing the /;oet of his diJcip"": "Truly. truly [ ".y to
all o f hum.nlty.~ ' you, he who ~e any one whom I ~ receives me; and he who
.-ce!vSmI! ~veo him whasent"""" On 13:20).

'"'
P(

hJ,oos o l the leaders of the rommunity.'

A mis<iuo ~nd. aulhoriution in which I~ sent are idmlifled with . .'

Christl(> such .on e<lrot ( arJ'ies with II a suprrhum.n rnponsibility. ,

The first coocemof I~ sent must be to d... 1with hum.n beings rompetu'ICi6.
on eH'ry occasion a. Chrl~1 would deal with tht!m and to make 01 Antioch (d, after

and~:':':;:"'"
tt.erns.,lVE'S transpilrmt .5 it W,,", SO lllat th~ per$On and Yving in·
lenliOllll of Christ berome , ';sib ... in them. To fit them lor tho: uok • well defined authority
Christ pro...us..s !hem llis Holy Spirit and pnys for them: "Sanctify
Itw>m in the truth; thy word i. truth. As thou didsl send me into the
world, so I have smllhcom into 11\(0 world. And for tn.,; , Site I ~ f •
_rate myself, thai they ~ may beoo,","uued in truth" Un 17:17·
18). It isdN' from th is p.usa~ thallhi' smding ofth.. <li5c:ip!...
does not.imply bestow a cI)mmisslon (ordination) bu t also has a di_ f
mension of sanctification that justin" us in 'pf',king 0/ a "ton3Kra-
lion." lhow who n'«iv,, 1he task of sen-ing asprophd. ~IOI'. and .r It -
print renoive a corresponding ron5e'Cration in the ~'"* of being d.-velopmt!t'll that not III potentialities an be IlimulU'
~uipped by gra"", for their t.oly act!~ity and 001 in the oen ... 0/ actuated but only a few at . time and thai ""en tkeso' Ie-;;
bring g;"""". pri".~ h.lo. ac"",1td ~t once. SO that there il room lor fulure "..
of COlI"", 1m into a«oUnt that th~ .:II' facK>.
The ronlinu.lion of C hrist's IhneefoId office in !hoM: whom he only to 1"""f'OI'lIy cond,·
sends .... fers dirodly to It.. narrow rin:1r III disdples whose mern· action of the Spirit whom Chri.t prom'
bers the ""angeli,t, d escri t><> som,-~im ... as "politi.... sometimes as be pT'O'l«ltlo the Church •• energizing lome and helpoer.)
dls.ciplrs. Sut in tIM' apostolic rommunity as d~ in tIw Nt-,..
Testament ..... also find a wide .... nge 01 gifts of the Spirit. or duo.· .".<".,.,!hen.doe$ not tilt( nrily
tlut it is bound rxdllS;vely.nd ~ all lime to Ihi, roncrete
Isms. "'Ilieh a .... meant 10 lid in building up the- body of Christ (see
1 Cor 12:28). In that ",me chapter Paul exp"'SSly N.ys thAt thes.e in OU. own lime how pa,toral need.
. I'
gifts of the Spirit are not given primarily lor ~I sanctification
a, eas tlwy
but to.- the good of others. The duolism. arelnother way in wtuch
the- ,,"ving ;1C'Iivity of Christ is to be mod.- P' 3 ont 10 the human
ract' by the power 01 the Spiri t
_..
".
. 'bed · 1 CorinttWons 12.
_ _ , 10 the New Tf/Stamenl chansms de5C\'l m
knoWWdgn'Ot!t'It 0/ historical change and of ,till u""xt:a". r.d
~

w... must not so concentr"e on II><> o ffices MId eharisms It to ov...• ac .. _ ~ not how'"''ft remove the obligation ol'!eemg •
pcaibil''''''' . . ~ with its lib ...."gulc:ramen"l
=~~'!:! ::I:~:"": dmlopmenl th.at .has Its ultim~:c.
look the fac1 that all of tN faithful <Ire ooligl'd. by Ihrir calling Ind
,,"nctilication, 10 collaborate in IN building up of God's people.
Th<: .. rom"",n priesthood of the lahh fuJ" (11ft I Pet 2:9) is comm uni- . 'wiLioiChri5I. Tocallt~olfici"I""'T"ICC5 .
basil In tlwu.vmg. . __ A <;Ie.orons are liS'" and ,no
e".,.! to them in hapti~ and conlirmation; they too at(' in tIw ser· ramenul" mNN that bWw:>ps. pnoest....... . he
vice 0/ ChrUi. strumenlS, aclive 'tp. I !mtalives of JesuS Ch"':; t~
nd prie5I who rontinUK to work In an t r.""
Aj • l'l'Sult of historical <kve]opmmt. the manifold gifts of II><> pollar,' Wherev throe rep_tali"" proc:l~im tho! w ord. odmln'
Spiri t to.t their promm..ncr in manycommunitia around the ""d Ch1,lrch. " _-' f_ •__ ," -'r ,..lIow human beings the
0/ the lint century; tIw offioes of JefYIce were redU<:Ol<l in nwnM-r ;'t..rtlwNCramel'll5.a,.. pt< ""'" ,,.,

". '"
 m6ny work.. of love that ... rv~'!I and leadl'1"ship that assists, he i$
prl'!ieru iIlld working wi!h !hem (see SC 7).

AI many peliods ofChurdl hiseory and in nOl i few 01 its nop~_ 1 into
tal;'~. the office of .wr,·i"" unfonun.ltely tOQk forms that w~ out . threshold o f ""cred dralNl_ lhe
01 k~ing with illl meaning and <>bsru ,,-d the vision oIChrist •• tNt the !K'Condary would take pn!CMe~ ~V...- the essomtial
high priest a nd PUlor which it should have mOOiat<.'d. Off~1 activ_ theChurch succumbed to it.
ill' by Old .... 0( Chri!ll 5houJd .....·'..er be linked to a ~ 01 pow .... or
be di$tonnl by a c.....ing for domination. Christ hi""",]! u'SmUy
warned hi. d i.dpl.., 01 Ihese po:rv~",ion.._ But. more ef/fdivfl y
than Qny .. >:hOrt'tlon5. the striking sign of th ~ washing of the
tN t the essential rile in
" laying on of hand,.nd the pr.y .... of
d lscipl .... • 1_ .how" ,he attitude ""'Iuired by off"" in ~ Chllrm. If
hiSlOficl1 d........ lopmenl, .... p<'ci.1l1y since ConsIanlin ... has to _
""Ien l to km i diffenmt course. no OIl<> r.a.. been m"", deeply a f- tht: rile
meted by it tn.n tno,.. who love tho! Lord and his Church . On the . Tho
oth .... ha nd. it must be acknowlnlgt'd thai <'!IpeelaJlly 5inc.. Vatican ,.
II I"'" Church has "'""" making an honest rifon to d o aWlY with , for • <evision oilhi' rile
mlny unfonunate-Ieg~ from tlw paSl bi!hops pR'S-
I . ...:1 pr~"io...:ry).
n... Con.
d th ~ on Bi.toops w"" t
1&
ORlJtN"T!ON Of ... 81SH OP lay on n.nds, InSte
on the Chur<:h. hcwevet, In e _ ' .0:,,-
As I nott>d. above, the words rpiskopa. ("'overseer"; 50 ... "", ot Oil' the theological foundations of the offlO:. Of epl
word "biMlOfq and prshyt~('eldt'l"-; sourc., o ( ou, word Mpriest") 1hI' Coostitulion on the Chun:h INChes tn.I II be- .
.... uliM in the New T.... r......",t p mty much wilhout distinction. tha. '"'blshoops In
Butlhe beginning of ,he 5<'rond century saw ,he ,;,c, in Syri. and
Asia Minor ot lhe monarchical episcopate in which the bishop took visible way carry on the roles
. .0 1Chrisl "(21
hims..lf
) as
shepherd, Ind high pries' and aet ,n h" per"'" . _
p=<.'d~nce ov .... priesl and de.>(on. The earliEosl witl><'!lses 10 11m ~
ed In.t the documents 01 V~tkan tl use the LatIA
:." ~:"!:io":'nd aii,....",fio
,-..!opAl""! at>' the 1<11(>", of St_ Ign.olius, the manyr--oWlop of Anli-
och. The authority .Iuched to lhe tpi..-opal o ffic. was augmented w ithoul d islinction. as is already .
by tho! fact that from lhe middle o f the ""cOlld CPntury on those UII il"""s aside lh1' unsalisfactory SchoiaslX
da< in SC 76. Thf Counc hinl<.s f the sacramenlS., "a 01..' "
holding that olli«: mt!1 lrom time to lime in synods in order to dis_ theology of orden.nd no long~.. ~ jOo rdlnation as "an addi tion
cuss ways of defending the ChuI"Ch ag~inst h~ which Wen! .Iy, ' I H iding l.dd ...... and of ~pa d ' tion.M' lJ\$lead, be-
mu lti plying u an abnnins <~"'. oI" '- 'tybut noI..,bstonct' to pnest Y or- ,n.> ~"

no.. liturgical l<aJ\SmiS!oion of ~ by the laying 01'1 01 hand. and

-.:<.. ~ reM"" Mthe fullnes&oI'ho! sacli~l of .
c:.UIIt ~~......... d-ffe-ten. ind,,' id ... ar. In the
p<ayer, 01 which the N"",- Testament alr.,ady .pealc, (ACb 6'6; 1 Tim !bey Mhltve lawfully h.nd<.'d on 10 . ' . . . __ ..... (LG 28)
Chun:h In "arying d eg...... a .-- ..... rliClpallon
4,14; 2 Tim 1:6), is dl'SCTibed lor tho: filSl tim~ lroUnd 215 in the . ,n th,s. minIs •. } ing di-•
descend
. i!II b<anches oul as It were In a
Apo<IoIk rr-uJitim of Hlppolylulof Rom.., ~ dernption UfeOi(l(' 10 11\.01 thO' one mIn
_ ...... For W. r.,uon rythe HC'OIId typtca . I ed'lion
I
01 die rite 01 ont i-
pliritly. among ott.....- things, to the epirll'lio; pray..,. o f tlw mrnmLl-
""tIon bEgU" with ~l ordination.
Airy. The cle.:tion 0/ the ",,"w bishop by the mmmuniry y l «Eded hilt
ord ination.'
 m<.>nical va l..., On tllto other hand, a new composition "'ould "''''e
madll! it possible to inlroduce tn,. theology of ordination of V.tiean
II with its rich biblico-Chrislological su~rnmts. The Apostolic Con_
sti lution P""'ifia!Ii, fWr>I,o", llingles out as "'" ......:ntial words: ""So
now pou.OUI upon this chasm one Ihat power which ill from you.
lhe go ...·ming Spirit whom you gave to you. belc... ed Son, Jesu.
0 ••;'1. the Spirit giveo by him to "'" holy apostles. " 'ho founded
the Chun:h in n-ft}' p lace 10 be your tempi.. for the unc .....mg glory
and pra~oI your""me.~
I) Since the laying on 01 lands and the prll)'" u .... lilu'"' the rite 01 or-
dination. the ensuing rilleS must"'" ~ed as '""'PO ' . ", ci " 'hat
h;oo 1ICnI~ I t the momer>I 01 ordi ... tion, Th .. ilI _ ~'\TI ci the
.moWing ci the he..:! with chrism. wltich in the J'il"1 Willi inil'gr.lted
with the pra)'" ci ordiNtion .00 Willi ~rdII!d H _tial, It hM:I
b,:"" brought into the ~ 01 ordination in the righth <ft'Itury in the
Fnnko-{;,llic tl'nikli its. ;ond ob"wsly w illi derived from the anoint.
illS ci the high pl ' m in the Old T.,t.am....'11 (Lrv 8,12). It is now an ex-
pltS!bn of "'" fid thai the newly ordained porticil"'lI'.'S in the high
priesthood of OIri5l. lIS the ;ocromponying wont:. mak clea r.
~ Pn'Sfntarion of the book of ,he g05pel~ <den 10 lhe bishop's
participiliDn in the teaching office of OIri51. The giving of the epis-
copal ring (whkh, with th e miter and Slaff, is no longer- bk>ssed dur_
ing Ih~ MUll of ordlnarion bUI at !lOme earlier rime) symbolizes the
bishop's obligation o f fidelity 10 th" Church, eoIpedally lhe local
Chun:h, wh ich is described in lhe areompanying words as "the
bride of Chris t. "
The mi ler is pla~ on the bilohop' l hNd wi th .. briri acrompanying
formul a, The accompanying text in tt.. older rited~bed the
miter as the Mlm<1 of pmt«tion and ",lvaliDn and linked it sym.
bolically w;lh!lv homs seen on the radiant head 01 M05P!o. Thill
lext wa~ thought to bto out of tUIl(' with modem "'-"'Sibili'""'. The
Il<"W ""'I p rays that the «s plendor of holi_~ may $hine in the
I'I<'W bishop and tNI he may be .....nhy 01 the crown 01 glory whm
ctuisl aPlX'ars,
The: I"'stOrallllaff, USf!d alK> In the Ea~l'IIl Church, is an eloquenl
symbol oIlhe I"'lIIota! office. The prind~1 ordaining bishop giws
,,.
It to the new bishop with words bas.ed on .Paut' s fa",,.... Uadd...,.. at
Miletus (Acts 2Q:28h .,-.kf this stoff as a:w.gn 0/ your palllo.-ol of-
Ike: keep wJl<: h over th. whole flock in whirh tM Holy Spirit has
IIfPOlnIIt'd you 10 Iohepherd the Church of God. «10
AI the the conclusion 01 the rite 01 ordination Iht new ~ is
~ to hill epilcOfNI chai' , if the ordiNtion ~ laken pi...,., In .his
church; ~ he receh'n lhe kiss of peaC'C' from aU lhe bishops
,
......
; ' :. "t and take!: his place I S the presiding rooOCfiebrant o f the ...,-
h) AI the ft>d of lhe pra~' . fter communion the newly ordained is
condUCIIt'd through the church to the singing of T~ Drum; as he goes
he givts the faithful his first ble$ing;u a b~. After. few words
from the .1ur he gi"es the solemn final blessing.
A review of lhe new. much mo ... ror.dS<', and m....,/o"" shorn.... rite
erod. • comparison of II w ith lhe old .... rito' show that ,lien> has been
• _ llmpnl'\'emt'nt, r\'en if all expectanons ",",'" no! been rom-
p1.etely satisfied.
Offi C E AND 0 Il.DIN"'TI O~· OF A p ~ HBnE R
What was lIIIid In Ihe first section of this chapt ... ha. already made
cleo.r thai Ihe ministry of prt'$by51.... S must likewise bto ••:en as a par-
lidpatlon in the threefold office of C,hri.1 ""~ thus as,' de"elop- ,
mlMll oIlhe one ministry which Chnst has I!,ven 10 hlS Chur<:h. An}
\im.Vltlon of tM p,.;.,.,stly ministry from the $Ocrificial prie<thood In
IuHllU'Od in paS'n ""UgiOTlll. or any likening of illo th"""', 15 crm"""
OUI For thi5 ""ason we can only "'l!ard as highly dub;""" the pm-
~ by which ~dual eleml!T\lS cr<"pt inlO th" ~tes of ordioation .01
the ft>d of anliquity. aOO iTICreasingl y in the M.'~dle A~, thai p~
Rflllt'd lhe Old Tntl ml!T\t priesthood aOO l~\''''cal office.s prehgu-
nliorll .00 models of Chrililian pri"\hood.
The: fundlment.l con ""'t al>d signific...... o f the p<"s~,yter.loffiee
an! Itll ted chirily In lOme doctri .... l documents of \!abean It 1ft pa.-
liaillll, the CONliNtion Ulmm S"""iwm on IhI' Chu",h (LG), lhe 0.-
Oft CItmI", [lomillws Of\ the PolS' orll ()ffi,ce 01 Bishop (CD), and the
Dtc:." PmIIyImlnrm ordillis 011 the Ministry and Life of Pries... (PO)
of lanuuy 7, 19(6.
 liturgy uliirNtl'ly pa,' ed the way for a . adi·
" E ...·., though Ihty do no! pc55US lhe full_ oI lh~ pri...tl>ood .
Vancan II'·
,
and in I).., eJ<t"tCiw o f Ihdr power lor ~ ....: .ulhority!l ...... wbordi.
Jl;ll~ 10 I~ bishops. preabyten . od IWYmhelno linI<ed 10 the bish. I , .... .00 deaCONl ord;·
op!' in pliO'Stly d ignity, By virtue o f the ...oament 01 orders. in the
imo!';e of Chrisl the f'1erNl High Priesl .. . !hey a.... COI\SeCT~1ed 10 go&pO:'l 0/ a Sunday or
preach the Gospel. 10 sIwptoe . d lho! failhful,. . od 10 a.lebrate di\"ine
worship as I~ prieta of lhe New T<!Stament. I'.nakfts 0/ lhe futl(. by the bishop;
lion 01 ChrUI. t~ Kli. Medilltor (see I Tim 2:5). at lheir own "".1'1 of
ministry they ant'lOllO\C'f t~ d i\"ine word 10 all. They ext'Kj§e their
sacr...:I function abol.·. all jo the tuc:harialk wo rship 01 celebr~tion
01 Mas., by which, ~ In the perscm o f Christ and p roclaiming (litany 0/ the saints):
his mystery, thty uni~ thep'llyers of the fa ithful ...~th the-nfia.
of thrir Head (LC 28).~
andw .....:
n.. ...m~ do<'ument goes on to speoolt. of thdr ministry in _ onril·
'"
ing oint'Ien .nd allevia ring the suffering oIthukk. M fW1io:i?4'nl5 ., Kill of peaa!. .
•
in the postoral office of Chris! they Iud their flock to the Falher I) n.... aMidatH. "est .on ...."e,. . • , , ,'--un:
,... ' • and dearon sstole •

\•, Ihrough Chri5t in t ~ Spirit, " J>nosbyteos, as prudenl cooperator'S

wilh th~ episrop.Il <m:ier, ils lIid and il\Slroment . .. rnnstitul~ one :=' calkd by name . Each "' IMw<!i"!i: "Ad~uon " (""""""'I ") a~ goes.
the bishop. )0 responj;O! to a q~I;on of the biohop, a pnest des'g'

,- pointly college with tlweir bilIhop, charged with diffrrent duties" t 1 by the bishop an.wen thai " the people of O\nst aod . . .
~ I concemed with h iE tra iolog" h..·c been .~ked and that. they
,
~
(ibid.l. In tMir So!\"eral rommunities they., it wr .... mal«> their
bishop pit"St'nt and altlwe IIImr time mal«> the universal O\uKh \"i ...
ibl ...
,.ard lhe caodid.1e II. wonhy. There i5 an echo he,... of Chnsuan
lJIIIqul wh.., the bestowal of orden depeoded on the p ....cccitng
~tyor c""gn.~ati"".'
I t I...... t rotl!I!1lt of the a;:.~~e
When th,s
I Th~.".. and simil .. doctrina l state ments were of great help in "",is-
ing the Ti l" of priestly o rd ination. Thls rile, li ke Ihal of ."i"""pai or·
dination. hltd. under the influ..,~ f5PeCioIly of lhe Franko-Gallk
IkIn of woo1hioes~ has been gi\"..,.I ..... bishop '0 lum res~

:!:o.: thJ:
th hel f tQe Lord God aod our Savio, JesUJ5 Christ, an
:Io: our brother. 10. priesthood io the pnosbyteral
.d

ChuKh, b«ome • highly comple •• ff.i. which for '""'turi.". 0b- ordft." The people gi\"e their as:;ertl with ao " Aonen.~
scured th~ vision o f the es!<!1ltiais. A, a ~ult, there w as for a long
b) The ensuing ... odel lot the bishop', homily I... "" hea\"ily on
II time confu Sion aboul whit the ~tials of the ri~ were (the " mat·
I<'!" and fonn " of lhe Scholastics). Th", Thomas Aquioas (d. 1274) whal .said In LG 28 (Sft .\)o\·e) .
.od the DKree for lhe AnTI<!ni'N (1494), which wasl>eavily ;oflu· c) 1lw promiSti gi~tn by the c.odidl~ in n>S!X-''''' to qUO$tions off
enct'd by h~ writiop (especially his S~"'''''' """ rQ8""iks), held lhe the · e<p.-e$ h I. reiIKI\n0H6 10 .ccept the d uties of lhe office 0
v i<-w tNI the essenn"I!.I&n In priestly ordiNrion was th. bestowal
• ~I ,nd preacher and Io COt"",,."te himoelf 10 God ,0 an
0/ 1M ""ten with hosts on It and the ch~!ice w itt. wine In ii, and do..
;t«o mpooying w(Wds. M wesaw in lhe previou. ~on 01 this
F
b ... _w_'
• ngIY _ ' ••~,_ w',u, ~ Ch-'*'
.... the Hifth
.... P ....st for lhe ...l",,·
;';'-0/ hUOJW1kind. AfteT Ihis andid.trlt.neds ~Iore the
earn
chitpt...-, in 1947 Pius XII (01 .teted these .. nd other uo(Ws and stobed laca his joined Nods ~ t~ of the bishop, and
INI tto., es5<"ntial elE"_lI o f the ri le ~I ~ s..age o f orders is the bisho!?' p" I d obedimo:e~ to him ,.-.:I hisslilXCSSYS- Thos
lay,og on 01 hands and t~ prlyl!'f 0/ ordination. Oulliandlng .1Ud· ~ [ !liP:: an ......, .
~ goK back 10 the .ncienl c..erm..rU<: practice whe._~ 1 a ,as-

'"
 sal I'O'n"iving;l fief placl!'d his;o;nI!'d h..Inds in th""" 01 t .... king al10d _.~ In chalice) fo r lhe Eucharist that i5 to follow; as he ~te5-
promi~ submission and alLo!giance. ~: the holy per>pk: 01 God the 81ft!! to
• ... doing. Ind imitate th~ mY""
d) In respon"" to the bishop'. in"i~l iOfI to prayer. thf «>ngn>gation the mrst...,. of the l.l>rd·s
si"&ll a much abbrev~ 11!'d lil.ny 01' the saints. into wltkh the invoca- In the p.li5t a. ~till ha>
tion 01' «I1ain saints (p.1 lfOf1S (If the pike. the chu rch. ~nd Pft"SQns)
can beinsened.•$(.... topkal petitiQnS. In light 01' new kn<>wledgt
(If Uturgk.l hi5tory this praye.- of tlw community lot the can<lidatos
L.
mUS! be ~ud<!d IlS an Unpc>rtllnl elttherll 01' thf ordin/loon "'-""'-
"""'y and as linUd 10 IIw bisl.., !,·, prayer (If <>rdination. "Fo. a
rnan is (In:lilined by thf I.>ying on (If h..Inds and the p ray..- of the
oW.s;. .55mlbll!'d al'l>\ll>d the bilohop."u

..) ThO' bishop tU)W slimIly I.>ys hi, It.aruts Qt\ tlw> head of ..am undi.
d.te. The pi itSts p. liEnt ckI the same and th.m ........in group"'" the new rite with. the old. it is impoMibJe not to - .•
.""und the bisllop until tlw er>d of the ensuing pu r .. r of mdin/l· tN.! a futurl' edi·
non. Thi, rnakes it deu 1/1., the newlyo:nd.oinfod ar.-being KCepIll'd
as brothers inlO the ptftl>yterium. The prayer of on:!i..... ti<>n unfurtu.
..... tely ~ still Vtty m",h captive tQ the Old Testa"""'t p.rall..1s used ...N D OIlDtNATlON O f A O~ACON
in Q/der pr.y.,,, of ordi ..... oon. H~ ..r, the Strond ed ition of the the Creek di.okonD" to serv~) is already
E

ordin.tion ri~ halldd<!d a new paragraph w hich """aks o f Christ New Testament (['hil 11.; I Tim 3;8ff,) , We may
and me apostl", Unfortunately, the p...,.,.,t prayer .till does r.ot ..... de.o:oru in the ~en men whom, IC'
,
/l1'C'l th e d .. pth.nd riches of. mo ... reant Iheology of ordination
and office. The Apostol ic Constitution Po~lific.i;. Rcma~i say. that ,
the nsmtia l &«lion of t.... p" yer is this: "Almighty Father, grant to . For, although
these servants 01 yours the dignity of thr priesthood, R.... ew within I lI<lCio-caritolive work), w~ iOJn find
th..... the Spirit 01 holi ness. As co-workel'll with the ord .. r 01 bis hops
may they be I.ithful to the mini5rry that !My I'O'n"ive from you,
Lord God, and be toothers a model olright conduct."
....,.
III "",en also prpchlng. converting. a nd bapti.jng (Philip. 51...

£) Al; a!-ign of the priestly ministry they have I'O'n"ivl!'d, ""m.. of the
preby~rs present "Ht the newly ord.ined in the priestly stoJe(by
rearr.ongi"8 the deaoon 'sstole) Ind a chuubJe, The bishop then
anoints the p.lilrm o f their ""nd~ with chrism, p r.ying me~ nwhiJe
th;oot Christ, whom !he F"her anoin tt'd with tho! Holy Spirit and
pow .... will prolK t and &ttel1gthtn the newly cwdainfod in tha'
priHtly ministry. A pplm Of al<>n& m.y ~ l u ng during !his int....
pret;,,, ri~. The bishop nt>CI rec:1!'i,'oos tho! b~ .nd wine fo r the Eu.
ch;oortst from the p«Jp1oe a nd, a/tw the ch;ool~ has bftn ~ he
gi,.... tad> new p i it.. !he saaificial gifts o f brud and wine (on
,
1l\moth 3J..12 .1~ldy sell down e<ertain mora requl' ... m....Is for ,
17 7 ow ... ~t lhe begiMing of the il«ond century du"""" ·PP"'" '"
Iht kU6i of Ignatiu., the m.rtyr b!5hop of Antioch. a. I d early de-
"'-_~ fft . ,-, the hle .... rchlc.1""""""",,,-I of the Church.
........ OI.a!Wil"'n .,_. L'd dearonate
Down to the present time the E.o~tem Church h;oo. "" a
h i li • li~long ministerial office; in !he West, iK>wevn . the deacon·
all!! w u from the early Mid<lli' Agoos "" ,imply a stage ,o n. the ~a~ to
pnesthJod. Men became ck.c::>rlS not in order to remain", "'" •
ftot but II • condition for o rdination as pi itsts
1l>e Coundl 01' Trent did attempt \0 mnb"O<l~ !he pe''' lanen! diac·

'"
 onale. bUllhe rt'5()]ulion wa, r>ev ... implemented." Belo .... World by tIM' oHicial revival 01
Wu II a 5imilAr efftw t WiS ,"",-de; lhi, gatlwm::! momentum aft ... the
W.r and los! even belo .... Vniclon lJ 10 the /ormation of "diotron.ol rir.
elf$." n..e
bre. llthrougll nrne. 00_,·.... only .t Vatican II. tC 29 do--
scribed ~ rolf 01 oocon, as follow, :

" In$ofar as rompo>f\'nt authority a,.,igns tll ...... 1hr d uties of I .... dea.
con a", to: admlnst ... Npti$m sokmnly; ca .... to. I.... Eucharist ~
gi"e holy rommuniofl; assiSI at and bless marriages in I ............. of
the ChultCh,: cany viallcum 10 d.... d ying; I"Ndt .... Scripture< to the
peop~ Mld mon and iru;1n.oct ti"lffll; p""id.. ""er ....onhip and
pra~ administer $IIcrammtals; officl"., .1 fu...-m and burial rita
o.-dica lf:d to d uties of charity and Mn' 1a-.. .. 8

Tlw dorum""l then cont;nu" with this deri$i,·.. statement:

«As Ihr discipline of Ihr Lltin o.urch cu.,...,Uy slands, t t - diaco-
nal functions. sUP'""..... I~ fII'Cl'SSI'}' 10 Ihr Chun:h', life. can be car.
fWd oul iJ1 many place! only w ith g!"1'at difficulty. H .... ceforth.
1""""',,-«". il w ill be ~rm;S6ibl .. 1O !"1'SIO.... the diaconale" a distincl
and f"""'I1OInent fank 01 the hie.'urchy. To t .... variou, sorts of aUlhor. • w lIidllakn ,nlace an .... t .... gospel during a
presbyt"Tlte in ie. .tructu'"'.
ized IwrilOrial bodiK 01 b-Ishopslt bookmgs to de<:idr. with papal ap-
proval, w .... th ... and w ........ it ;, adV ln tageous lo create permanent i bishop;
dearons for the care of IoOu1,. Witllth .. ~', cO"'"'nt. 1.... l"'rm •.
""nl diaconale may be confe •• ed on men o f malu .... ye.rs. and even and the placing of their h.nd~ in
on married men. and upon qualified young men. For the lall ..... of the bishop:
how""er. thto law of celibacy must .... m.in in fon:e (tC 29). II) Utany o f the IoIIlnt~; . .
Tlw Dec. '"" Ad gn.'(S on Ihto Chun:h', MiMi"".,}, Activity (Clo:<-em. ) Lo ' on 01 11. ds and pf~y"r of o rdinatiOn;
be. 7, 1965) confinned thi, deciSion .nd .... lale<! it ... peci.lly to men ~ Ex~IOry riles: v...tlng with dlKonol stole .nd d almali<:; p""
already doing diaconal work: .,tation oIlhe book o f Ihr gO!lpels;
&I KIM of peace.
To m.k .. their ministry more effe.:tive through .wcr.menlal grac •• it
i • • d'·.ntageous 10 . tteT\gthen and bind d (IIW" to the .110 . through .
. )llwp,"""",UtKlfll" -~ "'''M
... e.' k'c:tion of , .... u ndidat....... ho
. . ofamice.
tIM' apostolic tradition of t.... l.ying 011 of hands lhaw men who.re
actually ..... lrising d iacona lluctions: preaching God', word as catoe--
chiots; presiding In ~ 1>1_ of • ~~or or bW>op Ovn "'''I''', ed
.,....
alt, and cinctu,"" la ke place as in U". rite for th • .,..d"....t.oo p ........

to) llw rnoo:\t,l homily provided for I"" bishop begin. by ~

Chris~n rommuniti6; ""gaging in social or cNritabJ. worb CAG tho! 'Iion ndfur-tiooosofthedeaconinagent<al ..... y: Hewill

'" """ ~ ;;00. the gift of tho! Holy Spirit . He.' will ....lp the
~~ h is body 01 priats IS a minister o f u.. won:l.. "! ~
alta •• and of chariI)'. He will make hi"-U a Mn'MlI o f all.
dt!acon'. fun<:tion'J~ then described ltl deu il C
_ above, the pas-
sag~ Iron U; 29). Oi~I"nt conclusions .te provido!d depending on
wlwth.er the andicbtes J ... marrird ~ !'lOt,
c) The dNcon'. promises ~nd the ph.cing of hislundf in thoow of
tho! bishop lu"",b l• .ne pil. alld ~cti0n5 in tho! rite for the ordin.o_
tion of prmyteTS. Unmarrioed candidates ma ke their rommittm('nl
to C1'lihlcy in th~ (l)Uf'!I\' of lhe promise.
d) Tho! .... mE is truE 01 lhe lilany of lhe salots,
t) The laying of both hands by thE bishop and thE pr.yer 0/ ord ina-
lion ..... orin' Igaio the tsSer'Iti4l1 oudeus of the ril1l!. The praY""" ron-
I.inl pra;'" and petition but, most importanlly, the epiclesis or call
for the ductiil of the Holy Spiril, wh;.:h the Apostolic Constitution
Po~lifialJiJ R,:"""ni says is the essen.tial pl.ssage: "Lord. 5end forth
upon h im the Holy Spirit,. !hat he may be _gtIwned by tM """'_
enfold gr8tt to carry out faithfully the work of the miobtry." The
commuojty hlcb the P"'}'ft with il5 - Amen .-
f) SOi11Oe dNocons or ptesbyten vost the roew dExons in their 1""1*'"
vestmmlS. The bishop thm giv ... the boo!< of the ~ 10 urn 0/
lhe newly o rdaiIwd, saying: ' ~ve the gospel of Christ, whooor
her.lds you now a .... Believe wlu t yOUfud,tNc h whal you boo-
1!eve, and practicE whal you INch."
g) The rite end. wilh lhe kiss of peaC1' from lhe bIshop. The other
deacons pl't'M'nl may also gi'-. il thU$ sigoltying lhe IICCrpt..'oC" of
lhe- rl('wly ordain<'<l inlo their rol"-"S". "
ST Er S lEA DINC TO THE SAC R AMEN T Of O R DERS
10 the (01USOl' of the centuritol J number 0/ Sleps leading up 10 the
sacrament of Diders wered ....~1oped; they might not be b),pa-.d . A
shon description of lhe order urlier followed in the RorlW"l Ciotho-
lie Oun:h will help us better 10 appruci~1e the postconctliu ~
fom>.
Tht Old.... ""''''"8'"'''''''1
Tonsure
Reception into I"" clerica l Slal1l! (as into the onooasllcjwu IICCO~­
nled , IS early as thE end of Christian a nliquil}', by • pl rti.1 ...... vlng
~ub5equmtly M1,'eloped into the iiIII' o f tor"ISUJe
. This ,.·u intended Ul sign !hal theca ....
sla"e) to lhe S<'f'\'lC1' of God. In this rite
surpllC1' w<>s
a~ a $ymbolk clerical garment.
fuoctiol15 of porter, I«tor (reader), exorcist,
as minor orders; in thf £.aslern Church
SO regarded. In antiquil}'
I~ ord ers performed sped!k servlOll"l in the communi-
ord .... became $imply \ral15ltiono.[ slages wilhoul
•~~~~.:;,~''''':::.":~bdel(.'Oi'late
IIIinOi" onIer until about
was regarded
III made it OIle of the
filled oowadays by sextons.
~~:~.\:::.:':.:WlS 10 procla im the scripture ....dings
• bOSlilurgical . For thiS ",ason the l«tiofl/ll")' was p"""
~Ittd to them a l their ordinalion. Today any member of the com-
.
....ruty Is entilled to perform thl, serv ke; 001)' the gospel is
~ to a d~l(lIn or priest.
~ .
In ll'lliqulty the function of emrcists w lS to uode";:' . exoms"," ..,..
pidally in rorulection with bap\i.!.m. By "",,0n:1SITI IS meanllhe ~f­
Ion to ddi~"tr human beings from ~ control 0/ po_rs hostilt 10
God by meaN of opecial pra~. The otfi« of ""on:i!ll ~ its "" I
furw;Don hefo .... Ihe.....J of antiquity and continued In """,tenC1'
GrIIy U li ~ minor order. The ~xmnal si~ '?"
this rile in
the old liturgy was the pt".IIlation of J book oontallung pra)"f:I"'l
for exorcisnv (usually the KorN,o Ritual).
AcoIyIft (from G ..... k ol:olow'''''' '' follower. allmdlolj performed
~in ....-vloC1'5 during liturgkal .:elebntlonJ. They may therefore
be compilted with p "st,>t-day .[tar~, Who. in f.cl h~"e ~
large measu", laken over lheir functloru. In the nle of ordmalion
 IottNtSl~t IS ~ O tt WO Mf. N
they w... e presenled with undl.! ar>d cruorts as IMi. ute"",1 sym_ minl~ries of lector or . ei>d.l'T and acolylf" (to
""'.
Ordination 10 th~ SubdNconal~
added at the di!lCl't"lion of lhe episcopal confer·
til")' art" " "

The subdeaooo w;U originally I duc:on'. IItlpl'" np<rially during

i documml ""ys
Ilw Euch.orisl; among his olh ... 5E'fViCO!S thert w;u I"" ..... ding 01 the
"PiM .... Thn ~"P in ord ... sw~s upgr,do!<lwhm c,.libocy and !he ~
italion 0I1h,. breviary ..~ imposed on lubd~acons (beginning of •
I from lhal • tho> sacra·
the lhi""""lh <:enwry) and the s ubdeaCONI,. ..·~s acrount.ed a
major a do •. y"" I"" ';1,. of ordination,.,...,... included a Loying 01101 ,
hands; lhiu hows 1""1 il WaS nOltobe ~rdNI;u a majo.order in . Iht-n. 1& !he .talernefll in no. VII: ~ln • ....,..-
,..nt
I),.. slrict E, thaI is. pa" 01 thIP sacr.ment of ordf.'B. In IhIP rile
ncient tradition of lhe Church. i..stitut:ion to It..
lilt bi5hop p ......... I...:IliIt' cand idate wilh chllia and paten (..~thoul • acol~-w is _ _'N 10 men. -"Th·IS regu ..
bmxI and wi ..... ), cruet!I, "Pistolary,and 5e>'eI"alliturgkal \"eslrnmlS: II\iIny." painful form of d;,crimination
amice. alb . .... nip .... and lunide. too . theoommonprk5t·

~ P05I0r0ndl;", RIfvrm
n-.... morm, SOtIghl in m~ny qUa"ers befo.., Ind during Vatican U.
bo.-gan w;!h the two Motu Proptios. M inisl... ", qlUudRm and M
" ,i
" ,
pas<rndum which Paul Vllnu...:l 01\ Augu~1 ]5. ]m.'" The f;rst of 5. 1m) ollows ""pmen
t~ dec....-d thaI Ih" prt"\"ious four minor ",d~", w...., to be re- ""J'isroplll con·
pla<'r<l by !he Iwo miniSlries 01 re.>der and acolyle. These two mini$-
lrit."S also took o"e. In.. tasks uf lhe older subdeKOnak, which now
c".sed 10 cxi~t. Only by """plion of the deacon.I~;s a person now
, for lhis ... ading."

in .he Ins.ru<:tion I
I .,di·

n-....
"",ei,'~-d into tile cterical llllt!. IWo mlnislries of reader and aco-
lyte are no longe. rcser"o!<l to ca ndidates for orde.s, bu t can be
gi"~"I"l to layp<'l'!IOrls (only lu main •• «ording to ""d""i •• ticallradi·
lion).
n... "",ond document. ...d p;lscrndum, d«rees l""llonsure is no
longer It... rih! 01 t'<"«"plion inlo tIw drmol 51. Ie. [I is rep~ed by a
rile 0/ .>d miWon to c"ndlda<)' fOf diacona le and presbytef.w.
11-..- candid."" must in time beoomm;""ioned as ..... deB and aco-
Iyl... in order d\lltlhey may ptqN"' lor I~ d iaconalf" and presbyt·
t"ra te by ""ercising lhese ministries.
no, Congresation fo r !)i"ioe Worship publishftl5peCial rita. (Do-
~ber 3. 1m) for !hIP in,tiTUlion of ruders and aooIyt5, admis-
sion It> candidacy for d iaronal" and pF'f5byWrale• • nd oommitmml
10 ~li""CY."
fnr.M Sacraml'Ols 29, 1973)
Euchorist
ufc.ellOtl U>~, u}'S. firsl.lhallay,",,"I"l can be op-
,.." ted on. 'table 'onis and by me.ns 01 the prescribed rite 10 the
mtnIalrieo of readcr and acoly'. (can. 230 n.I). Second ly. all
'-F' .... tScan M t...nporarlly appointed to IN: " function (",u~u.)
01 'pe dIPr" In liturpcal cdebrllioo&; "hI"''''I$<' alll.y p<""""" <an lui·
':e
I!UI fumiottS of commentalo, Of UnlOf or 0Ihn function", .n. ac-
aN wilh!hIP norm of law· (ibid., n.2).1ltinlly. in ca~ 01 nl'<CessI\y
and if drri.,.l min~ Ire lacking. LoypetSOnS, .... "'" ,I not "",d...,.
of ..:oIyws, can taU ",-er certain of thri. tasks. ,,:,~Iy, to ,.Iebrale
lltu . 01 1M word, lead liturgical pray..., , dmnusI"" boap"""'
and~istribute hoIycommunioo (iI>id., n .3).
But if .... <>men Cin in sp«ified ifl!ltJroces ministt'< JS readers and ac0- to lhe Minl.blriil Priesthood · (October IS, 1976), the key
lyte.<, the question uisn: Why """y they no! ~ appointed by a litur- rN<!.: "The C hurch. in fidelity to the ~xampl .. of
to ..:Imit women 10
gkal rite? 1he only 115\'menl gi ven 10 j\l!lify thi! discrimin.a lioo
in the Church is an 'llOClent tradition 01. the C hurch.' Bul in thiscoo-
Ie<t w. mUSt not ror&et tNt In aU probability lhe ..... ly Oun:h <>ffic- definitive " No" 10 u...ontin.tim 01
i<>lIy romm.i!l5ioNd WOfMI"l for «desi.Jsliocal ~1o:es.N" In , il &eemS •• tin being studied by
CArmany, tM synod of WurWu.r& petilioonfd lhe ~ thai Ninstitu_ Bul a .t«lIt , ,mallO'
lion a5 re..:lerslnd KOIylft not ~ I(sel '·~ 10 mm.
M
"

In ",,"ny countries a question tNl hu been and is still being de-

bated ~-en IJ"IOre hotly Is whether girlund women may act as !oCJ">••
ers al M us. In its ln5tnoction l...sli_ * d(Jtllllfl o f April ), 198(1,
the Congregatioo for the 5Kraments and 0ivifW' Worship ~ that
Nwomen al\" not .1low~ 10 ~(is< ~ ministry of acoI)'Il' 01" ailM
..".".,.... (no. 18). On the other hind, as Wf ,,"W abo....., in its InstrtJc.
lion ''"''''''... urito:rtis o f /anuary 23, 1919, the COfl3"'&1tion lor Di-
...m.. Wonttip .now~ women the far~ importanl ministry of
distributing rommunion .
lhere was thus gl\"llinlOftSl in wring what poilIition IM .... W Code
of 1983 would take. In canon 906 it dr-opa the p"",;,ion of the 1917
Code (can. 813 § 2) that. wornan may not ~ an .Itar se!"\'t'<, and
does not "'Plxe It with anything Specific. And instead of the old
can . 8 13 § 1 which forbad<! the c.t..bra lion of Mo." "oi"' mi"isl",:
i.e., without. male S<l!fYer, c.n. 906 of the new Cod .. .. y• • im ply:
"A print may not celebrlll! without the participation of at I..ast
som .. member of the faithful, except for. JUSt and ",asonab'"
cause" (or "of lOt "'.SI one belie ... er: fid,lis being either masculine
or t..minine). To ..~clude Iny doubt Archbir.hop R. J. Castillo l<I ra.
(Pro--) ~idmt of theCommlJliion for the Rev-Won 01 theCOOE, de-
dal«l in an officia l l«lure (Ft-bruary 14, 1963): · With reg'lTd to the
distinctim 01. men and WOlTlft\ In lhe e«!eslastica.1 realm: ap"rt
from u c1usion from oodo;l. and lhe insrilO,lIed ministries no distinc-
tion i. ",,"de betw""", 1M ",,"Ie and '",,"Ie sexes. ...

In Ro ..... itself the Pontifical Bibl inl CommiMion u""nimou5ly

sta ted thallheScriptunscannot by It ... "wlWII d ....rty and defini-
ti>...ly decide the question of w ..... he. Of not women .... y be Of-
d;Jined .Jl lnronIJlISI, lheCongresflion fe. ~ ~01 u... Faith
published a MOe<:laration on ~ Question oIlhe Admission of

Chap t{>]" Fifteen
The Liturgy of Marriage
A5 the title 0( tho> chaptt.. , ...ggests.! shall root he~ discuss in det.i1
the Anthropoklgical, $OdoIogicaJ, ~nd dogm.>riC" 1SpPCt5 o f marri..age
or qU<'5Uons rti.lting 10 mo;>ral theology ~d c~non la w. l"\'l'fl if one
or other 0( th_ dOH inllu~ my pi __ !" ....!ion. The focus w ill be
on the liturgical "",Iri>r.!ion of m.lrri.og£'. which P""""'PI"""'" the
5;>Crammulity 0( C hrhti.n ...... tomony.
C HRI S TiA'" M AR RIA C E A S I SS li T UTIOS O F TII£
CR E AT E D O ROU. AND AS SA C RAMENT
~.iTiage is ~n the fint p""'" patt ofCI'I'.1t'd ...ality and is roo>g_
niud Ind highly "'teemed JS such in both T("!;lam<'f!ISof ....,red
..rnp~ ... n>. The w ill ~I the creat?r as expressed in the.erond story 0/
cre. hon (Gen 2,24) .. 1... llilll'd on the fn>ely ac""ptN. communion of
Iwo human beings Ind in lheir mUlu.llove and fidelily. In this
b<-ing lor a nd with one ilrIother the .... thor 01 the Lette. 10 IN.
\ Ephcsia rlS 5eH I pa,"bl~ Ind sign of the rel.tionship for ilrId with
one .nother of Ch.ist .nd hi s C h ... rch.
In !ho;oir commun ioo .nd unity. C hrist. who "lov ed Ih~church and
ga ve himsel f up for he •. that No mighl saN;tify her. ha"ing cI ...... ~
he. by th~ w.,hing of wlt.!r with the word " (Eph 5:25--26). and IN.
Church a 5 hi' body wh ich commits i"",lf 10 him in r.....·~. readi-
""'" 10 """"'·e. and Io>·t . are lhe g' NI saving realily of tho> n ...... co'·.....
nanl. Every bapti2c:d per5Ot\ ~Iands wilhin lhis .... lity ~d draws
lift. from it. This is true in .n e,'en greater dtgl.... of 1M community
fonr-.N by the two IH"""" In i Chri5tian m,m.ge. whonot ""Iy
II.>v.... mode-! to. 1M. own mu l ...... ",Lorionsh.ip (of jo,·e. fidelity.
oerv>ce. "'If." 'Tifice. forgiven.ess) in the unity . nd Io>'ing c:ommu-
noon of Christ and the ChuJrh bUI .Iso draw lheir lik from this sav-
ing gi ll of God. To 1M alieni tNI lheir own ...... rital C'OW'NInl
"""ing c<.WeN nl b<-~ween ChriS! and. lhe C hun:h 10 n'\lIni-
-.
I. this savif\j! roven.n! becomn , eality In this s,.....n patt of
/orm the Smallnl p.orticu1u Chutdl, a
~ as Vatinn II c11l5 i! in one p u Pil" (LG
10 bt , SKUll. rulity bul at the same
• •
, iNInifested in its im.iIgoe.
mvcrwlI berwetn Chrisl
i. the ronumm ity 0( man and wift.. The Latter i!I
-.ct w Ith tht U~ e~changc:d btotwetn omS! . nd lhe Chun:h. ..~th
h lf"K" ,nd IN!h which Christ tw bP!;lOwed 00 his bride. the
0audI. .nd w ith the fK""er o f the Io>~ I N I uniln Christ and tho>
C>w<h.'
" . vM!W of themall~.is alsocongeniallOl.mil..Slanl Ilwology as
...angelical theoIogiln H. BaltrMWei~ snoW5'
1he ardItype-lln3l1" sd\eml." uw.lly Ipplied in l'rote:5 .... nt theol-
CIIY to~ribe whal ls re.tlly meant in Ephl'Sia"" 5. is too weak. We
~ r,u,er the con~1 of represenlation or nuking p...,;enl. Jusl a 5
the community 105 such repn...,;.ents Chri.1 In this world. "", lhe mar-
rIIp of Chris!!ans nmders lhe Christ.."..<'f!1 p'<"SI,n l among human
bIIngt. Thalli why lhe unbch~vln~partner can be consecrated by
the btl~ing p.rtner (l Cor 7,l W'
•
h fellows from what hI' been Nid tha t marri.ge dO("!; not become a
IlCnlmeIlt simply t>«a" ... lhe grace of God i. beslowed 00 this co\,·
IIIInI through an fl(temal rite. thus elevatin g il from outside. -n-.e
IICnImen .... lity of ...... rrilll"coosi!ts of mo ... I""n a bkssing whlch
ttw Church give to itt children I I • dKisive poInl 0/ thei. ioume)'.
IIIOft than I CflemOrIy tNl acwmpan .... lhe contracting 0/ a mar·
riage and n!1TIOIIft II from lhe sphere of lhe e'\'ery<iay and the ordi-
nary. 11 is In fact lhe lUling 0/ the marilal CO" enilrll wilh lhe glory o f
Christ. ~ ,
nw establishment of C hmtian marri.ge as ~... liNlg£' 0/ and partie.
IpIttion In ttw mvenanl of ""'·t
betwetn Chml and the Chutdl-"
brinp w llh it . n Imptnot1ve. I mJMlon . Like the people of God in

it. mtu..:y: Christian miorrlioge must become in a spec;.,l way a sign
whlch they _"" members the couple thenuelv..s publicly attest their
and emptneal proclamallon of Christ's love lor human beings. The
IItth. by wllKh alorw thedaims made on It-..m by Christian mar-
1m... of the couplf! for one lnother, their muluill 5etVire,nd sell......c-
rifice, their tolerance and forgivi'nl!SS, their fidelity until dealh, are
10 show forth with clarity whal Christ is and does, even now, for
Itw human race and upe<iall y for his Church. Thus~'ny Christian
marriage an and ought IQ be<ornoe a l ign of Christ and a witnes510
rum
Since a m.orri.ge u a ~ality 01 the CIN1II!d order is cstablished by
~ --:wof the ~. to"mlG nuorry .nd si.-this mamago' is ",..uy
idmtiGJJ w ith what_ull a SIIc<'ment, it follow5th" tho-wiU to
many is.bo the ~stiluth... ele~w:nt in the NCnrTtent ofmarri<lge.
In other words. it IS noc the Church or the priest conducting thecer-
"moo Ywho administer this ~,ment; the ~rtners themselves ad ·
""mster it to one anottwr when they ""press their coruent in • form
rerogniud by the Church.
AC«lI ding to the Church ~w pl'l!'5ently In force this obligalO<y form
(c.non".1form) hilS coosUled since the Council of Trent (1545-46)
in this: all marriages in which at INst one partno>' is a Catholk
mu!! be ent~ into In the presence 01 a compf!l"nt Catholk :leric
Ind two wit"'II'1'"" This binding p'Kept is meant to make the part-
ners more dearly coru.cious t/ult thei' expressed consent is a deci-
s ion made .ll(l before God .nd the community of God'. people and
that thom covmant 01 love and HI<:' must take its cha , acter from th
faith of tn.. Church and bear wilnen to this flith, e
The ob1i~Ation of form doe not bil'l<l in dlnger of death if a compe-
tent cleric cannot be found. nor d.,.., it bind outside the danger of
death if a competl!11t cleric ' .n"'" be found for a lengthy period (.
month), [n addition, in "is Motu Proprio MII,ri",,,,, .. ",ulll (00. 8) of
Mud! 31. 1970. Plu1 VI decreed that in mi~ marriages the compe-
t..,t biY-.op Can dispense from the obligation o f fann "wllm serious
pl"Oblern, stand in the way o f observing tt-.. canonin.! form. ...
But ""m .t hough consent is the constiluti\"~ elftnen.t in a marriagE",
ttw lIt\lrgK.1 cdebration ;, 01 no "...11 importaroa. 1M rite bring
out the epntial charxlef o f Chri,tian maniag~; they p~ the two
~tb""" S IIKItheir OO>'lI'Mnt under tt-.. bind ing and guidin& word of
God and 5t!'fl\ilhen tt-..lr /_ith. ln the p...,.,nce of tt-.. Church of
l<.t\o¥o'n and fulfilled. In of i
I
i thhAc jEct o f itl! inlleiC"'» y pra yer,
Through word 01'1<1 symbol the
the ,wI,eldsand rNdinnsol the coup~ 1011Nr
,
•
mani.ge ;, ",!d>rated can-
malt« indiffdt~.
LI NES OF OE "' fi Lor ~ SNT IS THE WESTElN lU T E
Of M AlR IAC E
Only slowly md at • relati"ely late dd.. did the lirurgial celebn-
don of Chriltim marriage devrlop the wealth of riteS that we know
1Oc1.,.. [t "h,n alwlyt derived ir& "~temal character from the
CUItOn\S connecled wIth the celdlra lion of .... rriage in the various
countries. [n both E.st and We&t. the many and varied traditions of
....dety ,nd the prechristian symbolism, which until lhe Peace of
Constantine had .100" provid.ed thr framework of the marriage ce1"-
l'iJiOIIy, played a part in the development, beginning in the fourth
('$\tuty, of the lirurgkal rite of marri age.'"
•
"There was .gniment in C hristian an liquity on the bask notion th.tt
ChriItians enle1" into marriage by mu tual agieUiLei\t and the bless-
inti of the Church and Ihat the ~iprocaleonsent to marriage i. the
fador thit brings the mamage Into being. Only tlloso' trioditiooal
customs Weh! excluded that werr itriclly pagan. Such;lS sacrifices
to the hOU5ehold gods al'l<l the qunying of oracles; in addition. pe<>-
p)., werron gua rd against tile manytxcft6ie$ that marked wnlding
celebrations.
AI .n Hrly date (lhere is ""idence from around.oo) marriage WIS
ac""IIiPfi'*<l by the oelebnotion of Mns; the saliftlt cetelhonie
_ the "vetlln&" of the~ in the ~ .1'1<1 the "crowning" of
the couple in the East, IlJicther w ith !hoe co' iuponding pu.yer of
blessing. The blessing of the bride came alter the Ou r Fa~r of the
Eucharist. In Romm antiquity then! had been . so:paratereremony
of ~I or <>npgement. comprising promi," and thie beslow&l
of a ring and OIhe.- gifts on tt.. brido:'. In the Church. how..,....,.. th_
cusloms w,"", ~ubsumed into ~ marriage rite pro?"r; as a r"ult
the Roman liturgy had no '"1'arlt .. rite of betrothal until lhe pubU.
caliM of ~ Bml cf 81mings in 198<1, which emUl .... a rite for bbs-
ing .lIl .... gagem .... t ..
Untit w.. 11 into the Mlddl.. All"" th .. actual declaration 01 COf\5CI1t
took plact> in the home 0/ t ..... brid .. and in ~ preSO>nce of t..... im m...
diale fjmily.
MOnly when Carolingian domination roIIapwd In t ..... ninth and
tenth c""turi.,. did theOun:h /eel obliged toc~m itself wilh
the leg~I;>c1s lha t l'!Otablished a marriage. a ltho ugh th iS did nol y'"
meM turning 1M domcsOc ritual inlo a liturgial ti,,". E....n mQ~
than the sta,,", Ihl> b mily ",as falling victim 10 a pmod of dt'clinr,
sorial disorocr. and civil wars in which the abduction 01 wOfN'n
wascommonplaC1'. n... Church'~ firsl ""'POOR to t~abuse5 wos
10 ~ui .... Ihal marriages be celebrated in public so as 10 en~un! tha t
the wom..>n"s consent was freo>ly gi'·en. It WI. in Normandy that the
nrha"S" of COrs ....1S w.,. lir!il giv~ a liturg;c-al b l.".ing. In order
10 ...... ke tlw act u public as possible. It WH no longerperiumo.ed in
Ihe home 0/ the bride but before the door of Ihr church. in view of
I..... hou!le of God. The expres,o;ion M ;" fari,...:d~u.r" ['bef<>re lhe /00C1'
01 thr church"] must then>fo ... ~ undc<stood u having CO'iginally
h;od • spatial meaning: '
According to a missal of RenJ\E'5 (Northern Fnn«!) from th .. begin·
ning of ~ Iwelflh century. II><> rit~ of marriage conducted in thalO!
cin:u m.itilnoa"S was siructurod a, foil.,...." The priest. vrsl1l'd in alb
and SCole, took his p~ in front cllhe church door, !lpfinkJed the
couple with holy water, questiooned them aboul their intention to
marry and Iheir fn.'l'dom from po5Ilible im~imenlS of kinship,
and inslrucl~-d Ih<:m on living their married iiI<! in acrordon~ with
the low of I1M' lord. He then ailed upon the ~""'IS cI the bride 10
surrendt"r thri. daugh~ tothie groom . The ialtl!r thengaw the
bride,," dowry (a documenl...:l st'!('menl about it was ...ad),
ploccd a blessed ring on heT right hand. and honored her with giflS
th .. church,
,
, ,·~il,bleslolld
,
he In turn gave 10 hi.
of maniagf! CU5t0m5 developed in
~" from dioce:le to d ...
of Trml not only approved lhese "aned riochf"l
reromlTlolnded Iheir rel""tion' In conlrasl, lhe rile of mar·
Roman Ritual of 16U wu eXl!'I.'mI!ly s l<e!chy. II tom-
. ofhondsby
ring which the
$ " I unilll!
conduding prayer.
rilo: 01 mamag.., for use in aU German d ioc t. M, thai .ppNNd
~:.: ~;-;:::: CIII/tdic> ,;"',,'" 0/ 1950 "'Pn!SE1\11I'd a ...... c("ful al-
t reduce the multiplicity 0/ German mamagc riles and ere-
• • ltJ.ndard lIturgy. !t wa, a "new slrueture, " "though composed,
ftI mu""" 01 tr~ itional materials lhal were ~ted.. "~refully chosen,
cIoIImI of supoerlluitiOl5., trimmed.. and ......... rrarw-J ; a spedal cf·
IIDn _ m~e 10 gi"e promint1\Cl' to the- roTI!C.'f'IllNl ~tablW>es a
lII&ITI.gear.d to the frtt partnenhip 01 husband and wi~. Th ' ~'
.an ril<' of marrilg ...., e.-ted 8 lu ting influence on the postronc,har
• D<'el rilo: promul&!!led by Rome Thi' rilf! conl4ined in the Amen·
on Co/I«tic> ,;rllll",U954 and 19(1)...&cis ttw~n-Briti"" mar-
rlase pr,",~ rather lhan the stark rilu.l of the Rmn.m /lirldf.
Vatic:lon II romrnitiioned a ....... ision of Ihe rilt! of m.mag@as found
In IN Roman Ritua~ lhe intended aim wa, to give d".rer c>cpres-
toIon 10 the grKl! cI the -...",menl and lay grelter emphasis on the
6o.rtIts of lhie marmd couple. Thi' Council also ..."..atcd the wish of
the Council ofT.....1and the old Roman Rituilihal the praiso>wor'
thy rust""" and c ......... on;.,. of vuious n:glons should by III mean.
be Iocpt. In addition. .... eh ~Of'ill ~"""" was gi""" authorily
MIO d raw up i1S own rite . .. JUited to lhe usoop cI p lace and peo-
pW" (SC m. MMIrriag<' is nonNlly 10 ~~lebrated Wilhin M-.. . .
. The prayer for the bride- was 10 be "duly ~""ded 10 remind both
 spouses ot U... i. "'Iual obHga Uon to n;omaln laith/ullo eK~ oil".,,'
Marriagt'5 Q1Jtsid~ a Mass wen! bf, ~ebra t«l in dw setting'" a Iii.
urgy Q/ the word (SC 78 ).
n... ",vi..oo , ilt> appeared on Mardi ]9. 1%9. III lasc:icleo/ the
~man Ritual. under the litle Ordo uldmlrnli ....'ri/llOn;u ...." This
nt~ was t,anslillftf into English by the Intem;tlional COInmiMion
o n Engliill\ in tM UIU'KY and published in 1969 undeo- the tiu.: Rit
#~mw.
CEl { a MAT ION O f M ARRIA G E
n... lnlroducti<Jn borgins by calling to mind the m081 important
d) C ..lebntion of the Euc~lri$t: nuptial bk\!oling alter the I..md·s
""" Solemn bless;n!!.
(0-:001may g1ftlthe bridal rouple (;md their reti·
I the door of IIll-' church. and accompany them 10 Ihrir places
. . . .,"' ..'i. them at the alta •. The ....... 1Clpft\ing
Mass ""low.
r tM pa!5lgt:S provided in the
,
limillOtion thlOl in MaS6eS on Sundays

10 emun! Ih'" the ~tion willho:a. at

Ilwoiogic,ol tr:"lhs .bout the ,""umenl 01 marr~ and giving pas-
total SUgg<"StlOll5 for the I'fl'P'iIrition oI lhe bridal C'OUp~. Cltholic
roup l... an! n<>rmaUy 10 bot married d uring I Ma!ilO so that by IhP ..,..
cer.h Ol'l 01 the Euchuist the bride i nd groom may bot nourished in
their love i nd bot lifted up inlO communion with Christ and each
~ther (6). If the marriage is of a C.lhoIk and a baptiZftl non-Gttoo.
be. In.. marriaS" i$ ('rlebrat.!d wilhout . M Ull. Exceptions an! J"O$';;-
ble. howe'·~,. with the penninion o f lhe> bishop (8). 1Mn! is no
Mass at t~e marriage of a Cat holk &I1d In unbapti7.«l penon (8).
1M form~lary for the marriag" Mass mly be> anyone of t"" th _
pT<""d...J III the s.cramentary (among the " Ritual MaSlin") unless
the marriage is celebrated at a community MUll on I Sund:y or .."...
Icmnity. The Mass 01 the d l Y mustllways be crlebrat«l from Holy
Thursday to Easr..r. on the Sundays of Advent. len t. an d th~ Easter
season. a nd on the 1<>1~mniti05 01 Chrlstmu. Epiph.ony. A!ICOfMion,
PC>J1 to<:ost. C"'pus Chri~ri, I nd hoIydays of obligation (II J.
Tl>e <x>lebr.lion Q/ marriage during. MaM Is Sln>ciund as fOllows:
a J Entr.nc~ rl t~. including rl'Ccplion 0I 1he> coople and leading Q/
them to I"" .It..;
bJ Lilurgy of the> wo rd and homlly;
e) Ma tri~gr: Qul$lions regarding ""d iness for a Christian marriage;
DrPclo .. hon of marita l COfl§ent in one of fou r pososiblr "'"Y'"
Alleslation of the mlrmge by lhe> pries! (de.co.. ); • 1lw 'aod form fot dedoring consent issimply the " I d o" ot eorn
BI" ' ;ng and exch.ongt' of rings;
lnl", ("",:.,...;
ti , 10 thai day. The homily is to
meaning. p urpose, and dignity of Christian
and is also to SlreM lhe d uties of tho: nurried wup l...
reglf'd ing the .....diNSS el tlw: wuplr for a Chris-
an! to bt" unden.tood a~ ." Immedi.If> p reparation lor
• numage. lhe firsl th_
... hk h. being I<> pen.onal, ma~ bt" di1'l'Ck"d to ~..,h part·
to do with their freedom In nurryins. marital
'1 and readiness to 'a~ child ....... lovingly from
bring them up according 10 the law of Christ and ~is
Owrch."
'nil declll ration of consen t may be nude in one of two forms which
_ equally vl 1Jd. n.e ppt'Sot
(de;>ron) /irst invlt ... the couple 10 join
IheU right hancb and e~changr thei r consent.
'nil f\nt form of consent goes back to the Angl.,..s.. . on tradition.
'nil ,"oom Ind then the bridl' "change their consen l by n!p<'ating
thetnt.fte. the print (d~ corl) otby ,..,ying it from memory Of by
Mng It "I, N .. tl kl' you. N., to be my wife Imy husband]. I prom-
tie to be tnIOf 10 you in good limes and in b.od. in sickr>ess and in
t.tth. 1 willlovl' you and honor you ,II thr- days 01 my life." n.e
Inditional EngIiiIh ~ion of thl' vows may.1so bt" used.
puty In , I I ,..:.0 I! 10 the q~ ellttl' prie§l (deo:con): " N .• do you
~ N. to bot your wife? Do you promise 10 be tnIOf 10 her in good
lID and in b.d. In sickn0!t5 and in hNIth. 10 Iov... • nd honor her
all the! da ys 01 yot.lr lif"r (Same qU("Stioro to the bride, with the nee_
<'\OWry changes. ) As in the first form. tile tr;oditiorw.1 F.nj;lioh word-
ing 01 the questions may b<' ~.
Since the e >ch,nge of c""sent eff«ts the marriage, the decl<1ritoon
of th~ minister which fol low s can only ... rv~ a~ an attestation ,nd 0
proclamation that a ma rtiag<! has uk .... p lae... 11v prie!;t (dea<:on)
saY": "You ha,,'e dcrlt..,.;i yoorcotlSmt befo~ tilt' Church. May the
lord in his goodno.'N smmgdwlfl your ronso:Tot and fill you boI:h
with his bl ..... ings, Whot God has joined. men must not divide."
'fhc> blesosing and ~dlange 01: the rings then followo. "The tex IS
""fe,,,,,,,,
rna .... to tilt' ..,adines6 of tilt' coup'" for an exd~"e Im'e
and for fidelity until <Ieath. 'fhc> th_ blesosinv (one to be mQliefl)
int"'l'A'1 the rings as s ymbols o f rn,.., faith. and signs of lovr and fi-
,Miry.
1M anciftlt Ramon custom whE oeby only the groom g.&,'r t"" bride
a ring at the betrothal was carried OO'er into the Christian mamage
~y; it wu ;nclud...:! in t"" Ro man Ritual of 1614 and ....
mained in uS<" outside of any liturgical contex" This "o""""ided "
ring !oI'T\'k\- did not give symbolic t"l<p""5:lion to tk obligation of
both ~rIIler.; to be faithful; in "'"'Ping with the a nciftlt pagoon id ...
01 martiage. the groom bound t"" bride to himwlf and obl iged her
to fidelity. but IlOl vice versa . [n the Byzantine riw of betrothal and
in tk Mourabic rite of mamag.· th~ """procl l gl"ing of rings was
introduc<:<l as earl y ;as tM ele1.·...,th celtury. 8y cont<ast, it w;as o nly
d ue to the oontinued effort>; o f the C hun:h th.ot in lhe thineenth cel-
tury "1m. obligation of mu tual fid~lity was Kknowledged in Ger·
man " viI law and. as a ~ult. two rings we ... Uk'd OS symbols of
fidelity."Ll Aft",. the bl ..... ing. th t rouple exchange the rings each
... ying: " N ., take this ring ilS a sign o f kn... and fidelity. In the """'"
oI lhe Fa,her, and of th .. Son, and o f the Holy Spirit."
The ,,.chang<! of rinllS i~ follo ... ed by tm. intercessory pray.. r 01: the
~""'munity. 11K' g"""ral inten:essions should " u a rule not ~ lim,
i\t'd to the newly married ,ouple but include their pi'renlS, chll·
dren. ...... ti>...... and friends." People pn:senl who .... do5eIy
conneaed ...·ith 'M bridal rotJple may PfOllOllnct th~ in"',c(ssiom,
us ing. text which they have p " 'pa..,.;i or one ", k..., lrom .nother
..,..,..:e. In keeping with th .. uni" ...... 1 rule the ",lebrant !laYs the in ·
troduction and the concluding puyer.
d) During the ensuing cclcbration of thr [uwrist the ( OUple m/Iy
• In active piut in the pn!S('llt;IIion 01 tho! gifb. Each of I"""" ril-
ual Mas ..... for marriage has It s o",n prdlc~ (titk'S: "The dignity nl
Ih! marnag.. bond"; " The great ... crament 01 marriage": " Marti'ge,
I "&n of God's Io,·e"). [n EucNristic Pr'~"<Irs 1-111 special «noo-
......... P'O'·id~.
nw nuplial blessing follows (thf<'e form ul.rI .... ore provided) tm.
Our Father. Because the prl~'erls partly "Picletio: in lonn, It has also
bem callo<l . "coouecratooy prayer,·" for which the gl."Slu'" 01
Iwnd. outstretched 0\.",. the couple Is appropriall!. Atcoo d ing to
Vatican 11 (SC 78) the prayer is fur both pi'rtl\ef'S and not iu,", for tM
bride. The first uf thr thr..e fonns is strongly ,,,,,,iniS<tnt of the old
"nuptial b .... sing." but the other two are ..... w rompositions. tho!
third being d istinguished by lis """" ity and roncrete objectivity.
I)lhe couplt and all present may "",eivf communion under both
I<JndI.lhe celebration of the marriage end s with the solemn coo·
duding blessing. Four texts. re pro>;d...:! fo r thr blessing. each 0/
which is ",ken from I"" 1965 Amenc.an <:<I ition of the CoilKtio
litMIIIII.
Mllniogt (mlsiM Moss
Uthe ideal_ mamage during Ma ... (,;ee Inlroduction 8}-i5 not P""
lible or desir.ble.1he rilef alrudy d"""ribed tak piKe d uring a lit·
wgy 01 the w ord. "v.tican I[ t:Ilp ,e srd a d esi ... that in thisc&Se " the
epistle and go:>spel from the nuptial MIls, ... be read" (SC 78); ac -
cording to no . 40 of the Ritr of Morriagr, the! beginning and the ht-
"'1Y of the word may ~ orglnlzed with 110"", freedom, and the ...
may ~ thrft !OCrip tu ....... dings. if de5i0'1.'d . Tho: exchange 01 ~t
and tho> bleslng and t"l<changt" of rinS" follow the homily. The inllT-
ceuions , ... concluded by tk nuptial b lessing and the Lord's
Pr.yer. 'The mamag<! rite concludes with one of the Solemn bless-
"",.
EC UM EN I C A L WED D INGS
11v numb6 0 f mixed marrll l!"" has bo.-en constantly incn:..,.ingdu r.
Ina the second half 01 thi, century. In many ca"", thew unions are

by nu ",",a ns the ..-,Iult o f ~ligiol.lS Indiff.....·Tuiiml. In thesr cao;eo;.
ron5e<j""nlly. Iho! parl~1'5 in a mi~ed m.rr;.~ feel III the more
d""'f'ly the burden whiclllll~ nu.rr!'~ law of Ih<! one parlner '$
Cllurcll places on the cooscience 01 the ~l>er; in llddition. lhe l.w
~umtly caU:i<!!l d isputes with m""'~ of !he families..
The Motu 1'I"f" in MIItri"",,,ioo milllt 01 Paul VI (March 31. 1970)
"""gIll to bring help in Ihis difficulty by allowing lhe ~ibility 0 1
dispensing from !he oblig.ation of Clnonic.o.l form in caM' 01 ~,." iou$
problnns. ~" Thed;~tlon is gi'~ by the bishop at the petition
01 !he oouple (forwarded by the oompt'lt'fll paSlOf); a. a J'e§UII of
!he dispm ... tIon a public. kgal e~d.. ng~ 0 1 COl'\5en\!; in !he city
clerk's o/fiCO' ronstitulll' a "alid marria~_
~[Thi:s marriagE'1 is ~n in God 's f>1 P"", a nd is . S.enrnenl. II
ohould be kl'J'I ln mind WI a religiou~ form of morriagE' is mo ... be-
fitting tho.- dignity oIthe ~cnmenl lhan a simple ci ,;1,",,,,,,",ony_. ..
The pastor of the partner from allOt"'" confession can take part in
the church celebration . whether this boo Mid in • C.tholic church "r.
.Iter. di~~tlon from canonic.l f""". in 0 "",,-Cl.tholic church,
For many this 15 a consoling ai6ur.nc;, thai they ...""in in the com·
munion of lheir own Church cven though thr marriage is bcing eel-
ebr.ted in the Church of thl'ir partner. The authoritie-s of lhe two
Churche-s will l"d~a"or jointl y to prep.re lhe' te~t$ lor such a ""I....
brotion," "
In ronsequ"'<'f. t"'-'Gennan episcopII conren,~ and th .. Council
of the hangelk.1 Church in Go!""onycommii6ioned lhe composi_
tion " I a double ritual . which ~PI"'ared In 19'1 under tho> titlE'
c:;rn,..;"",mr I:irchlidtt rrlluwng, Ordnwng dtT kl'rchlim'" T",uwng fur
kl»lfmion'Prr!dial"l~ ptUlrf unItT &oriligung dtT pft"'tT /vid" lrirr/sm
(Joinl Church Wedd ings. Ri~ 01 Church Wedding for CoupJe. from
Diff...-.m l ConlH!oIono;, wi th Participation of the r.stors of Both
Churches)_ " This ritual ooru~ined the ri~ /or a Catholic weddlns in
a Catholic Church wilh participaHon of W E".ngelic.o.l pas"" liI>d
~ ri le /or an E"'ngI'lic.1 wedding in an hangl'l;c.1 Church with
p.1nicipation of the C .lhoIic priest. For the Catholic riw lhe ri"",1 of
1950 wa, used "'Ith some rlements from the Roman model rilll'ol
1%9. For the ""rriage rite in an Evangdkal church ,he mc.t
widdy uoed 0( the ni ..... mai'Nge ri""'~ol the member Churches
, . Evangelical Church of Ihe
t Eva"gd ic~l-lu,h.e1'an Church 01 Ger ..... ny.
tho! United SUtO'S!he Consult.tion on Common Text!; {Cen "",
~ " rile. The N~'ionol Conference 01
IlUs ril<'. bul still ~ ..... ai'" the ron--
Apostolic Solt.
certainly be lNCCU,.tf and pr.... atu ... to de<oeribe 'WCh a
klins '" ~ecumMlcaL'- s ince the lat"'" e<:>nerpI P,?upp<l6"S a_
:.....on theological under$Uinding of Church w~dongs, and thIS
' _1unawl does no! yt'l E'~isl. In the Gnman h OldUinl und.,,--
;V,.,iog the ~receding. oblig.atOl'}' d.;! wemany ..!fats the .....1 _
• ni.lo~, while tho- Ch u.n::h Cdtil "'ny ;, simply' sub5equmt ble;,;--
. . d the al ...ady v:isting morria~; tho- Catholic_Church. on t M ,
~. _ a marrl.lge -scoming to pass only ~n IheChun::h "ed-
..... In addition. theA' is. of (Ou.se. a di!fe!\'T1t ,·... w of"'" . . .
-~ . of mam.ge.
..........U loty . " F~v '
these ",asons the GI' .......
.
n I"lnl n l-
H
. . carm.ll y .void . using the lenn -aum<!fl ical ..... eddlng.
Not to anOlhe-r , iN.l. enlitled O"""'(fI isckt Tr~w~ng (Ecu,:"""ical
'NtMing) and publishl'd by the Joint Evan~lic.ol.c.lholoc !asl<
I'<w: e for the l'alito" l C .... o f Couples in MiXed Mamages '" Gel'-
~aking Swi tzerl.nd." This waf an unofficia~ d.~,menl, In
juItitk. lion of the ti tlE' il wali said that the con<!":P.t 15 In 1\5"lf not
~ unambiguous " and tha t il i$ uoed "beeause II ~5cnmmo.n
IlIroughout German ·spea klng SwltV'rland." The mtroducltUn
("BI.lk Ccruld ..... lloNR" Ecumenical Weddingsl sl!owsth.al tht:
IUthon a ... u&ing the cbnct'pl in a broader sense: - An Eva n&,lic~\
ot: Catholic wedding u remony, .. in which the ~ .."or Imm the .
otha" conIession tam pan, or I ct'l'..-rnorty in WhiC h onl~ 0 ..... p;lslor
ftkll or Catholic) p rl"Sides hu l which is '" orgamzed thai
,t,,v"'g
r
,",_ . under
IIw rtici nlS from both COOfCNions hav .. no lrou"", ,n _ -
.w!:n g I ifully ..,ceptlng il. and tlkinlI part in il" i 11 )_ Thentual
• st' tNl lot: wfCIdlns cunducted by a PiO,,".unt p;lstOl'
~U:~oIic party mu~ alrndy ~"c n!<'rived a di~Tion fro~
cll101'l;c.1 form~ (13). This under$tilnding ,I", under!"" the Amen-
un ecumenIcol .... rri.ge ri~.
It iI no! J>OI"ible in this coo\e>lt to give a m~ d"'ailed ~ri~
and -wraiJll 01 ~ varloU!l rituals. B. IOeinheyer conducted. !hi!;

kind 01 detailed critlcil sludy in 1977." Acmr<iing to in announc ...
mmt by th~ LilurgiCil Inslltut~ of TrI~r in Augusr, 1964. a ... ~is.ion
both of 1M Roman On/octltbr~rtdj Morrim(»ljum and (in dep<'nd~
on Ihis) 0/1hI:' Gmnan Fnn lin ThI",mg is immi"'-"'I_ Thi!; will in ill
likelihood be /oI1OWN by the long desired I"!'\'ision oi lhi:'
Qmri...."" Kj",hlidtt T",uulIg of 1911. In the revision 01 the l~st­
named il is desirable lhal - thl:' iltematioro 01 roles be d etermined
mo ... by lho> inlemallilurglol srructure 01 the rite than by the de-
s;,.. 10 h.J,~ • b.lanced d isrribtu ioro 01 ~rts amon& the Iwo ronfe5.
sions. Funhermo~, il is absoluld y r.eoe wry that the practice of the
rommunity nogula rly ctlebr,lIing in a given chun:h should be th~
hasic nonn ""en for . cdeb ..ltMln in which. ~Of from another
ronk "ion pMtid~le. II Isdesirable, in .ddilion,.lhol as far as po5-
sible then> boo no need to SlCrifi« any of !he symbolic actio", (hand-
clasp of Ih~ !ipOU..<e, rite of the slOle l!1d pla<:in& of cel<>br;ont's hond
on the Sf>OU""S' Jv.nds. el<change of rings) in a joinl church ...·ed -
ding.'"
CEL E BRATlOr<.' OF BETROTl I ALS AND W~ODING ANr<.' IVE R_
S ARl ES
Betrothals
The belIOlhat or engag~mt'nl, und~l1ilood a, " tIw- "'pl"rS.'lion of the
finn inl""~on ni lwo P<'OPle to I'ntt!r into a maniall~. ulL ha s its
roo", in ancienl Eastern. Greek, and Roman matrimonial law and
th~ OISlom of pl..dl\...oolmlhal (which had in tum d<'Vrloped 01'1 01
the p ractice 0/ brid .,..barter). In a pledlle-belIOlhal the bridegroom
gaw lhe bride'. lott..... eamrsl mont!y U security for the fulfi llment
01 the ron lract by w hich the brid@ waS eventually to be sur...,-.d@red
10 rum . This tamest money liter took the for m 01 a ring lor the
bride. who was now ~arded., firmly bound 10 the bridegroom
and obliged, pven in tIw sight of the Law, 10 remain fai lhfullO h ...
betrothed (spoll5l)/i/l d. jwturo). The actu.1 entrance inlo marriage
(""",sol;" d. p,""SC"III,) took place" • Later dale when Ilw girl'. I.m-
ily 5U"....,<knrd ..... and the bridegroom took lwr into hi. home.
Chri.ti.nity initially ....,de no change in th_ domestic """rriage
( uSloms. Rul in 1M w...r, bo!ginning in the e-Ie>-enth ~tury. the
rites of betrothal became ~rt of the ri\le of ITIMriage m~ ...bi. -.
So ..... d ioces;on rituals of the Middle Ages and the rntIdem pe:tiod
"I betrorhol or en-
a pa.!. whereas It... Roman
Code of 1917
of CUSlom
, is ~id of a liturgical c...-emony.
Book 01 6l elisingtl thai appeared in the autum of 1964
01 the Rom.an Rirual) also ha$ an ~g<"rtenl serv1ore." This
a ~n!I1t or otheT I.yp~"son or by a pnesl or
. prioeSI or deacon pn!Slde$. ca'" m ~1 ~ ta~ thalt""""
crt do not confuse this """'~ w ith an actua,l "",mage (I~).
' - Wi .... ' ,I is probably behind tI>r prohibition. against com~'n'ng
. . ~" othal with. M.iIOs (\96). The rile ...... y bead.pled to ClKUII"IS-
_ .... provided its structu ... and ......in @l~ts .re p"""""",·w . "The
CDiiOI'Iy consis1s of enlriU"!Ce ritt'S, • liturgy of !til' word, lhe bl~­
~ 01 the rings or other engage-m...,t glib . and • pray... of bli'ssltlg
with • concluding fonnuLa of blePing.
lJh<rriaII c.w.-Qliom rf Wtdd,'n8 A" " it...-s<l';'" .
Iro.the early M iddl~ AgO'S we already find Hturgical te>;:15 for the lrur-
~ d.y after I wedding and for annual anni'·~~ne.· Only ~t the
_
g
"I the Enlightenment period, howe" .... do we find
'I
n:a
' b l'
ny
dIoc run rituals providin g rites for golden and. larer. 51 " er II' ''''''-
The Roman Ritual did nOi inlrodu«> such a rite unlil 1952."
The Soiocto""'Mr.'Y ~ends that on anni"~""'ne.. if the rubrics
allow. the Mas.! olThanksgivlng (no. 39 .mong the Masses.tId
PnLyers lor VlriouS Needs and Occasions) be ctlo:brated, Wllh 're-
tial ptaiderotl.1 p"yers fOf yearly anniv ... sarirs and for tt... twcnl~­
ftIth and fiftieth an niversaries (see - The Annivers;lrics of Mamage
among the Rilual MaS6/lt).
The BootrfBlmmgs enriches these anni"~ry M..ss<" with. Sf"'"
NI ri\le of bleMi", (.fIn the homily). The ,,,In.rant may bles> the
wedding rings 01 tlw rouplr and they may ItheW .the. ",,_c hange of
rinp. The blessing follows the lord's Pra)'ft and i$:u",.la r to ~
nuptial blesting o f the INIrriage ri"_A ",lemn bl"""" i$ plO\oided
for use . t !he end o f MaM-..

Chapter Sixteen
Celebrations Peculi.u to Religious
Communities
Even in IIw nny period of I~ C hutCh's hi~ory m.any Christi'ns
f,,11 c.olled to an t'$~Uy ,~ following of Christ. T1ili; following
w , "...~p, (!! !d p.o~l4Iny in ohervanot of thO' • .... angelical COW\-
!Iris of o:onsec:r.ted VIrginity, povft'1y.1Id ob<'dienco:. Christ him_
M'lf had 1iV<'d ·"irgiNl and poor" (d . M t. 8:20; U . 9:58) and had
· red""mtd.1Id s.onrnfied mft1 byob<'d~ unlO ~.tlI on I""
crt>S'l . (d. l'hil. 2:8).' All. re5lJh,·from the God-given......:l of th"
c'>UItsels. wonderful.md wid"",reldlnll 11ft has grown up in th..
~ld ~ th~ .Lon:!. brandling OUI inlO ".oous fomu of religious life
lived In I<>ht\lde or in ~ommllnily· and ·di/f..,....,1 re!ig;o"," fam il ies
have COme into .. xls~.H'
n.., IINI of t~ religious communi ties It nol only per.;ona.! periec_
1100 and 5.lnCl1hcllion bU I all<> St'rviop- of God 's kingdom and thus
of th" salva lion of tMir ~l1ow human beings.' n..,. efore, HI1'I no
<>no:' think ei lhe, IlllIt IMi, ~onsec ..1<'d way 01 lit.- aJien"es ... ligious
f~m other men or mikes t~m u!W!lO'\!l!l for humin $OCiety. .. . For
this "''''''n, then, thlt sacred council giv" ils pni'le and support 10
men Ind women, brotho-rs and sislf'n, who in monaot""';es or in
schools and ho5pitals or in missions .dom the bride olC!trist by
tt.... humble .~d st ... dlnl fi~lity of lhei . torI!I1'Cflled lives Ind gh'"
generous 5ernOp- of the R'IIloiI varied kill," 10 an m.nner 01 mftI.""
Vat~n II looks upon life III It.. religious """'" and torIgrqjotions
and In comp.or.w. communiti8ls I siS" ollnd I witne56 to the
new I.i~ in Chmt and the fuNre "",,,rection. It ;, possible 10 spNk
o f reUS"'.., rommunilie IS having 1 christologk.l, an ftXleill.
. nd;tll ..,.,hatologioll .~ of ch.rlCtf'l'.'
I
AI I """ti,·.. ly ..a n y dal.. 1Iw acrq>IIol>CI! .1Id beginning oJ religiouo
life found expression ill • liturgical rile, as;, cleo. from It.... RuLeof
St. a..r...dic:1 of Nu"';. (d . S47). From the 5eV<'T1lh century on such
rill'S w..... CON1eCt<'d wi th MaM.1\d in It.... Middlt Ages underwent
, luxuriant and 10 some exlent quile dubio.., df'vO'lopment. Vatican
II wnconcmwd, ,t.." I0..., tNI u.. rites be l<'Vi!Ied ill the inl1'lelS
of · gre.ter un ity, simplicity, and diS"ity" (SC 80).
In IElfO'lf" to this di_li"E a... CongregaliOll for Divine Wcrship
published. AI!W rite 01 reUgiOUll profession on February 2.. 19'70.· A
IohorI tim .. 1.11101' the moiJed rite for I~ c:or>!lKf.tion of virgins was
.00 publi~ (May 31. 1970).' I ,haLl briefly describf' thPse-='
oIh« monIStic: riles.
THE RITE S O f RElICIOUS I'ItOFfSSION
Membenl\lp in, ... Iigloos community iii acquirftl in Sf'Veral sta~
each 01 wl\ich is marbd by' speci.l1 rile.
Rtaption ;n,o 1M Notti,;"lr
N wu Ilreoody the caw in s..nedkt '. lime. religious life begins
with I period of testing, knowII as 1M novitiate. Th.. intention is to
IiIow the noviot$lO glln I better knowledge of the religio~rom·
munity.nd leam from experieOC<' whether ornot they can meet its
nquiA'mt'lltJ. The ftC<'Ptioll coosistJ of . s.imple rite thai il! ce1e-
bTlit'd .~rl from M Ulf Ind III the p.esence ",Iely of the religiOUll
community (without rel.liv8 .nd friends). II tam the form of. lil-
urgy of til<' word .1 which t~ Sl,lpE'l'ior o f the communily presides.
The postul.ntS u,qu"liOMd and decl4ln:' their !'<'SOl"..; this is fol-
lowed by. prayer 01 the Juptrio. (conHmvd by tt....community·.
• Amen"), • tcripture ffldlllg and homily.• p"yer of inlen:es';on.
the Our Father,and. colled. Aflt:1'Warrls u...community greets th ..
~-
Fi~ (.,.",por~')'-) Prufnsioll
Aft« IIw s ........ cwful completion of I~ novitilte (tt.... duration of
whio::h diffeTs ill v.rIous communit'")' lhe CMldldates COII'l<'Cf. le
thenn!..... to the speriallIO"rvice oJ God and In. Chun::h for a lim-
tied time (llIIUIlly thrft yorJ) IlI\d promiow to live in .ccordan<"o'
with the ~anseLia.1 «IU1'\fIt1s. This firsl proIes.!ion is usually mad<'
durin&' Mas. lor which tMre i •• 5pedal formullry (RjNill M="
VI Aj. n... faithful p.onitip"te If IuJible. The (riElhony begins aft""
-

'ht> gospel and has the fOllowing p.1t!:5: calling Or ~ues, 01 ,/WO '.11 -
didates; hom.iJy; e .... min.orion o f ,"" cand ida,,""; Pf"Y<'1 fo r God's
grK"; professi"" 01 ' -ows; prest'ma~on of the insign ia 01 "'Iigious , -~ ~-... a t ..-uta
"ows are rene ...._-' r inll'r'
proh.osssio., (h.abi" Kulr);.oo g.... .,..al lnr..~ions.
_' 0
religious communI oro..,. or OO<tgn'galion. 'Tho> re-

s.,,,,,, religious comm uru!i... ""'=.... ~y introduced a kind of pn"limj. but without ooIemni ty. .
. ' . rlte is p rovlded
n.ol}' COJnmitn":'nt 1In,,--. novitia l.. .... d '''''''por-ary profession, In
the form 011promi~ for which tilen;, " .... a "P<'Ci.1 rile. The cere- community in
""r..
lOOny look ~ dUring a liturgy of the word or in «>nnoo.:lion w ith
Bul a
. I
I
,wals al
'lhecommUniIY. 'Thl'l e"'-......II.bf
.n hour of the b",Vi.lrY- TIlt- cand ida !<,! d{'Clared Ihtoft ,....dines.. to of
~"lI homol
membcf5
to the OOmmunily for a 5Jl"<:ifil'd period: and inll'fU'5sory ily.t an d a prayer 0 / I he, ceIrbranl thai
pr.tyer of 'he sUl"'riQr ...as 100 1owl'd by SCriplu", reading. a nd ..
"omily and, finally, by the promis.. ifl;(>lf. '1lIo!- <:e/'ftnony <'I\dM w illl /
in'~om and the Our FaU>er, to which . further praye, for the , ,
candidate muld be -'CIded. -11>00 enti,., "Rile of. Relig;ous Prom_
i~- "''S SUP!" N in the C">rnJ41ions in l/tr LirurgiLII/8ooIc$ rollou~
, Of \' t~ G I"' S

Chun:h who pro-

iltg urxm till- Nru' Codt at C">wn /.At.« of hH"en~ (MI 19: 121
oth~."., Virginity as under~
riM/ J'nf"Jimt • We of undivided I . crIib.1cy and ",-",ua1 contl -
'LI th"" means not SImply ,, God
In this " te the candidates i>;nd them.el"ft definili.-ely and perma. ..... in the Bl"e
..... usuch bul .lso an un ' v, , 'L,.
d ' 'd<.'d inierior . v. ilab,llly lo
~;..., Thai the reign of
hllrNll_~ngs.proaching
- 1t .en'l'SU I'·I51 .. ....",. .
nently 10 the rfligious community The <""",,mony Mould take place
on a Su ncby or f<"il.teUy .... th,t IlUny of th .. l~ithfuJ may toke part. -.:I other its eschatologin! corIlp"-'tion,
"...... luIs ~gun an" .5 ap . /.
"~lraordinary
sinQ, fiRillI ..... igioo.,s proleMiSOn is an w irl'\eM 10 --.. - of the leml ...~ t O ~ found not only on ... ,-
Chrisl and disciPleship and has signifk.1f1Cl' ~r oo.."- C hristia,,,..u
.
~. d . in thIS X,1ISe I 'nthewot " . '".. ,-'~r
.w.... '" . howrv~r.to
well. In this: ceremony. 100. the rite ~ a /fl>t lhe g08ptl of The ..... communities but a !II> , .... t thls "" y "'lire was . n .mswer
Mass. for which two lorm ur_tits are giv.... (Ritual M.. _ VI B I
and 2/. ThE' rih> is <»g.oniud U follows: 'ailing or ""'{Ul'sl of the can.
""in& out more clearly the faCI r
ID. a U and lhal h was ae«plt'd as a WI in _Ion
-tnesI; 10 Chri.l. lhe bishop
with.
Chrl~
would .."...,1 lhe woman
didar<.>S. who ask Inr """" anenl IlW'mboersh ip in lhe communily; In mOml time; p ! union whh The Roman-
homily of the celebr-..,t; "x..miNiKln of the candidai1'$; lita ny; pro- lIridaJ veil IS a sign of,,"Sf'O""" tury h.>s alread y I'>q)lIl\ded this
fes$ion 01 pl'I'peIual VOW5 an d d"f>OliiTlon of Ih .. (sIgned) w rl liII'n C WI Pontifical "' the tenth Cl'tl 1m
m.'" ~,,
_ , other ""uft'CS.
.
profession on Ihr alto. ; "~p~ of lhe neWly Prole -ed's .-..If-su ••
.. £hi cleml'nlS llll'o
", including further '" , __ virgins in tell-
P~t.otlon " P tifical has 0""' n ""
render in SOng; solemn bkossing or cO","""ra/ion; of lhe ..., rite of maniall'" The on tside them. Lal..,. on, fuT -
.,.,... rommunh~,. troduced from ,he mu"llY of ordmanon.
."'- anotlwr /or thos'l' "" . ,
insignia of pmf.-sslon in lhe l'1'/igious «Immunity (fo. nampw.
ring. choir man u... bre.~"y); s ralClnl'r1 1of admiSl! ion Or sign of theT ~len "'''1S were U1 . thecon...:-
""ace.
:'[::~i:;:~~:::n I'onli::~.no:':!!"ri7:-::;~~31,
. of Valican II lh&l lhe " Ie for

In ihrl'nsu ing celebration of the Eucharist th~

is. proper preface.
embolIsms in thcNCha rist;c pra~ .... and. soImm ble5sing . 1!he
endolM-. Congreption for Oivine ~~ I~e liturgical action It,..,lf
19?O.' Roth in the IntrodUChOn fold u of " irginity: 10 de-
thm! lit an .. mph.osis on the two p 'J"O"f others more ",ad il y
,., '""- tJlOl'e Il'rvent love of Christ '~d 10 .... "'e, ~veltv In lhe ,,",W
v--..y'
and with gtUt .... llelf I I m ' 6<-.. ~ """" gre.o .~ _,

,.,
 ril",: ofter lhe I~pse of m~ny centurWs "irgins living in lhe world
may"""'" more be candidalt'!l for Ihis ronsecrarion, In lhe e.... of re- ,
fm God'. gri.,.to

ligiuus w~ tile COI\So!Cralion can be 1inJ<ed Ie final profesion_ f ' '1

~ of tho! abbot IS spiritual guide and 10 avoid .s
Thr rile, al which lhe local Ord iNry is the celrbranl, begiru; . her
the gospel e f the M.s.s and procuds illS follows: calling (!IUIl8 at any simll.aritWs with ~1 0~m.1i~ 'f!'t'
bless--
spokm) of lhe and id ...... who enle. the woctuary carrying Iighlrd
abbot;l, a llfT .11, p ledsdy thaI: a ble5sms which 1S • ....c·
i>OI • degrH of the MCf~fT","1 of OIders.
candln; homily 0{ tN bishcp, fot which a (sornrwhat o>'erly lens)
mcd"l i5 provided ; ~miNrion 0{ I"" cUldidat.os . 5 10 !heir _ 'JhI blntins 15 10 be givH\.. 11~ I .11 ro-ible, on a Sunday or feast-
soIv~; Iit .... y; renl"Yo'al of inten llcn 10 nmlain virpn..l in the /oIlcw_
• • Tho! ed"b, a nl i5 uwally IN bishop oIlhe pi"" w""'" the ~on-
,. is 1oQ!ed, btlt ho! may", - -·~-Io.l·"""orabbotw""
••, OW I,.,.,
ing of Christ; ptayft of rol bte!Jtion during which the bishop ... v~-'-
, _ ~ ...... thcb_ . _ .
" T .

""lends his hands o...e. the c.ndldal",; presentalion of Ito" imignia , It

of COItS«Talicn ('~I. ring. book of Ih" Hcurs).
After Ito" final p raY'" o f the MiISS the I>l"Yo'ly co,\§CualO'd virgins
otand lido... the altu &rid R"a1\"". soIen-on blessing.
'In.. da}'5 n.rommended fur lhis rite .... the oc\.l,·" o f East.... 'IOlem.
nities (espedally IhOH conr.raed with the lncarnation of Christ),
Sundays. fCHIS of Mary Or holy ... irgins er salnts who .... e5 rwWly
impo.-u.nt in the lile of the R'ligious communJly, Jf pouible. the
Mus for "Consecrariooto a IJIe of Virginity " (Ritual Muses V)
should be used . n...Mass of the day must be ('I!leb.--.1Nl on j;Ol..mni-
lies and tlw Sunda)'ll o f Advent, Lent. and Eoslertid", but with 'po>-
dai lexi. during tlw "ucharislic praye. and with a ...,lemn final
1 'l unt. T1wMl$Sls to beroI'lCeKUI'J,I V§ ,
, , and OIlwr5. with twO religious from thubbey e f the futu,:"
.....,;. usi51ing him. n... rite begins .flft' the gospel and comp~
. ; Inentation oItNabbot~ and, in wuoseof abbots ha\'U\g
." , . I ' risdiction. the ~ldinS of the papal mandate;
-.;rownk'rntonl 11.1 - - ~ 'd Ie-litan
Itanil of the celebrant and e)<.lmination of the c",...... • , . Y
....:I 1lebrant's pra)'t'f of blessinS with hands " xl",ded (choice of
...... p"'yefS); p1'8el1"tK>n of lhe Rule oftheOr<ier, '''(~t~:::::
thI ponlific.1 iruigni. (ring, staff, and. if oeed be. the mIter).
I or and, I tlhe end of Mass, solemn blessing .nd Tt /Xu",
. . . ._
" - 'IS sung.
"", ,'uri:sdictlon ever I t~rritl)l'y, the Tr..,.,.m ,
the end of the prayer .fl1o!f cemmunion. an d d "nng ' )'t tl\01 abbot pro-

bl<'SSing. " CLaus ••

mrougn ,.. ,~urcll
• , .. " , bl~n. the faithful; .1\01 may
" then ad-
drat the f.lthful briefly and gi ..... lh" final b lesslnS·
BLESSI NG OF AN ABB OT
In his Rulr Boned;"t of Nuni. describes in det.ilt"" difficult tasl< of 'LE SSING OF AN ... a~ESS • .
an abbot. but nowl",... does he make any clear R'fr~e to a special ThW Is ' by I bilhop or abbot and is the pmI' In form as II><-
li turgical rit .. for tiw:' enl'il'lCe of an abbot into office. n... first Ira«
bleMm!';;:'n abbot, At the presentation 0/ lhe irl$ignii 01 office
tiw:'
Rille of the Order and the ring .... siven but not the -pasloral staff.
o f such I ri'" is in I pra)'t'r in the Rtg"l. MRgu lri ("Rule 0/ the Mas-
The talion oflhe ring is omitred If lhe abbe .. lin al ...ady""
11:1'1 193, 6). In tM COIJrse o f the Middle Ages, as .bbots acquired • ptEs.." " '-u lion •• a "jr-
social Slatus "~ry much like Itwol 01 bishops, the rite fm Iiw:' induc- celwd il 01\ the diY 01 her proless!on Of ''''' consecTI
lion of an abbol becamea sol....,n ~ ffal r th.t lnc~ngly "kI"bled ...."
epi5<opaI ontiNtlon. On Nov....,ber 9, 1910, theC~~tion for
Dil'i...., \\Iorship publ ished. new ril(' iOS • fl!ldd.. of tIw Rom.n Pon-
tifical: Ordo brnnIiclilmiJ ""'liJ tt 1IbN1~. "
In its dKree 01 promulg;tlion the Cong,.ation ~b oIlhe ble!oos--
i"8 asa trad itionalliturgkil rite, the PUlr ofwhich i5·w.now

,..

Chapte r Seventeen
The Liturgy of the Dying and of Funerals
Tho- poi'ih:onciliar lihlrgic. 1relorm included a ...... ision o f th~ liturgy
of dc.th ;In(I burial. in ~p<>i -, to til<! all of Vatican n for a 1'0'0'"
g.. nized liturgy m the $ic:k and of >,;.ticum and in ka>ping ...ith its
im.tru<:tK". that . ..... ri ... of funera ls shoukI ~xp ..... more d .... rly t/w>
pa.d.. 1cha •• ctcrofChrisf ..... death· (SC 81). The new rill' for the
liturgy of the dy;ng is to bto found ch iefly in cmpll'rs }.6 of tM Or<h>
"""I;"";' ;"fi'''''''''''' ...,"""'....
ptl5IOr~li$ CUr. (1m); lho> .... w rile of
fu""uls is in the 0nI~ "'*"/""""'" (1%9): • r.ew edition of lho> fu·
""ul rit~ was published in English In 1989 under the till... Ordrrof
Ckri<t;"n Funmtls.'
THE ltTU~ G Y Of lHE 1JYI~' G
Vi.Hcu",
To Ih.. "Y"'; ollai th the dying of. b~ptlzed person is a "passovr.
H
or passall" through death 10 ..... erlasli ng life with Cod: it i. thus Ihe
fullest embodilTl<'nt 01 the pud\.ll l mystery 01 C hri . t in Ih~ lile of
the individual Christian. C. re of tm' k'riou.ly ill and the dying has
always ~n a pre-eminent pasloral CQr... el Ii of the Church. This
cOIl<'\'m finds ilS liturgic. l cxpm;$ion in the . dmlnls tration o f the
_rament thotis in tM full5Cfl5C' the saq.mmt of the dying.
namely thc Euchari. t given as viltk um or "provision fot th~ jour.
1><')'. " For, K\:Ot'ding to the I.o rd himself. the Eucharisl is the plPdIl"
o f ","um:<:tion On 6:54). We find the first ecumeninl muncil It
Nioc"". (325) al......:l y iMi. ting on ii1dminlstenng "the ultim.te.nd
most """ goary ";alic'um~ to the dylrlg. in aoxo~nce with "Ihe o k!
canooi(-allaw.·:
The o ntina,y ",in~IO'fS of ,"w!icum are p;1ri~ pncsts, hospital map-
lams, and the lIJperiors of religious communities; in (;liS(' of n«ft-
. ity, anot ...... p~ •• d~a.ron, an acolyte, or an a traordinary
_ _ter of the Eucharist may adminisler the sacramefI\t. Th"'" is a
" 1 US(.' by the lut twO minis"'l'S ~moo.'
lor ,.i.licum (unli ke 1M anointing of tilt sick ) is
t Mnd . It may and oughl. if po6SibJ.e, be ....
of Mass. In lhis caS<'. the rihl.l Mass
br oe1ebrated, if
of laondli.tion is to bto n:«i,·,,<t it should bto .d·
before Mus (185). The rites .o::oompanyins ,.;.tic'um are
1 (.nd hom;ly): viaticum it5df is .dmini ...
k< viaticum is """"' often A.'(\'j,·ed outside MaS/l, I <ttall b...,lIy
, cribe this rile. Aft.:. the g.....ting 1M poiest sprinkles ih<' sick per-
_ and the room with holy wa\ler(optional). Following. brief in·
~ h~ adminiS!."'" the SlCfament of penancc if this is
~ted; otherwise' the peoi ten~1 rilt' u at M ••• folto....,;. The sac·
...oml of penance or the penitenl;'! rite may be followed by 1M Ix--
...... AI of lhe .~oIioc pardon for IIw dying. II time and the
emdition of lhe sick person .110"', • short p*sall" from Scriptu ... is
.-d. and thl! skk person n'Rews hi, o. he. baptismal r~ion of
falth (202-4) . After IIOme Inlt'K1!S5ions (litany) and "'" l.erd's
PrI)'ft. Itw prl~t shows the ,acroo ~t in the usual m""neT and
~,"jl:'!lusChrist il tile food for our ~,umey; ""calls uS to Ihe
m venly table" or - Thl, is the bread of life. Toste and see lhat the
lord is good: to whichll1 prewnt reply with lhe usual "I.e.d, I 3m
not worthy.... ~ CommuniOll may be adminislered under both
kinds, and. II the end, the ",inlste. adds: "May J~u, Chrisl proteo:t
you and Iud you to etem.l life.- The rite ends ...·;tIl a prayer and.
bIeIing. "'"!"he minister Ind lhe others prnent may then gi,·c the
lick pel'lOfl the sign of pHa" (211).
The new rilUillaoo pnwlde5 for the not uncommon Cas<' in ""hich a
!'ftS"I' issuddenly in dang ... of imminent duth withoul ha"ing
~iousIy been able to ~ve the wcr ......... rs 01 pena ...... anoinl-
in& and poMibly confirmation, This is the ~continoous rile of pen.
ance. anointing. [confi rmatiool. and ""'Iieu", " (2)2·U).
Comrnnd~l;,m of I~ Dying
AM the ...:rarnenlS h,o"e been ~ministerOO. tlw pra)'C'rJ (commen_
d'lion ) for the dying (212-22) are . Iso 10 be ~Id. if ".,....j be by rel.-
livps or other I.~ Tlwy lnclude "classlcil " p •• ~ INI go
hack in part 10 lhe eighth century: for ""ample. the #paradigm
pray~r" CDeU"er you r servanl, 0 Lord. n you deli\'......J Noah;
Abraham. Job. and SO on) and lhe Proficis«Ft ("Go forth. Christian
soul. ..1.''Jhe pra~ ,.-rvw known a. the -Co mrnntd.1ion of the
Dying" was included in tho> Roman Ritual of 161 4 and many d ioa--
s"n rituals. and, in an enriched form. in the CoJltd;o ,i/uwm of 1950.
n....nt'w ritual also pro"ides a numb<-r of short ICTiplura l pray~rs
and "",d ings (217·18).
HIE MIT E or f UNEIlAlS
His/or;",,) Obstrvali"".
The early Chrutian riTe of funeral, reflected In Large m.... ~ure lhe
CUSloms of p;igan antiquity. In lhe Roman liturgy this was true ep<'-
daUy of the funeral banqUl'tllIMI W1'n' C'tlebraleCl on certain dilys
(the third. seventh, Ind thirtieth days after dealh and tho> annu.I;m·
niversary) at the grlve or in the mausoleum, In order to n!fl\ember
lhe de~ at a family ...... 01. .... .arly. woerond ~tury I:heChris-
lians of Rome WM! "lNdy Iinl<ing lim mNJ 10 a co.lebration of the
ElOCh.1rist " which the fami ly fell HJ>l'CiaUy dow 10 I"" de~ pe._
""" because of lhelr common union wilh ClIml.
Christians did not mourn;as other$do who have no h~ (11'he55
' :1)). boll wrn:' filled ..;th h~ of the ......utI'Crion. This hope illso
found "xpression In !heir whi", g'""""!!!. which contr.Hlfd wilh
the black worn by bereil ved pagans. Instead o f the monolonous
lamentations of the professional moumen. Christiam sang psa lms
and hymns; in lhe Eost they .. ven Sing the Allelull..' fohn Chrysos-
lorn (d . 4117) provideo an imporunt Ile5timony to the filith in tlw "",.
urr«tion with which Christians f~ de~lh: - In !hoP p;tSt there
were demonstr~rions 01 grief and criPS of sorrow In behalf of the
d .... d : today then!'n! psalms and hymns .... In the pasl. death wu
lhe end; now it is no long<>r so. P~1e sin8 'lOOp. prayHS. and
psalms. aU aU sign that in their eye death is • joyful event. ...
In lho! Middle Ag" Christians a«epted expressloRs o f l'I'IO\l m lng
;nlo th..;. liturgy 10 such ~n extent th.tlhe hope of resurrection was
eclipsed . Anxiety and terror al lhe thoughlOf the D~; ....
laflcly determined the attitude ~ IhO' faithful.nd
liturpcalluts n "·en. Inte"! " oons !'or the dead ":
place. In I"" modem period. the introdUCbOn
10. cll.ss s)"tem of fur.er.1s.
lhese mistaken practic" with its general de.:"'"
with certain e>;c.-ptions. ~no special honors.n! to be .
,
display" (
posch.1 charaC'-
ti and should COI're,po<1d more dowly to the eir_
traditioM o f "ari""" regions. This a pplies Wo to
. . liturgiciIIl cob to be used~ (SC 81).
In fulfillmenl of this mandate. On August IS, 1%9: Ihe COngrega-
for DivinC' Worship published an Ordo U$<'qw"'",'" (from Lah n
tIan iii .. "to go along with" In a fun......] p'()«$sion). The In.t ema.
~ Commillft on English in the Liturgy prepared I "er5I~ of .
...... hich Included .daptatioM for tM Uni led St.I<'S. A ~ ed,·
_ W dd " I ate-
t6on; the Ordrr of Ch risli.n F"n."')' (1989). ronl.in, • ,non. m
-
daI for USf: belon! the /ur.eral irod a g ... at V"riety of new pray ...
nw hui5td F~"tT.) LiIU'n' th
Bee.u.e aristlam are members of thO' body of Chri~l . Iheir dN
~ not only their families and ... Iatlv~ but the entin: ro""':'U'
n1ty of the lociOl Ooun:h. During I"" da ys t>m-.....,.. d ..ath .nd burial
,.... h ~ber5 them in the ElOC""",1 and in the form of W
. . ~urc . 01 fr terNl
vigil or wake. The community renders them the ~ •
Iove.nd honors the body Ihat had beconw a temple of Ihe Hol~
Spirit through biiptism. IT il mindful of th~ dealh ~nd resum'Ctlon
of Cbmt Ind Ioob forward in f.aithand hope to h.,; recum ""d tho>
_ 1,lfYeCtiOn oI t"" dead. A Christian fun~illihus bto(ort'WS a pM:lI.-
mation of I"" E.""I~ meNage (Introduction 1-3). The rommuruty
,-. interciMles for thO' decea!ied and endeav",," to consol~ lhe be-
_ved by reminding them of Christian hope.
The V'lP' 01' W.1<e .
In mony "'SilInS. the relatives. friends, wei netghbors of the de"

c.....oo gl t""r on the da~ betw"", d~ath and burial. in the t.om.. or
fwwr.1 p~rIor or ""en lhe churet., to o ffer speciol praytn ur.der the
ludenhip 0/. priesl or Lay p<e11!OOl. Tho! pr~yws may la ke lhe form
0/ a liturgy 01 the word, for whk h lhe rile p rcwld" a large..,1ect>on
o f ",.dingo ~ inb; IU1SC1Y pr.y ..... If 1M i"OUry ~ R'CiINl. il is d ...
';rable thai . 1 least ItIt' first 0/ tM glorious mysteries (Ihr ~u,....,.,·
lion) be itdeled 10 ttw IOnOWfuJ mysltries and thai the " 'hole "",d
w ith • sui~ble P"')'fl". An aprOf" iale ftading from Scriptu,., (for
...... mplo!. from !hoe poo'lSion) or alhorl meditation may precede Neh
mystery.
, ...y be MOng, according to 10<'" custom.
n.e Ct,leb<ation cilhe EucNorist
n.e Maos for the dilC\'.ased is an "peciaUy imporunl poo " 01 !hoe
rile. no ma iler at what point in the ful\li!ral Ul ....gy it i. to bece~
bTalt'd. In ...... ny placll'5 it is sitU the practice to celebra!~ 1m. MaS5
immed.;'lely before the burial iU\d in the presence of t"" coo f'~; in
other places it is beooming Incre.,ingly the custom to 1\;"..,the
faithful gather in !he Chureh for the EucNorist aft ... t"" burial Or ~
manon. In ... ther case. the lighlftl Easter candle shou ld be set in a
pl;m, where it is visible- 10 all (ifltlt' COi pse is p~l. the Easter can·
die may be pia«<! lit the head of Ihe coffin); it!lO.'T"es to 5ymoolize
and . t""'glhen ItIt' hope of resurrection in Quois!. For I..... ioOme rea-
5OIl. an Easte. song Is . ppropriate at lhe end of Ma ....
Th~ introductory rite In Ihe church can be omiltt'd if the bod y was
1"4!Ceived at the Church. u5ing lhe . ppropriate ritrs. someli"'" be-
fo", the f""" •• I. Whe", cuslomary. the offi.'1"lory p rocession of I""
faithful may be kep t in fu""... 1 Mass.es.
PI.ns for the f u ........1 Rite
Since "",.ningful loc.l custom! aft to be rl!u ined. lhe ..... W ritu.1
dOO'S not gi" •• singll! ri\li! fot univcINI use bul la th ... provides for
a vMk-ty o f p r.ctices. TItt Ordtt oJ elm";",, F''''tfai$ prcwides lor
lhe Vigil.nd m.ted rite5.nd p,ayen bi'fon! lhe FuneraL. which
may be « ll!brated in lhe home or fu .......1poorlor; the funenollilUlgy.
"'hieh m. y ta k~ p~ durlng or outside M•• in the Church or an-
nol ...... s uitable pllC"t'; a tid 1M Com mittal at the «TI"IIi!Ie<y or pI""" of
~arion, (actUilI burial). The rites.ft <lfTanged 5OINoI in .....u.in
circu~uncesthe commin.1 rile mi&hl I.U place befoo ~ ttw lit-
neralliturgy."
I ohaIl nol go into these thrft plans in o:ktall but i\h.!l oimply d ...
...-;w the ri tes at the g,I\'e and add some general ob.... aliom.
~ IOOf\ as ttlt' mournen Ntve gathered al tlw grave. lhe «lebront
..y.. brief invilil tian.nd a saiptu,., '·l'fW. 1w then s.ays a prayer
ewer the placl! of committal. (wllieh may be, b...",ing of the graw.
II au .. nerdi'd). WhiLe the body;! being plKo>d in lhe gnoVI!, Of ,I
.-wItoer suilable moment. lhe «Mm.nl ta j'S. the commilUl pr.y......
bibb' .')<I,S a '" then off,ned and .n p r.y the l.ord '. Pnoyer. Aft ..... a
h i pr.yer. the minislfl give! a blessingarod an apprt>pNh' 00I'I8
AD ~ p lans.tid ril" .nI! CNo rKIeriu'd b y adaptation to the ';N-
aIion. friendly partidp,>tioo. and t1<l1e1>5i.e ~ 01 ,""aI scripture.
!lie Infl"""'" of N.....• T~ament theology. a nd the J"""Sibility o f in-
.... pormng worthwhilelocalcustorns. The.,....., linugy for funeral5
"'" only rtruJ<, .. the d~ased • worthy final ~icI! 0/ burial and
fntemaI intercession; It ill .Iso such as 10 console the bereavl!"d.
OIIftngtioero those preserol in thcir East..... faith,. .nd .pc:a k 10 the un-
dIo.m:hed in. humanly at1r;>Cti"e way.
M' rule, a priest or dc.oonconduCI!i lhe ~Ici' at the grHe. In
IpO!CIaI orcum.tances, t.owtver.• l.y person may ~UCI il. m I~e
IItwgy of burial p ",fere-ntilll",,"tmcni sIIould not be g,,"en 10 Indi-
viduals. It is to be hopl!d Ihat the cta!<$systcm of funeraill, which
..mil recently waS prevalent in many . reas, wi ll be elimina ted once
and for .n, in keeping with tho! di rl'Ctive of V'lic&n 1l (SC 32; .....
pulftl in tht Introduc",n 10 ttw Ri t~ of Funeral. 20). The use of
holy w ater and incenw should be .dapli'd to loul custom and sen-
1lbl111ifs; it can ..... e-n be omitlO!d comp Lelcly if circuMlltaTlCeS .....
~. llw f.i!hful.hould be encouraged to ,void e~ll.'Tf\ll pomp
In funeritl CeTl'mClny and gr.,-e tra ppIng!! .nd c""tribute th~ money
....... d lOd1arl~bll! w Oikll.'
llw Fo.meral of Chik!=
From the fif1li!l!foth century of the Roman Ritu.1 Nod a specYl rite
for Ow fwoonl of a baptized child woo din befono .....:I\ing the ag~
of.... 'I .. llw rite d id not Include inle-o a lliOM for the child be-
cOUll!! it had not be«I o pablo! o f linnmg and w.. thnefo«: aWitd y
""joying thoe vision of Cod . For thoe ume Tenon, Mus w;as 001 of·
fered fOf luch i child.
V.oo.n II ordered that this rite be reviso!d (5C 82~ According tnthi'
new OrdcIl{OtMum fw~s. the same liTUrgy is 10 be U5ed;as /or
adults, bul w ith .peclallNdings.nd pnoyn"S(ind~ prayers for
tIw parents)," The Nme rq;uliltlons apply-but w ith ~ adapu.-
non.--to a child thl t hi. dlftl befo~ l'Kei"ing baptism as its par·
~ in""oded. The new S>cnmentilt)' has IwO fonnularie /or the
fu neral M iloS o f a baptized child, one for an unbapliud child." lhe
liturgical color usN Is whloe.
The Funenolliturgy for the Cremated
Arguments .1tIoC~ the wchlng of the Church 0",", plIyN a ro~
in spreading the ~ of cremation in the S«ond hill of the nine-
!«nth cenhMy. For this ~ason, tIw Church prohibited crmution for
its memben and ~fu5ed any Uturgial COOpoulion in In. prlCtke
and ....."" in the dtp05ilionoflhe um. Duling Vatican II. a new atti·
tude found "pre!llion in lUI 1nstructlol'l ohM Holy Offitt {Moy 8.
1963)," which allowed th bletsing of the body and tho: ~.tion
of a priest in tIw dtp05ition 01 the u"" pro"lded thl t thoe dl!d.ion to
crema'" was not inspin<! by any hostility 10 lhoe Church and its
teaching. lhe n..w liturgy of funerals pro"idet for a liturgical ceko-
br.tion I!ither II the =molion lMlf 01' at thl! deposition of th" urn.
If a church 5<!1VOU takes p\1oC'i' It the c~mot!on.lhe urn is later set
in its place in a simple .:..n:mony. Tbe funeral liturgy nuoy . Iso be
celebrated aft~r the cn!1nItion hi, taken place."
'"
Chapter Eighteen
The S~cr.unentals (Blessings)
.... SIC 0 8SElVATtON S
Sb .... theChurch inacrlment.al (incarnatiONI) in its basic structun:'
and ~ Christ act$ in il IS the """ priet of tho:' f"OI!W COVftl&nt.
dw On...:h'l ""tin:' Slving activity is .150 IICnmftlt.aL that is, it has
• dimmsion thaI c.n be gril~ by the Keres and another 11\.01 is
""P"""",,"i~ .nd d i"i"". The ~v"ibIe ligns of invioible grace~
whldt it Iccomplish"u~ I\OIlimilod, howev"" to tn. ..."m sacra·
....ts. whidt In:' radical self· act\ll.liutions of I~ Churm I t 1M boy
pOints of humin li~. When the t_lfth..century tn«>logians of the
Weltem Church begin to di,tinguish lhe,.....m oacraments as hay·
InS • plloC'i' apart in the cosmos of visible liturgical signs aM ac·
tioN, tho:'y ca llod them fQmlmml~ ""'.,'" (nuojar sacnment~) and
the l'tllIolning signs wc",mmlQ .,ino", (mInor ",<nments). In that
lime centut)' the s.econd and larger group WI5 al~ given lhe name
«NC1'lmen tals~ (Peter Lombard),
s.cr."""'lals, too, Irs..risible liturgkalactioru., "bearing. ldnd of
i ",bLance 10 lhe ,xrammlS: lhey ,ignify tffecl$, particularly of a
tpIrltual klnd, thllan:' obt.lned through the Church', int~on"
(SC 60). UturglCil l signs of this klnd occur in l.rgt numbe ... dunng
the .dminislr.fion ullhe SlCramenlS (in bilptism. fo r """mpie, there
.. the IIgnlng of the forehe.d, the blt$8ing of the wa.lIM", and ~ on?.
1hrir pIlrp<l I" il lO shod light on thoe mystery and d~p(Se the ""'lpL·
m! to I iruitiul lecty1ion .
The liturgial yea'" al50 nuorked by many MCTlm.,.lIm (for """m·
pie, the blesaing:t of ,andln Ind of palma; pl<K 'i )!\S with candles
and -palms; the b$owil of .shes; the w~hing of fH1; the v",." ..
lion of the CIOM). It 15 tt.eub}' ""riched by graphic ill""tutions and

a variety of w' )'lI o f oommunkiUing sakaticm during the various
..,asonS ~nd on the feasts of the Lord and his saint5-
Fm..ll); the lifr 0{ the parish community and thr priva~ life 01
Christi.ns.OO their f.milie5are lil<rw~ ma r~ by blessings. Be-
hind t ' - thrre Is always the pnyer of theChurch tNt is uni~
with Christ.nd II"",,~/o;e e{flCKicw in ibanion. n....oIogians ha,·t
""P'.u.,.;! this mationshlp by wying that the _ra"...",tals dnw
their tfficacy t:l ........ ~"' is ( _",is) «dtSW. »fn:>m I"'"
action 01
the actintJ; (a praying) dlurch.»
Comrnoro 10 all Ncramenlals. lhen. is pray" in the ""me 01 the
d"lurch: ad,nowiedging God 's dominion ov..- ~,sons and oI:j.tlS.
praising his wisdom.nd good,...,.• • nd a!iking for his variOO help.
If material thlngs are made the 5U~ i"lS of the!e blessings. the inl ...•
tioo .. not oomehow 10 change their nature or fiU them with a di-
vine power. b.." r.ther 10 give them a!W"W d i....:no...nd allow the
C","to. of all things and the Rrcleemf:. of lhe hu ...... n race to ...... ke
hilnW'lf known through Ihrm. Th")' thus become signs of God',
p ' ''''''' in OUr world . ~ innlll! capacity of thInp 10 ..,rve as
symbol.-. lhe inlerpreti ve word .• nd lhe pray •• 01 the Church make
il poosibl. for thne thinp not on ly 10 represent faith visibly bul
.Iso the . tn,ngthen it. "Aslctions of beli~ers. tlwoy tXpn.'SS hu nuo n
self-su' J"('ndcr to God .·'
This "kw of I"" ... cram"" t.ll. and especially 01 the bl"".ing5 01 ma-
Icrial ooitels. p"", lud..slny magkal notions and pr.dices lhat re-
gard bles.sed objt'<:lS as infused with a powt'1" "that is unleashed
simply by encounl.mOf; or tol.lChi"g or usi..g the- objecl and thereby
placed at tho;> OJ<'rv ice of human beings. I" this apprt>ilCh the bl....-:l
objecl is not ......, i" its relaUon to God who bestows the blessing. . .
. Funh""""""" such i view 0{ wcramef\talJ miJint .... rets th~ inter-
cessory pray",. 01 the Church and 01 individuals and looks upon it
.s op<'r.ting without f, il , nd """, cing God . Nor is wffirimt . ~
Ii"" p.oid to the- lact lhat human beings mull be p..".m:I if thfoy In'
to ll.'Cri>"cGod', b~ng. and indeed must p..".'" thenuelvostver
anew.»'
If "'e pn:scind from the symbolic action& pe,/oo ,,,ed in the count 01
the liturpcal y ... r and from pllXf56ions. the mor>a$lic ~1ebrati0n5
abNdy described."OO tho! litu'1!Y 0{ d~8th and buriaL then "the ",Co
laDWl tlila oonsist princip.olly 01 bLessi"ss. ... U"til fI'n'IItly. the nu-
az OUll bl$ng5 were d ivklf<! into two glOups: cmtstCJi!,io>m ~nd
*"Pie IIJtsJillgs. ConHCfali0n5 showf<! that a penon 0. oI:jd was
Wna cIf<Iicated to lhe spt("ia1 H""ice of God or the Chun:h (for ex-
1IIIP1e, tIw tOhsec r.tion 01 a m""k 0 . an abbot or of an allar, bell, or
.otitl dlun:h). Accoodi", to an old tradition. ble5sings in which
moinIinp with chrism aft perfonned were resatdN n ospecially
llitp> wot a nd _ therefore d iJti"",isI'of<! by i na~ " ron5KI"l-
tIonI-." ~ simple to>rm "bLessing» Wi' uted for invocations 01 God
IIhM .'" acromp.on~ by P"ytr for his help for penoN and oI:jalS.
If idem a ulhon. how~". as wPlI .. the new 8enediclional and the
_ liturgical boob in generaL pftfer 10 ...,.Ihe I<'m'I "'bIe6inlf in
.... CI 75 The u tin d istinction between /trntdiclionf,s (01I. tiluti"""
1_ _ 0 alions) and /otnftIirlionos iIIt'OO'titw (simple ble5sings).
which w as made in the 1917Code ol Canon uw (can. n.a n.2),
hu not been tliken ov" into tN! new Cod~ 011963 (s.ee can . 1166-
n ).
The Uilin verb brMdil;trt ( "10 ipt;lk wO!'lI o{ "; rorrespondi..g to the
H hew bnri" and tM Greek twlognn) makes It c1c.>r that in a bless--
"" altention is not focused ""Iely or primarily"" the perIoOI\ or
thing being blessed. Ra ther. a bl""sing invol""" praise of God. the
_ I SI"" of the blessing.
"In ut~anc"" in which the term ~ir';o is us....:!, the obje<t may
be God to whom the P.la"" . . ,of Cf<!atu!i!S i, directed and who in
this praiM i, acknowlf.dg«! a; t..on:l and ..,.,rct of all blessing.ll>e
~ 0{ brntdir/io thus ,-P'i."$5e5 both romp""""\S of a liturgical
tv",l: God', bles&ing and the pr.i~ of God.»'
n- two -speclSor componentS ;I.., regularly found in the jewish
IomobJo (plural: bmiko,h); they have alto c""tinued to play;l vitlil
role in the tridilion 0 1 the Ea$\flTI Churches. By its naturf, th ..... a
bl ing is both an inamnesif., i.e .• • remt1Tlb.ano::e of the bmefkent
deeds of God.•nd an epklesls. or in,,{)Cati"" 01 his ldndnts-s and
help for human beingt..1n the Wi!'!Ile'm Chun;:h, howr-ver, the
doxoIogical and anamoetic ele" ..,,1 wM in theCOU1XoI ti""'t....5
.nd lets I'I1lph"iU'd, to tlw ad"antligt 01 the epkletic or petition-
aryt\emenL"
THE POST C ONCILLA M R EO l GAN IZ ATIOS
V~lic~n I[ wasroMrioln of moIny shortcomings in tM ...., of the
.o;JK.ammlals; i llheM~ decreed tha r "1M UoC.,menta" ~ 10 ~
...... i~wO<l in the lig.hl of the prim.lty criterion lhal tM faithful partie-
ipa ... in ...llillieT1 lly. actively. and easily; tlw c.... ditions of our own
day must abo ~considetrd · (SC 79). If no!eded."",w sacramentals
might ~ addrd_ Rl:wr\~ ble!6ings weI'\! 10 be lew in number. The
laity Wft>' 10 ~ allowed 10 administer some SKrammtllls (ibid.).
Since the new Roman lIooA: of Blmings wH long ~lay1'd, desp; ...
It... f;ocl lNt .. new rdition "'n fehlo be ulJE"T'tly........dO<l: the llish-
0J>5 of the Cennan~aking world took steps to provide .. .".,rul
6enedkliorwl for thrir J't'Ople. Rome goo"e its pennis/lion, but de-
rrwnded thai certain guidclirws be followed : ,) the bles..ings w"""
to beslrudur/!d ai rommurwlcelebntions; b) lhe word of Cod w.as
t" ~ givm irs due place; .nd (") in bks\np of oojecl. thor pra~
mU51aoo toke inlO "eoount the hum.m beings who would use the
oo;..:t.'
With regard 10 th<! min iS! ... il i, dt"lennined that Inplized.md ron-
firm.-d laYP<'1""!IOn5. on the In)i! ofthe rommon priesthood and pro-
vided they ... cre commissioned I",,",ro, ("In bestow certain
bl"",ings. ~ decisive crileriorl in derennining 1M mlnist ... ;. 1M
relation of a porlieula. bl<'Siling 10 tkf.· diocese, parish. or family; de-
pending on rhis ...... IMl on lhe bishop or. priest or a parent kill as
minister (Introduction IS).
TIl<' long .... w.ir.-d Ilcncdktlonal ap~red as p<lrt of the Roman Rit-
u~t under 1M title Dt />ntrli('iOfli/lus (Book cf Bla&inKO).' In the d ....
(" ..... o f promulgation published by theCongr.gation for Divine
Wor5h ip (May 31, 19l54) Ihe blessings .'" detcribC'd " " Iilurgical K-
lioo. llial stimulate 1M fai lhfullO pr,be cI GOO Ind d ..p""" them
both 10 T<"C"I'i,.~ the principal effeclll of the _nmenlt and 10..".,.
tily the various situ. lilInl ollil~ in J proP'!' way.k The "'<eiI~ vol-
ume ($-tO pag...s) begins wilh a wVmeral lnlroduction " and is
d.i,·ided in", fi>~ !«lion!, eac:h of which contains nUlMfOUS intro-
dL>Ctory obs...r.·aliol"ls al the beginning cl lhe RClion and bEfo ... the
indi,~d ual blessings."
II is impon.ml 10 nole thai Ihe new &ck r! BJtsSings acknowledga
Ihe val"" olloc.oll raditions and cu~lom.: 1h6e • .., 10 be laken into
.,rount in the vemiKular editionl of In.: book (Geno:rallntnxlL>C'
*", 39). "
a)(Ol CISM S
.wrlrtion and experioence show INI in every .g~ human beings
_ tl\rea 11l'f1<!d by the ~ of evil and thaI their """poral .md eter-
- ' A lvation Is lhereby imperiled. ~us himself "'" -he~ us '" p"'Y:
-o.Iiver US from evil (e.-: Ilw evil one).· In the pasl, Chri5tians m -
4IIvoring 10 undentand Ilwir faith took as their slartin(! poinl th.o
waqw.1ioned I56\Jmption thll "evil» referred ultimatriy to a per .
r
..... opiritua l being ",hom lho! Bible <alb """S;ot.m" Adversary"') or
... "devil " (I word Oaived lrom the G_1r: diomso.. " ..anderer"").
• ."tly tIwre hi"e bftn """"pIS. ,",-en n... in the utholic Chun::h.
til_in th.o "evil (one)" ,;mplyE""Uas sum and 10 ~rd "the
..-u" ISIlmply another word for "lin."" Among ' err" So" 10 this
Wrw .... y be mentionod the sludy "Chri$tian fl ith and Belief in 0,..
• • .," which was 1ipo1\5On!d l nd recornmmded by the Rom.m
Conutsation for lhe Doctrine of the> Faith ."
l cannot rake up here the d iffkuh question. of tn.: e~i.t"""e. "" Ill..,.
mel. ¥,,,liorI 01 demonic powers. ~ ilno doubt (tM exegctes
• every IIChool ar... in agreemenl on thil) Ihat many sta lem<'TIts of
the New Tntamenl In! conditio...-d by their limO'S and ("uJIIl", and
NqulJ10 carefullnllYlil. Our COO""" hen! J. with the pra)",'" and
k"tionJ of the Chun::h tluil ronl!Hlu le. spec ial form 01 !laCTameT1tal
In the IIlurgy oIlhe Otufl:h.
The w idespn!iid view of l'l.cly Chri"'ians Ihat all pag.ns wen'!
lIfIder the domlnation 01 Salan 1...:110 the UII<' of numerous e"".-
dAns (from Greel< t~o,tiui~. 10 ad)u",: 10 drive oul demons) in the
, tllwallon of the ca lt'Chunwnate .md. in :;hOTter form, ev.., in lhe
rile cllnf.ml b.>.ptilotn." Jn addilion, rhe", w .. '" m.ny " . on:i<;ms of
'*j I . ...... A distinction "'IS m.>de between impn."'C'tory exotcism5.
in whlch the oonis!. invoklng GOO, ~ commands 10 the pow'
om t.ostn. 10 God •• nd ~pltuto<y ..,.orri~ or prayers for ddiv",--
ana. from the E""U one.
n.. Roman Rilual cl I614 cont~ins nOl only opecific exorcisms for
ut j III but aIIo .n impnc~1Ofy eo:0rd5m for those thOUghl 10 ~ in
lheronlrol of lhe evil powt"l!o (Pcs n 1s.d). " Soch.n ""orri,m w ••
nol 10 be celebral«l without authori1.alion of thor bi, hop. Becl use it
i. susceptible 10 misink"rpretatiOTl and mi.u ...," this ~xorri'm has
been e~trem .. ly controversial and requino$ l radical ~xam iNnon.
Mit is impoMoible not to wish tlut tM Roman Ritu.oJ to.. withdrawn
from cilt"Ulation I S '1uiddy as poMible "" long as it contains Ihf,se
nonn. and p rioCticft ilnd that it bo; no longer used until it ..., been
radically revised.-" n.. tdi,io Iypir~ of the Roman Ri tual of 1925
01>0 contoins l shom,r "E. on:ism for Uk' against Saton and the
Fallen Angeli." published in 1!l9O under Leo Xlll.
n.. ..mn:iiomi stIU 10 be found in the N!w IN.ptismoJ ritua l hi ve
nothing in common "'i th thor old impn!C.1tory I'XO~ n...y &R'
simp ly P'"ayen for dd h ·rrance. in which P' ."..:on is noeither men-
tioned nor i Uggtited. Exon:isnu; of oIljlhlll h"'e like-wise IlOl been
included in the new liturgical books.
The new Cooe ofCo.n"" Law say. in Canon 1172 that no one may
pertorm exol'Clsms over the poJ sess!d uru..s. he ho. r«eive<i .pe-
cial .md npn'55 penn;ssion f1Qm the local Ord inary." It seems un·
cerWn """""-he, lhoe I"""Y"'", now bein& rompose<i. Mfor the
Delivrr~ 011 Prr5OI\ O'·.. rwhelmed by the Powrr o f the Evil
One: will in fici hive . pLaa in the Roman Ritual. One Ihins i. C<'f-
tain: thel"1' will b.. no mol"1' impreeJ lOry ""orrisms· All prayers for
deli,·rro.nn- hove th~ir model in Ihe !inal pelition of the Our f athe"
" Deliver us from ""il / the evil ON/ ."
,,,
Chapter Nineteen
The Celebration of the Liturgy of the Hours
Utu'l!yas I"" joint action 01 Chrislond hi. Chul'Ch also takes the
form of the- C hurch's daily worship of praye., the pr~y'" or htu~y
of thoo houn. For hel"1' 100 Chrm is p"""",1 and active I. high p . ....1
ofthoo new ""'.......nI ",'hen the wo rd of God is prod~i med in the
.-dings from scripturr and when he unites him!;elf to !hi' pr.l~
Ch\1J'th a nd its _",bo .s in order to sanctify hu man beings.nd glo-
rify the he.vmly F.lhrr.
n... celebration of 1M hlu'l!y of th~ hour.< must be ~ord~od a • • n
impc:llUllt pari of the liturgy as a whole.!~ keep!ng wilh I~ ~harac.
. . of the p" ...,.,t cutlin<', I !oh.i.!J first descn1l<' briefly lhe ongm a nd
hi!olOrlc.1 cIn... lopmml of lhe P'~Y'" of the Iw;nors; f , Iw.U then go
Into lIS theological meaning, Ihonby bringin& out ilS impon.an<."<'; fi·
Nlly I shaUdiSCUSII ilS po&Ironciliar ~i7.ation. n,., en.nre.chap-
tel' foc\I!i1'5 on tn. liturgy of the hour!. in the Roml ll ri"'; Ihel"1' 's
rpact OI'Ily for • kw rel\'i"<'f'ICn to Ihe pr.)"'r of the hour.< inH'u~
Eubrm and Reformed Chul'C~. Ind for some bibliographIC.1,ul!-
pions 10 g\Ilde the reader 's further study.
OR IG LN "N O HI ST O R1C " L OEV E Lo rM EN T
Tlw t\mngel impulse 100" Ilw d aily PJ"yer of thor first Christian com-
munlly CHloinly count from Jesus himself. "Ow Go$p<'lso:rer:
ten us
that h WIS. mo.n of intense puyer .nd that he taught h,s dlOC1Pk'l;
to pray (M t «9-13; Uc 11 :2-4) and e><hort<.>d them ".lways to pray
and not 1oeot hent" (Uc 18:1). He frequently urg...! wa tchfulness:
-_.
-Wllch ........Iore--Ioo" you 60 not know ",·hen the m~1<'I" of ~ouse
ahall ron"', in the ....·en'"" or . 1 m~t. or al c:od<crow. or tn the
Tlw di5dplesof l<'5us faithfully follow"'! the uamp lo! and exhorta·
ttoos olthori, Teacher. oJ the Am 01 the Apostles and the apostolic
'"
 lett~rs ohm an",t.' J~u. and hL~ diociples alike !iHod wi thin th.
Jewish t r~djtion of pra)..... and WQ",hip. " ']Uch pnn.ided lor pray"
In tile temple and synagogu ... at 'p<'Cific times during the dty. [I is
not j.U~g. t"""- tn.1 WI hours of pra}"',., ""'trged '·ery .... ly
among Chnsll.ns. The!llO)St important of these tl""" w.,-e the
morning and ...·."..;ng. but then! waulso prayer at th.thitd, sixth
and ninlh hou,.." cakula"'" according to the twelve " hours 01 da y:
light,« which in the Greco-Roman d ivision of ~ day began at !W:
in the morning.
The prayer of th~ fitst community was not ,.,lely familial. much
Ies& p~y ind i~ id""l and pri'·a~. N1.Itr>en)W; passages of sc:riptu"'
mak.! It clear thallhen! wa~ also common prayer, wruch as .uch","
quited a certain organization (set>. for examp .... Acts2:<U.f; I Cor4).
TJwo same situation is e>-ident at the brginnln& of the _ ... d c,,"-
lury in the IctM o f St. Ignatius. bishop of Antioch and martyr, 10
the Mapw. i 'ns (7. I). About a hundred years later. Tenullion
speak. of araHtmn ll-girirndt (Pl"f"SCribed puy~rs). by which he
means tim,.,; of pra}"'t in ~.rod ""enins that are pthuibed
by [aw and c""tom .' According 10 HippolylU. of Rome, ""atons
and priestsan> to g.Ilth ... e>~ry momirtgat a pi_appointed by the
b.shop and. together with In.- faithful, celebra te a liturgy of lhe
word thai includes teaching and prayer.' The lucmwriu ...
(lamp[ighting J('rvice).. reHgiou, rile which accompanied the lighl.
ing oflamps at nightfaU and took diffe-eslll\mns among the Jo-ws
G_ks and Komans, ",,,'<'<1 to some d ...gr~.., IS a model for the ev:"
ning pra)'t'f o f Christians-. The Aposroll( COIISliluliorl. (m<! of II-...
fourth ""ntury) describt- a pray~r who$(o structure ~Iready "'Sem-
ble!; IIIaI of our p"""-'fll--day Vesper.\. '
11M' monil5fic communitic5 v.ened a ma;o.- infl ...... ce on lhe further
dev~lopm"'" 0/ lhe liturgy 01 the hours. !n addition to tN> hours 01
prayer at ...... dy mmtionNl. 1'""""-' communities mad~ a <4ity prac-
tja, of the nocturn.1 vigil of pray ..... whkh unhlll!en had been
customary only duing the nights before £ost.... and a kw other
f~asb.· They also In lroduced Prime. which was to be .. id immedi.
ately befo ..... beginning the work of the d.y. and Compli ....., which
was to come immediately befo,.., retiring for Ihe night.
'"
Tloe pral""" practices of the Eastern monks ..... ached the WesC by va n-
!lUI channels. 11M' Uturgy 01 the hours .-..:e;ved!ls fin.l form in the
WftIITOm 8enedi(1 of Nursia (d. 5·17), who adapled to hiS own PUt-
P' I I , the monastic o ffice already in usoc in Rom@.' m his organi~a­
lion of it, which inc-n!asingly influenced the man ..... r in ..-hid! the
IiturKY of the hours was celebral~-d in nonmonastlc settings (CO lhe·
dralJ and titular churches), II-... office comprised Matins (""'"
_tvH ... . tl-... nocturnal hour), L-auds (earlier called laud..
,n,UuH...... «morning t.a.udll "), Pti~, Terce, Se>cl, NOfW, '.kf,''"~''
and Compline. n.e office retained this structu,.., until the reogani7.a-
tion of 1&70.
The totality of these "arious limes of pra~'t'f has been pven various
names. "Prayer 0/ the hours" and ·"nankal hours" indica l. that
the prayer is ofkred "' set times and is intended to .....nity tho-.-n.
lin! day.
The name "bre';ary" goes b<>ck. to tkl- Middle Ages and;'; d,,",-ed
&om the t.a.lin word b"","'n. (plural of /Im""ri",": short stalflnenl ;
IlImJ1Ulry; abridgmenl). These were shortlists in which ko-y words
and brief roefac'lU'S showed which tUI!; we..- to~ read fTom II-...
..... er.l boob used in communal ",dtalion of Ihe offlc<e in choir.
Only in th. .J....ft1th ct'I"1tw-ydkl 1M pr.(1U.~ at copying aU
Ihe itel<ts into a single book. to whkh the name of the p..,.-iou. lists
0/ *",1 (alao callfod lorbftlorn.) was still applied. Such. book Was
mud> handier lor privale recitalion. espe.::laUy whil~ traveling. Oth -
l!rI ~lain the .... me "bft-vIary" . , deri .. ed " from the .bridgm<'fll
thai "",-,It.I when the booI<s used by vatious plrticipants (1'f-'IIcr.
antlphooal. col!«t.ary.lectlonary) Wet'f brought tog<'1her into 0""'
book intended lor indi,;du;ol recilallon . .. ~nd Ihal alfO;.'Cled the
"'-"'gth of the n!ildings ....
Another Il~me o tt.... gi .. en to thi, p rayer is "office: It... r..-nn ott....
bftng preco:d.o in th is cont~xt by "divine " or "canoo ical." The orip -
nal ..... ningof officium in Christian \ISor WU "duty" (.... d "office" in
the t lH of duties imf""Hd by a pmitioll Or charge) and was ap-
plied to the liturgy in il!; entirety. Gradu;o lly, how"'· .... lhe IUme
Wqlimlt.o to the prayer 01 the hours. Rene .... ed .wareness that the
o~, too, is pon of thoe liturgy has gh-en ri!le " wnlly to lhe nam~
litu"" """,,,.... '"liturgy of the hou ... '"
, OJ
As lhe Roman Iilu'1Y Jpr .. d throughoul ""*
of the Wesl1l'm 00\II'1-
lri .... soloodid lhe Rom~n p' .Y"" of the houri. In the Middl~ Ages
the trndm cy 10~'plnd the number;and length o fth_ houn soon
led to great discontent and ""en caused IM'gk!ct 01 tho- office. At lho-
beginning of the 'i.l.....,th ""ntury lhe cry for , "dital reform be-
came ev... loud ..... The 5ubtanlially s hort .... ",form bre"i ory of Ca rdi·
NJ Quiflono:s (I535), also kno" "TI" th~ "CI'OIiS Breviary" (from lhe
c..-diNI's titu)a" churd! of Santa Croce) ..... 5 intended for indh-id-
uaJ recit.ttion and recorh-ed an ...,th usi.llstic ,,~1c0l'l'le; wilhin a .......
Y"a", it had gOM th rough .bout a hundl't'd printings, but then it
w~ Nnned and replaced by tho- uniform brevi.ry of Pi ... V (I568~ '"
Thi5 in tum. however, ...". lhe oo;od of numuous authorized and
uIWuthorilOO . ttempts I t reform." Especia lly deserving of mmtioo
ore the ~ttempts made under Pius X Ihat led to, among other
things,o red UCIIoo. In the n umber of psalms at Matins from 18 (or
12. as the case m ight !lor) to 9." Pi"" XII revived lhe unimpl"",..., k'<l
refonn plans of Pi usX .nd in 1 ~ oppointed" cornmisoion to p .....
pi'" for a radical tefut t.. of the liturgy; the studiE-s p roducN by this
commisoion appeal't'd in live ,-olwnes bet>oo'een 1950and 1957 and
u
t.on.lheir fiBt fruil5 in the rubrical "'.... "'. of 1955 and 1960.
V.tican II ... id • gread d .... l of Itt .... tion 10 fE'form of the b"""iary
~nd devoted I specia l th.apter to it in its Constitution Ol1lho- Liturgy
(Chapter IV, eontaininll 19 Jrtk les: &3-101) ." The council has s-ome
important thinS' 10 Ny abou t the theology and $piriluality of lhe
pr.y.... of the hours; il Sil t s,. the commUNI aspect oIlhis praY""
and plillCeS. strong t1TIpha~ on the ...,.;1... It'rroporiJ, thl t is, the idea
Ih.at the various hours of the <>ffic., should be recited at tho- limes of
day for .... hich they In! ;nll'nded (88). l11e council al,.. '""'" down
5Orr>C e . toe",d y imporunt guidelines for the <O"Clile corrrin8 out
01 the n:fonn:
• When lhe office Is revised, these nOl'MS a n! 10 !lor ob5cl ved :
a . By the \'ener~ble tradition of the univer5l1 Church, I, uds ~ s
morning pray .... and V"pen as evening p rayer I f'f the 1... 0 hinges
on which lhe daily offl~ turns; hence they are to be COrtIIidered 15
the chief houn and n-Ifbrated as sud!..
'"
b_Compline if 10 be SO comp<llSCd th.al " ... ill be. suit.tbk> pra)'er
for theend of tlle d ay.
c. 1M hour known as m.tim, ~I though il should Main the ch.1rlc·
Ie' of nocturnal praise ...h .... celebrated in choir. sh.all be so adapled
Ih.at it mly be reci k'<l at any ho ur of tho- day; It shall be made up of
n-...er pw.lm5 and longer ""dings.
d. The hour of pri"..., is 10 be supplt .fed .
If.In choir the: mino.- hours of tier«, sexl. .nd none an: 10 !lor ob-
1IeI'Wd. But outsidr choir il w ill !lor ..... fullO e"'-"- .... hidooever of
m.. three besl sullS the hour of the d ay (89)."
Thee and other directi\",," "",the course for ~usli""work on
tho- new bl'l'Viary, A Consiliu m ta.k Iota' ... ith a number of subcom ·
mittees ... orked on tlK> book /or "",",'en years; it w lS finall y ap-
pro"'ed by Plul VI in his Apostolic ConsliM ion u~dj. aontKum
(November 1. 1970), and the first volume ... u pub lished by the
C..-.gregltion for Divine Worship on wter, 1971 This ,..,I u "'" con-
tUN the (previously published: f ebruary 2, 1971.) GmenrI.'II<'nIC--.
'""" <fl~ W U'fYo/IM Hours with its 74 ~1'S.nd 2Sf a't~k •. This
/ns/1UdiDn, like the Cmmrllll5lnodimt r! I~ Romoll M~, IS no! lorn'
ited 10 rubrical mltt~ bu l provides enlighlll'flingcommenH on lhe
COO\1l'Tlt of the p rayer 01 IlK> hour5_ThrleO:' furtlw. volumes 01 tho-
new offlCl! Ippe3!'ft1 in the lollowi ng ~ars.
In ~ to brid ge lhe period until an official German-I.nguage b .....
viary .n.o.ld apope,n. the lJturgicallm;titut... ofCennany, Auslna,
and Swliurland. following thee"""'pleof f .."",."publooed a
Nrc.. SluJOdeoolnorlr. A.1'~""Jo1rl Stud .... ,tXlt fo r rill tilnftigts 6rt-
m ." The CongtE@ti..-.forOivinfi'Worship@,·e pel",;";ion ~ i~
optional use in place of tho- old b..-vUry. In cm>tnsl to the Latin edi-
tion, volume 2 o f this German br....-iary ro." .ino-d two annual ey'
e.... of .rnpture reading> ~nd, rorn:spondingly, ",'0 ~":,ual eyd.~
of p.oolristlc: reading> ... hich ... ere publis hed IS ~n exp"nm~lln Sl~'
teen rupplt1Tlentary f."del .... !n the Unil1!d Stilt'S an inlerlm b",-
viary appeared In 1971 under lhe tille, Prrlytr ",ekri,/;""'_
Inleriot' ~I was prep.ared by tho- NliK>na1 Federatioo of Diottsan
:nc
Litwgicll Commissions and had the s upport o f the Bishops' Com-
mitfr! 01\ the Liturgy. A! : .. ,. of booItlets conlaini", a two-year
,..
cydt' offHdings for the Officf, of Read ings wlS . 1so publt.bed 10
'upp~t IIu> Pntyn I1jOrrislu.m. "
~ English translation 01 !he U turgy 01 !he Hours was pnopanod
by .... Inlt'mational Commission on Engl;sh in .... U turgy (ICEL)
and was publWlod in four volulI'WS bt'Iween 1975 and 1976 O. Ad-
vm t and th~ Christmas Sea .....; II. It'nt and the EasI6 Su..".; Ill.
Ordinary nm~: Weeks 1·17; IV. Ordinary Tlme: Weeks 111-34)."
UNI.l6IlST ANOING T HE LITUR GY OF T H E H OU RS
For the Nlu o f d nity I shal15Chemahe in tkesi' form the rich ""'.
I('I'ial .vai lable , esp«i~lIy in !he liturgical ronsti lution and the &n-
"411 ~./"'ction of'ltt Ut~'KY of /~ HOIITS (GILH). for an und .......
tandiJ18 of tho- offico:.
n.r Pt¥T of f/tr H""" i5 Pno~ in. wi/~.•1Id tI!_g~ 00,;,/
~ Prayer di ~te:lIoGod must be lirlked with ChrUt,I .... Lord of alL
the ON" Mft!i.otm through whom alone _ h.vt' iItt • lD God ....
In Chris! and in Otris! .Lone human worsh ip of God ~ves its ~
demprive v. l~ and atuins itsgNI~ (GIUl6). Thi$ union of pray-
ing nwn and women with Chrisl is ultimately mad. possib!. b y
their m<'1rlbemtip in hi< mystical body, for by their baptism and
conflrml lion thoy share in his plWsthood and Ihus in hilo continu-
Ing prayer,
St, Augustine gi ...... ( oOOse expression 10 Ihls Idea with its rich im·
plicat ions and, at th~ ... me lime .• hows US that w". re in Iouch h<>re
with ,In anc;""t Christian conviction: " It is lhe one S.vior of hi.
Body, t.... Lord /rsu5 Christ. who pTlYS for US and m uS m d who is
pra)'ed toby us_ He prays for US .. our p';"'l. m US asOur Head ; ....
i. pra~ to by us • Our God. R«08" ;1f! It""IEfore our o wn voice
in him .nd h isv~ in us!- " ThusChrist is po :.ent.nd nercising
hi...." ing .moo in !he celebration not only of I.... Eucharist but of
l he~as_IL
This plEiomCe.1so aids our turning 10 the Lord in pray.... - He ..
prayed 10 by ... as our God " (51. AuguSlil'le). ln the liturgy of the
houl'S OUr pr.)"'r 10 Christ frnds v. rious kinds of e>:pression. 1$ the
commen lary on th~ individual houl'S will show. The liturgy of the
ho ul'S thus b<><:omes an inlense encounter with Christ. 80 thaI
Hippolytus could .um up the meaning . nd I",it of thiJ prayer in .
".
Jho<t fomIula: "To IX" . Iwoys mind ful of Christ- ("Semper
QIriSt\Im in memo .... habm:")."
1Itt f'r.yn fJ/'~ HOllO'S i5 Q Pntyn 11{ IIw Chllm. . _
(Ieca ..... God has gi""" hi""",l/ 10 the human r.ce In Chris~, those .
w ho beliFVt and are redeemed are . ble ' 0 10m> a rorrtmwuty th.at ..
molded by the Holy Spirit; thi5 community an be deocnbed as W
people 0/ God and. in the langUilge of St, Paul. uthe mystical body
of Christ. unfortunately, in the mjnds of many people ~e word
"Church" hardly "vokes 1M spiritual reality thul descnbed, be-
CIUIt' only too often they lhink 0/ lhe Chun:h u .imply a historical
inIolitulion and an external Of8aniza tl0ft. ln facl. howev('l', the word
"Ch n:h" al leo51 in its G....,k .nd u tin form (tUJI'SWl. m:ll:s ..).
the
......;.s ronununity of thoso,o who arecilled and who live in a
un>on with C hrist. the depth of which we cannot fully conceptual.
....
Siooct the days 01 the ar-lles, the Church thus u~ has not
on! IOUght to re;pood 10 God w ith thankful pr..... m the celEb •• -
~ of the Euchamt in keeping the u ni,·ers;ol .."ing will of God iI
has also"""" ... "",oed from inbflceding for aU humMI beings.. From
the begiMing, th<>n. it ha. been an «cltsia 0'"115. a pr.ying Chun:h.
In addition, it has taken the p rayer o f the hou r. as an _lIal ex-
-~;;'ion oIlhis ml~ poslu ll'." When tM Church unites it-
pi d ' h hal 'I
wlf to Jesus Christ in prayer. it acts in IKC01" ."'" Wi t w ,
.Irudy is, and gains the SI"'nglh to become what il ought 10 be but
Is not yet , "'~ who take part in th is prayer as mem~ of the
Chwdl. whf:ther or not they are commIssioned 10 do 50, help ,n
ttu. wU-actualization of 1M Otun:h for tht' gJorification of God and
the ..l"alion of the h unun race. " All who render this.....-vke are
not only fulfilling a duty of !he Churdt, but . 00 . ... sharing in t....
s-- honor o f Otrisl's Bride. for by offering t ' - praises to God
!My are ,landing befoll' God' s throne in the "",mI' of the C hurci>,
tlwIr Mother_"" This applies both 10 the 8OIoe1nn choral offi,ce of Il'li-
g:\ouI rommunitiH and 10 the si mple p rAY('I' of the smaliest groups
and ""ftI of mdividuol persons.
Tht Pntyn of,1tt Hall" is ou.lOSic~1
Lib.ll other lilurglcal actions. the prayer of lhe hours is dialogical
In character. NOur ... nctiflcation is a.ccompli,hed and w orsh ip is of·
'"
 fen><! toCod In I~ 1itu'KYof the haUl'S in such .....ay that an ex.
~lIange or dialogue [rommndum 5rw dia1OS"' J is ..,1 up bo!tw..cn God
and us" (CILH 14). In th<- p<'rson of his Son God romes to h~ man
b.,,~gs aM sanctifie them; !he praying Ch"",h .....pond, with
pm$e, ""1f~ulTft>der. and inte<t:touion. Th islut. being .. wl'\'b 10
our ",11"", h ll/'Mn beings. ,,100 glorifIeS God.
TN p,"¥". "'II~ Howrs is p';mllri/y .. C()mmwMl f'ntyn
Both tho- hturglcal constitution.M the Cnona/ln.truCl.icm lay per_
!Leula. emphasis on the communal character of the prly~r of the
hours. Since this prayer is not r ri.-are in nature but i$ the officia l
pr.yer
, _ the Church,
01 . il$ Cl"Jebration in oomm",·" "____
., .....,."....espnor-
tty """." ,15 ~t .. tIon by individ .... "'- as is Ihe oose ind~ ... illl
other Iiturgorar KtIons (se.. SC 261" 99). T1w GmmJl/lfS/noction !lOt
only urges.«>mmW\olJ «lO'bralion upon pr~ts and ....Iip"". who
. .... not obhgfd by 1.... to !he choral offiCI'. but al"" invite! lay
11""'_1'" and po . ish rom munili<'!l. "Whl"",'e. possibl",·to "cdebrate
the li turgy of the hours communally in church" (21). "When ,""
P"?P'" a!'1' in"iWd 10 the liturgy of thto hours and 00"", together in
::;.ty of Mtt and voice, I~ ohow fonh thto Churccll in its .:.Io,bo-il'
of ~ mysmy "'Christ (U ). 1M family. loCI, 'thr d_rio:
sanctuary of thr Chum., · is n>Couril~ not ""Iy to puy ~
a. a,
but ,,100. fa. is feasible. '\0 celebrate oome parts of the li",rgy
of the Ilours" and th us '.,..,Ier more deeply inlo the lif.. o f the
Cllurcch" (27).
~ ~'¥" ,,!r~ Ho~,", MWSl Be- TIWlo riot T;~ofllot ~y
This tS" pr,mary ~ 01 th., CntmIJ lrulnlct.,,, ,' USt as it had
beom of thr r'fUrg".
. I <Umitution (88, 94 ). "l'Iw pwpo::.
' of the lit.
urgy CJl ~ h.o un it 10..,nctify lhe d,y and the whole ... ngt of
hum,n "ctiv,ty. n....",lore its 'Iru<''''~ has b<>en ,..,,~ in luch.
Wily as 10 make each Ilour ()flee mor~ (o"'-'Spond as "".rly II ross i .
bk 10 natu.,) time and to take a«""nt of lhe dn:umstances of rio:
loday" (GILH I~). It wou ld therd'on: ~ absurd to red'" Momin~
Prayer (La uds) on the aftoemoon or to = ilt E.-erung Pn)'tf (\oft.
poe,",) in the m orning. Only" few)W1S ago It w ... in fkt \h.,CUIIom
of many po k its to · antiocipau,' Matins Ind t.auds "" the IfItmoon
01 the, p ...-viol.t$ day and ro pray VP$pt1'S ond Compline in the ..... ly
morrung.. becaule t""y W",," afra id tha t lhei r pasroul obligations
'"
omuld not I... ,·.. III"", sufficient tI ..... 10 I'l'Cit.. these l"Itning praY""
lit ~ prop"" hours"
QrUin P,."",nj .nd Commwllilits art O!>ligtd /0 Crkbr.'t I~ Utw'SY
rf tM How ,",
pr.~r .... y bo> ... id in e-'ery Land and.U
It\ooder thai thisessential
71 .1, theOlul'Ch ha!;comm !'! ' ~«1 tho5e in sacrammtal ordeB
.,d in migloul communities to .:.1"",.t.. this liturgy 01 p rayer
CCILH 17, 281.). It i. fitting that perma"",,1deacon$ recilt al "-t
,-rt of the pr.yer of the hou rs,'s d""'rmined by th~ episropal con·
'he,", (GILH 30).
.
5
.. ~rd to tho: degM: of oblig.olKm .tt...:rung 10 this IICrvKoe 01
pnitt and In(C' < don tIw GILH mod ....... I.,,; prt'<iousjuridicaJ __
..;ty to som~ extent and also .... ke distinctions alTlOll8 It... vari·
_ hours. In t"" pa.t moral tlwologillns held lha t il wlS a"..,.;ous
*' 10 omit, e-'cn ""C>', ~ Li ltk Hour or a sect ion 01 simil.. length in
tho othH hours." Vatican II, on the other hand. 3Uowfd the substi·
tution of other liturgical lunctions lor the offict and ga"e bis.hops
BOd hI&her rel igious sup"''''" authority, "in ~rtkul.r cas... and
... a just feiliOll.' 10 dispo'l\Sl' wholly or in ~tt from the obligation
01 ihf ~ 00' to commuiC' it (SC 97). Thf coun<:il fathers ~xp,cssly
abIlabwd from requiring ,.-rious te..sons for such dit~ticns.
11It GILH, /or its part. generally uses language Ihat is to be under·
Mood as exhorting the Churcch 10 the faithful fulfillment of ils com·
..u.ion; only when th ..... it question of Ih<-prind~1 hOUTS, t.auds
and •.... Sf."s.dMit ildd tNI I~ houB "should not bo>omil ted ex·
cept for • X i ious ......... (JI). This ft.'duction in the degit< 01 obli.
ption Ilef!m5Io bo> ~, howe-'er, in the r .......""tiom in riot
U"" r iad Boob: following wpo~ riot Nrw C<>it oJ U~ Low: """', in
SectIon XIV. the word. CJl GILH 29, "Shou ld recite tN fun ""lu""""
of hours taCh day," ate CM ngfd 10 "are bound by the obligation of
rrriting the full ""<!uenct of hours each day. ·
no. Prayrr ofllw How,. RtojowiM Ptno...rl Drrof.ion for ;r, Proprr em·
Ewn whtn I""Mtloed by ....... and women commissloroed 10 reptf'-
1m! IheChutch. this scnice of p ra!1e and intercession is not to be a
merely nicm.otlhing or done Ihoughtlessly. The liturgical constim·
,..
lion alread y "earr.estl y exhorts" In "to munt their minds 10 their
voices when p raying" the office (SC 90). This ~ rmony is I"W.'OI:IUry
Mif this praY"" is to be m.Ade thei r own by those taking part and to
be a SOUl'«' o f <;Ie\'otion, • means of gaining God's JTWIilold gr~, a
d&pelling of pmMal prayer. and an incen tive lOIN w<-k of u..,
apo!'lwle. Seeking Chri'" penetrl1ing i!'\'er mo<e detply inlO his
mystery through prayer. they should offer praise and petition to
God with tIw " me mind and Nart IS the divine R.!deemer " 'hen
he proJ)'ftl " (CIUl 19).
In order to ~ Ih,skind of inlmor plrticipi'tion the IitursKal
c.... liNtion ahorts ~ who p"y the office "to Imp""'"e thftr un·
derstrnding of the IiNrgy and of IN Bible. esped.. Uy the ps;>1ms'"
(90). Anodter helpful prKtice would be the QCC.sion,o.l meditative si·
Imces which the UNrgIcIIl c:onstitutiorl reoommends during odler Ii·
NrgiClI ~tions (30). The CtntNII~sll1l('l.i".. picks up lhis
rerommendation 15 especially Nlpful in the prlIyer of the hours:
Mrn order to ~ve In our hearts the full sound of IN vo;ce of lhe
Holy Spirit.r.d to unite our pel'lOl\ll prayer more closely with the
will of God and the public voice of the ChW'Ch . it is permissible, as
o(,,,sion offers and prudence suggests. to have an interval of si·
lence" (202). "In individual red tllion Ihen> is even gl'1'. l... freedom
10 pouse in meditation on some text th. 1 movO!'S the spirit; the office
does not on this .ccount lose il5 public charKter " (203) ."
'1'H~ l'OsrCONCIUAR REfO RM OF TIle OFF ICE
T1u: p",/t....
The ps;>lms" ... still the most import"nt pari of the liturgy of the
hours. The Ihird Chapter of the Gtt1tr~llnS/Tuct;cm has • lengthy sec·
tion on IM m (1()().JS), in which il pnises these pot'I1ll.nd ""'lIS of
the old "'n,nant but also shows aWareness of the difficulties attend·
ing their u!le in Christian prayer. It lhen!fore offenI_ sugges-
tion. fO<' the proper pr.lying of the psIolms.
Firsl 01 ~II. since those praying do so in the fIIJI'\e 0/ tIw Churdt,
they can me abo"e COIlII'~ic1ion, belweorn lhe t....1 and thrir pres-
enl mood if they bcoar in mind lha t the C huKh iI!I a whole .. lways
Jws ..._ for joy Of son'O"'. a, the ca50: may be. St. Paul's ed>ona.
lion (Rom 12:15) appl~ to them: "Rtjoic:e with those who lejoict,
""'-""J' with those who weep" (CIUlI08).
f\lTthermoJ'i:', in prilying the psalms the Churdl muSia liend to their
If rniank me.anins; ind .ed It wu for the sob of this meaning that
the Ch u..:h took lhe p$alter a. it, p . lYerbook (11Jljl). Adopting this
chriIlOIogical perspective. the fathers (Ind the same Ipplie:5 to the
1IturSY) heard "in tlw singing of the ps;>l~ lhe ~oic:eof~ cry'
Ins out to the father <- the hther COIl"efSIf\& .... Ih the Son; tndeed
they abo ~ in lhe pYl"" \he voice of the Chun:h. the
'f'O'I1.... and \he martyrs. ... A 0uis101ogka1 meanirIf!; is by no
~ confined to the ,ecogniud Musl.rue pwolms but is given
..., to many 04he15. Some 01 the!le inlu p'etations .... doubt......
ChNtoIogial onl~ in an KCOrnmodaiN _ _• but they N.~·e tht
......... 1 of tIw Chu..:h·, Iri>diIion (i!>id.).'"
M
nu. is esptciaUy tTUf' of feasldays. when. the .nliphoo>s, which ....
(utUotIlly) taken from the psalm, highlight the chrutological aspect
of \he t..11U and give il • tOl\llity "Ff" "'"
i .. te to the day. In Iho new
" , ";"ry .noth.... help to • dlristologkal understanding o~ the
pNlms is the caption. wl\ld\ roMistsof I few words thai indicate
the lilltr.l meaning, and a senll'nCe /rom the Npw Testament or the
writings 01 the f.tho!rs that brings OUI the Christian dilnl'TlSion .
AI regards the m.MO!f o! ddi~ery. it is .ppmpri&te thl t sir<:\' the
pMlms wen: originally tongs of pra; ' a<:eomp" nied by the harp.
the mwk be such as to promote lheir singing and brmg out their
full lyrical rlcllneM. Thi. music.1character s hould be kept in mind
when the psa lms .... simply recited or even p rayed $ilently (see
CILH 103). f
In eontrastto earlier breviaries in w hich all 150 psalrru; we re prayed
In the eour5e of • lingle week, the new liturgy oIlhe hours follow.
a four-week cyde, "The psalms .... d istribu ted O~"'" four·week
C)"X in "",h I way that very few psalms 11'1:' omitted. while. som e
tnIdllionllly mo!'1' importan t, occur mCft frequently Ih"" oihen;
....... ,""& prayer Ind O!Venlng prayer'$ well il$ night prayer ho ve
bftn uaigned ptoalms .pptvr~te 10 these hours" (CIUlI26).
Amon& ~omi lled .... thecUlW-pYlms (58. 83. 1(9). as well as
indlvkllUil vens 0I1he ",me kind in oIhe1 psalms. becaU5l' thf"j
lted\fficult 10 harmonize wilhChri~ prayer(CIUI 131). Details
on tIw d istrib,,\ioI1 oI lhe p5oiilti!t in ..... tioI1 to the Iirurg:io:al year ate
given in CIUl I31·)5.
Thr Hymns
Sp<-ci.l .rt...,tion is al'lO due 10 lhe hymns " 'hic h inlroduu .,,,,, h
hour and lwlp particul.uly in bringing OUI the cl\;lrl cter of Ih~ hour
or oIllw feiSt being celebra ted. The IIlurgic.1 consti tution d.;(lccd
Owt " to wh.tev.". n_1 "'"'y iO!eITI itdviuble. the hymns.re 10 be
....1On'd 10 their origin.1 kmn.nd .lIy . lI usion 10 mythology Of
anything Ilwt ronflicls wilh Cluistiall p io!ly is 10 be dropped Of
changod . AI'IO, as OCC.ASioIl arises, lei other selections &om the tre;oo.
5Ury 01 hymns be irIC o. pot.ted " (SC 93). The Gtru'141 11lStrJl("tion
SO"". 51ql further by givin& the epl5oop.tl oonf~ ltoICes .uthority to
".<l..pI tho! Latin hymns 10 suil the eNrlCler oI lhcir Own J.nguag<"
.nd introduce fresh compositions. ptO\' ided lhesoe are in complelo.
h.;umo ny " 'ilh the spirit of the hour, 5eaSO<\, or feast" (GILH 178).
B'"·...
Thr H (iOIi'S in I~ N tul 'Y
The ...... ised Ulurgy 01 the hours hai the following parts: c.llto
pr.Y'"' Unvitllory); office of reitdings (~ium Ito:tionis); moming
pr.yctlJ....uds); d.ytlme prayer Of lillie hours (Teou. Sed. No....,);
e-·...,ing prayer (Vt'Spcrs): night prlyer (Compline).
n-.., In .. itatory is .Iways used before the first hour being celebrated
(office of .... adings or morning pr'yer). It comprises a versicle,
"L<.,Id. open my lips. - And my moulh will pm::laim your praiso'."
and Psalm 95. This psa lm c. lls the per&on praying 10 sing God's
praise;. li<l"" 10 his voice. and k'\'k " the O"t'!it o f lhe lord" (see Heb
),11; 4: 1). Ps.t lm 95 may be n' placed by !'$aIm 100. 67, or 24. The an·
tiphon accompanying th .. psalm chang~'S arroIding to season and
fea.t. Th" Gm....~II"SI,...C!"'" .....commomds lhe Inponsoria l singing
or recilation of the psalm and its antiphon (GILH )4).
n... office of A'adings. which ..."laceltM former M~H"". i. 10 bot .
night offi~ of priisoe of God w~ celebrato.'d ill choir. but it is
~daptcd k> be recited it any hour oI lhe day (GILH 57). ",,"en dur·
ing the nlghl houi'"J 01 1M pi'l'Vious day. after I'\'ming pray.... 1\;1.
beI'n u id " (59). It is . Iso munl 10 be a help in opening up Itt., 1rN·
su..,,; ronla;no.'d in the Scriptures and tIw «<Iesi.osrio;al writeB, ""I""""
cially the hlhoml 01 the C hurch. It comprises an introductory vnx.
a hymn, three psa lms (Of ""IS 01 psalms). a reading from lhe Scrip-
IUA'S and another from th .. ...:.:lesiasticl l writerS (or. ;os tIw OUOI' may
be•• rci>d ing having 10 do w ith !he ... inl oIlhe <1..1' a hagiographi-
cal ~ading) .....eh of tho: Iw O readings being precoded by a "erok le
and Iollowod by a respon!lOry. and . finally. aftN lhe ~d re;pon-
-r. tIw p ra)"'r oIlhe da y.
The new utin b w,'lity ,,", only a one-y"ar cycle 01 modings."
ItM>Ugh lhe GntmtII~lIodu<lion anticlpatlld lhal Jt>er. wouLd boo a
further volume conuining a lWo-yea. cycle 0/ ..... dings for opIioflal
_(GILH 1.5. 161 ).
Momlng and ",'ening p")"Olr ".~ !he IWO hingn on whidt th~
dally offItt ItIms; hena lhey an! 10 be CQl"\$idered lhe chief Itour5
Iftd .,.,1ebralod IS sudt " (SC 89,; e lLH 37). n.e .,arl ..... n.ame for
IIIOfIIing pray«, lJr""'" .... M i....... Show, lha! it. and not Matins.
• .. 1Iwre>1 houn of morning praiw. In oId .... 1O .""id a doubling
01 morning prayer. the old hour 0/ Prime. which came into n;s-
IIIInte In monastic circlri. has been ' UpPI nee:! (SC 89d). Morning
,..)'ft comprito's an inlroduclOry \"~. a hymn. psalmody (a
IIIOfIIing psalm, and Old Tesumen! canlicl.,. and another ps;oolm of
,.._), a shor1 reading with" I't'Sponsory. th" Canlicle of z...:,l\;Iriah
(U 1:68-79) with ilS anlipllon. int, lcossions for the sanctification 01
IIw day.nd lIS work (this had been tt>;, focus of the old hour of
~). the Lord's Prayer. lilt' pr.y .... of Ihe day. and I ble-ssing. Ac·
eordin& 10 ancienl tradillon. moming pray.... also rom memor.les
IIw ,,"umellon o f Christ (S« GILH 38) .
Terce. Se:.t. and None-1he "wille H<>urs" with whkh Ihe Chri.·
tianllnterrupto.'d their work at tho! Ih_ daily times "I lew ish
a.!o.lO art "Iinkfd to a rommemora tion of the "venls 01 the
Lord'. ,.."ion and oIlho! lirst preaching of tile C".ospel" (GILH 75).
According 10 Ilippolytus of Rome. p .. y.... at the Ihinl hour (9:00
a.m.) commemorates lhe beginning 01 the pa5/lion (se« Mk 1502.5).
pn~ at thesi~lh hou r commemora lt'S the darkness Ih.t fell althe
cnadfildon (Mt 27:45 par.). and pra yer at the ninth hour rornm<'ln","
_ the de~th of '",",!I."
This comm......., •• tiv~ link i, ~ally "" i-
den! In the daytime hours d F. iday.
IU for the ronn«I!on wilh · 1"" first preaching oIlhe Go.;pel..
T-.: realls !he deKet"l1 oI lhe Holy Spiril on r""terosI (AC"t'l 2:15);
Snt.the p..yerof " - ' II Joppa (Acls ! 0:9), which wa. foIl ....·ed
by the ~ oIlhe flrsl Genlile:! i"lo the Churdt; and None.
Pcter 's C\l1l' of the cripple when he and John ' were going up to the
temple at the hour of prayer, the ninth h"",," (Acts ) :lff.).
Outsl.w choi r only one 01 lhe thlft daytime hours needs u> bo> I0"-
dIN; Woni' that rorrelpoMs mosl cloerly 10 tht lime of day is 10
bo> chosen. lhe struct\I1l' of the hour i& the !l;>mt in aU Ihret: intro-
ductory vnv. hymn (1l'fIe<1ing the timt of day), psalmody (Ihree
psiI ..... and their antiphons). dlon rnd i"8 with .... P""""'Y. and
concluding priyeT.
EvtTIU>g prayeT Of Vepers (from latin V..... Of ~....,. ,. ~ rvming)
is OAt of the c:ommlUi Of. in the wOlds of lhe liturgiall collstitu-
p'
tlon . ....... of the hin3"' of the entil't liturgy of ttw! hou ..... Its P'" pc St
'5 to thank God for Itw! day now coming to an end bul abo for the
!l;>ving IdS of Chritc on Holy Thurteby ~ening and. his de./Jlh on
thecrossonGood friday afl1emoon (CILH )9). It iH'fX:i.oUy rec-
ommended that Vtlft" be n!dled with the parish community 0<
00- groups. in p.orticular on S1.rndI.yf .rod ftat;ldays (SC 100; Glm
21,40).
Evening pray.., has lhe Ul1"1e Stnlclu l't itS moming prayt1": introduc'
tory ,-erst, hymn, pMlmody (twO ps.alms or longi.h sections of
pso lm s and a ca nticle from the lette-rs of tM apoolles or the Apoca·
Iypse) . At pUbl ic Vespers the ~rt reading rna}" be- replacoed by .
longer 0'"'" and followed b}" a hom ily. [ns~ad of the usua l respon·
..".y an appropriile KIng may bot sung. Next comes the Magnificat
with its anliphon.lntc~_ionS." Our fltMr. and. al public Ves-
po!1"$. 1M conclud ing rittl familiar from M ...... In his Ap""tolic Con·
~titution tJ.udis unti'" '" rau l VI deKTibrs the incluoion o f the Our
father al the end of morning and evening prayer as t!ffe<:Iing . ......
tu m 10 tho! ~rly Chri&tian pract~ o f praying the Our Father til"""
ti mes doily (llIe third lime being I t Maso).'"
Night prayer Of Compllrw (from Lalin romp/tlor;.", ~ ",h;""'ement
complction) iii the p ")"" recited bo:fo,~ ro:tiring fer the nighl and
may ther~1on be recited E'\"en after midnight (Clm !W). A fter the in·
troductory V""",,, an e:.,mlNlion o f ronsd~ iii ..comm.... ded :
" In a celebration in rommon this lakft place in "l~ or as P"" of
a penilential rite bilsed on the formula,," in the Roman Missal "
(86). A lIymn follows. willi an al~l ive ~~t provided lor NCh
day.lhe psalmody cO!\&I$ts o/ tw o pMlms on Saturdays and
Wtdno:Sdayllild of one on other days; they .... chosen as tXpres-
..... 01 tn.osl in God (e lLH 88). although tho! psalm lor Friday (Ps
. , ' J.rrwnt in time of a!tlictiOfl) fits ~ well into thisCI~.
n- wishing to pr. y Comp\inl:> from ,,,o,,,o<y ""'y alwaY' ~ the
p re]",. kif Saturday Of S\lndoj· tittid.,.
All« the short ...ad ing arod m.p<>'>SOJY the Canticle of Simeon (U
2:29-32) is recited with an antiphon lhal is .Iwayf the ....""'; the ron-
dudi'l& pn)"" and ble!6ing folio .... This hour ends with OM of the
Warlan antiphons: ei<O!'pl for the RtgiIoo atd; during the East..- - .
--. tiwTe if no long.., any obH~tion to Ay a p.orticular antiphon
durir>« a p.orticular seuon. lhe .p;,cop.1 conk.".....s ha,"e author·
.,. to Ippt"O"e other antiphons (c rLH 92).
AD in all, 1$ I"iUS ranch wrote, Comp" ..... is - in ill; construction. a
11'" Cl ' p~ created by St. Benedict and ""'y bo: de5cribed as the
Iderol .ughl prly.r. ~'
O T HER FO RM S Of THE LlHI RCY O F THE HO UIl S W)THIN
THI MOMAN MIn AN D OUTSIDE It
in addition 10 lhe Roman litu rgy of 1M hoUR which I have been de--
aaiblng there Ire , pedlol mon.,tic forms of tlois pray ...; they havc
noIl'II!malned, urnoffectecl by the reforms emerging from Vatican 11.
n- monastic forms of the office "present a pluralistic picture at
the p ,elent time."" TIlt! law governing 1M l!enedktine Congrega·
tIoM Ind IJIOr"!fstmH Is now tho< Thtso:I~r~' W~ rgi ... H"",,,,,,,
MtmiIsl i_ of 1977; the Cistercians follOW the Lit.,gUo HorIlTli'" Onii·
,,;, Cisl"",ims;'. wlllcll appeared in 1978. All ollhese are influenced
to. pali!1: Of lesser extent by the Roman liturgy of the houR."
I. H. Dalmls has given US a ohon &UTV"}" of the liturg}" of the hours
In the Eastern Chun:he.'" In volume III of 1Li1o~'l" H. Goltzen pro-
v\<kI.n ololllli~ ,tudy of the prayer of the hours in the Reformed
o.un:ha" H. Reif~ has a "",ocis<- essay on the liturgy of the
bows In tho! Anglian Chu~tI:'" tI'ocno i5. mol'll! detailed study, in
I'm\dI,. from the pen o f D. ~.'"

Chapter Twenty
Liturgical Time (The Liturgical Year)
M EAN I NC A"O S TR UCTU RE Of T HE LIT URC ICAL HAil:
1M liturgk~l ycar is In., commemorati,,~ celebra tion, 0 ......,. the
~K' of • year, of thto sa>'ing c\e.eds which God has am>mpli"""-'d
m ,"us Christ. A ' '''~I Chun:h documm.l de5cribnl il thus: «By
"'""5 o f I"'" ye;lrly cycle the Church crkmt<"S th~ whoho m~tery
of Chrl't from hi, inCllfiUl lim unlil th~ day of Penl1'<;051 and th .. n -
pectation 01 rn. roming again.·'
no........, «Iiturgic.al ye;lr" should nol b.- inlerpmed a, I kind o f «-
dcs;",liol competilor 0/ the · clvU ye;lr.« EvCO'l lhe "secular Ii....... • of
a cal~ndar year i$. gift of the Cl"fll lor which Ch ristians must ap-
prove, live throtogh, I nd try 10 shape. In addition, however God
lhe S.vior is poeserol in historic.l timf in manifold wayt; in'ClmSI
he h<lll made himself pon 0/ il in In tLpcc ially clear and intima ...
manner, SO lha t all Um .. is God's time and I Ii ....... 01 "..lvation for
rn. offer 01 .. I.-.Iion ~I ....d.loall period~ Ind hurn.o.n be;~ and
is therefon. uni'... ..,..1.
It i. the Church', task 10 pmclaim and make ac",,","ibk to all the
human beings of all time lhe ""ving work who8e foundallon.
Christ 1oI1d. n... Church does Ihill in the pnxl.ilmalion olGod ',
w~, the celebration 0/ lhe ~ra""",1S, and the nurnm}116 pastoral
S<TV1C,,", whi<:h a", intended 10 ,mooth me way for f.i lh,~, and
Iov.. and prom"t" growth in grace.
no.. Chri§l:ian ~eb.alion of koa)[5,1t5 tNnkful """"",,",orations of
lhe saving deNI. 0/ Jesus Chrisl Issooronhinj! thaI mUSt be ron-
~tantly repeated if tile Ch un::h is 10 b.- faithlull<> its role of pnxl.im-
ong .s alvation and making it p~t or Mlu.l!zing il. In order 10
••.~ Mbitrarines, il xu,""" ' pPropriat.. 10 take the C05iT\lcaIIy de-
tennined eye'" of • yNr '. timf a nd assign a find plaoce in illo) the
'"
of the commemorltions is sug'
;n part by conVfl\"
in t n.... scheduling is nol lID
reforTTISlN.l may
",hat has been said in the cour5oe 01 lhio book il i, rvid.ntlNoI
liturglc. 1 year is not exclusively • looking
Niv,tion alfl!ll<iy ICCOrnplislled. ltothe(, thOK who .trrady
redeemed in bapti_ must f'OWiNvOC" 10 con-
I alw.~ end'''gcre<i 'lal"a~ion and I<> ",aliu, in and
t (-'sh celebration of tho: liturgy, thallhl"y share. responsibillty 10
. . . wittr' I<> In hUlI'IlIn beinV~ theyl"ation inl .... ~
... thIIm .... d 10 lwlp thl'm . "",in to this ,.tv,tion. Und .... both 01
. . . up«l5lhece1ebratiON 0/ the lilu¥,l y..r look 10 the hi-
..... wen as 10 lhe past.ll\cy ha"e .... egchal<>logical dimension,
• FOuch all they look /oo'W,nd I<>the ~um of the Lord with its
+ btion of allasf"'C15 of !oIlurion and .Iso """k 10 pn>pa"n! lho!
... y for this mum .
nw liturgical yeJ' is Ihus the sum IOtll of .lllhe liturgkal kolOSts
"'" Mve found tho!ir appointed place ;n lho! .&nn"",1 cycle. But it
.... also be kept in mind thaI w ........... er the liturgy is ce1ebra~,
, . . Christ, the high pri"1 of the ..... w covenant, uni .... hi"",,\!
with the celcbuting congregation in c"mmon action thaI has fo r lis
ps pm the ",1,,"1ion ojJhe faithful .nd the glorifkl!ion of the
t , ' '''ily hthoor (_ SC'7). Chrislian b ilh is thus~ly ..:wll-
Ded in the lilurgical yur, which bc<:omCll' comprehemive5elf·por-
n y.al of the Church and the bilsis and su~tenanCf' of a Chri.ti.n life.
n-. f'fedoIJl Mysmy as H ...rt .NI Cent" r! 1M UI~rrioc.al y""
The hun .... d o:«ot>er of the liturgical y.-ar is lhe passion and ..,.,"'-
"'tiot, of Christ. Vatican II olten speaks of this ct:ntral ... ving deed
• "the puchal myRery."' " Mystery" in the lilurgical ......... meaM
the unf.ttoornablo. .. ving act which God In Christ has acromplished
for the human ' 1oCI'. lM C Tftk and lalin ~i.·cth'e · puchal " gOH
to.ck 10) lhe Hebrew word pn«h. This refeorred originally to lhe act
of the .vmging angel in paMing by .nd ",,"ring the homes of the
IIrHIita who ~ living as sUo".,. in Egypt. later on, the !OCOp'" of
pnacIt w.s bro.dened Ie include tke salutary P"S$.Ige through tke
So« of Renls and the pniJous wildem<'Sli into the I'rornivd ~nd.
Pt'$adr wn subsequmtly the name 19.. en 10 tlw oommemor.I;'·e
meal celebr.ted on "'" Hill of NiiS.ln al wkith Ill""" ....ing events
were N>membenod; on thi5occlSion the I"""h-lamb wase.ten as a
sacrlficlal,·ictim.
~ fir!.! Chrislion community lound it e;ISy to connect "'" .ncient
,..."i", loCI o f God with the ~mptive Christ_fIlt. epeci.lly
since tllecrucifi><km of Christ occu rred on the day of prep<lntion
'Dr lhe Jewish Passover fellst <_In 19,14 par.). ~ crucifixion took
pl~ It "'" time when the PaS6O\'er lambs Wf!'" being slallghlrred
in "'" lemple. Palll ;. Ihe,""ore evidently distinguishing betw~ a
jew;sh and a O\Tistia.n Passover when he wrilES: - I'm Chrisl. ""r
paschal lamb h., bct-n sacrificed" (1 Cor 5,' ; _ In 19,36; I Pet 1,19;
Rev 5:6, 9). By p"Ning through the self.emptying of .uHering Ilnd
....ath to his ~ Ind glorification. Christ has led God's pe0-
ple of "'" ..... w «...enanl to a redemptive COII1mWlion of gnce and
life with God "'" Falher < see Col L 12 and elsewt...",j .
If we wen> to translate the doubly .o:n;gn phr;ose "p;lSC!l.1 mys-
tery" into p 1.-.iN'f EngJm.. thPbet "ersion mighl be -Easter m)'5-
tery of s;,lvatiOl'l.· In s lIbMiluting lhis, """"...·fI. we oughl to think
no! only of the rftllr..,mon on w ier morning but 0150 include Ike
....,Ure "sacred triduum of th<- crucified, buried, and risen Lord-'
wNeh run> from Holy Thu...!.y evening to E.oslerSunday Inclu·
si,'('. Or. sincot: the other stageo in I.... theandric "'" of ~ .. from the
incarnation to I.... '~OI'O and s.nding of the Spirit .Iso have
meaning for salvarion and are part of the piI!I<:hal mystery in itS n·
tended sense, we might tnnsl.te " p"schal mystery" simply as "the
Chris l~· ent . "
A. In historical ...·enl. this hea ,., and center of lhe Uturg;cal yor be-
longs to the p;I$I. but its in .... rmosl eo: :'><1', whkh is the self~­
fice of C hrist and lIis obedience unlO death, livt'S on and is
operative in the glorified God-mln. BecaUS<' h i' ll-lving w;U is uni-
versal. he. the high priest oflhe new CO'o·enant. enabte. the hllman
beings of ..... ery Ige to pilrtirip;lle in il IS of_ .. they gather for cel-
",rations of the liturgy.'
ThiJ rldiation of Ike renlul mystery out into the remainder 0/ the
Ikwgical yeor must 1\01 be mi,understood, howev",. a," kind 01 au-
~tk bestowII of gn.o:e. Ralher il is God ', offer of his grau to
... h\lfl\an belnp. a col~bonti'"" encounh'r to which men and
.. ",nen mu.t bring their faith in its filII form. As understood by the
New Testament. lhis means confession of belief but also InJst and
~ to SlC'rifoce oneself in order to do lhe father'f will. The
Wth "",uired is the f. ith thaI is characterized by love .nd ope,alive
If\ Io-ve (~Gal 5:6). Whe-roe\.... human beings open Ihnnsoelves in
...... way 10 God's oHer of "Iva lion, the paschal m)",""Y II 01";01"
ttw in a fruitful way.
1. . . ....t CIo_ific.o,ioots ~ Ortist.:.." F_tJ
p ..... re celri>rations of evenl5 calling 101' .tll"'uobraroce and
tharWgiving,' This d"",,riptlon holdo both forperiodkiUy m;ur·
Iin& feuts based 01'0 the cyete. 01 nature and for signifi<:lnl OCCllr·
._ .. in the lilt of individlUils, lamiles {"rites of p"_ge-).
canmunitie. a nd more inclll~,<e societies. In the -,",ish kstal cal-
« tal the commemoration of the """ing evon .. in wNeh 'all"'·....
lhecovenanl God hod oome to redeem hi. people Israel WIS in-
a I Fing1y tuperimposed on "'as" IlIaI originally celebral"! the cy-
doll of naltift'. ~ primilive commllnity in Jerusalem had.. of
-...e, • very detailed knowledge of thew feas15 cdeb~led by
thIir fellow Jewl. bil l once thty ....d ex~ lhe ChrW_ent it
. . . qui~ natural for th"'" 10 make his pa:;chll mystery tke ccotnl
.... J t ni CM.~n festivity . nd celebrltion. especillly ,ince itS ..,..
naring celeb". could be Ir;l«d bMk 10 Chrisl's own command
(J Cor 1l:24; U 22:19).
I thall have to show in g""",er det.lliliater on how in the beginning
h puchal mystery wlI50 celebrated on Sunday as a weekly Pass-
ewer, and how. by lhe beginning of thoe second century at the 1ale51.
h fmsI of Eas""" was adcltd .0 an annual PIS5O>..... This first d .,..
....pmmt WIS followed in hisloricill seq .......... by a seri"" of other
cornrnemorationl of 1M Lord . l1>e stage In the life of hi' Mother
were .Iso .dded, IS were the commemOl'ations of tke marty" and
-~
Stnce the Middle Ages there .... exi5ted • special group of "'ISIS
NIown IS "fNS(S 01 ide.u. - which .... ve for Ilwir otj!ct various
truths and asp«tJ o f Christian teiOChing and dev<Jtion, as well ;OS
vari""" titles of IhI! Lord, hi!; Mothe •. ()I" :saint. TlIeso>.~ a)5() de-
soib<>d as "dev<>liun·ft.asts" <>r as d<>gmatic. thematic. and sta tk
f~ ..1S (inmnlfast to the "d)fNmic" fCil!IlS COO1~ with the N!-
demptiv~ act$ 01 Christ). Am<>ng tlw-se lOre. fur example, the feuts
01 the Trinity. C"'Pu, Christi, 1M SiOCI\"d 1-\e111 <Ii Jesus, and 011"151
lhe ~ 1M IHsb <Ii 1M Pn>cioU'l Blood, th~ Holy Name of Jeus.
and 11M' Holy Fn';ly. u w..u as many f~",1S of Mary. II is fIIsy to
multiply such leasts without limit; many of IIM'm al>' needless repe-
titions. 1lw high,-"t .uthanti... in the Church have opposed the
many altcmpl~ made to reintrodute slI('h feasts. The official Romm
commentary <In the new ~ NI>I"""jor IItt W"rgiaJ YI'II' ond IItt
ClflrJIJa. regards il as one gOoilI 01 the leM on 10 reduce 11M' number
<>f the!;c, feasts or love thnn for partieula, calend.1rs.'
Even gre.tle< reserve is called fur when the <>bjed ill a celri>. ation
would t>., an evmt in Ihe history 01 the Church, the importoroce <>f
which i. to be highlightO!d by mean,ol a f~ast.
Sir>ce o>n.~ leaslS ",ach thnr dim,. in 1M celebration of 11M' Iii·
u'iO'. and esp«ially d lhe Eucho.rist il fuUows thai they do not sim·
ply rnrnnw=or<lte thIt paschal mystel')' d Christ bul a l5() render il
p.-nl and opt'fa!ive w lhil t individuals and rommunine. Un
.-nler into il. In this way lhe lives 01 these individuals and rommu·
nili"" a re inc",aslngly St.lm ped by configu .ation 10 Chri,t (_ Rom
8;29). Inasmuch as the liturgi<:.l year thus has an inner dynamilm
fur 1"'- who ~.are it. it may appropiUt.-ly t>., rompared not ""
much ""ith • nrde (CYC:"') as with a Krew', th",ad thill te.ds ever
up"'ard or with. spiral in whidteach tum leadsonea bil higher
· low.rd~I. "
Mliturgical ",.~ts bo.ocame mol>' nume ...... ' and divom;i lied In the
coo ••" 01 the Chu..:h ·1 history. lhe", wa, a growin g danger lhil t the
Nsic structure of lhe lilurgi<:oJ y~a. mighl be <>bscured and lhilt 0$-
scnlials mighl be lost from sight beneath periph.... al opecial d evo-
tior>s. Many prescrlpti0n5 <>f liturgjolla w w ...... .on effort 10 count ....
'n
th;5 tendency. _ I emturin. howev ...., !his very ftfort led 10 •
«>mplicaled dolSsiflc;lIion <>f leas", in which lhere w~ no less tNtn
~i. di fferen t . anks. wi th fu rther .ubdivlsl<>nS.
'"
Thus from the lim .. of Piu. V. who •• instructed by the Council <>f
1ft!n1, publislwd. n ...... Brev~ry (1568) and Missal (1570). therf
_ lhe ranks of doubl.. of lhe lillil dailS. double 01 the 9«Ond
~. m.oj<>. double, double, !lem!-d<>uble, and .imp"'" M..-y dou·
lois had oxtaves, and t"""" in tum w= divided, ICOOfding k> the
- " d lhe ft....., inlo prhilrged.. minary, and oimple. Privileged
octove werf further ...bdi,·ided inlo oxta\'tS of the first uoo"d,
and third cla~ fo<examplt. Eastt'l' .Ihe ... pr-tme IuS! w;t5 a dou·
l* of the first class with a priviJegt'd <xUve 01 the fin t ClailS. w hik>
Christmas had only a p rivil.-ged oct.ve of the third clan.
~ with Benedict XIV attempts w ere ma.d~ IoJimplify mal·
. . . as, fur e.ample, in 1956 a nd ag.in in 1960 (C<idr.T ",,",,,,,,,,,, <>f
July 2S). Only in 1%9, ho~, did the ,do l'" commi5l.lOlWd by
.... tican \I (SC 107) brins about a ",bsl.ilnli. 1simplificarioo thai
f1nd1 6pn!S5!oo in lhe GtnmII Nom<! fur IItr lit~rgicQI r"".
""J ,Itt
c.kndQ•. F..... lS ..... here Ii.ted in the ord... 01 their importance as
"thnilil'li. fust •. and memoria l.; lhew last may be ellher obliga·
lOr)' IX optional. Only the two 5<>lenmities of Easter and Christmas
hit ...e octa,·e.
Aot OIltlilw of IItr SlTUd u" of rItr IitMrp:1fI r..,.
Now.da)'l_ regard lhe fit$! Sunday <>f Adv..,1 as lhe bqinning
of the liturgical yea •. "This was not . Iways the cu... In I~, Christian
rountrle!. In the Middle Ages wen! nol in ag,....,menl evm on the be-
JDlning 01 the civil ye.Jr. Tht j ulian Calendar 0/ Calu, julius Caesar
(introduced in 45 e..c.) had moved the beginning 0/ lhe RDlnan
year forw.rd from ·M....:h 1, liM! .nOml dal<', 10 j<lnuary I. Bul al·
though. this calmdu be<:amt uni"ersal in tht Wesl. then! wu f<>r.
kong ti_ a variety of dates for liM! beginning <>f thIt real': Man::h 1
in the Frankish Empi.... unlil inlo th~ eighth emlury and in V""iC1'
unlill 7'17: Eastt'l'. e ped.ll y in F.,nc~ until the fifteenth century:
Christm... chiefly in Scand inavia and Germany (unij l lhe , ixtecnth
C1'I1tury); March 25 (rea51 01 thIt Annunci~lioo .. the day of 1M in·
camatioo <>f Chrisl), e5peci1l1y in Italy bul ~Iso in lhe ecdeia5lical
prootinIIe of Trier; Sotpk",ber I, in liM! Byuontint Empi .... from the
lICVentn centu ry <In and in the ,egioll! "nd.... its influence.-
Not only WII there a duc ,epancy In ]""Iting the !>qjinning 0/ the
civil y..... ; In . ddltior\, the very corocepl of . lil urgi<:.1 year I<X>k .
'"

Long lime to ~~. r, As tile custom grew, however, 0/ pl~cing the
t""t. lor tho: first Sundly 01 Ad\'~"'t at the beginning 01 tile liluTgi-
nl boob (tentJ>...levm th renlury ot» , the Idea glilduaUy 1001< hold
that I"" annual cy<1e of Hturgk'alleaSIS bqj:,n with the r.~t Sunday
ol Adwnt
It ;. quill> possible 10 mult iply lebb until the h uman capacity 101
ceM...,hng lhem is O\'t'rUxoo. Thi. tNth ",,"5 ~ forgotten al
timors. bul a, Itw local Churchn and tlw religi~ 0Idt>~ soughl the
introdoclioro 01' n_ fNsts,the Roman authorilies not infl'ftjumtly
tried to apply the brakes, On the posili .... side, lhe multipIic:ity of li-
turgical fN~ and nwmorials makes ·il euier to bring o ut various
a5pCCb and accents of ttw OM mystery of Otrist and thU5 a llow the
f.i thfullo 6oroI.Inter the INnysided Christ'" (A. "- HI .....1ingl and
lhe unlimilt'd fullnes of :wlvation. E,·m here, 01 C'OUlW, a " , m ust
b., ta~ not to losellghl of t'" wood s fo r ttw t.....s, that is. 001 to
Ict pi1.tial .~ obscure tile vision of the w .... ,
I ",,",·e .I...ad y said 5e'·era l tim"li that the pi1sdtol myslrry of Christ
'$ the heart and «'Iller of the lilurgic.ol Yell. In the form of lhe
weekly P.sso ....•• Ihat was celt!bnled every Sunday t'"efI in apos-
tolic timt'S. this mysl<..'1')' alread y permeltoo ttle enti ... . """"l cycle,
An anu. 1 Passover"""" followed and gradually developed into the
East'" cycle of fUSb with ilS period 01 prep<l ration and festive con·
linualion, Ac<:ordinlllO the & nt .DI No."" tM Euter cycle begins on
Ash Wed~~y and ends on Pentecost Sunday, having laSled lor
thirt.,.,n and a half w .... ks, The annual commemoration of the birth
01 Christlikew;,., developed In to a cyd.. 0/ leasts w ith its period of
p",paralion and its fes tin con tinualion (first Sunday 01 Advent to
the Sund~y af"" tho! Epiphany, that ;5, the k:.st of Christ·, bap-
H.m). ~ two cycles of feasts art' the ~pporting pill.o~ of the li·
lurgical )" .... r. Thf in\le .... enlng Ihiny·thre.. (or thirty·four) weeks.
which . .... devoto!d to lhe mystt'1'}' of C hri. t In aU ib aope<"b,« '1"1:'
known as «OrdiNry ll~' IGNlYC.o~ This .... tiod begins on the
Monday afler lhe teast of the baptism of JO/SUII and mdson the Sol·
uroa y before tJw filSl Sunday of Ad'"fl't. 1lIf twocycles of kaMs.
OrdiN ry llnw, and the otiwT ~loemnJlies and f.... Sb conc~mNl
with th~ m)'Stt'1'}' 01 rNemption a1"l:' abo knowTI., the T""porQ/
\from 1""f"'S . 'i....) &I' «1'l"1*' of~uol'tS· (CNLYC SO). ~
~ kepI intact and retain its right luI preeminenct= OVI'I" pi1rtk·
- 1IIua1
War ttleb,alions~ (il*.).
The cale1>dar of :winb' wnls Is known as the s.."dorRI {from .. "eli
...... IalnlS}. In this connection a distinction will b.. made further
an briween tM OMeral Roman Calend.or and the · pi1mcuJarul .....·
. , .« lnational 01 res;onal calendalS: diocft.o;n calendUlo; ulendar.;
oI Jdi$iouS onIen). w hich mllSl ~apptm..:d by Rome.
IUNPA V AS T HE O U G tNAL CELUIIATION OF TH~ PAS-
CH AL MVSTEIIY
liWiod Fou"'-''''' QM Hisillf'J/;./ Dnod""...".,
In .... New Teumenl lho! filSl d ay oI lhe J""';'h week-cur Sun-
day-il;al"",dy resa~ as ' .ery importanl. It Is the day 01 the
Lord', ..sun«tion.. 15 .1IIM",·a~llstl.&"",": it is aOO the p-
",",cd day of his .P......." 1Ce (MI 28:9; U 24:1311., 36; In 20:1911.)
"'" the day on ...·hid1lhe fu!ted Lord bestows 1M promiso!d ,pft of
the Spirit Un 202.2; Acts 2:\ If.J. ln th.. minds of the dlscip .... il is
-the day which the lord hIS made" ("' 11824). As a result, ;1 be-
_lin the prcn.md day for g.thering~ of tho community (Acts
20:7).. It is on this day ~Ich w""k that 1M Christians of Corinth and
Ga\.ltia '''' to ron lribute 10 a fund ;n aid o f Ih~ Christi ans 01 Jerusa·
Itrm (l Cor 16: I f.).
II is true that l lthi ' lime there wa, no uniform ritu. 1 for the Sun·
day c:eleb,atians 01 tho! com munlty," but il is """"thdesll not<"Wor·
thy that Paul reg.~ Ih .. ""lebration of the Lord'. Supper "" ~he
2O,n
toe:... of the U!lCm!1ly (1 Cor 11 ,17-:>./.; S<.'I' Acts Thi~ c,,"rrality
lot confinned by the earliesl e~tr.biblical testimonies thaI ha,·e rome
down 10 ~ the Didal:M," Pliny the Younger·. letter to Trajan.. '" and
Justin M artyr." According to Ig",tius of Anlioc:h tlw rriebra tion of
Sunday 5e1\'td preci5cly to diatingulsh Chrisl;' "" from those who
IIill foIlowN the old order and celebrated the :wbbath (Saturda yl.
Christians /or their pi1rt are called 10 a ......... hope and Mli .. e in obser·
VfIIlce of the loI"d'. o.y on which our life d.wned through him
and lUI oo.h.
M
"
Since Sunday was.n ordiNry workd.ay at that lime. 0\ri5tianS had
10 gatlwr In the Ilo.e ~ or, after W booruUng of ...·ening me<>I.
tngI by EmpeiO' T.. jln. in ttw "-rty morning. Th~ ....,a"t a S"'at
'"
ckal 01 ioco.wenicnce and dt'manded a high d<'g"'" 01 ""l/-s.ocrifice ,
It 0, no! surprising. IherdeR', thaI exhoMations 10 "'SuI .... ,,11..,-
dance Wt'l'e f'oC.'Cded as .... rly as lhe Len" to Uw Hebl'1'WS (1025).
The CJ<hortalions b«ome still sharper in lhe DidJJ<a1 .. If I"" ... ~Its
(mid-lhird century)." Shortly aft", 300 lhe Council of Eh'ira in
Spain d .... loed I~I ·I f anyone' living in Uw til}' fail~ to a l"">d
church on thl'ff SundaY"- he is to boe- e>:rommuruc-a"-'<l for a .tlon
Ii""" to I~ I il will be cle.or he two) h«n lak"" 10 "..k.."
The I5ignifica~ of S\lnday in n rly Christwuty is reflected in the
narMSgiven 10 UwdlY. The e .. rUei name, ·fi~ day," did not""""'"
s imply 10 Ihe~ng 01 lhe ...'ed< bul was also an aUmion to the
firsl day ofthe wm of c~arion. Uw day on which lighl w .... cre-
ated. Sunday maries the beginning of the · new Cft'"lion" (_ 2 Cor
5:1 7). A name thaI ",~uently bt<'ame "'idely u..-d is already to
be fo und in the Apocalypso! (I :10): ",he Lord'. day.· ("The Lltin
form din domiwial is not only still u..-d in Uw official language of
the Church. btu haJil lto , uppllfld thco name for Sunday in Uw Ro-
mme"languoget., The no"", "~I ghth day · ISignlfi.n that dter thl'
.......,., days of the week of creation w ith Its ... bNth orday of rest
IhI' rHurrectioo lntroduc.!S thl' new cn:.lion that will I'l"ach its elj-
m.~ ifllhe l'\'('flastlflg sabbath resl of lulfi ll m""t.
Tertulliao and m"oy Greek writers speak of "Resu!"n'ctioo day," a
nam<l lh at 11,·es 00 in many Slavic langu.g.,,;. A/t ~'I' initiat hesita·
lion. ChristiaN a«epted Ihe name "Sunday" (dits ~i$), whkh
enm.,,; from tlw Greco- Roman wt'ek In w hich Ihe day' wen: named
aIM lhe plarM!l:I , They g.~ lhe lerm a new meaning, howev." as
51./"'0"'"' indlcalC5: "When p.ogaN speak 01 it It he Lord's Oay] as
lhe day 01 Ihe sun.. we gladly agree. for em this day lhe light 01 the
world. the sun 01 jll&lice. arose and sal"a ti<!n ls hidden in lhe shel-
ter of h ili wings. - ..
n.e 1.0 .... promulgOled by EmpelOr Constaotinl' on MMCh 3. 331,
played an important pa rt in the lub.oequent lk1.·riopmmt of Suo·
day. It dO'<i£ed thaI -the "o!1IO!rablt day 01 the 5un" Wl~ to be a day
o f Il'Sl for all judges, city folk. and bu"n," peoplr. The rural popu-
l..ce "'as permitted 10 go "Doul i\$ work. lesl Ihey b illo ta~ advan-
tage of ,No hours o f good wnther." A few weeks later INo Em ...... 01
issued a furt~r low sayiog Ihat thl' maoumi""", of slaves.--<l de§ir·
IbleJdion-did not faU under the law of Sunday ....1.'"
'I'hHe e<! k ts grea tly fa.cUit.ued lhe celei>ralilm of the Sunday liturgy.
Gndu.ally, howl"' .... · Sunday ....t· bee" ...... mon: and more the
fo(us 01 the sanctificarioo 01 Sunday and indftd il5 .......,tial crite-
rion. "s,m'Ue w(:O"k· (optr" Jnj';'io) on Sunday w .... regarded au
criminll off~. the strict O ld Testamenl ... bb.ath Ia", being laken
.. !he model ........" 1M Scholastics 01 Uw High Middle Ages once
Ipin mao"" clear distinction between Sunday and the Jewish ...1>-
t>-th .nd NsOO the prohibition of se"' ile work <In It.. fact thai it fa-
dlit.ated attendlnce of d ivinr worship." But in the following
(8'I1\I.ti8 the pruhibitlon against work on Sunday wa~ still 100
much 10 the fo'" a nd obKurN INo prima rily christologial signifi-
o:antt of the day. In , he Ult: Middle Ages and modern time!; a
.crong« emphasis w u plac«l on the obUgalion of Sunday Mass.
and ev"y "ioj"ion o f II was dedored to ~ .. seriou, , in."
S,,1I4ory Today
In >¥w of ,he w ide-spft'ad atta.cks on lhe ChriMian celebration 01
Sunday Valkan 11 m~r an elton 10 bring ou l the Christian signifi-
cance 01 the day as lhe celebration o f the paschal mysl...y, "On Ihis
day Chris" ! falthful mu st gather 1og<.1her SO that by hearing the
word of God and taking partin Ihe Euch.ri~t, thl'y may ca li 10
mind the puolioo.1he rl'$urrect ion. and the glorificalion of the Lord
/8\15 and ma y tlunk God" (SC 11)6). II is also to be d day 01 joy and
freedom /roIl'lol"Ofk.. Sit>ce It is " th~ foundatiem ond <"Ore 01 Ihe
whole lltu.!!;;a l yea r.' 00 OIher least may ta ke preced"""" O"ef it.
unleIIlt be tnlly 01 lhe greatest importance (ibid.).
Wllh lhis IaSI dlrocti"e in mind. t~ Gntrrol Nc r"" for IN i.ilUrgj<o!
Y,.,.nd 1M CoIltna., (1969) ~n:ed t~t only a solem nit)' or least of
the Lord may ~Iace lNo S\lrday liturgy and thaI em thl' SuIlda)'S
of Ad .. m l, l.ftlt. 100 the Easter ""ason the liturgy of the day never
st..e "'Iy even to a tolemnil}' or feaSI of t~ lord IGNtYC 5). The
<Wl&er 11M ariJel\ In re<:ent yH1'5 thai these "'S"lations in dn..-ns..
01 the Sunday liturgy ""' y be frustrated by the knderw::y to gi" e
many SundlY. .1Ip«ia1 !hefnl' and pu~ ali"" II> Sunday and by
the fashion for ~modf MaNC'S-"
'"
The Sunday liturgy has been eruiched by the inlnXlu.ction oI";ght
prefaclOS lor Sundays, which pmcl'lm ~SpeclS of the paloChal mys-
It'I'y.
The.- rode oIC......,., Low (1983) t.... ... fonun.otely, laken <wer.l-
most verba tim (can. 1246 n.l) the chn.tological v;"w of Sunday thai
i. f><pressed in ankle 106 of lhe liturgical cllfIStitution. n...
Code
abo emph;osius the duty of aHMdi"lCO" 01 Mus, but sPfab of Sun·
da y rei in a mono nUlUla!d way than did the old Code of 1911: the
faithful "a", also 10 abslain from those l.boor1and busIness ron-
Cf1"f\$ whidl imf"'d<' 1M w.,...nip to be Tn1dt"Nd 10 God, tlw joy
w hich is proper k> the lord's noy. or the l"'0f"!" relaxalion of mind
and bod y~ (can. 1241). If tlw IOKk of • priest or some other couse
makes lhe Sund.y Eucharist impossible, participation in. liturgy
of the word (~above. Ch;opm XI.) .... some 5pt'riaJ lime of prayer
(private or f.milial) is highly remmmen<ll'd (CIOn. 1246).
A "'!!"'tt.ble bre.k with Chrislian tradition ii to be """n in n:com-
mendalion R 2015 of the In'''"'''-lion.] Organization for St.andatd-
u-.alion (150). a subsidi. oy organization of the United Nations. Thls
urged that bt>ginning on January 1, 1976, Sunday be "'!!.rdl'd as the
Lost day of lhe w""k in th" «onomie and l"dmic.1 .phe..... nd thus
in Ilw whol.. public ",.Im . It is to be feared tt....l in th" ron.tdous-
ness o f lhe ~ral public Sunda y will be "'8"rded ..... en mono as
the flnal day of w""kend lei.u", and lose s till more of its religiOl.lS
" a1 l1f" . nd th.t it will ce.ue "",'en mon. rompletely to be thOllght of
~ the d.y of Christ' , ,"",rm:tion whieh in.oougurates • new agoo of
the world.'"
The Austrian JM titute of Standards (ONORM) aco:pted the remm ·
mendation of , to. 150 bu t ~"'ed g ...... ter ""'pee! for ChrIstian tr.·
dilion w ...... it add<.>d il!O own explanation: " Monday, , . will be
"'-"g.rded as the Ii.,;t day 0/ the wfC.'k solely lor pU'J'O"'.'$ of rount-
ins· lhe remmmmdalion I..aves untouched the CttriMian and J......
ish numbering oISund~y .. the fil'&l day o ' the wedt~ (ONORM A
2740). In k..."ing with this approotCh, the Ausman ,_ Ieodar that
__t i as a norm;oij,·c model has oaed simple 'YP"8"phiaol d!'Vicft
10 t:io .... Ih .. I"It'W ~Iation into act'OUnl whik> not gi"ing the imptft-
sioo of .Umng t .... tr.dition. l order."
'"
Tho! dango'r to the Christian Sunday bo!rome5 cs;«iaUy d .... in the
fri6h~ing docline in all""danCt' at the Sunday liturgy.
flU LI TIJ KG IC AL C HARA C HN O f 1I-H WU KDAY S
UnIi .... SUnday. it wa. ooly grad .... lly and in nonuniform INnnet'
that , .... weekdays ..cquin><! a religiOUS and liturgical characlerof
thoeir own_ The "mphasis on Sunday a5 .... urre<:tion day, on whidt
!eI.«nplicro was rompleted, left 1M other days of 1M week Inll;aUy
~rded. An u rly exo:plioo was Wednesday .nd f Nby. Tn ...
the DidQcltt or T_~j~g of Iht 1\Lorrot "'pool/Its rontaiM the instruction
that Christians are 10 fasl, not 00 Mondays and Saturdays lik~ the
"h,pocr i tes~ (see MI 1:16), but on Wednesdays . nd Frida ys.- A rel-
I(Ift for this fasl (a p racti<:e known to Tertullian"') is gi'""" in tto.
SyriIC Dida$CllJu. '" lhe Ap"MIn. which dalt:S from the first half of the
third century. Hen! the Wed..-day faSl Is ronr>l!Cted with I"" be-
m yal of Juda!;, .nd the Friday fasl with thE" drath 01 Jesus on the
rn>M.- Similarly tM Saturday fa.t that t>oogan 10 bt> observed in
Rome at a wry ... rly d.le was connected with the mouming of the
.postle over the death of JelB-"
It wdear from I lIlhis that thf ""enl5 of lioly We.ek pLoyed an im-
portant rol" in developing the liturgical charOKter of tlw weekdays.
Finally, in tit..- Middle AgQ, Thursday 100 waS gh'en an unml5tak-
abW QrisIian k'('ET\t as me-morial of tlMo iJ\5titution o f the Euch.arisl
. 1 the Lost Supper of J""us and of the passion that began w ith tn..
agony in the garden.'" - JUSt., Sund. y otVn:s<'nted a weekly Ea''''r.
. . the whole week ,appear.d 10 be a faint copy of Uoly W""k. lhe
gfftl facl!O of t1w ~~ of redemption w e... to be !lei before the eyes
of 1M people, not onlron<:e ' year, bul in the cOll~ of the wl't:kly
cyde IS _ 11.·..
This cluoracteriz.tion of m OSI weekda ys by giving them a ",/to' U I<'e
to the !'Vents of ""I"ation his tory waS obscured fo r a ti~ In the
Middle Avs. Mginning w ith Alcuin (d . !!04), by th~ intn>duction "f
• ,..ri II 01 votive M's- es that foIkw.-ed • diffe.....,t il\5pir~lion. Espe-
cially prominent w~ v...... r.tion of the BI""scd Trinit)" and 11K"
sainllind a concern for perfection and the .. IvaI Ion 01 Ih~ soul.
1M .ttempt 10 link the ina.matioon, 100, a nd the ('a nhly life oi J"" ....
w ith Iht' days of lhe week had no I,sting $ "","",.'" Fin.oll)", d .... 10
1M poet:·Tridentlne unification .nd codificalion of the liturgy, "'PC-
,,,
 ciolly;u thi5 took shape in Ihe 1570 Missol of Pim; V, the following
Sd of "011,,1' MaS8H WiS dt-veloped and, wl lh I few later oddi lions.
remained in eift'( l for e~ilClly four hundred YUT$, unlilthe 1970
Missal of Paul VI.
MONDAY Trinity
TUESDAY ~1s(lncluding GUlrdian ~b)
WEDNESDAY Apo6Iles; /rom 192Oon, .00SI. J.-ph and Sts.
Peter and Paul
THURSDAY Holy Spirit; from 1604 on. aOO the Eucharist; from
1935 on. also the high pri..,lhooc! ofChriSl
FRIDAY CI05f; from 1604 00'1, also the p.oMion of Uris!
SATURDAY Mary
The new Misso l of 1 9i'ON~ Jix~ "00"1' Ma~.lmong them aU
the 0f'0e5 lusl IJs~. new Mi"",! makes no effDf1. ho~·er. to as.
n...
soci,ate lhem with p.onicuJar d.)'lI o f the w~k, The indj"idual pas-
tor .. \dt mOl'l' Or ~ 11ft to decide whether Or not he win conlin ....
10 follow the ~tially lNdieo;.1 prlrtke 01 o:elKlraling p;lJtiruloor
Mas .... on ~IAfd da)'llof lhe w~k."
E",SHM ",'-'0 ITS C YC L E O F FE", STS
Tho- New Testament writings mike nod .... r ~tat...........,t aboutlne cel.
ebration of an annual rommcmoraoon of the pl.5Cho l mystery, al-
though .~ few texts suggest Ihat the {in l Christian community gave
Itt.. JewIsh Passe"'er a C hriitian mea ning (_ I Cor 5;71.). Clear evi.
dence h •• come down to us only beginning in the .'l<'COnd cen tury_
In lhis conte~1 the "EasIer rontroversy" of the second hl lf of Ihot
century I. e5p«illly Important.
At th."t time. the Christians of Asil Minor and Syn.. etlebr. !ed I....
annual commemorallon not on i ipeCin.; day oi I.... wocl< Oulol.
ways on "'" fourteenlh day oi N IS8In, th.,,1 Is. "'" fint day 0/ the
full moon in I.... firsl monlh. of spring (they were therd'"", ~
IS "Qu;,rtodl'cima'lln . The ,"I 01 C hrisllmdom, howt>\-'er, optll'd
foor lho: Sund~y If.... lhe /oUm.mlh. of Niss.on. The COIlJ'I(il of
N"'....a in 325 settled this dDme51ic IOttlesiasliQl dispute (>1.'er "'"
<bt.. 01 Us.... by dKlfflng WI Eas .... WIS alwl)'lIlO be <'dc!b"' lfd
on t .... Sunday l /tn "'" firsl full moo01 01 Spring, By adopting this
lunar n:-gulation of the date (thlt is, making il <iepmdml on 1M
'"
hase of the IT\OO!\) lhe Flthers .11o...ed tha I the date of Ea.re.
!:.w,1 vary by a5 much. a~ fi ve weeks (March 2210 ~pri! 25) in the
lOla. cale-ndat, thus turning I large p.ort oi lhe hlurgoc:al YN. ,nto a
lei of movlble feasts. Modem t'ffortJto fi~ 1M date 01 Easter
(within lim its) hI"f Ihm; 'ar i;:>com ~ucCfl8ful"
......
TllIe u.lin Church. look over Ihe Gred< ""_ for Eao.ter, P"odw (de--
rived from Hebrew ~It), and pM5fd il on 10 many modem lan-
n.t Eastn n-ioh.u,"
TllIe Church origina lly celebraled ilS Uster fu~ on a . ingle day or.
IS the cue might be, during lhe nighl befw...... HoI ySaoturnay and
Easter Sunday." from the fourth century on. howeve.-, "I'" most sa-
cred triduum of IheCTUCiAed, buried, and';"'" lord "" developed
as. """It 01. ITIOI'e historical ly oriented approach and. """" "-'P""
reenution.l typeolpresentotion , Siner 1h."ltime the litu~1 ceIe--
brllion$during these Ih,", d.y5 f!"Om Holy Thundoty .....""'"8 10
wterS"nd.y NV" Wen I'" real ann ..... l celebration of ~ paschal
m~.'"' The celebralions were In ~ of re!o",,' and ~'U~XI! or·
6eM:I • radk.J moi.ion (l9S1 and 1955) t1u1 . nt>cl~ted In lmpo.--
...,1 WIYS the postconci liu rem"" found in It... Roman Missal oi
1970.
Holy nursday . .
J..<:coroing 10 Ihe thin king of Judaism and Western antiquIty ~ day _
~Nl on the f"<f-ing before. Thus I.... cvening of Holy Th~rsd.y IS
. Irudy p~rI of lhe three lacred days. T},.,!'t' i5 also subslantive JUsh.
fiI:;alion for this view, since at the LISt Supper Jesus """a"",ntally
antldpalfd hi. saaifil:i. l de.lh on the rn'l!ioS and sino> lhe p;>SSlon
_ lI y begon wilh. the agony in the C&rden.
The Miss commemofllil\jl lhO' u.S! Supper is lheonly Mass al-
lowed on Ihi' day (.~rt from It... "Chrism~· etlrbr.ted in the
"'' 11
n .... , by the bishop). CQIU'oC'<;Ied w ith il I. thl' (optional) custom
of the wuhing 01 feet (also known IS th~ mmrdRIUl" _ ~rommand­
mfnt") .fter IhI' gospel. Aho-r thl' (inol p r.yer thl' pn:=sanctified gift.
for IhI' Good f riday lilurgy an! arrifdlo IhI' t.bernacle al an .11...-
in a wporate (NpeI; the "",in aita. is then 5IriPJ"'d. Adoulion of
the .-..-ved Mlnmet11 Is 10 bo:' ""ained as fJ ' as is practic.b .... The
dcKripllon o l th,. ~itory as a "holy so:pu kher" mus t be..,..
g;on:U!d.s . I'lOl too happy one.'" M ...... tion may . llO be mad,. oftM
longstanding ~ of ringing th,. bells " !he recit.tion or singing
of the Gloria .nd then no! ringing thnn again until the Gloria of 1M
Eoster Vigil. In many pla(e§ wooden d.pp"".'~ uK<! in pi""'" 01
the .Ita. bells.
Coc>:I Friday
In tM first Christian cenluries tht:", wos no 5~da) Cood Friday lit·
urgy to commemorate the death of Jesus; ill$tead lhere wu a 51rict
mourning last On this day ason Holy ~Iurday. Towud the middle
01 the fourth century the Christians o f J~Sl I..." v~lIed the holy
cross in the morning and, in the afternoon. « Iebrlted a lilurgy of
It.. word • • t whkh tt.- passion JW"i"ative was ... ad . A\lgw;tilW also
5~kJ 01 a liturgy of the word in North ARk• . In addilion. local
Ch\ln;!ws tNl pJlJa F'7 rd • ...tk 01 the CIOM (foreXlmpk-. Romto) de-
,.,",~ « lebralions for the veroe:tation of the CfON.
As the Roman liturgy"P""'d through the Fnnko-Gallk wor ld and
look I_h IN~ in ttw ~rman Ponti fical thetimple rom.
munion setvic,. of Good Friday graduaUy dt-veloped inlO the "Mass
of th.e Prnanclifled " (a Mass withoul a eucha.istic pray~) . "('h,...,..
ception of rommunKm fell off in thr Middle Ages unti l finally Ih
priKt alol\l' ~vt"d on Good Friday. It WaS in Ihis lann Ih.ol!he
Tridenti"., Missal 01 157U ac"""pied the Good Friday litu.gy and
kept It for almost lou r hundred years. The revised rite pub li.hed in
1955l<ept tht trl dili"",,1 three ~rt5-liturgy of the word. v...--a·
tioo of the crow. and rommunion ....-vic~ut dropped a n\lmber-
of rites and rubriC$ •• mong lhem Ihe prohibition against reo.ption
of communion by I"" faithful. "('h,. Roman MisHl o f 1911) took over
It. ftMItials of the n-vi-t rite.
Al; I rule. It. rite begins MOUnd HlO p .m.• and I"" lilurg;cai colo. is
....d. "('h,. « 1..bTlnt·, pro5tralion belun. the hire .ltar .nd Ihe opm.
ing p.aYef of the day are followed by I liturgy oftt. word wilh
two . ead ings. the ...ading of th.e passi Ofl , ccording 10 John. , hom-
ily. and lhe Klk:mn intel"C1"lOi~ The inte' «(MiOM h.oV( now beefl
made mor~ concise. and the prayers for the Jews and th"'" ~arlier
call@'d "'he-retics"" and "5<:hismatic5"" h.ovr bftn more c ..efully fo.·
mu),,@'d.
>9,
At the ~~atian 01 the c..,.... I""re I re now IWO ways of displaying
(~.tin&) lhe O'OSII (un"eiling in tiuw itages or • p.ox m jon wilh
the unveiled CI"OOI5). While clergy .nd faithf ...1 V8>efatl' Ihe CI"OOI5
(with I g...... uf\ect;on o. bow and . 1<is5). lhe choir .nd (or) thtcon-
M"tion &ing V(1Ief"abk _ts about I"" eroes. in which Ihe joy of
£1iI~ un Iln>.dy be "'It.
ll'ot Ampl,. rommunion servi« with the presanc:1ified gifts is intJo..
d"..;ed by 0", Ou.r Father with its embolism.nd acclamation. n.e
o:onclooing prayer and blessing bring ""t the unily of the paschal
mystery o f Chrisl's death and ~utf'fdion·
ThO' &St'" Vigil .
.... the dooy of Oo.risl". repaw in IIw 10mb Ind 01 fOI"TOWful lasllng
Holy Saturday has from IUM inunemorial had no Utuqo" 01 its
own. When darlu>esr> fdllhe community begin "the mothoer of vig·
\15" (A ... ~). the holy nocrurna.Iw,tdt in memory of the Lon:i's
dHth and ~ion. -rM greal antithe:sa of night and dawn.
fMting and eucharistic meal. fl'll)Uming and festa l joy providlO'd an
.~ ""~ of IN contrast betwee"l death and life. dec-
and re5\lmoction. Satan and Kyriol. old ~ and new ~."" Nowa·
dAys many . Iill find it in incompreh~sibl,. th.ot tho. Church could
I" I() far astray from the 10urteo'1lth ctnt\lry on u 10 mOve the Eo ..
ter Vigil liturgy forward 10 e"ly Saturday moming."
TIw refonn..:l Ea,ster Vigil liturgy rompri_ a 5<'TVi« 01 light, alii·
W'g)' of the w0.u.and a «!ebralion of hlptlsm .nd tho. El.ICharist.
TlwtoerVU of light ~ with Ihe blesfing of lho. new fiN-. the
prtpIir.lioo and lighting 0I1t.. Eoostef r.ndle. which represents Ihe
'1l&ht of Christ." and the ~Irard w ith lhe n nd\e into I"" dark
d>un:h. which is then illummN by th,. "'per5 which Ihe f.ithful
1i&ht from the EooSler candJ,.. TIw Easter song of p..~ foU,:"",!.; ~
II .boo known as 1M £.u~"tt from. the IInl word of u.. laM text.
Bee.". this song is a o;limactic moment in It. East" proclamililioa.
Ihe question miliy Ioegitimili,,"ly ~.&ked whethe. ;1 &hould not romr
.fter the g<>oIP(l.
TIw liturgy of the word rofItalns nlM biblical re.dings. the laSllWo
from the ~ Tesl"",",! (Rom 6~11 and . pericope from the Syn.
oprk .... urrection narrativ .... the ",,1«lIon depmd;ng on the yea< in
 Ir." cycle). For pastor.1reuons lhe numt..,r of Old Tntoln",nl ...ad-
ing. may be. reduced 10 two, Eack is follow<'<l by a f<"'I"'nso<ial
psolm and a pr;;ayl!1'. Aller the 5.W,..,lh p rayer the pri.-..t intone!; the
Gloria (the bell$ a .... f1.Ing). Aller the first New Test..,......,t ",adin3
the Alleluia Is lUng lor the first lime sinc~ the ~ of lent.
CeIri>ration of Npli$m; Since E.o~1t'f has from li_ immetnr.>ri.>1
b«n a f'le/o;11(<1 d.1I1! /or booptism. il is desirable e"en in our ti .....
that booptism be COf\he. hid during the Vigil. if possible .... the d inwx
o f the a~humEnal('. AliI'\' the PrllWnl<>tion 01 the candidate!; and
lhe liw.y 01 the sain". the bapti5nwl water is ble5l;<'d w ith an
epid dic prayer (d uring whlc:h the Easler candle may be dipped
into the water). After the Tl'l" Ul'lrialion of So lan and the protes..ion
of faith baptism Is admini!tered; ronfirmanon. is likwise adminis-
tered by the baptlzing priest (if no I>ishop is p"-"""'t) if the newly
booptiud ..... ad ul" or of school .ge. lfbapMm is Mt admirusterN.
the.., is simply a bles$ing of tlv walt'f (holy w ater). Since the rYSt<>-
ration of the Easler Vigil in 19S1, the rite of baptism or the blessing.
if booptimo is not .dmini$!ered. it followed by a lehewal of Npti ...
mal promlset, I m-r whick the celebr.nt sprlnkl... the cong...gaoon
with th e """'Iy blts5e<l waler. NI!l<t rome t..... g....... ral inte"' ..... iOO •.
In the """,uing celebrlOUOfI of the Euck.rist special emphasis is laid
on tho. p.scluol mystery in the preface. the "'xt inserted into Eucha.
ri.tic Prayer I (wilh. 5po'Ciai pray~r for the ""wly bapliZi'd). the trio
p;>rti te coneluding bli.'5S;ng. and the twolold Allelui. 01 tke
dismi~al; lhe s.am~ is true. 01 .:ou!"SO!, of the p"",id""ti.1 prayers"
The ... was originally no furtk,-'!" celebration of the Eocruorist during
t ..... postdawn hou.., of E.st,-,!" Sund.y. The custom of lOIying addi.
t>on~1 Ma!6i:5 began low..d the ...... d of the sixth century when the
r.... 1Mass of the RO'&Urrection was a lready concl~d<'<l bf'/on: mid-
night. In ....cent centurii.'S popular piety nN tO'd a further substitute
/or t ..... 1osI uSler Vigil in the form o f a "celi'bration of the resu.....,.
tion " or s unriw serv;c.. farly on u SEer Sunday morning (before the
"early Ma~·). There r..ve beeI'IC'OIJn~!florts to revive this J'T .....
tw, whlc:h would sumy del rlld from .he ""tared ","st... Vigil AI.o
'1ue<tion;oble a~ riforlS to introd\lCl' elements from the Vtgil into
I .... princip.al MaM on E.o$trr, f« the wi<c of thooie who did not at.
ti.'l"ld the Vigil. NO! everything thol peoplo. might find p'-ing C;M
be approv«l by the (li turgically) w~. _ EaSler Vespers /onn a
meaningful conclusion tu the E.l:;t~r IMuum.
T1tt Em/v SnI_, <N I'tnlrl!allt
The o:perio!flCt that moments of profound Intivi!)' ~ire a c...u.in
amounl of time ro run tlwir COUIW i. ;;already ref\ectII'd U'I the .....·ish
laW cal..... du. Bere, fifly daY' ( ___ _ b ) aher the fnst of pt"
-" Or PolS5O\'''' (,.'hkh was a l.o the re..51 of unle.awnO'd bread) a
"feHt of we.>l<s" (Sh!lt'WOl) was cekbratO'd in thonbgiving /or the
... hut han·o!St and in romm..morarion of the condliMoo 0I1he rov....
....... t at Mt SIruoi. In • poor.II,,1 dl.'\'el""""""l, the Ouistian Churdl
01 the 5«","01 (t'rllury was al~.ady « lebraling an Easter"""""'" of
fifty days (Greek: ptnlri:oolt) wlUd\. according,? Acts ~~ff. ~
m dimn in the visible ourpooring o f the promixd Spirit, who III
the ~. I fruit oI the pasduol m~. Thec" .. I4I Norfff5/M tlot Utl/r·
p.! r..,r .rod ,Itr OIltndIJ, 15 thus in Kcord with earliest rrarlJtion
wtwn IIIlYS: "Tho: fifty days from EuterSur.d.ay are cekbuted in
joyful o:ultation as ono!' fe.st diy, or better as one ' ~t Sur.d.ay'~
(22), This continuing I~tli joy finds symbolIC npress>On In lhe p~
ICription tN! during lhe!oe fifty d.tys the E.ster Candle, ~ symbol of
the ri3ft'I Lord , is to stand near the alta. whe ... the rommurutycan
_It, and is to bf' III d uring the liturgy.
llle Ii..,t week after E.st~r 15 the E.ist ... octave."Jlw.o liturgy of this
ocr-v .. reflects not only the p"!l(kal mystery but also" concern for
the """,Iy b.ptized: in the daily (t'lebrations of Ihe Euckarist these
, .... k!d mor~ d~l y into t~ mysterie5 cont~ine<l in the sacraments
of initiation w~i<:h lhey lave r«elved ("mystagogical c.techl'SC!i .... ).
ThI$ week uSO'd to be known as "Whi'" W...,.," from the white gar-
meT11S worn by the newly b.apti~, "nd the Sund~y alter E.steo-
was known as Domi"ic~ in ~Ibis ("Sunday;n whi", ga"""",ts") or
"'White ~y.• The Eu~an custom of celebrating solemn first
t'OITImunion on tkis Sund.y d"" fr<lm the eight..... th century."
In the ""'..... th century then! ItO$/;' the custom of the pasdw u -
""';""/10 (from U" .. , • YH' ). OI' ;Mni",rsary commemoration of the
IfUptloo of baptism. Sinu the ac:t\LIIlannh'enary day not infno-
quently came bef""" the cun-ent East... due to the shifting da'" of
this /nst the Mond.y aher While Sunday was finally d><r;en as the
",.. "oorial d ay.
'"
In ord ... to bring OUllhoc uni ly 01 the Ea~l .... ""Uon more cle~Tly, its
Sundays are twncefoTlh 10 ~ known •• -Sundays 01. u ster," w ith
While SundaY;\5 1M 5eCond o llhn.. and F'ent«OSI ;loS the eighth .
lbeliturgial wxlS for thew Sundays ~ar tho> """'8 impress 01 the
~""hal mystery. ThP traditional "Good Slq>hoc-rd Sur.d~y" has
bfton mo.'ed lreon thoc third 10 lho> fou rth, in ordto' not to interropl
tho> " Iiu 0 1 gos~1s d N ling with tM af'P"i'Tances oIlhe nsen Loo-d.
M.... wu-r prefiKft'n! now available lor use during tho>_son;
only thoc fi~t 01 tho>m if lor USot on specific d ays (Eas'to' Vigil. ~Ief
Sunday,tN OCIa"", of E.to)icr ).
Tho-lourth century SOIW Ch.urlans celob •• ting thoc I,.,.st 01 Christ's
Ascension o n the Ionieth day a/totr uliIef,' date chosen chiefly on
thoc M is of Acts \ :3. "llw w«kd.)'lI&fwr the AkenSlon until the
Siltur-day btlore Peot«oet incl u:;i ..... re . prepuation foT the rom·
ing 011"" Spirit" (CNlYC 26). TIw nm-en& for Pentecosl, wl>ich
g ....... out of popular de"\'ooon. is thUJ gi"m & plac.: in the official lit-
"""
lbe fiftieth day aft ... US"", that is, Pentecost (from Greek Pm-
lri:mlr _ filtieth), is the crowning close of the Easter (;eason. Over
the centuries, how",''''' it w as increasingly seen as an independent
least of tho> sending of the Spirit. It was given an OCIav~ <>/ its own
and, in many partS of the C hurch,. _ond and third festal day
alter tM Sunday; in the end f"'OPle lipoke of a "Pentecost cycle 01
leasts. " 1'lu,o postcondliar li turgical reformef1; endea vored to link
Pen",<ost mon! dosely with Easter once again. lbe Penlecosl oc'
taw waS lhe",~ abolished, and in many of thl' lilurgicoJ ,,"xIs
(..... ll'Ieopftllng prayer and the preface) a .Ironge. COJtIlKIion waS
O'SIabl~ with EASIer. 1he wquence V",j, So:tl1<"lr Spiril ("Come,
H<>ly Spirit") contin...es 10 be obUga lOl)' on P""lecost.
A striking fJOC t"ption 10 the joyous spirit of the Easter ..-aoon is lho.
Rogalion o.ys wilh Ihrir f'1iX( s.ions. Thrno u'lC!d to ~ ,n "older
Rogation pliXession" ("'R .... "",iorj on April Z5 I nd " m.o~ _""I
Rogation pnxessions" (1iI~"u. ",i""..s) on the Ihlft days befo~ thr
fe ...1 of lho> Ascension. Tho- fOlTl"OOll" if of pu .... y Roman origin and
mu)i ~"( replaced • pap n P"'" .s ion through the fields (an
.",ho"",lT) in honor 01 the god Robigus 01" goddi>s5 Rllbigo frust").
Thfno ;. no connedion with the fU)i 01 51 . Mark, which;' <)tie-
_ led on IhI' same da y. The ~vi~ calendar h...uppa s:: this
pe n.. _ion beca~ it wu base<! on a 10(.1 Roman Custom.
1loe liI.nillt millOm """ed th ... origin to Bishop Mamt1'1U5 <>f Vis
....... w ho whl'n his city was struck with ...,.;ous ofu.iIsl2f'l in 46'J de--
CNtd ",w oe I wry p ,OC\!,.,ions and lu ting on the three days bef<>re
the ~ion. Rome adopted Ihfte pliXE:oIioM (but noI lhe lut)
....m Uo III (d. 816). ~~,.I No ..... has k"J>I lhem and inter-
j;;;;.;. thnn in tho> sa""" O)I\,ext as lhe Ember Days: -On -rogation
fC'
_ "",ber days tht practice of tho> Church if to offer pra~ to the
l6d foo" the r It ds of .11 ptOple, : . ,«ioally foo" the productivity 01
h arth and lor human Lobor, and to give him public th.>nb"
(GNlYC 4S). The time IIlld pl.n 01 the celobration are Irit to the "Pis-
CICIJNI ~_ uE 'a ~ . I roo:: ...",.~I'"" oftIw Un i~St.atEshaveleft ltto
,
_ , _ ..... s .............
tht local bishop 10 dt«rmine days of prayer for the fruits of t~
taM, pra)lEi" for human rights ar>d Equality, pTa)",' foT. w orld ,......
*", .nd ~ and for tho> po!'f'itmtia] oI:s ar,' anc:e OUt5i~ Lmt. "1n
... •• y no Irbltr.ry rulE is lmpowd until it becom... "",dent thaI a
,.nern ~ prle C<:.
of ,uch supplk.tion is errol!'ging HUm " "'
nor Easl"" Pt1Iil""",1 Pniod (Lr'rlI )
TIw hiJtoricl l de ....lopment Stllrted with the Iwo-<lay last 01 mourn·
Ing on Good Friday and Holy SoturdlY; In the thi. d century this
WI. ntended 10 the whole of Holy Week (ev"" if not in the form <>1
I c:ornplet.! fast ). The Council 01 Nlcle.l in 3~ w .. ~I~ady lan: iliar
w ith . IUt of fOTly day~ befo~ lhe Easte. Ind uum; on Rome this
begaR on the ' iJo!Ih Sunday brfore u Ste., th.Jt is, on tM hf1;t 5urulay
of lA'nt. Then, aince then! waa no lasting on Sundays and .,nce ot
w u desired 10 ha"r I full fort y da)'ll <>f faating, the fasl w~s b<>gun
fou r da ys prior to thlt Sunday and tht forty daya included Good
Friday and Holy So turd.y.
In the sl~1h century special impe,"""" w aS attached, for various
_ 10 the th_Sundays beiort A,I\ Wednesday and they"''''''
giv... the names (using round nu mbers) Quinqu<lg .... ma (fiftieth
day, CO\UlUn& back from EaSier), 5exagHima (";xtioth). and
SeptuagHima (......""beth); u..e.
two and • hall weeks bef,,", Ash
Wab _by _calloed " I"rE-LenI." Fw:ing Wil$~ ...... uirf<I, but
thrviolet rolof of the vest ...... '"..-d and lhe omission of tMGlo-
ria. All.eIuLa. and Te Deum gaw the ~o kid a po!'f'itenti&l chaTacIII'"r.-
In the f~rlyChurch. fosting "",anllhal peoplfconknlt!<i Ihfm·
sd,'", with. singk m .... l (in I.... ...' .."""") ~nd .bstained from mNt
and wU\oe, .nd, Llow on, milk products (milk, bultff, cheoese) .ond
tggs. The ",,,,,,u of ....... 1 deri ...·d!heir IilUrgic~l lnd I!o<Etiul charac-
I.... primarily from I.... inslilulioru; 0/ It... c~leChumena~ (prepara_
tion for bilptism) ....d from the o,urdl's practices in the al>" of
public pen.31'1Ce. In I.... Middk- AIl~ 11M-' "..""011 moti f (passion mys-
ticism) ~.me highl y important throughout Lenl,
The r\l!W org.nizotion of Lent is set down In Hie GtM.nll Norms 27-
31, which Ilk ... into l<'<'Ount tIM-' directi\'~ of lhe liturgica l constitu-
tion (109-10). The ··p..... Lent"· has b<.>en suppressed, and great ....
emphaSii i. pl~ 00 the molif. that dett' nTdne thecootent of the
....... t..... liturgy (baptism,to•.,.....,;ion, pm.al"«) and on theon..nta-
tkwl to tilt> p,nchal mystery.
Ash Wedlll'ldoy is ..nil thO' ""tranc.....·ay into LeOt . The rile of spriIl_
ltJiog with a~ was originaUy p...:lic...t only 011 p ublic slnf\O'l'5;
Oil« the institution of public penal"« d iwppt'.red, the rite was a-
t..... dE'd to ill of tilt> faithful (tenth <=tury). The n:ogulition that the
uhes ~re to bo _un.d by burning the ~lm br.roehl's of t.... p ....... i·
ous ye., dat~ from the twelfth C('lltury. 'The blrssing o f t .... a!hr.l
tokes place lO fter the gospeL The '-""Suiog distribution of t .... a"" ... is
acco mpanio!d by the word. of ('-.en. 3:19 or (in the ~lsed liturgy)
Mk. \ :\Sb. The rito! of the ashes u n also be a.lcbratl'd as • liturgy of
the word o utside M ....
The six Sunda)"S of Lent each ha"e a special d"'ract~r lha t is 1m_
prtS$o<!d on tt.em chi<.-ny by t.... gOSf"'I of the Ma95. The first_-
on.:!, and ,i~lh hlOvf prefaces of their own which reI.t~ to the gospel
of thO' <by: t .... 5.1"", i. true of the other Sund.ys of ...... t only in
Year Aof t.... C)>:tc.. The fourth Sunday (I.nU.reSun,by) is WI apan
by I.... optionIl u~ of fU5f"-roIon.d Mus ,-.,.tmmlS{sinc. thesh·
leeoth ~tury); Ihe WIOf ""'fits not only the joyous cNr;tC11I'1" of In.
M.ss but alsollle papal custom of bl""""a ~golden ~~ on th.t
day. This [.tm p rMtice in tum prob;obly II"" back toa Rom..- feast
of Spring. .t which ~Le brought fiowO'rs wi th them to M.ss
(tent h centu ry). From tn., High MiddLe Ag .. on, lIIe fifth Sunday of
Lent ("Judic.- Sunday, from the firsl word of I.... fIItrlnce ,olipOOo)
wu alloO called "" r'.,..i"" Sunday~ and d i5tingul""E'd by the vti ling
".
(until tt.e Eost.,. Vigil) of crucifixes and inta~ the us.. of the Prof-
.,;It of the Holy C...-..s. and the pani.tl o mi""ion of the Gloria PQI ....
TM I>O'W c.J...,dar h.Js d ropped I"" nam~ ~ P.ssion Sunday'", ~in
ord .... to pi ''''r t .... inn."",t unity o f the flitin:' Easlll"r pmilenli;d
uuoo.-
The pa:!liion moti f does co...., to the fore, how......... in the .... ....,
given to tn. s ixth Suoday of Lent, w hkh i, now called kPassion
Sunda y (Palm Sunday)." Here the commemoration of Christ' • ...,-
Irina: 1010 Jerusalem is linked to thecommcmoral ion of his 1'.....
.ion, Egeri ., I fi fth ..:eolury pilgrim, lells uS th. t a pi't>Cl.'!lsion with
palm' was bring ""lebraW in jeru5.1 lcm around 400.'" [n the West
loch a pnlC\'Soioo firsl ntadO' its .ppeora nce toward the end 01 the
el&hth arltury .od soon acquin.d rl('m""1S of JXlPular U.... tri<. lity
and playKtins. The new Miss,al p..wi<\et "..\,~..,I fomu for the
"Com"_iOr~1ion of tn. lord 's Entnoll« Into J~m ."'" The
~5II'eC'ft"es its ,;urnI' from the .,...ding of IIw passion as told by
each oIlhe Sy ..optic Go5pels (according 10 the year of In. <yCle~
The follow"" d ays of Holy Wflok also d"";v~ their characler en·
~Jy from I .... passion moti/. .lthough it is I'IOW pennilt"':! to drop
the reid"" of the passion according 10 Mark (Tuesdiy) and Lulu-
(Wl!dnesday), . iner these.,... ",ad in thf Ih"""'yfu cycl~ fo. p.lm
Sunday.
Each o f the other w ...... kdays in the EaslCf p.mitenti al period has its
own Mus formulary. The biblical reading!i are the U"'" each yea"
witt. the first reKl~g and the gOSf>t!I fonning. thematic Wlity. Be-
glMing witt. Munday of t"" fourth w ...... k of Len1 th~ gas!",1is a
rt"IOft Of lei$ continuous reading of John.
The ~ of Holy Thur~hlY ;s ~lre.ady part of t .... East .... trid-
uum. On It... morning of that day the bishop ...... lebr.tes the Chrism
M • • I t whkh "" bl... M t .... holy oils that will "'" needed fOT In. ~d·
ministrlOtion of bilptiMn .nd conrtrmation d uring Iht> Us"" Vigil.
FOf plactical reailOll5lhis "'-ISO may b@ celrbra.~ irut",d on """ 01
the urlier days of Holy W~k, and in t"" form of a OOIl<elebratiOll
of tt.~ bW>op and his priests. in tho: cathedral if possibLe. to Juoeping
w ith Ih<! Lolln tradition, t"" blesslog of tho oils follow>< this ....
qUt'flce, t"" oil of the sick be/Ol>' t"" fin.l do.ology of IhO' eucharis·
tic proyPl', thO' oil of catechumens . nd tho! chrilm aflc, t""
co:>duding pr.y.... of theMa!i!i. I.o.pas ....al ......!iOf\I the ..... tiR:' rite Wett Ind in many of the Us!em Churches beforI' the fourth <:en-
of b lnsins may be ....,lc-br~ted . t the rnd of the liturgy of the word." "'ry was ~...... The renon is p mbiobly that the SlT\lggIt against tho-
ANn heresy focused greater' alll'ntion on the penon. and not sim-
At. til. Ch~ M _ the pries!!; p.........,1 rnww thrir pledge - It> ply on the work of the Cod-man and that. fe.sl of ChNI'S birth
priestly .......lCe .... would give a ouitab ... liturgical expu!Ssion 10 lhe profession of /;lith
drawn up at Nicau, which ror>dl'fMed this herey (325). In tn05I o f
Oil!. tST MAS AND ITS CYC lE O F FE "STS the Ea5tern Hlurgi<'5" \ht form 0/ the feUI wal bMed on that of the
Origj~ _nd Litw'l{Y ofChris''''''~
Eplph,ny. As far as contenl was roncemed, only the my5lery of the
The calend ... of f. D. filocalus for 354. wh ich h51S tho! anniv .... s...ies birth was. in principle, separated oul from the rompl"", of id....s
0 1 the dea tha of the bishops of Rome (dq>OSilio tsp~ .... ",) nd the
~oman ~rlYI"!I (dq>osili.;J .... 'tyrllm) IOhow Ihat C hristmas w:s al ·
p.opet 10 tM least of lhe Manifesta tion. In fact, how...-e., duphca-
tioNof ide" arose here ond lhere,even in the Roman liturgy""
t\ldy bt., ng ~Iebr"ed ..... De.:ember 25 at Rome in the year 336."
The introduction of this lea5\" of Christ in the ci'" 01 R . ~ old Roman custom of allowing '!Very priest to ~Iebra ll' Ihn-e
ia'....... d' '/ orne III e~­
P ~~ IOCCa! "'810 the .pologeti<:a l and hist"'"" ~f- ,- -
..... h..-;. -., ~ re'P"""ny- ~ loA'" .• on Chri5lmas is retained in the new Roman Missal. The
....... ~ AS. n:sponseol lhe Roman community to the . . cwt\AIO goes back loa opecia l d""elopm .....1 th" look place in the
feur of I~ N.,lIlt Solis ;"00; (birthday 01 the UtlOOfl<!....::r=VIC poopool UIUr&Y from the fourth to tlv:si~th cenlury and wa!i subse-
god). whICh od
Syri Empe..:. Aureli.an intmdLlO!d in 274 in .. _ -, 0 f the
. ....... quc<ltly imitated el!;ewhere as the Roman litutgkal boo.... spread
an s un"",. of ~ and whidl he Iw)pecI wo uld wUfy and throughout Europe.'" The Misosal still h.os Ma!6d fo r midnight
~~ hL5 vas~ ~p're- A.o:Otd ing to the hypoelwsis, in order to (104; " i" IIOC/t), al dawn (M issoo .. ~ . wrono), and during the day
ImmunIze It.. (tuU"" ", of R""", ...insl lhis , .. (MisIo in dir). Ap;ort from the fact that in til. new Roman Miss-al
Roma Ch rch ' popu ar a5l, It.. ~ M.. '[ . ha'''' an Old Testament re.<! ing.IM formulari"" . ... es-
. . ~ u Inlroduced the fusl of the birth of Christ as "'Sun of
JustICe (Mal 3:20) and " Ughl of the world " an 8:12)." IIfJItI.lly the !olfM as in the p;ost.
The caicul. tion-hyp<>thesis starts wilh the fact th t , The MaS5 of the Vigil (celebral..d before or dter ev ..... ing pTa)",' or
Ihlrd t Chri' a as Nr y u the f irst VHpers) is oJso port of the /esti"e Chtl5tmuliturgy. In the .....
cen ury . . .ti~n theol?Sian5 were endt\lvor1ns 10 calcu lale
the dale ofChnsl s bIrth, which is nol menll..... ed In the 8 Is formN liturgy such M...... on the e ve of fca,ts /Ire no I..... g ... vigils
The widespread Christ .... s-oun symbolism cluKdthcm toOS~
. In the ........ of ~ w"ches which I .., penit""ti.1 and P"'f'/l-
cial
Johnallenllon 10 the ""uinm<'5and
-" ..,I,tic-
-•."'-
'-"'"- Op'nlOn
.. wls spe-
p y th,t ralOl')' In character. "Ex""pt for the Eoster Vigil. which is celebrated
. lhe B.1pt;51hod been born al the: summ .... ..,I$M. In Uoepin In the night bei<>", Eoster Sunday. the n.me "igil Mass' is herIce-
WIth Lk 1:26.
ool!:~."
the~oR:', Christ
mUSt """" been born at I~ Wlnte.
'
g IontL given 10 a "iHs- wruch can br «lc-bra l..d 15 a Iesli"e Mass dur-
In& the "".....ing ho .... bet...... or after f ir51 Vfspt'f5 of a ooIemnity.-"
A compari..,n and ",·alu.>\ion of the argulTlftltl for the two h)i>Oll .....
1lw new Choistmas Vigil Mass h .. tbrn!fore Of\ly • few""'''' from
the old Vigil Mass thaI US<'d to be ....,leb... ted in violet , ....Im.....!!;
_ .,ugg~15 th.ol these db IS !(I alcuLtole the da~ o f Christ's birth.
dutlns lhe morning hou .... of December 24.
whICh 1m"" uu oday as aprioristic . not therefore ml5laken. ma
have creat"" a b .... kground and ....adint!o!l for placing the fNst ~ Many \le>Cts of the ChNtm.s MlSoS<'5 make II clea r that Christm ....
Dece",be. 25, bul Ih.ot Aurelian', I_I o f the ,un may hove giv..... 100 " cd b.ated as a fust 0/ our redempiiOfl, "'...... though I~
the ded,lve Im puts.. focuI, of . t\lefltion is on tbr inc. rnation (i.e " the ~ion and
birth). for IheTO:' are "'P"'.ted ... fe ......"'" 10 the paschal mystery. In
The.., was li ttle centralization in the Chu rch of thalli d yet view of Irna content which Chri~tmal and Eo~ter h.ve in common,
the new f...." had "pread with astonishing rapidity t':~~t til.

".
the suggestion has ~ made that " Wf would do bett ..... todivide
the )"'ar into an ·wt..... ""Iebration 01 rt'd""'ption' and a 'Chri!tmas
celebration of rt'demption."""'
Since the life of the Virgin Mary is Insepuably linked 10 t ..... mylo-
tery of the incarnation of a.rut. her NoITIf is ""pressly mmtiontod
in the insenion for E""haristic !'"raY"'" J. MOO"f imroo ... ntly. the oc-
ta"e day of Chriftmas is "'FaUy ckdio ted 10 commemoration of
00.
Tht Christ"",. s..._
Christmas is the only feast other than Wit.,. to ha"e an octa,·e. The
octa'... day roincid~ with the bt>ginni,,& of the ("i,·il )"'n. which
G/oi""julius Cus.. moved. from Match I to Jan .... ry I il\ 4.S S.c. a.-.
a u"" p;lg. .. made the I>eginnins of the new year a fe ..1 in honor
of J;mus. the god who f"""" in two directions. and ""lebral1l!d it wilh
boisterous joy Ind , upertitious pr.ctkes. IlW Church tried in many
pllC<:S to ;mmuniu the faithful by instituting penit...,.,tial liturgio>s."
At Rome. lhe Annl\'enary (NaIQk) of the Motn..r otGod WIS"
times ""lebral1l!d on this d ay. whilr in Spoin and Gaul il beame the
fNst of the C ircumdsion in .. « o.dance w ith u.. 2:21 . Only in the
thirteenth/ fourte.!flth century do "'e find abo thi. f....1 at Rome
w .......... until the li turgical rclorm o f 1960 (Cod,., rubrirllrum ). it WiIS
c~lebr.ted under the titleof "Cim.omcision of the lord.nd Octtvc
of Christmas" and wu OI"iomted toward MIry and Chri$t",;o.s. The
Cntn~1 Nonru n.'tUmed to the origin.l Roman practi<:e (""Solemnity
of the Motlw-r of God l.nd ~ the commt.'lTlOration of the Nom-
ing ci Jest15 with the solernroity.
llwn> .... good ....as0n5 for tegn.'tting thatthe lilurgy p;I)'Sso linle
attention to the bt'ginning of the ..... w yeu. whkh .IJTI05Iall J>ftlP1es
celebro te with festivities. The "Ma.soes for Various Public Coc.·
. ions" do indeed have. in first p lan '. ' "Moss fo< Ihe Beginning 01
lhe Ci"il Y~ar." but it is p!"l'O.'d...d by a 5urprUing rubrk "'ThIs M ass
m~y not be ""lebrated on January 1, the solemnity of M..try the
Mothe< of God." The obstocle ho-I"f' wu f\'idently the gerwral ",Ie
that votive Masses may not to. crlebraled on solemnitioes.. A TM!W nog-
ul.1ion "'oms .ppropriate and needed."'
Even the earli<.'!illiturgkll calendars alTNdy hI"e a "",i<'ll of Nlnts·
_IS in dinoct proximity to Christ INS. The Middle Ages looked
"pun lhese NinlS a. an honor gu. «I ror the Chri&!-chlld lnd called
them "Companions of Chrisl" (Co",iln Chrill'l . In the Roman HI-
"'8Y the group includ ... Stephom the fint Martyr on December lb.
}oM the Apostj., and Mattyr on the 27th.. and the Holy Innocents of
kthtet...m.. tilain by Kin8 Herod. on the 2lIth. The optional mem0-
rial of ThomIs 8ec:keI. the martyr bishop of Canterbury. is ".,.
bnited. on lhe 29th. and tha t 01 Pope Syh-eter I on the 3bl.
nw feu t o f the Holy Family i. ct!lebn ted on the Sunday within the
ocU ve. If. howf\'er. Chri.tm., and ilS octave day fall on. Sund ay.
this iN$! is ct!lebrated on Dtumber 1O. nus is a quite f'fO"l\t devo-
1ion.fN$t thai ' prHd around the world in the ninetftnth century.
wid> Canada a! 1M INin souoa oIlnfl...eru:e. and Wati p ,olLlot..d "".
perlally by l«l XIII (from 1920 on it wu ""lebrated. on the Sundily
aM Epiphany).
Solmtnity rf 1M M.nifrst~tiQn rf Iitt Lcm1
A very promi""nt f, .. t of the Chri.tmas season i. the solemnity of
the MmfC'Slation of th,l..ord. or his Epiph;my (.ft... its Gowk
........). whidl is celebral1l!d on J.>nuary 6. "The lint trxes 01 11 .ne to
be 5ftfI in Aleundria at the beginning of lhe third century. The .... is
mudl lO be said '0< the view lhat the choi"" of tlat. wll influcrtCN
by. F"'gan fust (birthday 01 the god Aion). In the Eastern Church
this w lS th~ original feas t 01 CM!!'S birth. to which at an early date
w~joioed the com memor.tion of his baptism (!IO thlt the fca&! be-
come an lmportantFsion for baptisms) and the commcmoration
of his first mir;;tde•• t Can • ."'
In the second half ci !he fourth """Iury. as I noted abo\'e iT> ron"",,-
lion with Chri&tIN'. lhe Ea$l and the Wnt took o"erexh other',
birthday ~51S of J""us. with the Mult tho t the East c.. lfbnted the
birth of j","us Ind the cominK of the wi"" men on Dect!",ber 25 and
the comlNlmOration of the baptism of j.,,,usa nd of his Arsl mirade
on January6(on w hkhday it .lso administer...:! baptism). while
the \'lest oeIebritN the COf\\ing of tht wise men. the baptism of
J-..s. and his first miracle on January 6 as ck>ar signs of his ""If·
maniffttltion. In thecl ..... i/kationof ,",IS the We!ttem Ourch
made Epiphany the serond onotit important feast of the liturgical
)'Hr (a double of the firsl claM. wi lh a privileg«l octlV~ of the sec·
'"

""d da,,). Tod~y it is a solemni ty without an octav,,; in rountrM:!i
whe ... Epiphany Is nola hoIyday o f obligatioon, it is C1'lftIrat<:d ""
t~ Sunday betwHl1 J;anu.,y 2 and january 8 (CNLYC 37).
In 1M popular religion o f 1M Middle Ages lhe "I""'" holy l<inp"
acquired sud> prorn\rIoenC1' that Epipka"y was USllally calif<! " t~
f,,;osl oIlhe Ttut!e Kings" and revrded ,1"-1 as a ... ints' /c;ost.
Ma"y pious (Ind often not to pious) custon"I$ came 10 to. aSlOCiooted
with Epiphany (I' w ith Chri~ rNS~
Sintt 1960 tho! rommemor.olion of the INptism of If'§tlS, which had
.Iways bftn an important PO" of tho! ~_ of Epiphany, hH beom
",.,de;an indEfM'oodent /c;o~ (C1'lK>r.oll!d initially on !Iw oct ..... day of
Epiphany~ The PU'poM was 10 call at""'tion 10 the w1vati"",,1 sig·
nificant<' o f the booptlsm as • ~&1iOI\ of the d ivrn.. !l<lNhip of
Jeous, 10 tho! anointing of I"'" w ith the Holy Spirit for his mrSsj··
nic o ffiC1' It the begiMi"8 of his public ministry, and 10 tM sanctifi·
eation of the wllft" lS a sign of the forgiveness of sins in bllptism
The c...m./ N",,,,, nsign the feutlOt~ Sund.y .fte. Epiphany. If
Epiphillly itself is trans"'rred to Sunday, lanUiry 7 or 8. I~ fea~t 01
t1w! baptism of Jesus is celebrated on the following M""d.y."
This f»ut mark.s the end of the Christmas cyr le. The following
w.... k o.lread y coun!>' as the fitSl of the 3J or 34 w ....b o f Ordinary
TIme.
Adw,,/ '" R s..._
of Prtp/lr~lio" fo r C~rnt""'J
Uke I~ Elster cycle . the C hristmas cycle il p .eceded by a tim" of
p'epo"tion which we can AdveTIt (m,m Latin Qdvt70hu .. coming..
I.e .• o f the Lord Jesus Chrisl). The li.-&t traces of this _son a ...
found in c..ul and Spain, wJ>eno, beclU5O! of dose ties with 8yzan·
tium, EpipJuony on January 6 WI~ the e",liest f»a" of the birth of
C hrist . nd, 10• • time, an important date for h.optlsm. It WIS
thought IhiIt thi, day for baptism. no IeSIi th;on the Eute< V.gil,
should to. p r«eded by fort y dlYS of prepi-rl tion. Sin<e these c0un-
tries follo~ the EMtem custom 01 not 1"1ing on Satuniay, t1w!
......., 0/ pn>p.J ralion otnJpied right weeb Ind began on the d lY
Ifl1'l" No,..· mber II (QwooiRlgt'i.... Sl'1tCIi Mo,U";, "S!. Martin 's
.......n.'"
-
n... Sacrlm.>nUry of G regory l. which WiL$ used in the city of
Rome, had four Sunday M~ and t""'"
Ember Day MaS6eS that
bore the m~,k of AdveTlt. Th~ focus o f I U""tion w as not on the final
coming of Christ bu t 00 ttls coming in the n...n.
In Gaul lho! empJuosis ..·ilS q",;'~ d ifferent, 10. J>eno, und ... the influ·
~of I. WI miMioNrle, C"Kha tologkal npectation was acanted,
and Ad"ent bec;ame a penitl!1lti.I ..., SOfl (violet vestments /or Mass,
omi!Isioon 0/ the Clori., Alleluil , and T~ f)eum). Some o f these pnU'
1lef\1i.1 ek"oents en lCred the Rom;on liturgy in the twelfth century,
but toy ~a ininS: tM joy<lu$ Allelui. Rome showed thaI it did not no-
pro Ad~'''''' as Pi...... ' Iy a time of penana. The Roman solu tion to
the length of the Ad,-...,t wuon (four Sundays 01 Adyent) won out
only sradUilly; Mil.n i till hoo, si_ Sundays 01 Ady",,!'
n... GenmII N«rru interp~ Ad vent'" I time both of P"'"l'"ration
for Christmas . nd of ""pectation of the lord's firuoI coming. From
boIh points of ,iew Ad """t i. thus a period /or devout and joyous
M
bp«ution " (GNf..YC 391. Speciflc.aUy. the Gtnmrl No.,.,.. <futin·
suJsh twO phl5eS in Advent: the period from December 17 to De--
cember 24 is ordflftd mOl"!' dir«tl y to Christm ... whit.. the
preceding dlOyS look mOIl' to the ""katological return 01 ChTi".'"
!loth aspects, however, lOre made explicit in both stages. and lhen> is
no question of . peniteTIti.1 ,.,.son. The Code of Canon Law of 1917
had " ... ady dropped any obligatory Ad vent fast.
N /or the beginning of Advent, the fitSt Sundoy o f lhis ,..,ason is
tMON! " fa!llnj'oo or d06eSI to JO November" (GNLYC 40), that is.
1M Sunday between Novembe. "El and December J.
The liturgy of Ma" for the fou r Sundays ta k" its tone ond ch.... r·
tel" HM:Ilri.oUy from I~ gospel, the themes of which are pkked up,
io • paler or less H ""tefll, by tho! other t.,. lS. The r,d", . ed .... d·
Inp.re from (wlah Ind I~ peritope-s ... lating 10 John the liapti'"
both iSlilh and John are "'8~rded as " p"'~ of the ad"""I."
thatll, tM coming. The ....,.,....1 liturgy h;os beom enriched by two
Advent prefacft: In o:oon l&1, the liturgy of Pi ... V had no Sf""""ial
AdYelt pref~. Thelhird Sundayof Ad'"~t (Caudell' Sundayl is
dis!ift&ui5hed by Itt joyful spirit Ind the optiono.l U§e of ,( J rol-
r
orftI wstmentt, bolt! of which onau it. kind of por. Ue!1O the
fourth Sunday of ....... t (Laetl~ Sunday).
'"
The M... litu'l!y 01 tho! wolo!kdilyl of Ad"""l h.~ likewi"" been on·
rid>ed. Be""" the I~/ol '" these days Ilad i'>O proper Mas. formular·
ies; now ..achday of lho! S!too'ld phaseof Ad .. ent has its OWTI
Pi ....... FQr the w","kdllyl of the lint pha"" It-., is IlKUrring
.......t<Iy ... nos; thus ... ch Monday. for ..... mple.luo. th. sam. Prop<'r,
"XC<'f'1 for the pray« of the d,y ,nd the biblic.l ,"dings. both of
which cluoll8" from d,y to diy. Tho! " 'wkdllylfrom Dec.. mber 17 10
DK.,,,oo 23 ai1' Iwtlwr enriched by Iuo" ing the f~mous ()..~nli-
pho ... from the Uturgy of the hours (Ihe .ntiphoros for the Magnifi·
cat) ...IV.. IS Alt..IuUo ,el · I. Each oI tlw$e antipt.ons c""taim a
Loulbtory invoclilioi'lof the aw. i1ll!d M_iah ,nd. p •• yn for his
roming liS Savior."'
Ad,...... customs I .... 10 some eKlertt corme:'\Ii!d with t .... e><Pft1;ltKm
of Christrrw (Ad,·en' Wi'tlO. h,. Ad'-en' aolend • • ) .nd 10 !lOme cxtml
with pr....:hnsti.An custom practiced al the ...·inter snlstico:."
TWo C/o ris/"",s FNSIS Outsidt tlw C,clt
Then: m .' two felStdays tIuot oceur outside lhe Christ",,", season
bul an: ronn«ted themlitklilly wIth the mystel)' nf the inca"""oon.
In thc paSII""y w~ COfIside~ to be Marian feasts but because nf
I"" events lhey crlcbrale they are to be regarded .ather u feasl. of
Chrisl; for Ihi ' «-',uon Ihey have ~I"ed new names in I"" ......
formed liru'l!Y.
The f....s l of tilt! 1'n.'!j(.'I'Itarion oIlhe Lord (February 2), w hich OOXu ....
fort y days after Ch.istma" is based on incidents. na rraled in Lk.
2:22-39, in which the focus 01 attention is on J<'5US ralhe. lhan on
his Mother. In th~ East thl, feasl was ~rted long ago by Eg..na
the pilgrim (obolJI4OO) and is known., the " F.asl of tM Ml'<'ting"
(C"",k: h!fPllp.mlt, that is, tlw! meeting of JnUII with th. t.mpt.. and.
in the temple, with Simeon.nd An ... ). It is Itt.. ted II Rome iIS
e~rly.~ the fifth c..ntury; tlwre it wlS soon link«l to, procession o f
light. through the dty; this proc,'ssion SUPJX 5edly replaced . n an-
dent P<'S"n p~on of •• piation .... t wall , .kblated e>~ five
p,ar.; al lhe bE-gilVling of FftmIlry in the form of • poot : p ion
around tM bound s of the city (an ~"'''''rltoIlt). The purpt.. \-estments
p i . : 'fibed for this Mass ti llite n 1960 recaU th. original pmi\lim-
lial ch.or_ of the feast (in Ro .... ~ TIle candlN arrled in the poo-
cCMion aIY a rentitlder tNt Simeonulkd Christ ~.light for
_ .. Lotion to the Genliles." The bleliiiinS of the aondles was addt<!
betll«' the ycar HX':> in Gaul.
lhe b~ing of the candles and the carrying of them in proct'!lOion
It<\I0 the ... rne "(andkiNs," which ga,... litlle indication of the
_1 theme of the feasl. The !\arne " Purific.tion of Mory," officially
givel'l 1O lhe lei\S1 until l%'). must t>. .....g.rdt<! IS mist..ading. The
bln5ing of Ihe u ndl<5 befon Mas.s may takeeitlwr of Iw<> 100 " ..."
lhe Solemnity of the Annunciation of the Lord (Man:h 25). ninl'
months ""loft !he binh of Christ. has lor its aubject W incoomolion
of the Son of God in the womb of Mary. II i. lirst .1I<'SIed in the
lixth century in the U~I. in the iIe\.....lh in the Wi51 (if we po . rind
hom sam<' 'n' kipalion!l of it}." SinC'l' Mooch 2.'5 falls within the F"'"
riod 01 penil...... ti.1 pn>pa.Ailon /or Elster, It 1$ not poIiSible 10 gin>
Uf'1 ' ion 10 lhe- true spIn! o f thi, feast. If;1 f&lb in Holy Wtck or
(nre1y) in Easter we\" .... il is ceIeb •• tt<! on the Monday d~. the Eas-
ter oct ...... TIle Gt>ttrl>i Nor"" pre"" tlw! n.me " Annunciation of the
Lord· (which wn also used in somecalenda .... in the past), but the
1\alM " Annul'K'ialion of M"y" is fully justifiablr in the light of Lk
1~. This least ill ~ery Important by f\!iSOll 01 its th"",.. , but w ..
thould not forget thai the incarnation has at .Ulitnes been already
rommemorlilo:<! by the feas l ofC hri&tm....
OIlOINARY TIM E
1M Nrw Oiu"i,," aft~ y"",
The periods "f tims.bf.'lwC\'n the twn annual cycles of leas'" ore
now known as Ordlna. y TIm .. (Latin: Ir"'p~s ptTannu", ~ "time in
lhe ye..ly cyct.."). Togeth.,. with the fntal cyct..s t he!le periods
form the Irmporait or Il'IT\por~1 cyel • . Ordinal)' TIIIl<' comprises 33
or 34 wwks which fall into two rorvtcutively numben:d "",ions:
the firstl\lns from the Monday d .... the lust o f the Baptism of
}8us 10 Ash Wednes<by. and the 5E'(OIld from 1M Monday afuor
p..,1t'c:05I 1o Advenl. In th iss ... m of we\"ks theSundoyof the Bap-
lisen of Jesus and Pentecost Sunday ligul'\' (in. p ... rely lhoeon>tkal
w'Y) ., Sund.~ of Ordinal)' Time. This ensu"," thai the liturgical
tuta (of ~ and~) for the thiny-third and thin y-fourth
wl!t'b. with their ftCNloIog:la.l orient.tIon.. will ........... be omill<'d.
t>Jioo: 10 the ~niution 01 the liN'S)' • distinction w;>S rnadO' N-
'"
 twem a p<'riod aft,.. the Epiphony of the Lord until Septuagt'!lima, Ye.ar A Year B Yu.C
for which sUe Sundays we ... providoo in MisSoaI and Breviary, and I 9 Romans 2 Co";n thi. n~ GoI .tians
period after P""terost with tw~nty-four Sunday formularies. If IOu· 10 Rom.ni 2 Corinthians Galatians
t.... came early, not III the Sunday. aft~r Epiphany could b(o ",J..- II Romans 2 Corinthians Galatians
b.ato-d (in the ~.t"""'" ""'" the ... wOIJld be room for only two), 12 Romans 2 Corinthians Calatiat15
while then- could be.s many as twenty-t>ight Surui.J)'lI aft,.. ~t.,.. 2 Corinthians CaLotiaros
U"'""'"
roo;t. n,.. rult ptmi"8 tlUssituat>on wu that t.... omitlftl Sun- 1<1 Ro ..... ns 2 Corinthi;ms CaLoliJons
day • • ft .... Epiphany ..... .,.., inh,rcalato!d (as postponed Sundays) 15 Romans Ephesians Cokn i.ns
bctw""" the twenty-third and t..... enty· fourth Sund.ys .ft.... Penlt'- 16 Ro ..... ,.,,; Ephesians Colossians
cost; this wa. ""rtainly not an id~ol ,""Iution. l ' Romans Ephl'$ians Colossians
18 Roma"" Eph""ians Colossians
n... numbering of SundaY" as postpentKOStal occurs fill't in tM 19 Ro ..... ns Ephesians Hebm-'SIl -1 2
f r,lIlkish liturpcal book· of the righth Mltwy. llu> ..... rlin' practioP Heb~ws 11·12
20 Ro ..... ns Ephesians
hod be\.., 10 COUnt these Sundays ~ing 10 thrir ... Lotion to aor-
21 Romans Eph<lSOans Heb.. "'5 11·12
tain postpenbe005ul fe;tS~ After the introduction 01 the MSlof the
:z2 Romans I.~ Hebn:""lIH2
Trinity (IXW) 11 ...... s also pos6ib le 10 count SundaY" ". fter Trinity";
23 Romans I.~ Phil<!mon
thi. practice w.slal<!!" I.k ..... 0" .... by the Churches of the Reforma-
24 Romans I .~ 1 Timothy
tion and is still customary thcr~. n
2S Philippians James 1 Tunothy
1M I.«tiotwry "" o..dm..ry Ti.... 26 Philippians I.~ 1 Timothy
n... Sundo)'ll..,d W«'kda}"$ of Ordinary Ti"", deri,"~ their speaflC Xl Philippians Hebr<ew52·10 2 Timothy
thcok>gi<al..,d lhurpcal complexion chioefly from the "'adings ..... 28 PhilippiaJ15 1kbJe"' 52-10 2limothy
~igned tiW'm in the new I.«tionJIry jtIr Mas" of M.y 25, 1969 (I«ond 29 1 Thoi!ss'\oni."" 1-Ieb~,2· 10 2limothy
edition, January 21. 1981). The general pattern follo.....ed in the IWw J(l1 The pioni.,.., Hebrew52-10 2 Tim<>thy
I~ionory ho. a ll"\.<ody t:.",n explained In connection with the lit- 31 1 Th<"S:"lonians Hebrews 2-10 2 Th",,,,,loni.ns
urgy of the word at Mass (Chapter Xl). Fo< this reason [shaU.im· .ll I Thtois.aloni."" Ht"brews 2·10 2 Thess.alonians
ply gi"" two tabl" that p""'\de • qukk O\'''' ...·;.,w for tt.... second 33 I Th ' PIlon ..... Ilt"bI"\.'Ws 2-10 2 Thess.olonirns
•
reading on tM Sunday' of Ordinary nmund the firsl on " 'Hk-
TIot f,ISI 1Wd;~g,," 1M WHbWysO/OnJina'Y Ti ....
days. n... table&!how which book5 o f tM Bi~ are read (ina 5t'mi·
continous m.nN'.) and in ... hal ordt'l'. , ""'~.
first eyle 5f:(OIod Cycle
1 Samuel
TI~ x<omJ RNd'"8 On IN SU"di<!I' <f On!illllry Ti ....
YNr A Year B YearC ,2 -~.
Hebl'l'wt
I Samuel
2 Samuel
2
3
I Corin thians ! -4 1 Corinthians 6-11 lCorlnthiaJl5 I 2-15
I Corinth;"'ns 1-4 I Corinthian<! 6-11 I Corinthians 12·15 ,• Heb.Ewi
Gfnesilil -ll
2 Samuel; 1 Kings 1_16
I Kings \- 16
4 I Corinth;.,.ns 1-4 I Corinthia"" 6-11 I CorinthiaJ15 12·15
•, ("=::i' I-1I I.~
5
6
1 Corinthia n<! 1-4 I Corinthi~ns 6-11 1 Corinthians 12-15
I Corinthia ns 1-4 1 Corinthians6-l1 1 Corinthians 12·15
."'"
• ""'"
I'~
1 Pett'l';J udt
2 Peter; 2limothy
, I Corinthi.ns 1·4 2 Corinthians I CorinthiaJ15 12·15 9 T<!bit
2 Corinthians I Kings "- 22
8

,,.
I Corinlhi.ns 1·4 2 Corinthia"" I CorinthiaJ15 12-15
"
30'
 Wnmilies of. the Trini'y, lhe Bod y and 61 00d of Christ, the Sacl"l'<l
~'~I CY<:W s..:ond Cyde
II 2 Corin lhiam I Kingo 17· 22; 2 !Gnp He4rt 01 Jesus. and C~I the King. They hav~ in rommon llult they
12 Genesis 12·50 2 KinS"; I.. ment.ltions had their origin in a pifly cn.racteristic 01 tn. agf thaI gave lhem
13 c;.."."is 12·50 Am~
birth and are 10 be reg;arcl<od as devO!ion·ft:a~ts.
14 ~12·50 HOSI''; INiah Tlw Soiemnity 01 the Trinity
IS E>:odu, lsai.th; Mic.h 1lw ",",gglu gm,st Ari~ni ..... led 10. special ~phasis on faith in
16 E. odus Micah, Je ",miah the Trinity both in preaching and in piety, parric:ularly in Spain and
17 E>odus; u-..~tkus )..... miah G.ul; tho:re is pl...,ty of eVido:nce lor this in lhe &i~th/seventh cen·
18 Numben;Oeutenlnomy J"",,",iall; N.ohum; H aiNkkuk tury. The middle 01 thuighthcentury NW the appeara~, in the
19 D" \n~y; Joshua E2~1 Old CeIMn Socrarr.<'Tltuy, 01 the po1!5et\I-do y !"mace 01 tn. Trin·
20 Judg..s; Ruth Ezekirl Ity, which Is a compendium 0/ dnsic;tl trinitarian theology. Around
21 I ThessaJ.onian~ 2 Thl'Mollonians; 1 Corinthian. 800 a Mass 01 the Trinity 15 found as I votive Mus for Sund ays,
22 I ~~ns; Colossioons 1 Corinlhians which.. it was lhought, should ha,'e a ""'''' Iri>\'t.lrian emphasis. In
23 Co'xs;am; I Timothy 1 Corinthians Franldsh and Callie Benedictine TnOI\iI$!led.. a [ust o f th~ Trinity
24 1 Timo lhy 1 Corinth i"n. w •• probably celebrated on the Sunday aft ... Pent<."C<.l&I ....·"" before
25 E•.ca; Hagga i; Zechariah Prov~rbs; Ec<:lesia.tl'!l the year 1000. Rome ~tubbornly '""'Ist~od such a fC<1st, but Pope John
26 Zeduori.h; NehemWl; BaNCh
17 )0ru.1l; r.bladli; joel
28 Rorn.1""
''''
C;o]aliaM
Galatians; EphC5ians
XXII firu.Uy introd...ced il for the uni""rs.o! Churdl in 13:U, during
the A" ignon Exile. The !nalion of this ....SI on the Sund.y after
Pentecost Cl n be inlf'rprl'll'<l as a g •• ",lullook back <11 the noW rom ·
29 Romans Ephesians pLeted my~lIery of salva tion, which , according to lhe Iht:ology of tk
30 RorNns EpI' es;'ns fa~ Is Icromplishe<;l by the f " ....... through the Son in tM 1I00y
J l ROOM ... EpbdmiS; Philipp;.ns Spirit."
32 Wisdom Titus; Philemon; 2 and 3 John
33 I and 2 Mac(.~ Revelation ""'" Solemnity Of The Body AM Blood Of Christ (rorpus Christi)
:u Do nid Re~elatlon This frasl is t<>lebratPd on the Thurtday aftrr the feast 0/ the Trinity.
Tlw trad itional ""... in Engbsh....(:orpu. Christi-i!; deri \"«I d i-
B<-cause an efforl ha, bfton made It) achle\'r continuity In the ,,'eek.
day r"ad ings. they an! " In mOSI caStS .. , to bo! ,,!led on thl-ir ....
rectly from I"" Latin• title (fr:sru ... . ... poi ... Cltrislil_
• igned da y' , unless a SOlemnity, tH§!, or mrmorial with proper Its origin mu" be """" as ronnecred wilh Ihe inlf'ns<' cult 01 th~
",.dings OCCUl5,"" If""" o r 01"'-" reading rul5 It) br omitlfd, · w ith Blowd s.cr.ment that ck-.'eIopNI during 1M twel fth ""nt ury. In
t .... pI'n 01 ",.dings for ,,,,,-, ...,tire week In mind, the priel in thaI thaI cult the w hcelO' was I""" with lhe prop<'f ceil'bration of the E,,·
caS<: arranges to omit lhe less s ignificant !!eCtiom or suitably rom· ( Nrist tNn w ith the abiding ",,1 p~ oIChrist in the c:onse-
b~""" them with "ther ",adings. if they contri bute to an integral crated b.ud . """, worship 0/ 1m, eUCh<1ri5lir Christ was
n lK.'COfI"IJ'"oUN by an lnl~ longing It) 5<'<' the hor;t; this led, among
,' oew of " pilrtirular t""'me. ·
011_ things. It) the e ..... ation of ,he hosl aim the consecration (first
Mowblt SoIrm~iriN '" Ord'",,'Y " ..... .twsted for Paris aboul l200).
During the se,;""d millennium of the Chd~ian era four IoOlemnities
......... eslablishOO d uring Ordinary Time; thelr6a'" depends on W In this situation. vision which Juliana of Li~e, In AuguSlinian
date of Easm and Ihus they are mo·... b ... lusts. ""'" four are the so- nw>, ~ved In 1209, and oft..., .I",,,,,.rds, played an imponant

'"
role in the establishmmt of a sp<"'"ial IN.t in honor 0 1 t"" 81t . d
s.crament. 8ishop Robert of Lii!'ge introd uced such • ~Ut into his
dioc!1I fOO" the first tin..- in 1246.. h> 1264 Pope Ulb.on IV extended it
to the mti", Church. 'Thomas Aquinas i, Nid 10 N"~ written 0<
COI'Ilpiled the lexts 10< Mass and lnYiary at t"" ""1,,"1 01 ~ Nrnr
pope. but today t ......'" isdoubt about hi. ~ aut~ip ol ~
splendid hymnsol t ...... offi,,~. t1w dealh oltM pope in tNI 5.lme
~ar del1roo the spread of tl><- feast. which bo!c ..... univ ....... Uy
obliga tory only under John XX II when ...... published Urba n IV'.
Bu ll of Establishment in II><- ClemenHne o..rn.1a ls,"
lhe new name ol tt.. feast. which now "pl"O!lllly """'tions the
8100d of Chrisl. n:n<k.....d "'perlll,IOUS the !;,iSt of the Preciou.
8Iood. which Pi"" IX introduced in 1849 in thanksgiving for his ...-
t... m lrom ex;", (il w.s most """"lIy celebr.t«I on luly I). That
~asl " idently d ... p lKat«!t .... Feast 01 tht Body and Blood of C lui!it.
A CorptI, Christi roO( s i em is first a!\leS1Ie<! for Cologne bi'tw"",,,
1274 and 1279. By theend ol th~ Iourteenth cent... ry il h.od Mn .....
Th"'Jia,licaUy adopTed in most rounlries and was ce lo!bo .ued with
g ..... t $OIemnity and splendor, In the pl'OCtSSion i consecrat«! hor.t
w.s u rried in a monstrance, In Germany thtCorp\15 Ch risti pto<t.
, ion ilCqui....:! to somt ", tent t...... char""'~r 01. procession IhrouKh
tt..: fidd. and a rogation p!'OC1.'SSion.ll\ere w.s. station at f "",h 01
fo ... r OUTdoor altars; here It..: beginnings of the lour gospels were
.ung loward the four quarters of the lI<'''·ens. Ind a bk'ssing was
given with tht 81es.....:! Saua """'t. E.p<'Cially in the Baroque period
the p!'OC1.'SSlon developed into a I!\olgnificml Ind rriump halistic
public d isplay. In 1959tl><- Roman Congrq;.oon ollUt.., . talN! that
the CorpusCluisti ~ion is not. lilu.rg kal 1(1 I.lling uncl .....
Rol!\oln la ..· b ut an M"""r<.i!;oo of d ....·otion M(pi..", r....m';um) tha t
comes under the iurisdiction 01 the bishops."
In the d«.des alter the council d~tis'iKtion WiTh 1M trodition.JI
fann o f the C~ Christi pnxe!i6ion led to efforts to d"elop new
lanns. for e ,..mple. a ~tiv~ Ma"", mighl be ~lebtalt'd in a p...blic
"'Iua .... " 'ith the " onous p.anshes coming in procession from their
churches (_ the old Romon s t.tionalliturgles). "so that ttw:o Chris--
lian people might ~xpen"""e th"""",I,·.., • • forming a g",. 1 rommu·
nily. with Chri st and 01\1' .noIlI<'r, that has its source In the
'.acrarnent of unity." "" StiLl more ~tly, however,. growing n um-
be' of people .... calling lor tht retention or restoration of the pro-
e . S'Km with tIM> 8Jns,ed s.crament.
Fea&l Of llwSacn>d Hell " Of J..,U!I
This "'ast is ~lebtalt'd on the third Fricby after Per\tecost. the dooy
that used to follow upon the octav.,Corpwl Christi. [I is a typical
INSt 01 d""otion. honoring the God-rnan foe th.t love that is symbol-
Ized by his h""rt. lhe beginni ngs o f Juc:h I devotion m;,y be fotrnd
in the Fathers. who appN! especia ll y to p.iIISNgt'S in the Gospel of
Jolin (t.g., 7,37; 19:34). These pusages were . liO the point of depoe-
t ... re for the medie\·.1 theologians: . lew isola te<l fig"'T\$ in the
tw.,lfth ""'tury,.nd then a w8" number in tho! thi" """th.
This cull received an especiaUy strong impet\15 from tll<' mystics of
the thirteenth and foun ..... th cent ..."", in t"" jA'r""', of stICh indi o
vkI ...... Ls as Medttikl of Magdeburg. <Artru~ of Hellta, and
Heinlich Se_, Lat ..... on, the It p .uentali'<ft 01 the 0 ...:01;" ~
and the lesuil5 of the s ixtemth cenlu.ry p romoted t ...... Sam'" Heart
c!rvotion with opeci;>l ""al. In the se-.'<ntM'Oth "",lUry the r""",h
Oratorians 01 Pi",,", Bkullr (d. 1(29) and 101m ELKI", (d . 1680)
brough' the devotion to new heights, lohn ELKI",. with tht permi..-
lion 01 his bishop, was.1so ,he first to c~lebrlOte a least in honor 0/
lilt Heart of 1"'\15 in the chuKhes o f hit rommunity (October 20.
1672), Betw"",,, 1673 and 1675 Ma rga"" Mary A1ac"'lue .• Visitation
nW\ a t Pa ray·Je..Mon ial, had a ~rit... "f visions in which Christ bade
her work for U. introd uction of a io!ast of the Sac:MOl He.rt on t......
• •
Friday after the octaw 01 C!Kp\15 Christi Ir.:i for the practICe of Fri·
days In honor ol the H~art of lesu. ~nd 01 holy hours.
Rome relisted for almost _ hundi'1!d yeats. and only in 176Sdid
C\erneru: Xu] allow the Polish bishops and the Roman
ArdIronfr.ternity ol the Sacnod Hu tllO celebra' .. such . ' NSt. In
l 8S6 l'1us IX """~ the least obligatory 10< the uroi"ers.al Church; In
1899 Leo XIII raised illO ~ highlw ra nk a nd orden-d thai tht wOfld
Ihould be ~aled 10 tht MOIiI Siocn.'d H~.rt o' Jesus lor tll<'
coming cenlury." Pi",$ XI ...... iHd lhe liN rgy o f the !.>as! in 1927 and
elev.1N! it .till further, On the first c""nmary of its introduction as
a wtiven.ool !e.st Pi\15 XII !!OSue<l th., Encyclicall.etter H,,"tittis
Qq....,."
Tho! ch~ opposition 10 devotion 10 the Sac:~ He~ ~ COl""' from
/ansm;'m .nd t~ tlwologi.ns of the Enlightennwnt , Our cmtury,
100, brought more or ~ open reserv~tions revrdlng it; Plus XII
diKum'S thew in his eocydioc.l Many 01 t~ obj«tions a", INsN
on m~undenUind;ng.nd prt:n'e ground\eosls CItI<:e the t.... m "'N~ "
is und':'I'!nood as" primordial word or primol'dl.l concept, as u -
plainft! by ~rl Raimer. "For Scriptu ", and the te..ching and pr,K'
tke of the Church I!Isu ......, when they speak of the heat'! of /tsuS,
the self-Arne total-human primonJ.ial wonJ. ' hurt' iI. the inmost
original (ore of the body"""l totality 01 the person, Tho! object 01
tM Sacred Hean C\oVQtion is consequently the LonJ. with respect to
this his .....lrl. " ·
Other fttlTli of do.votion to the Sacred Hean .rethe Fndays in
honor oEthe 51 WId Hurl, that is, lhe fll'S1 Friday o f filCh month.
and the holy how on the ...... 01 first Friday, Leo Xl II " ppro-'t'd
(1899) • 5p«i&l voti,'" Mas!; lor firsl Frida)'$- The two d",'OIlons.
when ",ope ly txpllined and celobrall'd, ha,... 1ong since P'O"nj
lheir ~Slor~1 .·.1 .... in many ~,"
SoIelllnl ly ofChriSl t.... King
The external O«ll'lion for lhe introduction of this most t«'t'nt lOOa-
lus t by Plus XI in 1925 w.s the si~teenth cenl",-ary of the' first ecu-
menic.l Council of Nkau, In his Encydical Qua,. prj"",, 01
Clo><:embcr 11. 1925, tho- POP" develops the ide. that tht, moIIt elfec-
tive weapon 3gainsl I"" destructive Ion:ts of lho- age is the a.::know l-
edgmcnt of lhe kingship 01 C hriSt." 1ho! pope app..,;nll'd the list
Sunda y of OI:tobe! . , th<- day 01 tho- fe... t; h<- c ....... this day in "~
01 the roming ft<ut of All 5;1I;nl:5. On th is Sunday the .nnu.1 UN' -'
n ation 10 the ""an 01 the Redeemer was to Uike plaft.
Although lhe ~w re...t was initially greeled wllh entlluslum. a
numbero/ .-rv.tions w ..... soon ...,ict>d on the ground, thoot the
idea of th is IuS! ;;al",.dy lind!; ""P...... lon. and ind !~d a fI'IOIl' or·
ganic e~~ion.;n other ..... son. and on other days 01 the liturgi-
cal yNr: Advenl, Chri.tmas. Epiphany. Easter, the Asctfl5ion. lnd
even on e"ery Sunday since Sunday i. 1M day that ~"'Iei
Christ n Kyrlos Or Lord. It is <"<'rIainty fortunote that the MW calen-
dar transfers this "S"\~mn;ty of Our Lord /tsUS Christ. King of lhe
Universe" (ils lull nome in the MisYzl, Ro"",nu,,,) to the list Sunday
01 the Jiturgic.a l year, since this Suncby w ith its O!5Ch.tological tonal·
Ity brings home ITlO<1' clearly lhe idea lhoot tt.. glorified Lord Is !he
p i of the uni'·...se and Christian li~.
OIhtr FftilJJlJP jn On/inJI'Y Ti .....
mst o f the T.ansfigur.nonof the Lord (AugusI6)
n.. b.osis of the INS! is the .ubst;;an!ially indenlic:al aoocounl:5 in the
Syrwoptic gospels (MI 17:1--8 par.). Such • felSl wiS known in the
Eauem Chun:hes a~ early as lhe' fifth century; oot until 1457. how·
ever, did it b«ome "niversal in Ihe Western Chun:h under Cali~tus
1Il, who established it in grateful rommemon,tion of lhe victory
over the Turb in 1456.
Feall of the Triumph of theC..- (September 14)
n.. iHill originaled in Jeruo;oJrm . A double b.uilic. compruing the
churd! 01 the Martyrium and the cllurd! of till' Re\u.....rnon wn
con.cnte<l IIII'", on Soplt'mOO U . 335. On the following d ay the
BQ.hop of JCfU!,liLem eh·" ~tod the grea t relic of till' Cross and
~ed 1110 thepa>ple '10 that they might venerate il (the Latin
name of the ~I. Ex_II.I;" auris me.nt liter.lly "IIII' lifting up of
thecrosa ").
Thls feast soon bee ....... m"", imponant thoon 1M feast of the dedic.·
tion. which il originally accompnied, and spn!ad lir . nd wide. In
the West.l>owever. ils ""Iebration WlS ""Cr\tually a subj<:<:t of con fu-
Solon, 1l>e Galik liturgy (debr.tM a feast of the crosos on Ma y 3 from
the eighth century.,n; May 3 was lhe day on which In 628 Emperor
Hera.::1iUl brought"back to JCfU!,li\em , ..... rel ic 01 tlw C"f<.)(oS which the
PetlilnJ had removed. This 1....1.100. wlS Uiken into the Rom..1n
fetal almo:Ur. which however IIn:ady h;od the' fea~t ofSepl<'mber
14 (b«.U5I! Ramo. too pc SF ud • n:lie 0 1 the CI"055). By • ",,'ersa] of
hIstorial laC"! the ie.oSl o l May 3 was n.amed the INst of lhe Finding
of lIle CI'05I (modition dot ... Hekn's d iscoo.·ery of ;1 to Sep~bet-
14, 320), and the IHst of Stptt "oM 14. tI>ough .trill callod the feast
of tIw lifting Up of the Cn'l5S. was made 10 com ...... monte Emperor
Hfta.::lius· ..... lOration of the 1I.'1ic.
Under Pope John XXlllthf /ea51of May 3 wU , up?""..,.! (1%0).
The GtntNI No"",,"" 1M Wu')Oiatl y.... , ami 1M C.lr"do, apprm'M
tlMo ,uppl'I'Mion and rest<nd tlMo orig~1 m~;ming of th~ fealil of
tlMo Cross on s..pt~mbe1" 14.'"
ft'asts of tho> Otdlution of Chun:hes
The stimulus to;m aMua l commemoration of the ~ic.lrion of a
chun:h Cl'IU.inly came both from I MacabHs 4:5'1 and from ~
p"gan custom o f ~", .... ring a N.''''~ Itmp/; (. "bmhday of • tfln·
Pu," ~ n.. u rlif"!;t wilnfttl l<> the dedication of • Christian church is
EusebiusofCaewfN, Chun:h histo,un ;md bishop, who in 314
helped to dedicate the cathedral of lYre with a Mass and I kr'
moo." We know from Ege,u's account (400) that lho> anni~~ry of
tM dl"dicalion of a chun:h W IS Iiso O!lebralt'd with a lust." Origi_
""Uy. these k~1$ o f dedication w .."" ~I",rltnl only locally. Son...
e~ons, still acknowllPdged today•• "" tho> feasb of d'If dedic.·
tion of the Roman t.al<!1"l n Basilica (Novembfr 9) ;md TM IYloilicl'
of St. Peter ( Nov~bfr 18), St. Paul Outside the Wall. (.. me day).
Ind St. Mary Major ( AugusTS).
Of special signifICance for e.rn di"","", is lhe ' Mive<sary of the
dedication of ilS Cilthedral dturdt; thie: is celebrated in all the P"""
.. hoes I S I speci.aI feast of the di"","",. wh ile in the athfodraJ It Is ~Ie­
brl ted IS' solemnity. The omni ....nary of th~da'" of Iny ind i,id ...1
church, if known. II O!lebralt'd tt-..-... on that date itS • :soIe1nnity.
For churches whOS<' annivers.ary dott is unknown, .... th diocese O!I·
..brOt5 l common I nnual commemoration in the form of I solem·
nity.
£mbrr o..y.
" Ember Days' is the ""OW given to the WlPdnesdly. Friday.lnd s.t·
u.-day of lour Wftkl of the ye;>r; these OOI'N! al appro><ima\riy !he
beginning of tM /ou . Hasons ;md since the eighth cmtu ry \wove
bt-en kTKlwn in Rom .. u the qUllttum Ttmpo'll, "four ..,asonl ."
The Ember Oily....... sp..;in.;.. lIy Rrunan Institution that ilsti ll un ·
kno .... n in the £a'll . Thei r origin has r>Ot been "",pl.ined with rom-
p~ utisf..ction.* R«ent ~h has lool<ed lor it in
(00. :cro,l ing Old Test.mml I"l'gulalions on fasling; .......
Uduorilh fU9 .nd 1001'12;12·19, in pa rticular. .... ouId \wo .... played an
important roIe-"uppoloi tion that findl lUpport epecially In the
Ember Day sermons 01 Pop" Leo I." Different parts of the WHt cele-
!>rIted the Embn D.o.)"' on different dl tes, until Pope G rejlory VII
decreed uniformity at the Rom. n synod 011078. Sina then it Nos
been the rule thl t tho> Ember D.o.ys t>egin on tho> Wednesd l Y' after
d'If first So.mday of Lent, rent«05l. the Exall.3tion of the CI'O$5, .nd
the feul of St. lucy.
If we w;p, to sum up the muning of tho:o Ember Days ifI d'If light o f
the vlrious historical and lilurgical soufCe. _ _ y Ny that they
~'"""ted I speci.1ascm.:al tffort I t the beginnIns of each of the
four ..,..son,. nus effort took the fom oe5J>"Ciaily of !he trild of
poyer. futing. and . lmsgiving. The Ember DaY' wl'11' abo days of
thanksgiving for the variousle.tsonal hal"Vt'Sl5'nd. from the fifth
Cl!l"ltury on. ,Iso se.....ed as daY' o f p~r.tion for and conh:rr.l of
ldy o rt!"'- In Our IiJne th~ \WO,.., been days of pra)'i'l" for voca-
tioN 10 the poie'll:hood .rod ""Ugi0u5 Ii!...
In the ~anization of the liturgic.1 yt'.r, the Ember Ooys \wo,'e
been reto ined in principle. but their dal<'5 and tM form they are to
taU have been left to the epixopal ronIerenc<'5 SO that beller ac-
count can be taken of local condilions (GNLYC 46). Ai far a, their in·
Iooaj>1etiltion i5 COfl(et ,otd.!he official coon ....... I.3'}' 01\ the ~
Norms points OIIt tNlthe worldwide prob\an5 of ptlO!. justice.
and tlun~r in our da y can give ~ed ...... nil\g I<> these periodi·
cally I'I!C\irrlng e~errise5 of penance ;md Christian charity.
THE S A NCTO RAl CY CL E OF T H E LlTU RGt C Al YEAR
Hillory of Iitt V""S[Rlion <f 1M Soorinls
'lM btgiflning olChnstian _lOOn of .. ints rnay be dated to the
~ o f the w.ond century. The fin;tlo bt ~ener.ted wne the
martyn, »w ltn<'!lSe5 to 0ui5l " In lhe fullest !IeII5e of the mm.
Bishop PoIycarp of Smyrna (d. ca. 155) was prnbI.bly the first m.1,...
tyr 10 bt givm cultic honors by hi' community. Initially, the cult of
• m.1rtyr was con fined to the community in which hit tomb was lo-
cated. Only later on Wt"" many marty,... taken into the festal cal""·
dar of other communities as _ II. The"" wlS an e ffort to nuI<t up
b \ad; of f"'" ssion o f the tomb by relics, including "ronll<1 rei·
ics" (bnt....),or even by im.ga.
SpecIal venn-aOOn was abo shown to the "confessors: thot is.
thoie who In ti"", of ptrlleCUtlon lu/feNd torture, Impri!lOnment.
 and ~i~. Once the grea~ perso.;:u~ions h.ad come ~o an end. oul.
s~anding bishops li k~ Gregory Th;1 umaturgu. in the East and M~r­
tin oITours in the Wes. Wen! also ho'IOlEd. FiNliy. the ... "", honor
wu pilid to ascetiC's and virgin,; h«au,", of their c"lraordin~Ty fol.
lowing of Christ.
AI an early dak alta ... CNpelS, and chun:hl'$ ...tft' buil' 0'·... the
tombs 0/ such ma rty ... and s.ainl.; lhe acts 01 the marty .. w....., read
0'·... lhem. and the EuduriSI was ~I~rat<'ll . Tl>e "ener-alion p.oid
them cons~ not only in COllUl'lemorlting the annive.,..ry of their
dea th (their ""llllt Or "birthda y") and imitaling thei r vlrtu..s. but
al.., in asking their inililCession (i" •...,.tj,,~·
Therf is no dftr ""'I~ of • {ullk ' ·m .... lion o f the Mother 0{
God during the firs~ 1m... cmturies. probably beeau ... Utenlion
was focuM.d on the cult of the martyrs and aposlles. In the fourth
century, howev ..., the ":t\LItion . uddenl y cNngcd. as 1 shall.how
fUTIMron.
In ord .... to rounlerOoCl an uncontrolled exl<."~ o f "mt'l'alion 01
the Solints m" C htmCh oo...1oped • procel5 01' canonizalion. It alilO
Bra~ u~lIy deve lopEd certain criteri.: 11\(0 PTOV"'" heroic following 0/
CluiSI and the E'\.idenc. 01' mi racles in M>SWlI1'lo p,-ay«s add - 'fEd
to the p<'rson. Tl>e au lhoritali,·~ dOCUment governing c.nonlulions
loday i. lhe Motu I"roprio SII,.dilllS r/Qrior 0/ Paul VI (March 19.
1969)."
n... ..""wralox! rnedie"al cult of I"" ...ints meant lhalln the lit.
urgy the temporal cycle was largely obscured, The Misowl and 0""
"iary which Pi", V promulgalEd _ftc,- the CO\Oool 0/ TI'CI\I nN:iuced
lhe number of s.o ints· feasts to "only" 158, but by the beginning of
,"" ~tcm"'ry the number N d cHmbed 10 230ag.lin, .nd this
does not indu&. feasts proper 10 d ioceses. many 01 wh ich had o"~r
a hund...d oIlhem. Befo", [ co_ to the reorganization of the {,1M.
dar. let me sooy • ,",W ..-ords on I"" lheology of v"",eu lion of the
lainlS,
Th""logy of Iht V''It'I'alicm of Iht SIIi~ l!
o....pll1r all the e""ggeralioru; .nd " '"" eo ''''leO""
practices con.
nected with the vener.tion o f the s.olnts' l many !'"iods . nd in
manyrounmes. the o fficial leaching of th~ ChtmCh N5 _ l o st
'"
sight of 11K- prindple enunclaled in I Timothy 2:Sf. (ChriSI is the
50Ie media tor). When the C hurch ' .........abeS 5;linl •• h is pnxLa.lming
the viclOrious gU~ oIlhe one nN:i~-em.". and m<'llialOr, Christ. who
adS in his s.oints. This asp«! of the ' ·........ lion 01 the saints finds ex-
potS.' on 1'5pMa lly in the ""'face for Masse. 01 thl: saints and . Iso
in many p"'lIid..."ti~1 prayers. Aulhorita tive statements of the teach-
ing Churdl . ... 10 be found in. for exlmp~. ".rious documents of
Valian II (SC 10).4, 111; LG. chapter VlI).
Whall ha "r be<.-n sooying applies also to vomera lion of Mary, the
Mother of God. »who is joined by ,n ~Table bond 10 the $lv,
in& WO"' 01' her Son. In her IheCh un:h holds up and .dmi .... the
most uceU""I effecl of the ...demption and joyfuUy contempLa.t1'5.
'" in a f1awleS5 image. lhal " 'hich the Chun::h itself desi .... and
hopes wholly 10 be" (SC 103) .
Veneration of the sainlS does not include only an acknowledgltll'nt
tNt by the BrKe o f God ItIEse ........ and women N,·t bor<:ome signs.
w Urwns, a nd models of Christian life. \I . 1"" includes con fiden<:t
in ' ppro;,ching them IS broth .... and sisl1l:1S in Christ, ..... king o ur
ares.rod needs known to them, &nd asking them 10 I"tercede with
God. the giver of \'Very good gift; thisronfi~ is t..sed on ..... fra·
~l iIOlidarity of all " '00 IT1.o1b up the mystical bod ~ of Christ."
C.thoIk , 'eneralion of the s.o.ints, wilton thu. p roperl y underslocxl.
is f" ... mo,·cd from "worship" of. C"""'n!. _ In theChurche501
the Reformation then: . ... siS"" lhat ma ny groups u~ finding their
w .yback to a v........ 'JIion of the ... ints as thus undl'f'Slood."
•
1'lor Nrw RoOII<ln (;no",,! CQII'IOdQ'
'llIt primary prinrip~ followed in the reform 01' 1M Genenl Ca l..,,-
dar was the priority of tl>e lemporal cycle o\'er the ... nctor~1. " in
order th.t the ""'Ii~ cyc ~ofm" mrs""'" of .. h 'alion .... y be~~
br."'" in the ......u ured"" to them" (SC 108). To m.ke Ihls possible,
• r.ther l.arg~ number of sooin"" fo.nts Nd 10 be limited 10 1oc_1
Churches ... I'fligiouscommunilies; " m.-only should be ex-
tmded to the un iversal Church that <ommemor.lt s.oinlS of truly
un\ve.sol significance" (SC III ). A further guideline was the rEd.UC'-
tion in ,hie number 01 Id .... -feasls or I t leul lheir ...d uction in nn k.
With I'f8Md 10 the choice 01' sooin ts' ",.SI., the teSt of historical truth
twd to be ~ if a saini was to boP ind ud..d in ""'General C.Ien·
dar. Only $ainl!; (>f gt'NlI'r oignifk"".,., ..~ to be .dmiltll'd. C.",
...·IS also 10 be Ialt. ... NI ;o.lI rountries and " islOrinl J""1iOdS Wl'I1'
rt'f',"",I..d (gwgtaphical and chronological unh~lity). Furttw;-._
"""'''',I'\.try sme of Ii '" and the mosl va rird npnoMions" Chris--
lion piety wc...IO be ' ''p' -n1Ed as far IS this was ~ib1e. On
March 21, 1969, t ...... Congregalion of Ri tes publislwd I...... n .....
Roman C".<-ne-rl l C.l-ndar, which w as p...:eded by Ihe Grnt"l"ll!
No'ms fo , 1M Uturgiall YOIl' ~ nd 1M Ctll....dll, and the Comm,..,,'.'Y on
thi, document."'
Alt hough the reduction in t...... number of .... inb wu " .It'1Uiw
"oough to elicit ~ in ind i>; d ual co".,.. it ft.ll ~ho" of achiEving
the intended goal nuntly. a oubstanliallibcralion of the GEnerol
Calenda.r from .... in.. I"".IS in fa'·or of the temporal cycle. For,
e'·en apa11 from t...... Marian feasts a nd mernori.ls.1h«e 'lie still
four solemtlities (10" pI ~ Birth 01 John the 6oprist; Petennd Paul;
AU Sioints), 17 feast", 5'9 obligalofy and 88 opnorwol mt'mOrlals, or
]68 In .. ll. C ritics h;;",~ point..d OUI duol of duo t number 89 . '" sain ts
from I...... Rom.nc...... ngu.>ge countries and 63 are from tM religknu
or<k-r!o. ~;, one commemoration of a unique kind, lho l cl an d ..
Ci'iI~ (hri"ians (A ll Soul,' Day); th .. gooes back 10 Abbot Odilo of
C luny in 998 and ha' t...... "" me ran k as a solemnity. If il f.lls on ..
Sunda y, its Ma" ,-,kes pTe«der.:lI'.
Thl' la'll" num""r of Marian feasls and memorials certainly bean
wiln~. to t .... IovinS- grateful esteem in whidlthe01 urch holds
t .... MoIMr of God. MOSI of the Marian "'asts .TOM' (from I...... fourth
century on) in IIw East and w ...... ..,.,.. adopim in t ...... WeoL In many
pt'1iods of history, however, il ~ 10 hav~ ~ forgotten duol
then! Colin be 100 many Ie... Is, 10 the d.-!riment of an authentic: ""n.,,-
ation .. Mary. Some doublet!; hI>'e been rnn<n·ed from th .. ~ cal-
en(br, but there .. s till .... rprisingly la~ number of r-uri.n
soImtnIlk's. f('aSlS, ;;md mnnoria]s. ] must limit myself Iwt1! 10 a li!ll
wilhout com m"",", ry.'" 1 should also remind the relKltr th" lhe
fN5ts previously known as I"" ~~talkm of Mary~ and the "An-
nUn<:b lion cl M.ry" have .lready been di"ussed In c011J"l«tion
wi th Ihe 1<:.515 of the Lord , as has the "Solemnily of th~ Mother cl
Cod·· in ronn«tion with the octave of C!uistm.,.
Mari.n solemnities and ",...15 (in order of tMir otturtmCll' in the ~.
lursical )'Nr): Solemnity of ' ...... Immacuu.te Cont1!pIion on ne..,.m-
ber 8; FfioSI of V"lSilation on Ju ly 2; Solemnity of the Assumption on
Augusl I S; Ffio!ol of the Nalivity of Mary on Septe ",ber 8.
Ma rian memorials (o. obIigalory; othefwlaeoptiorYl):Our ~y
E
o f Lourdes on Frbruary 11; 1...... lmrmcul." 1-\N11 o f M. ryon the
SolUrday dt.". tlw feast of I"" Sacred Hea11; Our Lady of Mounl
Carmel on July 16; Queeruttip of M.ry (0.) on Augu" 21; the Name
01 MIry On Scph,mber 12; Our Lady 01 Sorrow . (0.) on September
15; Our Lady of the Rosary (0.) on October 7; PresentUion of Mary
(0.) On N ovember 21 .
I thould mention ""re lhe speciol ' ·......... Iion plld 10 the Mother of
God in May (*Mary·, Month") and October("Rou.ry ~1onIhl." as
",..ll as lhe ,·oti~~ M~ for Our ~y on s..turdays.
c.lmd,.., of ~., DioctSt$, QnII MigioolJ C"",,,,,,nilin
The rtgioruol calendar for the Gennan-sp.-. kin& rountries waS
bued OIl the ~ Mmm 4,8..~ .nd the InstnoctiOll CMrn<Urill
pcrl;o.I."" of tIw Con~tion of Ri\li!S Uune 2~, 1970).'" and was
approved by Rome on Septem.... r 21. 1m.
In compiling t .... calendar an 11'11011 was a lso 1Nde. in collaboration
w llh a "'p"",ern.live of the Evangelical O1u rchOOi (0. F. Schulz), to
bring It into harmony with the Ev .ngellc.1 ·'Fe$lund
N.m..,ka"'ndar" in n.ogard to I..... ~mlng.nd dating of tJ>t, various
feasts .nd memorilois- ."... Catholic regio~1 calendar now has 110
feasts ar.d memorials in common w ith the EVlng<'lical c.l~darof
fll'asts a nd ... mes; only in 19cues.", lhere p..-tly still notable
d~ in d.ting .....
A I1!n\&rkableecumenkal ron,·eo ~na has 8lso been achi ....·ed by
the O1li!ti,n Churches in thie Uniled States. In gomer_I. I...... Roman
Calendar has been followed, .lthough Ihe terminology of SundaY'"
.1Ift Epiphany . nd Sun<bys.fter ,,", IKOSt has been ""ain..d.
The P'oper C. lI'ndar for lho> ~ of the Unit.-d Sta tes .. Am ...-
Ica liJtsone f~a5t (Our Lady of Gu. d,lupe, ~m""r 12), 9 mem.,.
rlaia of saints, 7 optional memorials of bl..,5('ds, Thanksgiving Day
.nd 1r.dI!"J'll"'dMlCll' Day.
Th __ ho>'ing a right to . religious , alend.Jr are «orde~ 01 men;
their " Iendar must ~Iso ~ followl!'Cl by any nuns and ,i~t .... be-
longing to the loll"'" order Ind by ilS ",niaril'$ who U" c in Commu-
nity and make simple >'0"'5" as " 'ell u " religious congn.ogations,
societies, and Iniltitu\1!S of pontili,~ ,"nk, if thfy ~'" in any way
obliged to TeChe Ihe divine office.-'" To bf' in5<lned inlo . "'Hgiou,
c.Icnd" ""', "beside celtbutiofu. of their lillto, found..... 0. patron,
ttw::.w SoIint< ~nd bl ' "pciJ who ~ mombers of INI ",Iigious Ilm-
By or hId some 5pecial ",lationMrip with it. '''I n o.d .... 10
strengthen the ties between the ... Iigious rommunitics and lhe locil
C hurches aU alike at.. 10 ceIeb •• t.. the Inni'·...,..'}' of the dedication
of the c.thed..al. nd the fciUtl of 1M prinriJ'lI patron!! 0I 1h.. place
and lhe larg.... "!gion,
A ,.,int<' c.olond.o. of I 5pKi.al ldnd is the Roman Martyrology.
which had ilS origin in the lisI!; kq:>t of f..ulu nd INrtyrs in the
~. rly Church, The last rl<lica lrevision of it wlS made in 1583; since
thot Ii".... il hili gone through numcrous editions and transl.tions,"
A n....- cdilion is stilliwaitcd,
Otapter Twenty One
Liturgical Space (The Church)
It is not an inht:renl requi",ment of the Christian "'Hgloo that Its ad,
he....,., have a SOIa-ed edif""".1 their diJposal, That much Is ot ... i-
ous from the simplc /.;I.ct lhal during the fir.;t twO cmturics
Chri'lians h/ld no p lace!' 01 wo rship "P«ifically !elaside for thai
pU'J"" 1", In add ition. the lat .... history of lhe Churd\ in many (Oun'
me. teU us tN.1 Chmtlan (ornmuniti8 w ..... w ithout any ( hurd!
buildings lor deardcs and f\'''''' cmturir!5 bul d id not die oul on
that lecount. On lhe other hand, liturgica l.s~mbli .... ", hrlped in
importanl ways loy having ,paces whose arrangt'fn""'t and furnish-
ings Lend suppa" 10 the pro:: l.il.... rion of God's word.ond the cele--
bntion of the lilUrgy and thus rontribul1r! in a positive way 10 the
koi..,...ia Or communion of the members with God and among I .... m-
lidvres,
The prcscnl ch/lpier will d isc,"" I"" theology of the OrristiMl
church bui lding. lhen briefl y review its history. ""I forth gu!delin.,,;
and crit~ril for modem c hurch" e"PLain the names .nd types of Ii·
turgical buildings. ~ w y lOmI:Ihing aboul tl!. -.,tia l fumlsh-
ings 01 . church. Ttl<. chap"" will conclud e wilh a section on tl!.
dedicalion 01 churches and altars.'
THE OLOGY Of Tin CH alSTIAN L IT U RCICAl BU ll OtxC
The New Testamenl writings spe.k from time to lime of liturgical
ptMrings, bul "'"'" d-=ri~ the p lareof assembly IS "house of
God. - «ynctuary,- or ....·"" -"'mple.« On the"' ...... hand, Chrisl
hlmself Is regarded as the true temple of the new CO\"cn.ant,. nd In-
deed he describes hlms<>lf ill I temple in In 201 3-22. This "....."" that
hoencdorth theenlltd lnrd, .nd noIlhoo templto of Slone in Jcrusa'
Inn,. if tM p~ ofGod 's s;oving PR'SenC'l'. - No longer is thereany
' p edfic place on ea rth tNi is the sole legitim. le locus for worship

of God. Ratoo, God is K> bfo aOOnod when"""" Christ is. th.It ;5, "v_
~rywhe~, H' JIl. 7:37.)6 must boo intcrpl'O!led along the same lin..s. Ac-
cording !(> ItM, Ap<IC".'YJ"i'I' (2l-m the MLamb, • ~tt>eo- with the
Fath .... is the temple01''''' holy city. and th .... is no othn.
At the de&1h oIC1uis1 the vo1l of the 'emple in Jeru .. lem was 10m
from top 10 bottom; many 01 the Fathm 01 the Church. intefpret
Ihls OS symbolizing lhe ""d of worship in the Old Testament temple
and the ~ing of . ..... w ord.... of !laivoti""_ By his death Christ
dism;mtLed the waU Mplr.tingJews.nd Centiks (__ EpI\ 2:14)
and thus es'abli~ the univPBlllt'mple thaI is Of"'" to "'ll peoples
and givt"S them salvarion and a hom~, As a result. a nt'W temple
CWI begins with and in 'es~ & new rr. in .....sh.lp of God, when
human ~ngs wiU worship him " in spirit and in '"'til" On4:23/.).
Since !how who bdio:".. in Christ fonl'l his mystlca) body and the
glory of God d_L1s in them <- In 14:23). it is und"",Uondable WI
Ihcoy and the rommunily thq form should m,,,w;so, bfoulled!em·
pies of the living God (1 Cor 3: 16-17; 8ft also 6:19; 2 Co, 6: ]6). In
the image of the mystiul body ChristiAns a re ailed the II'ltmben of
tho. body; so 100 in the image of the temple they an: called il!llivin&
~ro ...... (1 Pet N-6; _ Eph 2:20-22). Christ is the ir"",lactable foun·
dation of the t.""ple formed by Christians (1 Cor 3:11); at the ........
lime h<> i. I.... OOIIO('stone in which I.... whole building is joir..:d Ie>-
geth .... (£ph 2:2().21), ChriSI hlm",lf. dting Is. 28:16. speaks nf him·
...-If as. rorrwntone (MI 21:42 plOr.; 5ee I PIM 2:6-3).
In canalsl, tile malerial pl~ in which the community ,.then
plays ~ secoooary role; il .imply supplie$. ""I"\I~. From the very
beginnings of Christianity i. Nos been de.. mo. "" buildinS sancti ·
fies the. liturgical oom munity and !hat. on the (onaH)'. the pLact of
assembly I, ennooled by. and dmves it~ dignity from. the OOmmu·
nily Ind the liturgy il u lebr• •es Ilwlrin. This p rincip lupplie$ .1$0
10 la ter "S" wher! artislk chun:he5 _ built and an extr.'·lgan.
rile fcor the dedication nf churches wli developed and CV", when.
around the )'<'1' one mous.>nd. the practiCf' began of , exrving con ·
se<:raled host. in the church. If the d ignity of ChNtian chun:t-
w~'" derived from the last two develop men'" ju.t named. one
",·".,Id No>'e to dmy lIny diplly 10 the ch,,~ of the first millen.
ium. The view 1 am setting forth he ... isconfirmed by the inlrodUC'-
I
•
Ir.:Iry remlrks in lhe Jll"W rite fm the dediaotion of a churd! (CNopter I
11,1· 2) and by lho> """ommend.llon in the ~ ......al l",,",clam ofllot
~"M iwd that the Bles5ed S,crilme<>1 be reserved in a chapel
HplTilied from !he mo in body of thechurch (276).
H ISTORICAL SlJRV~Y
In the early dlYS, Christian communilie$ o,a,ed tn ailStmblc in the
nomes of their _IIobE l s.' bul from the beginnin& of the Ihird cen-
tury we fmd hous.,. owrn.'d by the communities and l1.'5e!"\'ed for
thftr lilurg;c.Ia55emblles. The hOOJse<hu..m d Ouril Europos on
tJ.., UPf'l'T Euphr~te Os a >~vid ~um~.· On.ct En-.peIOl Constan·
tino issued his edict of religious rol~ration (Edict of Milan) in 3\3.
n~rous bas.i1i~ " 'ere built; lhelle h.o.lls wIth their se>'eral naves
and apses were dedicated to their Christian pt., p<:iK by tt... first Eu·
chouiS! which II\(, bishop CO'lcbral<!d therein. Centrally planned ooi·
~ lTOM U ~ssembly halls ()V~r especially >'""erated hol y places
and memorills (for """'mp.... lhe Chun:h o f !he 5<>pu lcher in Jeros.a-
Iem; churches of the martyrs) and uerted. a "rung infll.K'f\(c on 8yz·
antine ~n:hil«rure with its domes, The an;hitecrure of Justinian's
pmod soughl to combine the .....:tAnguLtr shope of basilkas with
iMcentrally orienlOO plan of a domed buIlding.'
In the West ~ basilica fonn developed inro tho> architl'<tu.a[ style
of 1M urolingiln and Ottonia" perio<h, from which in tum
emerged the Romanr:sque otyle,' Romanesquc waS • .....:«C<Ied by
GothIc, which bee..",e the p!'eVailing stylo! io the period from about
11.50 10 1500.' IIoJI inJ1>e fift....,..,th century There wen! .I..... dy fon:cs
at work in haly that were seeking 10 mnve beyond Gothic, The .....
suh wu Ro>nai~ architectu"", which "'pl"l'St'flIOO a return ro an ·
tiquity. The most impotUnt ""Iui~' w~ harmonious
plOpOrtiom reminisc"'t allho> ancient temples'
At the end aI the ";~teenth ",,",Iury I\CW forms made their apptar·
ilI1Ce OOJt of which the b.oroquc d ...·elopcd .. round 1600. This slyle
was Initiany pr~cTicoo only by lillian ~n:hitec"', bUI by lhe end of
\hoo RVe<ltecn!h cenTUry architects throughOUI Europe ...... '" bulld-
Ina uniquely ptlfc<lITWln~.c. thtdraJ, and pilgrimage chun:t-.'
'Tho! u]timalol ~.,...."t or. dependingon the viewpoint. cuggera·
lion of the b.oroque slyle WI d~~I<>p<"d around the middl .. o f the
eighteen!h century Nos been IJiven the t>&me " IOCOCo. • bu' the name
~Lat~ Nroque~ IiW1JI5 pn'f~.bk>, At t"" "m~ period, rne.nwhil~, .....
periolly in ci...:k!s infh.l.,I\Ce<! by th~ English and F"'l\Ch Enlightt-"'_
"""'1$, I"" pendulum "'IS swinging in tiW' oppusite ditt'<:lion. 'fIw;".,
was iii n ...... ...,thusiasm for antiquity wilh its ~nobl~ simplicity and
quiet fr~ndeur. ~ The new style wu named d~ ..icism Or n<.'OCla ssi_
rurn.'
In tiW' Ilt!ll half of t"" nino!l ......1h aoT1tUry th(o Romanik rn<n..,ment
g,,,,e rille 10 a new ...,lhusiasm for th~ Middle Agoes and ilS architec-
tural styla: lI<:Inww.quund ~lIyGothk. The result ".~ h;,;-
tol'icism or an imitative !'dum to I"" p.ost, which I"" iiOuthoritil'l!
both Catholic and Protestant explicitly sUpp<.>rt.,d. .nd cl\Couragt!d
as Laie ~ the first decades 01 tiW' ""....Iieth ""'tury. The ""d 01 the
ninet""'th cenlury. I'I'>ei>nwhile, SOw tiW' ri$e of Art Nouveau which
suppliNl new impetus lor a rontemporary art." TIl<> slow bTeak
from histoticHm was also aid..! by tM ..... ot new build ing materi·
als ;ond te.;hniques lho t h.ad bem di~"l'f'I'd in t"" nIneI"""th «n-
tury and had alTeady bt-offi e ~ploit..d for secular building._TlIe
"",wt wu a lW'\<o' bn:a kthroug.h in tlOC""'iastical architecture; this
rn<n'woent is o fll.'ll simply a Iled ~mod...., church .m;hito:<:ture, ~ but
this dOllS not giv~ an idea 01 I"" varIety of no:w architl'Ctural forms.
TiW' new consciousness of the liturgy and its C hrislOC'mtrism has
pla)"N an importanl rok> In Ihis developmmt."
CUIO&tIN ES AND CRITE RI A fO R CHUR C H AR C HI 'TF.CTU Rl
The follOWing guidelines, for which. mo ... than contemporary va-
lidity may well ~ claimed, an> deri"r<! from a theological u nde.--
standing 01 the C hristian place of worship, from historica l
~of rnurd> a",hll«tun:..TId from theC<Xloli., and
postooncilia . Slaiflnenl'l isau..! by the Church ."
A CltwTtlt Mwst & A.ppi'1" "". 10 llot Co"~'icn
The people of Cod is hie.-archically org;>n;,,N and comprises cllorgy
and lai ty, although boIh a,.., unii'fd In the Holy Spirit to form a ,in-
Kle mYitIc.1 body of Chri~1. The unity 0/ Christ'. community ought
to IN> illumined r,lther than obscured by w architectunl char_ r
o f th. building, Therefore. onth. """ hand it is leg:itimu~ and mon-
datory to emphasize tlK- distinction 'oetween Ihe sanctuary and the
plaoi' for the C<Xlgn>g.lOOn.. btlt on the other lhe unily of the ~
communily thaI is engagod in tho- liturgic.J ...:tion should not be loes-- I
.,rneci by s~ti,1 a'nngemcnlS,
1his lasl is what happened in, for e""mpl~, the Middle Ages
(RomaTlf'Mlut period ) when a Itrloriw", or INdJn& platform divMitd
each churrh into a "r hurch 0/ lhe d ... gy~ and. "chu"'h 01 lhe
1I11y,~ tam "illl il$ own Liturgy_Nor clln the ;coNtuis {"waU of im-
-sal of the WI,,", Rit .... ~ regarded.s an ~I, especially since
~ in the early Church the ... w.s no "d lKipline of the «"","wm ~
for the fo.ithful bul only lor the nonhaptized. Also unsuitable from
II'If vi.twpoinl 01 ""-nllesting lhe unity o f Cod 's people a~ ~ve.
lofty walls around tl\(o choi., a narrow, lengthy choi r a""" and high,
III~LW: Iitar .INS. wilh the faithful sltting ala disUl\Ct like mere
spectalors. Long.. narrow ...,-es that ma~ wcor.gxegation """'"
Ukrolumns of marching soldiers and that ha,-e sometimes bftn
recornmerw:led as ~ing ·jou~ng churches" (R. Schwarz) . ob-
IalTt II'If fKl that lhe pilgrim ing community is hew ~thel\'d
around ib Lord for a me.J.
"Chum. MIISI & """"",not, 10 tilt U/w')fY
A d"'m:h mu~ ~ fundimal for liturgic:al actions; thllt is, it must fa-
dliute the «lebr.tion of the liturgy a, far as possible Si~ the eu_
ch.ari5tic celebration is the essential p.ort 01 the liturgy, the posilion
and w~ 01 the altar.,., especially impnrlant. The Instnlction
1"," Otrwmtr!ici of Septemb<!r 26, 1964. ~uil\'S lhat the altar IN>
ht u"nding and elSoily ci",\ed. "Its location in the place 0/ worship
Ihould ~ InIly <YItral 50 that tiW' attenlion of tht whole~ ·
lion ... turlily focUses therf .. , . The 5anctuary are. is to ~ ~
~ to accommoda te the _red rites"' (9\; DOL 23 no, :J.83) ,
~ must be IaUn not to Itt t~rongregootion', Mid o f "ision of
IIv _Itar be di~orbed by bright windo...., bthind il or 10 let confus-
Ing IUperstrw:tu"'" o. distrading 5C\.J lptu,"", on the altar Itself de--
tncI from 11$ chara(!er as ~holy ",ble~ (Ihe ... me givtn to thc .Jllr
In tiW' Ea5~ Chure""") ~nd ISSymboi 01 t"" Chri~ who o ffer:s
himself In _rificl'10 the Fother and givt:$ himself to the filthful.
fwthl'nnon!, since the liturgy of the word is cloKoly conn«trd w ith
IIv I'UCharillk litutgy, the .mbo Oecttm, pulpit) ~s P~I' for proda-
mation 01 the word ("Iablt 01 the w orn") must &Iuore in the ""ntral
and Cft\~ng position of the alta •.
Sec,u"" o f the ~at impotllll\Ce o f the SKummt of baptism. it is
rightly required tNt the pl~ of baptism (the baptistery) likrwiso>
~ within the congregatlon's f~1d of vision.
" o...rdt Should & Symb.Jlic ",d Clwllitotging
~ the tueNristic ~Iebration is by its Nlu, e an Ea.t" a "" n obly
01 the oommunlty around lIS e:o:~hed lord .rod sin« lhis rommu-
nity ~ m:eiye lhe joy. ron501~tion. ~nd s trength giym by the di-
yin<> protniJes•• ehuK h should ~ I festive.rod upliftins piau. It
ousht to mI«I tlw splendor of the d ivine promo-s and dwlm~
,-
those phS.:"t to I flith Nsed on hope; iUhould ~ SWTSI/m cordJJ in
In an earlier time this c:omp le< 01 qu~lities was 5u OTUT>ed up "" tM
"5at ",dnesa" of ~ chun:h. NowacL.)"5 this word elicits. 51rong objrc.
tim, from many people, bec.luse (they Sly) t .... diotinction ~een
sa. 'ed and S«1IlI.r has become unteruoble sinu the incarnation of
Chri$t (which cfft<eted a cuou«"'tio mw/!JIi. a "cotls«urion of the
world "). This "'bject hoos occ~sioned. nood of writings in t .... lI..t
few decides," but the di"ergcnt definitions used by variouuu-
tho .. have led to many m isundil'l'.twdlngs.
H . Muhl"". w ho has wrincn several solid books .nd.rti<:Ie. on the
.ubjfCt," d elin"" so:<;ul.rity as " the distinction o f c~ati on from
God " and iacrednN!l or !h1Cra lity as " ultima te related ness to this
Cod who alone is holy. " If we adopt tkflso:o de finitions, the two con-
e"?t. o.re not contradictory 10 one anot ..... r bU I s upport each other.
How do tMy apply to I ch un:h.nd its. fumi,hinp? A'C~a led ""'Ii-
ti<:s lheoie ""ain lheir _ular char'Cler. bUI bee.u"" the y .~ closely
.el.ted to Cod tho! Holy On<! Ihey.re.1 the ",me time sacred . The
rnare tran5pilrent the relatedness, the m.,..., profound lhe sacred-
ness will botand Ihe more they will do;US~ 10 thei . t • .., of bring a
s ign of the divine vocation of human beings .nd a challlt'l'l~ to its
fulfillmMt.
From Ihi' point of view. the interiofs of lNJ\y I'l'10(\(, " churd'oe do
not earn good marks,. beellll5e they _m so inhospitablt and un-
.ttractive. so depreMing, cold. and empty. An ~ful alTwv-
ment of 5~' bluk monotOFlY in ligh l .nd mIor. w.rtiJtIc
po>... rty '" furnishings do not symboliu tho! d ignity 01 tlw llturgical
._mbly n.lr do they iMlte and lead Ihecongregation inlo the mys- I
tery. Tu uy Ihis Is not, ho .... cw •. toopl for either • lavish and
,howy ,"yle 01 lOR:hitecture or an obtrusive monumtnUlity. both of
whi<h ",,,,,I
rather than ~ttra.ct peoploe today.
In thl5 COI"IW<t I may ...re. 10 the pn;>gr.mlNlic derontion 01 our
chun:he!o wilh ima!!"," (pictures, "~Iues, sl>oined glass). Images can
t.. liS"" and p roclamations a nd thus 5er"\'f faith in their own man-
ner. Lib> m usic, tl...'y can embody and cornmWli<:atea spiritual con-
tIIn!. wm.... vie-v.·ed thu~. pic:tures and .aolptures • .., man' than
wa)'5 of instnK:ling the imter.le; ther ha>'f an. innate power to p .....
claim . nd • mi'ilSlon. ry impor\.l"«. v.."," Congar, the French lheolo-
gian.. confirms Ihis when he .... ri'"'"'Jheno ..... certain chuR:hls tNt
.~ farnws for II>l' w.y they fulfili lhio function of being 5igns 01
the e>rill1t"nC<! and truth 01 that '",,",oelhmg else' [qro.otheT world ].
M.1ny (.'o rwersions ha>'e laken p lace or begun II e N"",". wd al
Ronchampo; too. simply thO'Ollgh the sign of "one rnd glass."'"
Mwlti"""OOSt Buildi"Ki ,,'" r" & /lqordrd As Stopgop"
Political diffi{'UI' i"" Or eco<1omic: . r.d financia l stra it. h.>'e som....
limes for<:«! rommunitle!i ti;> do without. real rnuR:h and be ... tis-
fied w ith. mul tipurpose building. The building ""'= not only for
thf cek.>bration 01 the lilurgy bu t for other comm unity function. of
the parish . Glwn lhe s ituation. therommunity will h.>'e 10 ma ke
do with such a building. I't'Of'le he ... and there. ho .... ever. have a.,.
pealed I<l the .......,.fs nf lhe wo.ld and tho: "undcruti lization" of
build ings Jet uid~ ".clu,iv~ly itS chuR:hes os proof thai lhe times
call for mu ltipurpose building5. 1n te'S~ I point oullhat be-
CAl1M' firsl.ralC lilurgies .... uceptionally imporl~nt and cannol be
replaced by anything c15O'. rommuniti<,s mUl!l lry to provi<k them-
~ves wilh truly sacred bui ld ings that symbolile the things of faith
.nd (, II m"" and women to mem . Multifunctional · chuoc .....· . '"
us...uly in fact neutral ~"d should IheretO!'" bot ""S"rded as a s top-
sap .nd noot ., • pastor.ll<k.l. "
N"'II!E $ AND T Y PF, S OF LtTURGICAL BUILOINGS
~ liturgical buildings lind spa<ti that ha,... devtloped in the
oourw of history ha>'e beerI giVIt'l'l ..... ny lUIinn'. Some of lheoie,
.. tuch I shall list heft. refer to specific functions.
 T~""
n... word "lemple"(Lalin ' trnlP/WM ) is derivO<! from ,..., C~k verb
'.",oein, which meanS " to cut; to cui off; sep.rate," and origin all y .....
fe,.,.."j 10. pifoa of land that .... as!let a5l d~ and dedic~led 10 ~ dJvin.
ity n . ~ grove .... 100- thO' building of a ....::,...! f'difice.
Christians initiaUy \fWd il only of Chrisl and the Christw. commu-
nity_In IIIter Iitutgkal lexl$ il occurs o nly in the concluding praye,
o f the MaM /or the dedication o f a church and in the pray" of the
d.y in the Maile for the anniverMlry of a church's dedication. The
pMace of the Mass of Dedica tion .p.... " of "the mystery 01 your
t~ '<"TTIpl.... (.. the 1\... """ly city) and of 1M body of J<'$U5 U - ,
temple ronS«l"aled 10 your glory.·

~urrlt-Hou~ tfc;.,d
The fi1$l: gathl'ling pt_ of Chri~tiUlI we .. called dom", trri"w,
"houst- 0111"" ,,"Its;", ~ tha t is, of ,he believing community (Liltio
ted",;. from G~k ri:kl",". "as/;tmbly called .P"' rt"). Thco name
....elf'S;. w.s til..., applied also to the place of assembl y, "" thai it
could mean tither the community or the pl."" in ,..h;eh the commu.
nl ty assembled. c:.,,'" ""
Itt <:nek antiquity the word ""!/otd ... deignakd the cIYlr 01_ .
The EnglWt word "churdl " ;,;.\soderi~~ from a Guek word. n.. . leiOC ...... or SO'""""'" and also the eIYi. ~ for a !""rbCU'
C .....I<--spe.. kinX Christians of the cuiy Churdl spok o f 0;0. t':r~ peraon . t .."""",I fW1O!1ary bilnquet5. The ~mc.(':"lm: nI'
o/,,,*~, a "house ~onging 10 lhe Lord (Kyno,, )." Subl;eq1.M.Tltly. ,""'''') was tllm applH:d 10 the bishop's d,..ir at the C~"an .
tht")' used an 3bb"",i~ted for m ky,;"<Vn (a neuter adjecti~c meaning Ii from which he presidt"d ""e.
tl><: S<'r\'ice and delivered his
" of the Lord"; Latin dominicwm). 1t Is from this tha t the word ho~. In the sixth ,""tury. b ishop's ~~urch woo .lready being
"church" d<>,·elnpo!d. Used first of lhe building. it was Lote< appli~ called • "cattieduli (/rom his nlt/W ... ).
10 Iht- romrnunity I i well. KyrW;on Is the origin of the word for • •

"church" tsptc ~lIy in EngIish.and in I heGmn~ .. nd Slavic Ian . In the European oountne!> . ...
name g."....... -, . ,.-- .
- -~ .. OJ ........ ,..., es __ ial1y In

gu.>Xn, "·h~"k1.~"io.k""ltsio has , uppliN Ihe word for "murdl " Spoin. France. and Engl.ond. while the: Gennan-5~kin8 OOUnl~
in tht· Roman« Longu ..!!",- Oflf d for the...-... " Dum " and Italy lor"'Dt>omo (5Ce bekrw).
CIOthed.,1 of an .rchbishop is also known ~s the - "'etropoi1U1n .
The term "house of God" h .. 10 boo distinguished from the pagan church.N ln the history of art "cathed...]"" is US<'<! chiefly for til<' pl1n ·
and Judaic nolion of a hou,;e whic h boolongs 10 God and is ~rv/!d ctpal chu n:heI in til<' Goth ic sty).,.
to him .. ~ his dW('UIng. In Chris tian USE". lhe " J>ouso, 01 God " is II
hou"., w ........... Christians gather and Mebrate !he liturgy; as such
il becomes a p lace of t>nrounter with God. a place " 'h(n he pr0-
Oo.....v_ /" ,""","" "
This ~mc is deri~~ from """'''' fPis<..,.. .. \ "" '''01' .
.I ~' nd .
." " 10 the bi· .......·s domestic ,IYpe!. whICh waS also
claims !tis word and oommuniciOteo himself 10 the f.. ithful in lhe .dE" . . on "" Y ~ ~.. nd had ' 51
C hristian mysteries. and whe .... his people oHer him II ...,riflCe of us/!d. for the choral office of III<' cathedral ca",'-'S a I e nun n·
prol"" and Ihan4gi~inK and bo>oome more dooely united to him In live work of the orchdeacon. In the high Middle Ag" the name waS

'"

lhen applied to tho! hisl>op's chun::h. Sorr... 00.... rnun::hes w...-e
given it.s an honorary title, ""'('fl iliough they nev"r had a bishop.
n... chu n::~ of the RoeformaHon rt'talned Iheir and"",1 designa -
h on • .
Mi1lSlrr
Tho: ... 0Id derh fi from Latin """"'Sltrium; il n,k .. ed originally to
the ""H,.. Pft!("Incts of the monastery but ....·entu~!ly came 10 deig.
""t~ the II"IONstery chun::h (e.g .• Westminsl~r Abbo>y). It was I/ot ...
applied to certain ca lhedra l chun::~ (in Q,nnany. England, and
"!,;,,,whe,...) and 10 p.arish chun::hes with a larg<' number of mio ist....
ing p ..... ts and of "I ltalists".
C"'"
In ;mH'IU;ly. the Latin oyp/If (derived from Gnoet. .trwtQ) ~nt a
CO\'en:d walkway or I ,," ult or I cave. 10 e;orly Chr:i5li.in ity il wu
u...-d for the p.iSSlg<!ways and rUches of the c.tacombs. Lat .... on it
refem:d to Ihe usually vaulled 'paces under the ap"'. choir. and
crossing (crypts might take the form of a tunnel or glliery. a ring. I
chamber. or a hall). Crypts play«la prominen t p.Irt "p«iaJly in
RomanesqUC' In::hilll'ChlI1'; It times they ...._ exp.onded into Iuolls
w ith <""erat ""'n, and sometimes ...·en had 1 .rurrounding ring of
d .... pek As a I'l"SUh o f this sub!tTTal\Nn <itovelOVOh.nt the choir 1,..1
hid to be el""a ll'<l. 10 th.ot it could be re;,ched only by I nighl of
s t,-"ps. Th ere are few crypts in Gothic and Baroque chun::~. The
"",son for Ihe ""iSlcncr of medieva l crypts ...u in many ca5ft the
localioo of saints' grlves and sepu khen containing ,...Iies. t"-
often being di~t1y under the rnain I IUor.
C,"",'
Tho: L.tin word c4prda i. the diminuti,·" of capp<l, "clook" (worn
during 1M choral office). Beginning in lhe time of the Frankish
kings of the early Middle Ages, rQpp.Ua wu the na me giv,," to the
pIKe ".~ lhe Iegend~ry cloa.k of St. Martin. Bishop of Tours, w • •
kept al thr myal COUrt in P.m (Lo S.i~"C""prlJ~). The """"" wu
...·entuaUy gi\'C.·n .&Iso to the plMlls for di" i"", ...... in! al the courts of
50CULar ~nd ll'irit ..... 1 Joro. (dom"tic", p.illa .... """511,, chapels). Th,.
..... me wa. lalCr applied also (in the form a. ppdlJm,) 10 the priHts
(chaplains) and choirs of such chlpels. In the Midd l,. Agl'S numer'
•
0\15 side d",peI' wen' built in la~... churches; II times these ••·,-ved
lilurgical fundioo. (baptisms, conf<.,.;ions) or w<'fO! assigned to ~iU'i_
OUJ groups as places of Iiturgic~ 1 . _mbly.
11'1 modem usage. a chapel i5 any pia", for liturgical celebration that
~ not ~_ the full k-gal sUiusof a pamh church . Thusthere
~ p ilgrinuge chapels. and chapels in seminari8, h05P;tals, caroe-
.... iO!f . and prisons. Under tN new li turgicall.w the eucharistic
brMd may be "'*' ,·ed in a l id.! chapel." Si<k alurs, if aiJowt:d at
.ll. may ~ k>cated only In such side chapels."
""""
An "oriUOry· (from Latin ot~ ... .. p ray) is a room or hou5e of pra)"'r.
sino!! the- urly Middle Agl'f the ..... me ha. been gi''eIl to .. :..,,1
IIf*'S that ...... not legally plm h churdles for the S"""""ilI p ublic
bul lfr\'e only p.artiocular communities and f.milies. An Mor~tory" if
IhWi to a1arxe""tenl the ~"'" as a "chapel." The old Code of
Canon Law distinguished btltwc,m public, semi-public. and privat~
ontones (can. 1183-11%). The Code of 1983 dl51inlluish .... only be-
_ oratories.nd privatecha"",ls (can. 121J.122'1). - The name
-OI1ItoryMaU musical ~.-e W iI.S deri"ed from ,he oratory of St.
PhIlip Neri (1515--95) in Rome, becluse the d ... 'OIiON held then-'
"'e.-e .companied by music " nd bore a certain ~bla""" to c...•
tlIW and. I.ter, even operas. "
TH E FUMNISHIN GS Of C llURUtES
AI.., a"d T«bf'l"dr
Latin has two'!lynon p ns nwaning a place whe<e fin' consumes a
AIOifial victim, ..... mely.""«,.. M
(from IIdoInr _ "bum ) and dnl (ftom
_ . "'bum"). Tho: fi~ oIlh<'5or ""0 Lalin words gi ,....... our En·
g1W1 wo rd "altar- (which i, no! dlTi"ed from La tin .ltw. ~ "high:
as Is IOmetimes claimed) . I &h.oll say nothing here aboul aU~ .... in IN
!mtory of n'ligioo s and in the Old lo.stamcnt" bU I sha ll tum di-
roc:t1y 10 the Christian .Itar.
the .'Uor was originally ' !l\O\'able ",ble on ...·hich to place the
bo tL d and wUw. Paul spc..1<s o f th~ ·I~bl~ of lhe Lord· (1 Cor
10-.21); and the East""' Churche!! "".... alw ..1' called the a1Uor ,he
""holy table." The GlWk La"3uoge also used "table of paifin," (thy-
.iotIltrlcm) as. designation for an altar. After the Constanlinian Rev-
'"
oIurion fixed stone .. liars gr..duaUy """ame tile norm. TlM'ir loca-
tion in I.... churth and !heir form differ1'd. Originally. each churth
.... d bUI a , ingle allar; this pucliCf' changed in tile v.'t'sc to ..·.rd the
md 01 1.... s ixth ' ''"'tury.
Thtocuh o f Ih~ manyrs thai began in the s.econd cmtury led 10 the
""",lion o f .Ilal'll "".. or O\'er their gra\,ef,. In pl<lCf's that did no!
1 " - the IIra" e, it bec.me cuslom.ry at a later date to deposit rei·
icli under or in the ahar. A baldachin·like ~I ructure, known as" ci/JQ.
.ium, was ",,-'de<! over many alta rs; Ihis wa s regarded as a sf""<'ial
mork of konor. aller the f.shion 0/ pallan antiquity. Around the
y~ .. lCXXlIht! cu stom llrew up 0/ placing pictures or rl'liefs-reta-
b1es. from Lalin mro • tultll/um---«-hlnd or en'" 0f1 the altar. ,,-hkh
meanwhile waS ""'inll mo,-ed closer and clO$('f to thl.' ",",r w.IL
In Gothic uchitt'Ctu .... the ...tab... """.me a !('I of lofty P'Ilels; from
tho! fiftM'lth Cl'f\IUI)' on theoe rested on a ~hl;l:.e support. till' p ....
della (Italian: ~foot-"toon. which was imrnedia~ly abon- the. al"'"
In Rmaissllro«> and 6aroqUl' uchitt'CtuR' Iil<' predella '''PPO' I<-d •
11",",1 *illt.rpi«.-.~ • I. rge picture which in 8aroqt>e (I'urehe was
nol simpl r framed byrolumns•• s in Rmaiswnce cl>urehes, bul SU'-
rounded by an "" b", architectu", of pilla rs. comin-.l. pediments,
and lICfQlI"""" ped omaments. whicl> in tum w~1'I! richl y dO'COr.ted
with the figu",' of angels and ",ints .nd even wi ll> f'l!liqua.ws. Th~
Rl..,ai!'5anc~ c,'cn """"""l-d to givc tho: altar lho: form o{. !lucopha-
gu~. TI>e lilurgic.1 .eform "I uur century ii pressing for a "",Iora-
tilln of In., labJe.al"'r and I')f its cenlrallocabon.
In Christian antiquity only the bread , wine, and Ilturgicallext.
mighl be plared on m., ~holy table,· wllicl> wA5ro,·~ with a
Ii""" d Olh . Bt,ginning in the eighth Cl'f\luty, reliquaoies ..... re also
p laM on the a1lar.u>d, beginning in lho! ,,!e>'enth, a Ci'055 and can-
dies. From I..... urly MjddJe Ages on, Ille fronl 01 the a llar W,"" d...:o-
raled with J Umptuous hanging,;, laler known as ilI\ltopendiums.
Va lk an 11 ord.......d thai I),.. regulations K",-nning IMallar M..,.
vised, and thest> now take lIl<'i' cue chi<>fl)' from I),.. rarliesllradi-
lion '''' cCl1tTalloca tion, scp;>,ation from ,hi.' "-'ar wall, easi ly cirrled.
fi.ed in plilCO!. and made 01 durable mat"";als. The custom oI ....dos-
ing relics in or under the a ltar (no longe. in I),.. mt"~ O. Uoble-top)
WID"'" re"'ined. pro~ided tl>al lhey are certainly .ut!>enric. The
..I",. !iIOnI: prescribed in the ~I foo mc,..ilbJe .11;in O. ordinary "'-
bles used fur celebralion is no kmg.... required . Th ...... linen cloth'!
on Ilw allar ale no longer required; OM suffke. 1l>e C'r'O!k!I and oon-
dies may be plaCf'd either on or nea t the Iltlr. Pictures or .t.1 h.ooe§ 01
the Nints may no longer be pI~ on lhe al., •. fkr,o.'er& are ..1-
lowed . A. f" as f"'5oSib .... any sid ..... luors are 10 be ktpl at • dis-
tanc~."
The pos.ition " f the celebrant at the a1lar was originally connected
w ith the "".!w.rd position for p.arer and "Iso wHlllhe .. aslward
position Corientation") of Iht church itself ("';100 the .pse or the en-
trant\" 10 the church might be "orienled 0)." As " <eIIult of Valkan n,
.:ot'kbnhon facing tll<'!"""P1e is officially allowed 0T'Ill: more." after
Noving fal~ inlo d;s""" in lhe Weit for almosla lhousand !"ars
(although il was ne.... , o/fici.olly prohibil'l!d). n... nt'W practice has
now spread Ihroughoul th~ enlire lire.> oIlhe Roman Rite, """.use
II No5 bem .ecogni>.ed as beiog more rnraningful and 01 g ...aler pas-
1OI'a1 vlil Ul'.
In ttw COlI"'" of h;story. (oruot'Cra loo !>oilS ha"e bem, - ? "'ed, pri-
marily /0. commuruon of It... ",k and for viarlcum. in a ~'ariety <>f
mil"", and types of conlain.,..: lhe _ldent'<' 0/ the d encJ;. "de
room of the church; a movable conlainer (pyx) on the a ltar: a ,'es",,1
llanging o\'er the altar (hanging labcomaclc) "ften in It... fonn of •
eutharl$lic d ""e; a smo ll cupbo.>rd on the wall near lhe .Itar; a f.......-
. tanding ta~~ (Lat~ Gotl>k). Only in fifl.,..nth<entury Ital)'
and Sp.ain did churdles bo>gin 10 altaCh lhe ta~macle """,rely 10
tIw "",in al", •. Due a f""<'ial1y 10 the effort!! of St. Charles Borrorneo.
Cardinal of Milan, this p racb«> was prescribed in many places as
early .as the sixI<'enth cenlury and ....·eI1l\i.1 l1y M ...... uni,·er.;;oL
Only in churches in which the choral o!fin. ..'as sung and in muc'"
visited pilgrimage churd>ts was ;1 the Nk Ih~1 Iil<' s;ocra ....... ' be ......
RrVOO on a Hl-u M Sacramenl Alta. in a sp«ial Blessed Sacra........ '
a."...
sm.:.- 1964 (Instruction Int... DI'f~ ....... ;ri.
95) bishops have been .u-
thorized to let the tabernacle be plact'd el""wheN Ihon on t .... altar;
foreumple. on . pillar or in a walt niche. TIl<' Instruction [u -
d ",ritliC1lm mysttrium on til<' Eucharis' of May 25, 1967. recom-
 1'I'It!nd~ (110. 53) thaI th~ BIe55fd Sac.a"""' l to.. fl.."S("I"\·oo;n . chapel
~ alNn from the main body 01 I1M' ch ... n:h; the ~m""""dation i5
~lo;cI in CIRM V&and in lho- Sl'CIion on " Holy Co mmllnion and
Wonhlp 01 liM' Euchorisl Outsid .. M.ss"!no. 9) in IIw Rom.n lUI'
.... 1. The newC~ oICanon Law (1 983) ""I... ires that IiM'labemo.
de bo.o placed ;n a INri of lhoe ch ... n:h lha t ;s prominent. bo>.... tifully
d«or.ted . • "" suilable for pray.... (can. 938 n.2). Tl\(,~ . re to""
IWO signs in particular that tf><, Ble55fd Sac. am.,nt is in the tahema.
de: a ""il covering liM' t_hemad .. itself and a lighlc"<l condl ..
"".rb}'-"
BiM",,', 0lIW ", Qnd Prits"s eMi,
In 'ntiquily the G.....,k w()I"d h!fW", designolt."<l tlw c ..... ir from
which high ranking civicoffi<ial •• judges. and tucheTs .. ~
lho-ir offICE'. LIte Judaism " 'as aoo famlli... with the ideo of an offi.
cial chair (se.. Mt 23:2). Christianily adopil'd the tffl'n '«1M/Nt for
the chai' from which liM' bishop pi ided lIi lhe- liturgy and
PINched the- homily. Initially. il W&5 a rno>·.b~chair pl.>cN al the
Cft>1.... of lhe .pst; lhe ch.Iirs (str/i/i4I) of th .. prit'St) we ... . rnng...t on
.. ith .... side of ;1. In Ih .. founh ' ''''tu ry il was d i5linguished from
tlwsc.' otlwr chairs by bring set on a podium, wilh a b.k!;oehin ov ...
it, and booing sh .p<'<! like a throne, in ~oepinll with 11K> lofty civil Sla-
Ius of bishop.< in lhe post..const;mlinian period. Around tlK> year
10000 Ihe bishop's chair was mo,·o:d to on.. sld e of the ahar.
Thto lrutruction PIm'ifi<~I;s rilus Uu "" 21. I %6) on lho! simplification
01 pon~lkal rit ... and insignia'" says that the bishop's chaiT is hence-
forth to be known by its Iradi tional n'!TIl' o f C~lhed .. and not c.lIl'd
1 11\rorI('. lIld is not to ~ surmounted by a baldachin. although n .
isling '·~ll.I.1ble works o f .rt from the pillS! art not 10 be """............
The C....mn""NrI~ Cpisroporum 01 19&1 ""'..... Ih(o poinl th. II"'" <a t .....
dra. bring a preid...,tial .nai r. must be dearly " il-ibl .. to the congn-
g;olion.
As IN'''hcs d<-.·elopl.'d in tilt fou r th cer"liury. a p f\"Sidcrolial chair
wusoon pft>\'jdl'd lor the p.;>rish p .....l. It lost ib lunction. how .
........ Irom Ihe co rly Middle Ages on. onc .. the prie5t I>o.og.n to .....
m. in allho! altar throughoul Ma ss. Only during Vatican II did il
"''<;Co,'cr lis fundinn ( In struction 1m" Orrw"",nin 921. Tht CIRM sa~
thai the 1>0.'51 pia", fnr it is at thc back of lhe sanctuary. lacing the
~ple, provi<kd lhe Siructu ... of lhe gnclUlry or otIwr cimom-
ttancaa ... not an obstacle (271). It;s from thif preoid...,lial chair
thai tilt priesl I,,;ods th .. litu.lJY of the word lind the concluding IN ri
oIl1w MI!iOI; he may .Iso p ...iOCh a nd leid the prll)""" of liM' faithful
from therf (GIRM '17. 99). It should not . /!SEuoble IIhrorw1 and
v,ould ~ plain.""
TIot "'moo (u.:I"'~)'" PlIIu of Prao:lII .... li""
At I poin to:d oul above. the .... li"1 pl~ for proclamation during
tIM' liturgy was lhe calhedra ol lhe bishop 01'. for lhe ~.dings.lhe
nearby chairs 01 the priest and other clerics. As churches became
larger. • coustkll problems c• .....d the pl~ for the ..... adings and
IIftmOn to be moved d.-. 10 th .. congregation. ReiOd .... and
P'N ,her e'"""tually stood. .1 the I ltar r.il (tor"",I"). which was
iOtloe times pLaoo>d oul in lhe lran!Oepl. Then an e le....1l'd baluslr.do:d
platform was en'Cterl It liM' Ilttr u n. with ~·.. r.1 s\J:p$ leading up
to it; this was gi.."" the name .",,,", (from lhe Gn:-ek " em Q""/ori ......
• "8"up ~).
1lw twelfth cmtury gW the de\'eIopmenl of II I.d"riwm or p latform
!of _dins. which was rrKtt<! betw"", cholr lind NOV"; il now sep-
arated the "church of the c\erlJY~ from the "church of the peopl~. ·
On lhe side towa rd the nave In "lit" 01 lhe CfO!I!I" was el"l'd...t;
over il was I cro6S. with slatuesol Mary and John lhe Evangelist on
either side. Here Mass waS celcl> .. ted for the people. During ttl<> Bo -
roque period mOSI oflhe!;e altar.pla tlorms WI:f1! removed as d<'lract-
Ing from the i",..... .pace 01 the building.
In chutditS bodcing such platfot , ... movable w~ pulpits ........
a«~ dwirog the high Middle Agt'l . ., tNt the p....rnc.- could IX"
ck I I. IOthea>ng:regation and IX" _..asily Mlrd and understood..
From the rou.-..Ih oentury on. pulpits ~I", look 0... form of stone
~ Ittached to I piIW or 10 the ~waU 01 the chtudl; they
_ ' ..'aUy baskd~ped. with • soo.mding.oo..rd roof. and had (dr-
0IIar) .wn INding up to Ihrm. (Klmul. the Gennan name lor " pul-
pit. ~ if I mninder that the ..... ctlli. or altar rails. wen: the origiNl plae.
fCJr .eding ard p....ming.) One duwbKk of Ihl5 :!OIution 10 lhe
1ICOi.ii!'!k.1problem was thaI a section of !he con~tion had their
bKk. to liM' P'" :her, "$pi.ally ~ fi!o:ed 5C.'ahl beca"", customary. A
 further di!;od"an lage was the ob$curing of the inner COIUl<'Ction I::.:-
tw,..." the ublo;> of !he word .md , .... lablf of the liil>CTamml,
Va tican II brought a n!SlOratkm 01 II\(' ambo (in the form of a 1«.
tnn). n... Instrucllon '"'''' CIn' .......... j(i (96) l't'OOmmm dl'd il ' a leIt ....
of Illf Roman ConslUum (Oaobtor 26. 1<J6.1,) CIolll'd for it as ~es-
SJo,}: 10 I..... rd"" .. oed celebralion 01 I..... lilurgy_Tho- G/RM requires a
~tahon...y ambo. wltkh is ' 0 be 01 ~uch • Idnd and 50 locall'd !ha, i'
1$ «. natural focal poinl lot , ..... peopt. during ' ..... lilurgyof I.....
word« (272).'"'
The- PlIKrcf&rplism
5p«W1 p lotee5 lot baptism are "'" aUt'SIed. unli] ...... third cenlury
(ft;o-CQmple, in I..... house-church _t Oura Eurupos).'" From the
fourth «'nl~ry on, spfCW bu;]ding1!1 wen' ereal'd for I"" administra.
hun of bapttsm , usually cbe to prioop.aJ chu",Jw.s In these "boptis-
:eo""« th..... w:, ~~" sunk in the- ground forthr b..plismal w ....or;
n w;>S caJJo>d . !"SClna (from Lalin pise;'",. fiiJ, pond) and had
Ill_ SI.-pi ",.ding down In lo il.lI w., only ~tmtimf'teN
d""P, 50 that. Comp"'lf Immersion oI. dull can dida tes was hardl
~iblo;>. Scholars IiSUmf, therefore. Ihat Ihr cand idates. st.andin/
In. the pool. had water poured 0\'.,.. lhem and WeT(' Illu. co.,<>red
WIth. "garment of wa t~r.""
an.:" Ihe .'U lllortty 10 bapti7.e was e~"'ndl'd from tilt: bishop to the
~n.h pn,'!!1 toward Ihe end o f antiquity. churches w.".e ",Ii.fi<'d
With a portab lc w ood..., or Slone tub. In the Romanesqut: p<"riod
. Ione fonlS, shapl'd li ke cups or chalke!!. we", ~"",ted in which to
k""P the b.aphsmal wal.... These had CO\-',," that could ~ lockl'd
not only. for, lhe HI«! of clf.nli"", bu l 10 p "" 'enllhe baptiSma l '
waler Wllh lIS adml~tu n! 01 holy oils from ~in, lI$E'd in.....'
. Ch.o glCa ,
nl"", rl,:" Borromeo and I'" P'O"lrod. 1 synod of Milan in 15B6,
whoch look II. INd from him, "",!uired ca lhed.~ ls and oI her prir\ci.
p&l chu..:1M'S ro ,,""e a !ep-lr"e bopfuwry, and p&rish churches 10
"""c a font at ~ 1m of lhe ""tral\Cf. T1wse pra~ bec,n-w. a kind
01 unwrtlh>n law fOlI'~ ._~of the West ..... Church . In lhe firsl
d«adcs 01 the!" . en! century, , ...... wa, a ","ewl'd can for operial
chapel, for baptism.
On lheot'- hand, tile 195] I'l'gulations fo • • monnl'd Ea . ..... Vigil
pointed out thaI baptis m ought to be administered within sight of
,
lhe fIOmmuniry that is p&mcip&ling in thf litu.gy and lhal !ep-I.ate
bi>pti~OIl <,,"pels are UTllluililblo! from thill point o f vifW." nu.
vi«w of lhi! mat"" w lS also adopled in the Instruction fnl...
Cln'ummj,:j (99) and in ,... new rilll'S lor the baptism of mildrm and
ad"!,,,.'"
For the _son ;uSt gi"en. fontl nHt the ct.u..:11 dcoo(. which in any
c~ USWlUy ~ only IS leu p ... c~ for storing the b.aptioma]
waler, .n! now o umwded, espKillly since outsidf I..... Easter ow·
.on tIIf "'Iter Is bl:;p ' d new fore.ch bi>ptism and is ro be ~
thne only during the Ea,te-r ~nons ~if feniblf.« "fhe rite 01 b.ap-
lism should ~ « leb,.Ied rather in I'" .rea between a]w and con-
greg.lion; II'M' .mbo should obvi0u5ly be IH<'d for the liturgy of the
word that ill p.a" of t/\is rite. The KI 01 b.aptiring (3l\ then ~ per'
Io""ed in fronl of ' ...... mbo and (or) the Eas ..... ""ndk>; because
ch"n:hH dlff .... so much in their arrangement, il i5 not poMible to
spKify a precise spot, ]n rnu..:hes that haw .u f/icient and .uitably
organized SplCO! t ... portable font can ~ reploced b y an artisticbap-
tismal pool with running ""ate-r. The East .... cand le may btplac<'d
c~ to this pool, thus increasing its symbolic pow.,...
~ Pillov of C/.",', and Org.l"
In the beginning. Ihe s inging at thc liturgy waS done by. group of
ck-rics and monks, 10 wh ich boy~ were admitt<'d late. on (choru.
pooJIrnI;u",; J<"hoIQ ,,,nloru"'), They s tood around or in fronl of Ih.-
.Ita., o"t as fat•. , I"" altor ra il" A. . ..... .,11. lhe entire ",ncllla ,,'
•
uN came 10 be known lS I'" "choir." Thr medieval platform for
..... ding and pruching (t",/mo,;."') ,Ni,;n the Baroque period .
the ga llery I t lhe rea . of t ... ch.,..:h w~'" .Iso plac:C!i from which lhe
choir sang. The", were.1so Iribunes. galleries, and reee" .... or ba ys
rS""ln'l nests") nIMI, ~hind .• nd above lhe .Un.
D
Vatican 11 I'fgoIrds t ... mfffihen 01 the choir as cx...-.:ising ". g""u;""
liturgiocll function " (SC 39). The GIRM includes I'" other faithful
who contribule to t... m u~ of the litu<gy, !'Specially organ;s1S (63).
The p~ o«upled by t-ingffS aNi rnpnish .hould make it d .....
Ihol thfy are pa-" 01 the united fIOmmunity 011'" failhful (Instruc·
tion In~ OrrnI"""iej 97); il slMNld .bo «re..:!i]y 1110\0' Nrn member
complete, thaI is, taCl'amef>"] p.artid~tion in !he Mas!;" (GIRM

214). n- v",;nus pre5l1iptions .... ';""d discu55iofl ~t the highest
Lt......1~;ng the uptimo! location for t~ choir, In som .. "mod-
em" churches built in t .... third and fourth dend" 0/ lhis century' it
w.~ dooded thot the p •...,.,... pia"" for the choir ......... t .... ;mnoNial..
" icinity of the allu.'" This ~rr~ngl'fl"l""t is Cl'i1 .. iniy p!>SI;ibl .. in
m .. ny n'Ct'I\l churc"'" ...·;Ih their sp;iciotos ~ctuarios.
Tlw probJ.\,m of the optimlil location of organ and Orsin;SI is mort'
dlfftculi. E~ ,;n<: .. th~ Ofgan bee.mc known in the kingdom 0/ the
Frank~ through gift, from Byzanlium (7S7 and 811). it has h<1d an
;mponan! pla~ In the Wl.'Slcrn lilurgy." Only beginning with the
late Middle Age.o.howc,..,r. do "'e h<1v~ sp«lfic Information on its
loca,ion in In.. Church." In t ..... Calholic churches of lhe ninel"'-""lth
cenlury it was usually placed in Ill<' ga Uf'I"}' a, lhe I'f'U 0/ the
church. Since Va tican 11 ""'"' N' 000m a lendency to Iocat .. the
~n. moe tIu> choir, ne.ar the "Itilr, rit ...... in a sick- g.allny or al floor
!e"e!, In ord~, ho ...·"'.."., Oro allow choir and o rgan to be cla.e hl <>roe
another (since the organist is often lhe leader of song). it is o ften
necewry to make do with a smaller (5Upplem""Ury) ~n. Organ
cxpens ""v, so>rinu. objections 10 placi~ I~ ~rd .. Inrii'd .....
10 the allar, wh.ile Ie.ving the organ itself in I~ o;:ar ~lIcry; Iho>y
warn 'ha t t .... quality of the organ pl.y;ng i~ ad\"CO('ly .. ff!.'C,cd
when an M'ronic keyboard is used." Thu s. in "",ny church .... t ....
~Ul'!ltion of ,he optimal p l."" fnr ,n., orxan and choir Is still unan·
~werl<d .
0."" ~~d A .,iurn
Carolingian ....d OUnnian architects. and "f"'Ci.olly the architects of
I.... Romanesq"" and Gothlc periods. d .. votoo spt'Ci.ol attention and
"nistic ca", 10 I.... doo~ of churches.. They regank<f Itw.m n sym .
boIil ing lhe pori" _Ii Cdoor 10 M" .... l Wt leads into the ....... , .•
enJy Jerusalem. ~ symbolism of Chris, as door On 10:9; 1007)aho
played an imponant pon, as can be ........ I",m the many ..".---.tli-
lions of Chrisl on the doo~ 01 modi",·.1 churches. Modem archi·
t!.'C1S usually d"""".I~ church dOot"'l wilh lli>Oblrusive biblical or
lilurgical symbols.
The crossIng of Ihe threshold into a church call. for in t~rior puriry;
for this o;:o!oOn. not only have tll<' faithful been 5pri nkled with holy
water (si""" lhe ~i gh'h century). but the custom 5000 developed 0/
...,
I
,Iso sprinkling, 0< ClOS5ing, OI"of'5O;'lf with holy wile< u one enlc<S I
the houscofGod_ For Ihis pu ....... a basin o/holy waler was
pLactod neaf ill<' "" trance_To ill<' motif of po.orification ...·u added
WI of l'I'ITIer\\bran<:e of "",,'J barmm.
Aoo hl be interpreted as a call to a p.opel Interior mood and 10 pu-
rifical;on is the architectural practic~ in early Christian and ~arly
rMdie,·.1 ti""-'S of "",'log an atrium at the ""ITU";" hl basilicas.
Thi, waS. reclangular or squarc forecoun as w ide a5 IIw na,-e and
lurroundro on Ih",O' nr ..... en four sides by columned hall s. With a
fauntliin in the middle and ""erg"",n 'I"ftti Ind shrubs .round it un ·
derstlindably gave rise 10 lhe oa"", .. g.rd .... of .... r.dise" or ,imply
. .... radise_ · The columned halls were .l~ meeting pl.""" for the
f.ithful and . in many ca ...... place when! ,he cateChumens gath·
.....
ered. 1M building of atria gradually ""ued in till!' high M;ddle
1he ".",...I.ti.... 01 the atrium in Byzantine architecture is the oar·
the><,. aloo a iled the pron_ (fore.ru",,,), a MKOUn leading hl the
nave where the faithful .... rticipate in the liturgy.
In ft«fOt ti"," the important function of an atrium u plaCO' of _01·
~ion.nd interior purif",.tion ""S been redIKo\'ewd. and ilS in<:lu·
.ion has been uTged for new churches.'"'
Chw",h Tou't"rS ond &11.
Tlw churches <1f Christian antiquity did MI have towers. The begin·
nlngfof med~al church 'owers go Nck to lhe kingdom. of Charle-
magne. It is thoughllhat Iwo f~~ playrd a .... n In I""" ong"'; .
lhe tombo of antiquity, whidt influenced the form ofthe~arly med .·
"'Il towers 0" '" crossing . nd choir, and IN- .-d of fonifiu.tion.
wl>kh infl,""",ed espKially IN- wesl fron, of catmdralo! and monu--
\>fI"y churches." C . adually. ...·m less important churches acquired a
tow ...; these not only symbolized tn.. fortified ciry of God btllsubse-
""'-et"!I
qumtly ........e<! to house bell•. ll>(' 51.i ......·.)'$ o f 1M ga"~ ac-
cess to tn. galleries in church"" I"'" had theie; In.. broad shallow
1!fpI in the circular ",airways o f many Romanorsq"" lowers al.o
ITLlIde it ....5i .... hl carry up building mII~rial s and waler far putting
nu' fi ..... ("donkey·hlw..... ").
The mendic.nt orders and reform groups (lor ""ample. ,he
 Cist..-rcians) "'SardN! 1OW~1"5 ilS an un!lt'<:t5s",y ~xp"n,;e_ Bell tow-
ers (ampm;J..,;) in tIw form of stru<tu "",, sepa<ate from !he chu...:h
.;Ie..~ en ly in Italy. Most l<W>'er5 af\' crowned by a C1'Cl!;6 0< e~
by a wea lherrock, whkh is net • di ~lincti"e (On«'uional sign . As
carly as lhe ninth c.-rtlury, the w~aln.,...:<-.:k on • ~hu'ch tow.". .ym-
bolized the can to 1'tJ"'ntance and vigila ....... and was thus also •
symbol of Chrisl_
Bells prub.oblyorigiTUltO!d in China , wh ............ ll bel ls w....., in exis-
t'-"'~ in the twelfth century RC In tn., C hristian wurld bells fin"
appean,od in JIlOrW5tt>n..s; in the WI'St th..y f\'achtxl other communi .
tie vii itinerant Irish monks_ n.e;, function was to ull !he faithfu l
lu di,; ne 5nVices .nd to annuu~ t'\•...,'" both joyous and sad .
~ the Iwelfth century many churd...s h;"'e nod . whole "", o f
bells, eilCh with ils special function.
A blessing for bells de,'rIuped first in Gaul. The bltossing gi"en in
the Roman Pontifical o f 1961 was. grNtly simplified rib> (ch ief e le-
ments: sprinkling with holy wlter, anoinling with chri§m in lhe
form 01 . cross in four places). The<:elebrant was the bishop or a
priesl w/tum he delegated. The &/Wlic,ionaJ ul 1984 no. a revised
rilt>. It can be <:ell'brated by a priest and Includes, inlroductiun, 1(1.
urgy o f the wun! ("';Ih milny 5Uggntions for ....idin&s), .0011 hom.
ily and inten:t'Ssions, pray ... of blessing (lwO formulari .......
provid<'d). s prinkling w ith holy wa ter and ina>nsation (during
"'hieh Psalm 149 is 5ung). ""d """,mn final blessing. The bJ....sing
of bells can .Iso I.k p lacf during. mass. .ft.... I"" homily."
THE DEDICATION or C HURClI[S AN D Al TA RS
l/istori(IJi S w~
The.<"I of talring pos_ion of a rnu...:h nos from the beginnin&
been <:elebralrd with pal joy_ II OC<'UrA'<i during . solemn pontifi.
cal Ma!lS al " 'hkh lhe bishop himst-lf preacivd." AI Rome I","",
we ... no othor riles befo ... I"" "" " '"IIh <:enlury. In lhe Easi. ho~er,
a rich c~ ... mooiaJ develOped . 1an earl y date, wilh Its torus chiefly
on I"" altar. Th" (... )intelll"ll"lli 01 mal"lyrs or .. inls, or at • I.ter time
thrir 1'l'Iks, p l.)"ed an importanl P" I"I in the "It "lOlly. Since the Sec·
ond Council of Nic""a in m it ha~ boPoen precribed lhat l'l'Iics must
be pla~ in or under every aUar_
'"
As c.rly as 1m' sixth century. tM Eastern delighl in ri tual rubbed off
on SpIIin and Gaul, whe .... ,' ;or;oo and ut.>nsivf set of~remofI""
for lhe dedicahon of altor and eIl"...:h c.&me inlo ~; many ..1f-
m ..... ts bon- the mark lo:ss of the ~. Testament than of Jewish cen.'-
moniallaw and lhe ancienl pag.nl'l'l igioUli outlook. f rom lhe ninth
""'Iury 00 then' wilS a mutual ~xchange o f Roman and Gil lin-
Frankishflemenb. V", the Roman..(;.erm.on Pontifical of .bout 960
two formu Lu'ies for the ..... w riw INched Rome and ~ the .... 1oC-
co!ptrd as lhe Roman rite for the drdicalion of churches. Toward the
end of tl><' thil1eenlh century William Durandus, Bishop of MCfld<>
(Sout""m Fral\a'l, ex!"'nded the rite still further; it was used in sub-
stantially this lorm until our ti"",_.,
One fruil of Ihl' postconciliar lilurgiocal reform .... s III Oo-do
dtti K.,;.",i! ~dt>l"'t rt .U.,;J which .ppeared in 19n as. f.. scicle of
tN- Roman roolilie,L"
uyi"g of,1er Com..,.".-(Qo/tflollll"" of llerS'"", of !lui/ding) .
This "" ...mooy. " 'hkh is tho! s ubject of ChaP""" I of the new "W.
Came inlo existenC" as long ago IS lhe high Middle Ages. The appro-
priate celebrlnl is the bishop of ~ diOC~. but I><' c.a n delo:sate an-
other bishop or, by ...·ay of e...:eptlOn, I pnest The bW>op hrsl
b:pllins lhe signifka"'" of the laying of the ro .......... tone .nd offf'rs
an introductory prayer. H" lhen goes in PIOCtZ!;"" w ith the faithful
to I"" building Si te .... I><'r~ the pl.ce 01 lhe lutu .... main a Ulr i.
rruork<'d by a wood<>n cross. A limrgy oItN word follows: two ",.d·
inp (.... ith. ~rial pw,lms bet ...·.,..,) and I g<>5P('1, follow«! by
• homily 01 the biShop. l'he do:umenl pmalning to the laying of
thl' romer.tont and lhe start 01 building is then rNd and lignrd;
t.... bishop 'Prinkl"" tl><- 5ilC with holy watt'T. bll'Sst.$ the comer-
l tone. and lays the Slone, ... ilh lhe documenl, 01\ tl><- found.Mn. In·
IE" Lssions, the Our Father, a prl)"e(, ,lid a bl .....ing conclude the
ctlebration .
TIlt Ctld",";"" of Ihr Dttiir~t.m of ~ Chwrch
A Je.nghty p;tstoral introduction at lhe beginning of Chap h.'f II com·
bines ronsider~ tions on the "!\I N .... . n.d d ignity 01 chu rd>es" Wlth.
IUggcstionsof . more putoral and rubrkal kind. The d~ioc.ti~ .
lakes pI..ce ,",li""ly within I"" ""lebration of lhe [UCh.arwl, which ,I
'"
"thoe most impol1<Ult and the one nat Pry rite for the dedlc<o\ion of
a church " (n, 151.
The entr.nce C.An take tm.", forms. The filS! i.lCludi!S 8 pnxes&ion to
the new church. 111 the -=and, the faithful g~thel' at the door of the
new church. In the thint they an' alrudv ins;~, and the c.!lreranl5
c~ from the ncri,ly. In alllh,...., forms thoe church Is handed ovn
by the bu!lderl to thoe bishop, and thoe bish"P, hlovlng bless.cd watn,
sprinkln the peopl~, tt.. walls, and finally It.. ahar wilh ;1. Thi'
openlng Ja r! of the ceremony ends with the Gloria and the prayer
o f the day. If relics m, to be enclosed in lhe ahar, thl!")' are placed in
the s.onctuHY .t the beginning of lhe lilurgy between two lighted
candles .
n... liturgy ofth.- word has tl\reereadings. After tile bishop'S hom-
ily and the pro",",on al faith, Ille litany al thoe 5-'inl5 is 'Wl& and
Iht' relia~.,. dt'pOlSiltd in 0< under the ~h... r_The bishop then sing!!
, '''' pray" of d~k.ation, whichgivesfir.e e~p't doo to wMi ~
Tnlam .... t th ....1ogy sa)l$ aboul thoe church buildln&. The altar taw..
is now anointed with chrism, as ..... the walls of the church. ttM. for-
m.". in fou r places, the Latter in lWelve (or four). A brazier Is then
p laced on the a\tn, and inc"""" is bumE<l in il; the altu, rongrega.
lion, and church walls a .... incensed 10 the accompanim .... t 01 Jing-
ing. Af"" the all .. hlos been d eaned. covered. and decorated with
candl~. flow~fll. and. cross, the church i. I..,tively lighl\od n ...
sign lhat Christ. tm- "lighl of the world;' has Il k"", j>05W'""Mion of il.
In the ensuing eucharistic ",I.-bra n"" Euchari,lie Pra yer I or III is
uwd. with the IN<.'T1ions p"".;ded lor this o«asion. The IipI'riI I
prefKe 00Cf .gain gi\"esexpression to the mO!lt impol1anl theologi-
cal SUlements about the Church as made up of liv"" $lOikS; it doe!;
$0 in hymnic l'ngu'gc. Aftercommunion, ii , Ble!Isoed SaCrlment
charrt i, to bt> i.... ugu. ated the bishop carries, pyx containing the
IIIeNI'd Saoam",,'1U thai ch.apd and places It Irl the "berrwode
t,*",oThe roncIuding pray .... bl....,.ng. and dismi55a1 follow.
Thr 1kI41h1 [)tdiCQlilm cf ~ Ch~"h
Chaptr . III of lho- flrW ri_ ""Dedi-cation 01 a Church Already in
Gene •• 1 Us.! for Sacred Celebrations"---1':ivO'S ri~ to questioN. Such
a dedication must be regard.-d as an .nom.ly. since, as Ill, I, !IIys,
Mass ought not to be c.!1eb.aled in a ....... church unlil it has been
do!dicated_On the other hand, due to ad,·...w circumsunces. the lit-
urgy may ha,-e been cdeb •• ted ina church befOft en Of>POttunity
of dedicahng it p .." ....15 itsell. Sut then 0Ik lNy ,sk: Has notsuch
a church a'MOd y hem dedicated by Iht' fir$! Euchariil «lebrated Irl
it, llinn> tho! c"lre.ation of the Eucharist is " the moo>! impol1ant and
tho: OM 11«.1511")" ri"'· II!, IS)? This is true esperially of churches
lhat ha,·~ ...cei,·ed "only" a blc5sing."
TIl<! neW ril~ ha. ev idently INOC an e-ffon to Umit the number 01 be-
lated bk'ljsingsof ehurd",,;. but ill doing 50 It has not been consis-
t.... t enough. Thus il "",s down a§ one prerequ is ite thai u... altafll 0 1
such rnurches m~y not yet have hem dedkll«l. But here again.
,hould not an altar be consid~-.wI lo have been d1.'dicated by the
first Eucharist ",!ebratedon il? ~ if the .lta.lsnew. il is not
enough to dedicate it without dediutin4; tile chu",h l
Anothll-r possible justification is thai there has bem a ..... jor dwnge
in tht' build ing. In thise..,... the.,. c.An be roo obj«tioo to a do!dic.-
lion. prtWided I .... building is for pr.ctical pul"iX 1M al'lt"W 0Ik_ SUI
can the !lime be said if the change is simply oot' of ·statU'! in law
(lot" lumple. the church'~ being unked lIS a parish ch urchr (Ul.
I)? Theo1ogical roo'I$isleocy is mD!'\' importanl than !oOtisfying the
desIre o f a community for a ie;tal dedication 01 its Church.
Tht Srl', wllr [)r,j ic1llion cf Q" AIIQr
A ded ication of .n .llar alone is pro\"id«l for uses In which ~n al-
_dy dedicated chJlfCh .equires."",.. altar; here .gain the bishop
01 the dioc L.- ' is tho: appropria'" celebront, but ho! lNy. if prl""ented,
deLegate .nother bishop 0.-, in sp«i.al circu/nstar\Ct'S< a pm!. The
c:ftebration begins with tho! opening rites al a $peci,1 Moss /or the
OCICl5ion; the pcnitenti~ 1 act is replacm by tlk blessing of ...·~terand
the sprinkling of congregation and alta'. The th.rft- biblical ",.d,ngs
• .,. /allowed by the homily and profession o f f~ith. The litany of the
sainl5 issuna inste.od of the gt11oe1"al int~· As at th~ dedica-
tion of. church, re\i<""5 ..... dcpoIsited beneath the altar. The ..."ide-
... nglng p,aye-r of dedication sings in hymnic La.ng .... gc the
meaning and importance 01 I..... Itar for tho! f,ilhful. Nexl come It....
.nointing and i""""",, tion of the alta r. which iSlhI>n festi" c!Y illu-
mined. The ~ucharisti~ ",Ire •• non (u~!ng Eu(haristic Pray'" I o. 1Il)
'"
Iu. ib own p r..taC'l'. wh ich " is. as il were. an intrgral plI rI 01 the rile
of Ihe d.,dication 01 lUI alta r" (IV 23).
Thor B~j~S cfCh~rchrsQ..d ~IIR"
Uturgic.1 u!le ar'H:l anon I. ....· make a d is tinction. in dN ling ....·ith
the _ ramcfllab, bK"'ee1\ "'' :11'<' ''''iCOl>SC(ra~. dedicate") IUId
""""'iCm' ('bl_i . Wilh ~rd 10 churcM ~ Code of 1983 "')'5:
" No >IOOfI as its construaion i$ properly comp ln.-d. , new church is
10 boo dedica l«l or a l IoNS! blc."»lld as 500I'I U pos&ible... .Churche5.
npt'CWly utMd,alar'H:l parochial churches. a ... to be dedicated
,,-ill1 • !(>I"",n rile- (elll\. 121n." ... ceoo dins to ~ ~'" /1I5truc-
lion <'1fIN Rom_" MiMoM both fixed IUId movable altars are comI'"
n ai<:d (dedicated). bul movable , It> rs nuy simply be blessM (265).
The di fferenco! bKwee1\ dedication.nd b~" in the cieg"",of
solemnity of pr.yers . nd rile . It i$ with this diffe,eo lN in mind that
lhe !leW rit~ /or the dedlaotion ol chuf'Ches and .ltars hlos clupters
on the b'-in&of. church (V) Ind an . ltar (VI ).
The Introduction 10 Ch'J>I"" V Slales lhat " privale oralon.... chap<"ls.
or other sacNd ed;~ set aside only temporari ly for divine wor-
sh ip beaU!Ie of sped.1 condltioM. mo... prope<ly l'I!<:~v .. a bless-
ing." (Y. I) 01 which 11\(0 bi&/1op of lhe diocEII'e' or a p riest delegalt'd
by h im is lhe compt:tt:nt mini$Ie1. 1he Mus of lhe day o . the Mass
of the titu l•• of the church or oratory is uSOl'rl for the ct'leb. ation. "'1
the beginning. Ih ~ faithful. the w alls of the church or o. atory. and
lhe alta. (if not y~t bl<'i5E'd or ded ka tcod) are ~pri nlo:Jed with hol y
watt:r. After lhe inten:<!S~lons lhe alta. (if.-.eed be) is bl.......d with.
shorl pr.y.... of b~,.;ng and lhen innomed (as are congregation and
the main bod y 01 th~ chu rch), The etKharislic celebration l'Tlds ..; th
• solemn blo!»ing MId dlsmlsul. n... blossing al an altar .pplies
only tu a movablt> altu. since a fixed alta r is alwa ~ dedicated (VI,
I ). n.., blessing is glVl'Tl during the MaS5 al the da y.... fter the in te. -
cessions and a !lUit;>ble song the celebrant "", itcs tM p rayer of bin>-
ing (..... ;obo'-e). The: ah •• is sprinlo:Jed with hol y water and
incensed . h i§ then mad~ n>ady. and the EocharW i, cekbrated.
n.., new ritt lor ~ dedic.non Cblo!sslng) o f churches and alt>rs has
inlrodtlCt'd many imp"",e,,,ents. both IheoIogkiiIl and p rKti<:al. Un-
fo rtunately. the p.ayers whether ol dftIication or of ble6;ng lack an
epickosis '" in"ocalion o f 1M Spirit."
Chapter Twenty-Two
The Liturgy of the Future
Thefto can be no question Jo,m, of !oharply defined prophecies about
the futu~. I shall simply d raw""" .. C'OtICIU$ionS .bout the liturgy
from the ChoUtian faIth and INk<" ""me suggestiom inspired by e>: -
"",,,nco! of the recft"lt litu rglal...ronn.
MEF LEC ll ONS ON BA SIC P ltl ~' CIPLES
An inquiry intO the liturgy ol the future sup!"""" .n affinnati,'e MI-
ower 10' morebuic question : w,n ,''''... be a liturgy in th.e futu re ?
"This "Yes" is bu oed on the b.die! that Goel"s saving rond'-'""""Sion to
hurnanily in Christ wlll la, t as long IS th ..... are hunun beings on
earth. The CI'O!IS and resum!Clion 01 Chrisl. which is the cornerst"...,
of th is faith., retaiM Its power 10 illumlnt! and attract; it is the sun
lhat never Ior:Is. [n .ddi~on. lhe C hurch is promised uninterrupted
con tinua ll« as the rommunhy 01 redeemed believ ...... bec.use the
Lord (Mt 28,20) and his Spi rit Un 14:16. etc.} """ain with it . The: ......
fo ... the .... w ill I lw ays be hum.n beings who open tilemsel" ... to
God·s ca ll and obey it; mindful of Ihe ... ving aC15 01 Chrisl in hi,-
tory they will look ~rward to tho! consumma tioro of lhei. salvation
through. with., and in Chrlsl .
Since the a.ctlvc agentS in the liturgy are nOl only Chrisl the high
priesl but . Iso changeable human beings. it is easy tu see thaI lhe
poeaibility 01 change in "'m" is inherrnt in the li turgy. The: Iiturgi·
cal constitution nOles lha t the li turgy contains e lements that an.
divinely Instl tuLed IUId immuUobk but . lso """"menlS subject to
cha~. n- not only lN y btu ough t to bedoanged with the pas-
NO&t ol time if lhey haveJufNred from t"" intru<.ion olanything
out ol hat lhO" y wlth the iMef natureof ~ liturgy '" ha,·~bKome
pointk'SS- (21). ... nyone who reads w ith. c. ", .... L Mayer 's studies
an tlw liturgy in the history 01 EUl'Of'Pan thought' will k>.m how 10

look COi"'1<Iely . t the liturgy. To so"'" extent t"" ..... t~ of F. W.
W..-bt,r ~l.., .pplies h~ " And sinc~ ~ach ,,",w d.y buil<bon t)",
rubbl~ of the old. an untTOUbkd ""~ can look b.ck and _ into th~
future.·'
TIlE HCENT KEf O RM AND IT S ME S1JlTS
E"1m the ronciw outliroe th.t t h,ve gi""" in Ihi. book shows thot
t"" ... emts .n . lmost confusing mUltiplicity of funns and other
d ata 10 "" com prehended In connection with li lurgical il56Cf!'tblies
and fundi"" l. On the b~sl. uf the p r"hmino ry wurk done by the li·
turgic') scien<:es and the t; turgical mo"emenl V.bean lI.nd the
commissions which it called into exi~ in the liturgic.l romtitu·
lion (no. 21 J wOln' able 10""'j.., .nd mrich the li turgy !hi l h;Jd de-
"elqwd in the course 01 time (Jungmann " Gtword"". W urgitJ ~
ulthtuI<" goal of the refonn w ;os " to Impart an ~-er ino:reuing vigor
to In., Christian li fe of thoe f;tilhful" (5(" 1) or, in other words, to
~t'>\. the Church by renewing the li turgy. Did not 1M council ex ·
p ressly ... y truu Chang<'!ll"" juslified only whton"the good of th<>
C hurch genui....!y and certainly n:quires !hem" (5(" :OJ!
ter Ind its kWory and <'nllo.,,·on to 1_
Anyone who pos,;e§S<'!I tllt· nec<'SS;lry knowl..-dge of the suhje<:t mat·
a rclonn so unmatdted
in its ""tent and intensity musl ~Iablymd wilh . positi .... judg·
ment on iI, t" en though mony of I"" st'1"' la ken in 1M reform ""o r
the marks of inf\' itilbk: compromi,;". As <""eryo"" knows, a convoy
un """'r only Is fast IS its slowest ship. II must nonc:the1es5 be ac-
know ledged lrulllhl' rilft have bfro"", de....... a nd mort' comp..,..
hen ~ible, lho- h!~ts richer in biblical thrology. ~ old " <["ricII
liturgy" ho~ to a larg" ""tent become • community liturgy that is
optrI lO ;JCti"e, ronscious particip,Uion by the l"ithfuL. n.c, fleKibil_
ity o f liturgical functions In teTms of (~, 'Ubstitution, .nd .,......
. ti\"lty is subst~nti811 y g rt:ateT thon before.
Oespi ll" all this the relonn h..>s also elici~ dllsilisfiOCtion a nd ad-
verse judgments. ~ co"", from contrary qua ners: /of!lOll'M' lhe
!\'fonn has 1.1Ien !hOM. for others it has gol\(' too far. This is 8 deu
prool that it has in fact follow..-d • midd le COOJr8e, w here (lOCording
to the prowrb) truth is 10 be found.
Thtlliturgy after Valiran II has not e~hausted lIS possibillMs 01 im·
'"
•
p""'·nTlenl. We may think, for ""ample. of me to """'" ex!t'nl iIllI
I
UfISOltislaclOf)" translation 01 thf Latin texts. the often imipid . nd
, tereotyped content o f m.ny traditional prayen, lho- wealr.nHSes in
the Lectionary for Mass. the still unfulfilled task of <Tearing"""" U-
turgkal proynund """&5, 'iOIId the many ouldated signs and ru-
brics that bel""S In .. museum r. tlleT than in contemporary life. It is
•• !rut! 01 th.-liturgy as il is o f theCh urcn as a whole that it il""'"
P" rrfor"",ndJ;•• lw<l)"5 in need oi relorrn. Atlhe .."", time. _ must
bear in mind lhal lmpalience is a poor I(hiser in mallen of lilurgi-
cal rt:form.
"SP~ CTS OF T HE lIT V . CY O F n lE f UT U U
TIlt Pnlhl.... <f F1fflI"," Qnd 0rdtT in IItt U hlrgy
In me liturgy of lhe futu .... it will be "'-'n -'Ory 10 Itrive for a ha rm ...
nious o..lance ollreeclom and order, s ubjecti"ity .nd objectivity, .,......
ativily and pi e established Iorrn!i. On lhe one hand. lhe mod,,",
5cieroce of communic.tion shows u. how impo Manl the subjecth'e
qulilities of the cel"m-ant (thl' .. ..,nder .. ) are for his success in in·
forming and "ppealing towrongr.-gation and how only " ~
.ages" on the right wav ... ll'llgth ....iIl in facl reach their destination
and be received . From this point of vie w, lhere Is mu~h 10 bc £aid
for the Il turgicllJ celebration being pe""' .....I. ~ .... tive and tNt' to
life. On lhe oth ... Nond.~ in its changeable pan. the Uturgy
mU$l hav~ a d"'Sf"'! 01oojectlvity and must theft'f..... pUI limits on
lubjfctiv ity.
n.... w ho """'" at !"lY prd toirolrOduce the "It",amlinoo forms"
of the moment into the lilurgy willli5~lIy find themse\,1:S limping
.Jong behind and trying toc~tch up with the rapidly changing
styles of the moment; they w ill also ~ roo ... of the faithlul lhan
they . "ract. FunhcTmore, in fa tualion wi th th .. fruit. oi one'. own
<Teativlty aU too oflm bl inds one to th<.~ r wea~6'" and deficien-
cies. E"ffj so <:titical .n obK-r\'er as Karl Ralmer. who set great
val .... on peo ....u l activily as compared with a _ rubrkill "'8".
Lotion, warned against throwing tM door.; wide open to • subjec-
tive organization at t),(, lilu rgy. " N OT is It my view tho t every
tIwoIogian oughllo oompos.e """" euchoori$t>c pra)'ft'S which no one
CMllCle •• te a fter ""Iring lhem roo- thtec ~b ... lhat <'V"'Y pmt
shoukllimply be appoint..:!. creative liturgi.1 in ev<ry situation
'"

and .... eryromm ... niry. That would Iud to norueM(' WOf"§(' than
. nything we ha"e h.od in the past or today."' ln short. a Ht ... tgy with
a more or Ifss ptrmanmt fra mework .nd texts formulated in ad ·
va:w;e pfO\'ides beu.... conditions for Ul oplimalliltl/lY.
Nor may _overlook the lac! that in an age when human bt';ngs
an! ea.uy manipulated, · cn>ati, ·t' Iiturgis~· Nn t"" rl,;k ~ only of
5ubjodivt' onesidtodnn, but .liIO of introducing id...,logical .nd doc·
\riNI ..k " ... nu that shift the .. mph~is from w ........ it ought to II<'
and bring confusion inlU the community. "f"ho5c, who "'gard this
mlt'nW.'nt ... p~ of timorous pe'*imism will think twl", if they
otlt'lld to thto ""~ of Ihr ... rlyChristilJ\5 in Ih is . ...a. From
his prison at ...a, Ignatius, the martyr4>ishop of Antioch (d . before
111), pleadl!d with his con~tiOfl!l and ""horted tho:m to t.lIIity in
lhe liturgy: '"TIwt Eucharist al""" must be "1Iarded. s trustworthy
l!wl i. cdebsated under II", prftidmcy of the bishop or his ....1e-
gaN .. . . Rather, that I I""" w hk h hl5 ~ !elIted i. al"" pIe. sing 10
God. "" th<lt whatev.... is donO' is 'UJ"1' and INSIWOrth~. '"' nw.. his..
tot)' of the C hurdllel ls uS of m<lny critical periods in which lhe tra·
dltlo ..... l liturgy wa.lhe mosl impor~nl m.... nS of pr..serving unity
and ..." .t'd as II-... mnrbrd of orthodw<y.
~ considerations do nol imply that the compelent authoritin in
II-...Church may ~ v""Y tlw degIW to ...·hich fret. creat!\;ty may be
exCf6sed Ot.•hove .11. that they should not a llow qualifi.d grou~
Ihr ruom IU try nc."Ol· Iotms. But tllest: uperimenl5 must " ,m.in sub-
i<'cl to ... vicw. Only thf.'n Ca n lhey lead lhe way to a iI<'tt<"f liturg)".
Rrducmg /N Num/J<t. QM C_rlt:tity ",Tuts _11/1 Rift'S
I can ill ustrate what! have in mind here by. quick glano;-e at a West·
""' a:kb.atlon of u... Eudurist Jround the yc.>r 400. Augustine.
bisoop of I·lippo and a man highl)" <'S1t"e11"W'"d by hi< COfItempo<arie5
.nd ill of later Christianity. brgan 1"'-' Sunday Eucharist wilh the
gTO!E1ing O:I"""u, Vdoiscw", ("'The Lord be with you.). and .........t to
hi~ cailw<lr • . n.. lector lhen immedia tely beg:.n the firsl reading.
Th us the tnt;'" inlrOdunory rite • • s fa •• 5 the priest (bishop) WI.
cf>IIC<."rned. consisted of Iwo words.
Compa ... thai wilh our p..-.;ent pr...:1i« .nd ......... iU be struck by
the profusion of . in,s and p ray .. ,..,: kissing of Ike allar. l"'mapo an in·
".
•
ccnsalion al ike allar, sign of tN. cross. S",.,ting (often quite
longwinded) of lhe rongregarion. inlrOduction IU ttw Mass of ttw
da y (often a .hol"! S<"fl'IIon). f"'IIi!<'lltial Kt (with it5lnvi ta.lion to ....
flection and il. momenl 01 sil<>ral, iCyn.-. Gloria, .nd pr<lyer of the
day. At lha l Ii"",. t,,·o words; toda y. with eight parts (some 01""""
rxtetl.'li,,"). E,· ..... )" .g.. thought it had 10 add s.omcthlng. and no one
1.1ff "" 11"\.... dared 10 d<!1I'le any 01 the additions.
A comparison of tlw p reparation of the gi/to .t that time and tod.oy
yields ";milar I"rSullS. AI"" the homily .nd tht' d ismissal of lhie OIte-
chumens Augustine left his ca tht.dra. went to the ~tanding alta.
in the main n....e•• nd ~ the prayer of the faithful. The<S.arons
lhen coll"":ted lho! gilts of th.. rong ...g.l Iion and from these ",1K1ed
broad .nd wine for lhe Eocharist; m ... nwhile th.. choir sang •
ps.olm. Augusti ..... himself did not utter a ";ngle prayer al II-...~­
r.tion of tho- gifts. When lhe gifls we", ready. he beg>.n the eucharis,
tic pta)"er with lhe prcbce.' RNd...-s Can make their_'II
comparison with tN. present-day prepar~tion of the gifts
(")rwthing shQuld be d ear by now: if the practi« 01 adding and ......
panding con tinllC!l into lhe coming mi llennium. the two <'S5tntial
ports of tlw ~ liturgy o f Ihf' word and Ihf' li turgy of Ihf' Eu-
charisl (in the n.rrow """"" of the ",,"mr-win become "",.,., mort'
~overgrown ga rdens; Ihf' ratio of fr.m"",CO"I: to f"SM"ntiaJ parts
will be ~ ""'"' OI.It of 1m..; .nd sh~ quantity will t'IIdang.or the
quality of participation in the Euchari$t.
The conc:lu!lion, kr the liturgy of Ihr future. is this.: If clarifications
of the "'~t . nd rill! of the <'56Cntial parts ..... recogniu-d 10 be m~n­
ingfu.l and fll'<:"t'SSary, they are by all .....ans to be acaopled (for n ·
ample. impro"~ments of wha l w~ now have or Ih~ introduction of
new "'-""aristic pt.)".,..). In no c~ .... ho ...·....·..., is lhe framework to
be fu rther infla ted; th~ need is rather 10 ~tim ll\;\'" presenl p;a:ss.
As fa. as the M_ is concerned, it is concei\<~ b~ and desirable that
alongside the fut! form th"", .hould bto an abb ....·;.tt'cI form . ...po-
cially for a:kbulion with ~ma.ll groups or on ...·....,kdiOys. WI>en [
s.oy · abbn!Viated· ! am not thinki ng of • shom-ning o f the Iitill'
taken but of the elimination of an unhNlthy profution. At Vatican
n Bishop o...schak, a German blahop working in the missions.
..... de the bold sugg<'StiOllthat alongside the existing form of Mu,
'"
then! is need of a nl"W and simplK """ based on tt... spirit olll><" in th.... ctiun. but "t~ tranql.lillily of the iN\er liN.; the quiet at the
New T<'St~rr'lmt and Wt both should be m.>d~ "'I""lIy va lid. R.,. depths of its hiddlm SI",am. It is • coll«lIed. total pttscnr<'•• bring
mana GU~Tdini. who wu d""Ply moved by the sUSll~.,.tiion .• g~ ',11 the ....: ~ptive. alert. re.dy....
and. with his OWn lang cI>eri!J>ed id ...as in mind . ..id simply: "Yes.
tha t', whot we need. " At this point we mllSt ask to what exlent the....,.,..t litllfgical ~
lann tws dOlll' juslltt 10 ttu. roncnn. lhe liturgiatl ('OfI5tiMion
In lhe in\eTVenlng y...a rs u... , ugg<",tion h •• "'on more and more ad- docs h.ov~ an article (30) in which variOUll forms of.n;Vl' participa -
herents. When tile Congregation /or Oi,-irw.· Worship issued a ques- tion aft' reo:ommendt'd. Th"", In, "'rMWN.t disoonnt<:ted way.
tioouwo;re in Pfl'P.,",ation for tt... CongR'Sll of the rr.,..;den ts and eOl ' : _ Ihi. lurther",,,,, .. e. - And at the ptoper tims aU ~ ob-
Su:'~tari<'S 01 tile National Liturgical Commi".ions (Rom ... October ""'.., • 1'l'\'~rent silence. · A.!< J. A. ,ung",ann tws told ..... this sen-
23-28. 1984). I'l'pI't'Sent.olI;vn exprem:oo'<l the willi! that the Congrega- t ...", was added only I...... on al the wi .... of Ihe Fathen.· The
tion -should 0I'Ict again rclIect on wllethef a single 0nI0 M ........ i$ CmentlllUfruc/iofl 11/ 1M Rooooon Mi$s/IJ goa into a little 1S"""il'r de-
adequate for all s;milior!&.-' tail: silence ... to bf obsc"ed - at the desipted tims u part ollhe
v..'h.;u I hav... been $aying he", of tho: EIICh<>rist applies, with the r\eC - cekobralion ": "Ihus at the penlt""tial rihi lind again aft'" the invita -
tioro to pray. aU recollect IhemselvO'S; at the ronduslon of a reading
......ry chang.." 10 tIleothooor .....asof tIw limrgy. ""melr. INol -less Is
or tho> homily. aU mt'd itate briefly on what tws been heard; .fWr
more-: elimination and tighll"ning up can lead 10 qualitativ ... im-
provtmenl;n tn., form 0/. more acl;,'e and. as I shall say in a mu- communion. all p'"''''' God in si lent prayet"'" (D).
m..." . a """" meditatiw p;lrtkip"tkln in liturglc"l ",I""rations. n.e limrgy of the NIUI'I' will ;n .lllikelihood Nove 10 provide more
nunw=us opportunitir.i for mt'ditatiVl' silence. for example. during
PromotinS G M td,'/G/;1Jt Silmcr
the P"'P"a tion of the gifts and .ut.... the inl."tssions 10. the> living
N u"",roos inquiries hav~ shown that many of the faithful (•• man y
and /or lhe dead.
as SO pe'Cl'I,t) want m"", period. of si!enct- during the cekobl'Obon
01 the liturgy. In I'lOl a f.....· p...isheumph;osis o n - ;acti,.... p;lrticif"'" It is obvi0u5 that ~h periods of recoll«V<l sill.'f'Ott must 0«\1'
tion " Nos c",.~ an ~tmosphcre 0/ bustle thot kt....1'5 individuals within an overall atlT\(J!j~ lhol ",duds. hectic pa~. agitation.
from an adequate int~rior I'l'(ollectlon and ",n..ction. Many com· .ndboredom,"
pla in " bout an e>«ess;\'e wordiness in the postroncilia. liturgy that
makes it difficult for tJwom 10 uttl'r a " personal kind 0/ P"'y""."
Such d«larations n these ought no, to be !O() quickly dis mi"""" as
manlfustotions of an individualistic piety Wt has no place in th<- lit_
urgy. After all. e""" in the> lilOlrgy ind i"id""ls haVl' the right to
bring th"""",I,·..", and th"~T I"'rsonol COnc~mS belor\' God . Fuethe. _
mo .... te~ts and signs call 10.. an inl~rior appropriation that is best
achie>'t'd amid ".,1e"",'.OO interi .... silence. In ..:Idition. the per-
sonal dedicalion and su •.-....de. lo God \h.;>I is uniled to IIw ,...If-sac-
rilic~ of Chri st and is on _ ntiot dem""t in the Kh,'e ~Iebration
of the Eucharist t..comes po56ible primarily in /I period of inbrrior
re<'o ll«tion.
The silence 0/ which 1 3m lIJ"'aking is Ih.....,lore not simply' pause

''0
'"
 Abbreviations
AAS A"~ Aposlolico' &liiJ (Rome. 1909ff.)
ALW A~lripfor "!,,,~ (RegI."n5burg.. 195Off.)
AOL Arbti~ for iJh."""'iM/tn Utdg"l
ASS ActR $.>ncl", StdiJ (Rom ... 186S-19O!)
8iU 8ibtl "nd Ulwrg~ (KJ05tem ..... burg.. 1926ff. )
CCL C~ Christianon.om. Series utina (Tu.mhooJt. 1954ft.)
CD ChriS/U5 Do....i"" ..· Decree 0/ Va tkan Council lJ on tile Pilstoral
Offi~ 0/ Bishops (Oclober 28. 1965)
<:"","""J.'
Coom"millri". i/l A" "",., lil"rgin,., 1m",,,,,,,,,,., (pub-
hsOc.d by tneCon$ilium)
C(JmmNC Co"'"","I.ri". i" Npwm Cidnodariwm (publish.o<l by th
Consitium) ~ PI.. Patrologia !..alina. ed. J,-I': Migr>e (Paris. 1878-90)
Con<" COIlri!i",., (New York. 1965H.)
CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesi.utioontm Lat;norum (Vienn.
1866ff.J • RAC RNllt-xil;o" fo r A",i"" w"d OIri,,,,,I ...... ed. Th. J(!auser (Stull-
OWe D~" .. (Mainz.vimno. 197Off.)
DOL 0..:-""""". "" I'" Litw~ 196.J.J979. Coneil ..,. P."..I. • 114 C"rilll
rUI •. cd. and trans, IntematiOf\aJ Commission on Engli5h in tl>e lit-
urgy (CoJJ.g.... i~. 1982)
OS H.-nry Denrigt'O' and Adolf Sch6nmetz~r (ed$.), Enclritiditm Sy"'-
bolo",,,, (S. rcel"""_ F~burg, 1963")
EL EI'~"'.' 1M! Litwrgo:w (Rome, 18B71f.)
Gil Cot~ims' (T.... ' - Ziirkh-&Izburg. 1967ft.)
GILH G.tiofflll In.ll'''''",11 of I~ Ulurgy of I~ H""r1 (1971 )
GIRM Grnml/In;Irw1.,,, rf I~ R""",,, Missal (1969, 1m')
CNLYC GtromII Norm.for 110- W"rgiul Y_ • ...s ,Io-c.JrruWr (1969)
GS c.. ..d'w'" tI spN: PaS/oral Conslitution of Vallcan Council II on
t .... Church in tile Modem World (Dec:nnber 7, 1965)
HK Hml",· Koo",.,.onJf'ftl (fmburg, 1946ff.)
flLW HRlldhudo dn lit .. rgitt<;~Mft. ed. H. 8. Mayer.1 Rl
IIPTh( Regt'flSburg, 1983ff.J H."dl>w:h d", P.Sloo.IIW"8~• .d.
fX
Arnold rlol. (S \"01",; Fmburg.. 196f..n)
/fTC H4ndbwh ~ItrrC",,.dl '8' ijfr. cd. H. ftWs (2 vo/s, ' Mu .
nlCh. 1%21.) • WGI.. Wrri/hodI Z"m GotI£'5lolo. ed. J. Seuffen (9 vol"" Fmburg. 1975-
fA C '~h''''''h /ii' Anli"" wild Ori",.,.,,,,.,. ed. Th. Klauwr and "I>OO!S-
""" (Munst ...., 1958ft.)
ILH jlJh ,bwrl! /iir Utwrgit willi Hym.wJogit (Kassel. 1955ft.)
/LW jlJh,bwrio /ii' lil"rgiA~~lISdr4ft (MUnster, 1921-41)
1.(; 1.M£IInI gffllium; Dogmatic Constitution 01 ValicAn Council II on
lhe Church (November 21. 19(4)
1../ U!llrgiMIrn fAltrlllKh ( Miinsler. 1951 11.)
LQF Utu, gkgesd>ichlliclle Quellen und Fon<:hungen (M unster.
19a3-40. 1957ff.)
LTK Lrri~m for TheoIogit "nd Ki,drr(FLriburg. 195711',
M S J.A./ungnuonn. nor Nfasj of lilt Ro ....." Ri't; 11, Origill< ~"d Drvrt-
opriIl'Ml (Mis5<I",'" 5<>11""" .... ). tr. F. A. 8tunner (2 ,,015.; New Yorl<..
1951 ·55)
MTZ M"otClrrIIn IIrroIogif€N ZLiltchrijl (Munich. 195Off.)
PC Palrologil. Gra«~ ed . J.-P. Migne (Paris, 1857.(6)
PLHI.. P/ISI",,/litIlW:KN$ Handlniknn, ed. A. Adam and R. Serge.-
(Fmburg. 1983')
pn. 1~1. 195Off.)
IWK RtfIlhnhm ZIl' ikulKNn KllltSlgr1doic:hl. VII (Munich, 1961)
REDMf Rerum l'CcesiasticanJm documrnta. Sories malor: Fontes
(Rome.19SSH.J
RGG D/t IUligitm;" CNdrichIt wild Gtgmu-..,' (6 "ols.; Tubingen.
1956' to 1962)
RQ IW ... ;,.-h. Q""rl~/,.-h '!fI (ff'l'iburg. 18871f.)
SC So""",,n<f1l'" Com:iJi",.,: Constitution 0 1 Vatican Co uncil II on
the Ururxy (o..c.".,ber 4, 1963)
SM e B S,udirn Ulld Mi/ttilll"S<'" «'" d£'ll£ s.n...dil:.lioon· """
•
Z;'It7%irn>t'70rdnr (Mt:lnkh. I88Off.; Neue Folge .... N 1911)
SdZ Sli,., ....... dn bi, (Frciburg, 1871ff.)
TDNT n....togioll Dicli<> .... 'Y rJf t~ N",-, r~'."""I. ed . G. F. 8romiley
(Grand Rapid. )
ThCl Th"'''''8i~ und G/.ubt (paderbom. 1909f1.)
TPQ Tlttologisdt·pralliMht Quarlalsdo'!fI (Un t. 1848ff.)
TRE TheoIogiocht R...lno : yllcplldir (Be.-lin· New Yorl::. 19771f.)
TTZ Trirm- ItrmgiJdv Ztil5d!rift (T.->er. 1888ff.)
?OJ
ZKG ZLilsdlrifl flir Klnl.....gesc/ticlllt (Stu1tg&r1. 1876ff.)
ZKT bitsdlrift Jilr btltol~ Tlttologit (lnniibruck- VHmruo. Isnff.)
'"
 I
~for _ _ ~._f K.tM. n.r ........." of'. ",.IjIOw""" "'''"' D, {.G .....
Chopter ! I""'tv' "",... lm), )\
'50< H. St>.Ihtr\o,.,....:I R. ~. "1...oitou'V"" TD.' lT ' :lls-JI. E.J. ~q
• 50< A<b 2._ ) ,1. " 12:<l. 22::17
"u...'p." HTCl;15I
, """"" _ ..................IIJJI<i-"'."' .....-. ,;,........_ •.rl' ' ... ~Soo bftow. Ch.op1 .. JOo:. ,roc! Ado", U.,,....
Y.., ~ f.,.- ....... portanI- - -
- . _ 1 I. T.Ury. TIotOnt;t"' f/ "" .... "'t""'" r-. NY. _ 1_ 1-)7.
.....,... ..,.....,m., ""_.... _ ..., _ ••. ...:1 .......... 50< E- I· ... ,«.~
fr<;>Oo I 177. • 0. Kno>:to. .~ "4" _ .. bolo , ." 11 Kt:o , '- lIfo.1iro Got .. , . . . 1.",* "66-
'50< E. Koitl""" r ...... · o..WqdooWoolOf .UNtp". . . . . Goo<.am..• U55 •. Sooll-. AI ...... "",,.. Stuibot. """"-'Jtt(f _ ... 1971"1.81; "'" _ hoM 0/ ..... 00<-
1 1 ~ 117..aJ. _ «00....., io ~ ...... F"""'" 0/ ..... _ _'orWn-

• Fut """'" dt-'·i .. "" .... FLo'." 01 a.n.."' .... tmotsY _

K. b ........ "Tho " ' - L So. 110M I"" '10
...,."'IhtUwdinlht~Com_'Y .. ~· .. l\;a.TlIo ' i
'_11:\. or__ . 0 ""''''1_\'<ri,. 1"7)1. 71.aJ.. ......... """".. ai ......10.,'"
'rl_...- ",w S=,.... I IIIiI~"...,..... Ulil~
""'" ._.,..I•• wi .~ bibh""apIoy in f . E' ,I • .t-. Dot "'''''' , /tM ~ •• 001I00I. 7.
c.oa.:.f-' (1::1 ...... 1'1&2/.
n, ,w I:po\ 13 (BihI-,...1II>I.
• n.....~ E. J. i.mg<IifI&. lJjo'X" - Doorlot ......... '"'" ."" Mt_Io.«I. "- RHo.- "1_ _ _ MS 111.
-(F<:oibu<J. 19!J1).
• Mot ..... O"l5.,,_. "'1 .1. 1::101;""'1«1.1 Wvo , ', fNUoT1 ' Ofo<Wc-
.. s.. SUNift (ft, 1117
r_"l' (Wilalirt;-. S .C . 10711. 71 ...... n .. a..p.<67". .... , IroMS 1:13
, 50< M . ,..."... Dot ".,,,,, III • .,... . . /(U</at I (I::ILIni<Il. 196f). 9lfl . .. s.. MS 1,1!-3O.Cnnc..1 «1m...... 8, _.,~ ThooIu_ ~",,"," ..,., t/,,,",,l"".
, A. w.-, Oo<J:oo:JI . . ~_h"IFr"""fIl ... 1\111\1 .
'"-''''...-u.... ltQfl'l, MUntI«, 196J. 1 -' ),

• ,\-1<0 ...... v.. Xll~'·om 118, 1':0. 1911).

.. SWolU> ,R. Il l'. _ 01 ....... Sop'\. CtI<!o"'''''' ,"""'..... CoN"" ....... ( - "
197O).8!I.
'" u.u ofCo_ .."' lLoI",·C.,ii$lo Ul,_. ir''''' ..-.10< t ....."""".. "' ..... C""", " . Soo MS I:ll.
La ... Socifty a/ A _ , I....a.h"'ll~ ... D.C .. \IIIJ). 31'.

u. E. I.... "..,.... [q~ of'. T,,",", (Edlri>o,orgh. (961). . ,

If.s.. A,s"", K,,,,,,,"N. lQ·2'; ,
iI. J:\oo"""'. sro..-, HoMo?' l.'§. OJ..", D<> U"f""-' .... !<;o<!o'j'lodotoo i_<if'o"" .n4
" ~ 1Iru............"""'''''' ,lit ~, .... ~"... • • t f _ M . Ii, lit",.., (SI, l.oo., 196/1). 109. DI_",(I(~d. 04.),
" 1I00:I .. 115. s...
F. tt.M. n.r W"""'.~ of ,lit "'rl~ Ch,<*, """,. D.~. c.- (Philo"'" • lurogrnonn, /J,1y Lir~y 12'- ... . .., I, Q,u"'" M.~I .oJ c...."i j. :1m K.ll . ....
pIU •• 1m). 1~.
" Ikunn.-r In, (1) 121>11 ...:I \0711,
"" ~iof"''''' "..i:;.'"
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_ .. <I<r _ _ Iiomo Kitdw,· LI 2S ( 19711) 1·10. n- .... pr....,;.,.l .... "'" ""P' Kov"""3h. ""'fi"""'_:Ori,ritls ... ~ (Na. _ l\l!ll!, I. _ . f:(I •• ...,...
. - of <hi""'" of _ . " . . ... 00_-' ((0' ..1.. "'" ........ (ed.). llo.~"" _ _ c.fino!{CNr. · l.~

C... ~"'." .... IM"""''' 1'iL&O). " 1)0;";10 .. E. c. 50.0 ....... r••", ."" fj""."1 (!kg...b.rs. 1071).
,. So.tK. F...... '.'c..._ .... "'"'"-I .. ~.... IIoI...... l!¥lJ;M- n. ..
Chapte, X _ . C);, ,., f" ..,"" IGun ....... 1901~
,. h _ ... d0cwntr40..,., in .... Ado .... ro--., .... ~ (1).0 ... !dan. 195'>~)'
" (;. w. Ii. Lot"'l'"- 1Ttt!*l <f ,Iv s,. ri' (i..oo'o:Ion. 1"1~ ll~ """, ~tedly
•
, lJop\ooti< C'-~"mn 1.0""". t<"'i.", "" ,ho Ch.",h II (DOl. ••" 1. 1).
Chapter XI
:L_...-toIhtRittof~1(ootlO5_2511 ~ n.."'I' "1 ' C_ , __ ,;,Ia I ...
"*uh"" Drtt .... _~..... 'w '''. ",""",Lt<i in VOl. :J(ll_. l<W-~ .
, . I· 1..-.-rniH. 1Ttt (_ri.. _ . of J<>"~ ".,... N. _ ILondon. 1_). IfI".9C.
• I..,.,... DOoIop. "''" t.~j "'''' (PI llln~
, """"""'" to .... R~. 01 C _ l'b (DOt 1O5 fLo. Z;16~
, ,___ -Eo...:N,.''; I1TG LU7.
, 1/01.. , .1.0_ t<" ..... _ b ol bioi .......... _ -./."" ... 00 d<... tho n.w Cow,\<
' Th1o ,....... tlw.ul .."oIJ.""· ""'_y."OM lIrntoi<> ~ _"",;n. doo
in C .... _ ~. w hio;h "'_1"-"1W>f<l in tIw !Itol'f" .".. M • ..,_ ~'JooI""'" 'qt
''''' <tI "'" 0n0I_ r." Joo- 1"'1 6-1, 19k 191. s.._?tot~ "" tIw
7

, A d ... U<d No. >ri<aI

A<I.o ... I " 1~(;1 ,llI,; _
"''''''Y
_
'" tho q-"""' of "'" "1':" k'f coN""","", .. /;>""", in
"();oDW. _ _ _ _ Rmwoltft· '.
soaptl '" joIIn.

"""'or of ?tot ~"' _L l) l< (1974) 31ft

A_I~
, 1___ C);, ,,,,_I. ",liiol ...,';,'ILII....... " VII,.. 11/1 . P;; "-\"_", r~
............ /<> ... AIto."" V _ _ Ntootor... ,. "" (FI'tib<uJ.I4J&4\XII .

'-.
• In'''''',,,,,,,," h' tIw ~i .. 01 Conf"",_ 11 (VOl. :lO:5 fLo. 1S2C1 .

I. Tho biot<>p> of tho Unihod SU ... hoY< I<h ~

1ut«Wi...........
'n ..., h 'oiohop ' 0 ol<;.,.,., ... .... . .
• 11V., lDO.

, B. - . (>d.).
)9; 101-.19:\31.
(.00
•

'- ' ....... ...,.., ••• 165-:6'

rood;."" ....-1.... . Sai"'lIirJo>IY<~ &..; • ...-,~.''''' (lQl'

" n..,., io d,.., ... "", ,,, "" ,.. _ _ _ "~ impooi""" 01 ,,.. Nrd (.......
.Uy of only tho Ihwnb) • Oft _!a( . k .... ", ;" ,,.. _ , , _ I "",. Tho ... "",,01;< .. '"'"'" ..... _ _ ~ - . Clo ...... VIIl II604~ Utb.n VIII (100)4~ "'" P-.
C _........ Do...-",._,_ _,_ .. y. ..... ~ io. .. duo> ?Iv _ " " " ' " ",?tot X (19111·
... GlAAl8(DIX2OII .... IJ!III~ _.sc ~. "
k; .. of C""f...... '''''" lno. . : DOl xe ..... 251f1. ..... Iht........< rio. 011<1"' ........_
NYS "'''''''' 0/ It 1_ Tlrt R"" <f./or c.,""""c~.,,,, II,*", Yori;o IIJ'I(JI,
Th<-l'ut • .-""" C<otwun-..
m .•.171
Joo- ,,.. In.. ,.-...,., 01 ?tot 0..:" .. 01 v.li<... c.o.",,;llI
" ", .... 11 . NoIdi" S._ ... .. 1.. _ Ii> nl~--": '" 19\1') m
"pIoio>Od . ......... oIo.N. 'N'
tIw ionpotO_ 01 ... _ io -'"'I""""" ..
gof.. d br'"
.noi:>~"11 ..... ~ ,lIAS 64 ,1'1721 ~211 ; DOI. :lOO _252'1). 50< 1- So:hmitz. 4io~ .,.;,
,~ E 1 "'lyloolphol iIo _rwl"'IIlht .......ioI"'" po ... 01 tI\p Iot..o ••" 1015 1·11.
/.o ... ,1io ",cw....,;,. H . ~ .... 7 I w { _. _ .r-. C_ _ .
u
ChrIo.t", .", ... Stimo "" ...... ~ 0;10.- liard; l5 (I \I8S) ~ H. Aul'" It_ 101_1_ O'CbnnelI (CoI!rs<Yin., 1971!); I. Ii<-nno ...., IN r"" <In f ,"""" ...",
.1.I.out.·'\J"""'q_fi' ............1 ·'ioo_-..- ..
~ ..
q 'ous.....n (KoSO?' I .~ 1'1&1}

Nou. "" r-ga IJO 10 136. Nota ... ,.~ !311Q l~.
 "'- s.. H. Iob! ~ or.! f. _ . C.m.. __ .... (M,,_ (Maitla. 1'161). 1(1.29.
" SH Gjj/M16 ..... ' .. ~ in lAnfI.kin&- ",", ••tlffl
,. I'LHL 121.

" GIIIM lb; _.100 J. W' p«. ' RaIIv.iontn ~t... Funk,.,., w>J 51<-1"" ..." ,."" I....
... E>_~~
Dr",; GoI 4 119'7O) 45ff.
.. ~ I:m, W. ~'DNJij.oII< ..... 8' ''''

_ KyriI" utId Q.io .. do< M,.Ni..; 1.117 (1'1611 oI£I.f7 " 0. ,'" _ oI ..U...o:nfoco, A Ado", ' ChriO!b<twr ~I_ und po<-
,. Oo1oi~ in Alia.... Air<_. 1It/. """''''-0pII0rt,- in f ...", •• Got ....... )01·i'IJ.
" . GIItM 2II (l1Ot. l(IjI ..... 1418l· " s.. R. ""'1)1""" r.":." "" lio<...,.b.~' '''
""1lio In••• G. .. oMlt;", a. " , '01"

.. Sot Itws.....,,,, " 'Y.o..ltw _1Ubjo<1 _E . F _. -0...........

T,uN' '."'""8 .... olH """"..~I"1>m f """"'It"':_: .., GtooIti,,," ,,. " ......... ~
-"
" Sot ..._ . Chopm- xx.
,~- !:" V..... '-'ro-d in .. )0,0, ..... probobiy (""!Imam', "'tI
odon.ific _ yo ""1lio
Do...&np .... ScNoooo do.- ~' ;" c..w;.... _ _ ]1 4·22 01321; Iw
.. s.. Th. Schol'<lo< "Kytiolitonoi ""' Mf""ll1""" ;" Go .. "MIt"" I~ , "n u ti 117-ll.
G. 0.._ ."Doo Krrio< ......,...; CoI lJ (l97\l·117·1'. ~iod '"' "",,"'1 lII. 1m.

1II .",.",.... d""'-ion;" A. Ado<!!. ' Ibn _ d.. Hom.. in Got!,....._J. " '"'"' oddi..,.,.,l E<><twI.
,
"'.y... k>o M _ ",;,0 Q,;Id...,.nd MI_
" ..... IIi-_ in .. AfF "oI;.oI .... _ " ... _0IIIw$oo; ,__ . 4Oo'y.
'" "' ....

" SH It 1IUMo, '000 "T.V-S<bo!· .10 in~!;Itmon, <1<, f rOff"uns. ' in

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. . - ...... 01 U _ _ 0111<100 '"' lho ouIljo<1.
'" _ 01 Coopt!.; Now Yori<: C.. hoI" _ F'UblJ- C.... 1<l11<, _ of G' I 10; ~
obo., G . o..pn..n-<oUiN. l1iti2.
.. w. A,·_I.. ""1lioW~~dno _ _ ~ im
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"F\I_dio< " -''''A.1\dom. ' Oio-M. I •..tit'.~ Toil doo- _ .... _ .... ltcf"h .. _ 0,,_ ,_ . ~ VIU·
Litu" ... • ;,. r.-.;...,.;. ~ 2<12·50. Qr, lho pIa<o k>o 0:l0-I, ..... 0I!h. """"'"
_ _• Ooaj>t ... XXI. • " SotI.....,.A~J~ ...... fi1

,. Tho _ _ y ~ p oIoa...-to. Lo '"w..-...........r ' _ ... h." 'J'I'> _ _ . - ., W ~ -O"v............... do.-_.· in Gl ". todo·, .. _ _ R6;id..,."
-OWO"' ........ _ .. _ Y. _ _ bo;~ ... 1 •••od.",.._tMt
'''''''...
~ 1"'"..,.,...."
"'In liI.'fioIwn ilQl' 62; M_ . 19?71. F", ho,· H;..",nym"", ' ~ 11~( 1 _) 72-3'1.
""" 1;""'_ _ I'HLH I"' .
., Fot .........., C'yp<W\.Qo ..... ioo ..........," 1&(<:Sel.J/ Ll:Q.~
'" s.. J Ib~. ' ....... Sinn do< Go_10k.: III. 0..-. .. );! II<mIJ ....·1011:
;dom. ' c..Id'!"""i< in> CotI-I_r S</I",,'~ ';"""'''';'"""g I:IJ il\1!!~) ~11 • .. Etocy<l"-ol _ ..... Dd'i (1947) 117 .... 119. 0. ltv "!"obI r_ of ltv b ........ 01
.. ;oh Nrthor / 1 r ",.pIoy. .... bn!ad _ F NiI<oIoo<k. ' \\>1 ~ .. ril'""
Brot: on Gtt, f ....... l~~.
'" !l6 1);131'""'..... 0..""10 1_1. " So. MS D. )1/. ' 1;.."- (unp>ON\. f., ..'ur. 1Jr Z81-'J';.
" 0....10 .. MS ill -10Q; J A. J.... _ ' o;,.C_ ... ,c 1 ,oN";,,,,,,,: LJ 2J .. 0 . N_~m. 0;,-·11.. "".........,. Ie""",,,,". 1\1691; PlII!. 191. .. *~ ho_ ~ ~.
( 197)) I llOo-lIU: R. ~" . .......,] ,",,; _ _ c I . ... bt ~ ' .. c..w;,.....
fJ ....... _II64·" . ~-
.. ~ ....... tiooo ond ~~.""" in PVlll71 ·7),
'"' _ l t v ~ ~"''''''''I ""'Y
_n.
_ 6".""- ~.nd J l'haI 'od>.~ p,,~ to-
1<:0-".. , y,,';iol.tl..,a. h' .......... Srlrrt> (~ l </6jjk Th. Sd>M>Ioo.
.. 0.. ....... ,~ .. . nd •.• "'" 01 .... bloooin, _ J. G. ~ ' ...... Stti:orn .... H ••",.: ' "
Got. /ttn- rn-t.l
o;,- d"; "til'" """"""'''''..... 1'lo</oJ<M,"od d;, .,.". ~.-.. IF'-';bu'l!- I_I; B.
","""",__ B,_ ,w~ .... /10<,\,", '" ( ~ 1 ~ ~ 0. N_um ( "" . ~ DIt ... Tho l'.>t<-T-oo t« ...... ""'P'" I"'''''"IV';.,. ...... "., 'l'P"'" oI'~ n, .. 01 """oI<t>< ..
_ _...... 1",0lJ<"' '' /I·W IM_ 1971~ I'Ufl lll4-'l. tim and 01 """"'_ ......... _ !.indo .. ",1:lOL W __ 1;rse..91; .... InI"';",·
_ 10 ltv _01 "n,~t .. tion;o .. DOt m ..... 11'1+1810-
.. Tho-r.- i, oow.n Imf""Ul" o:ririo,j t.lj lion: E. M""u... c..-p .. "''')10' ''''0'' (~ voI,.;
CCl, 161. l~IA·I"ID, 'JUmIo..ut..1011Q-.8n .. Tho InaIru<1ion f_,,,,i<Ir.. M""",."" '"' ..onhlp 0/ , .... t"''''' .... ;, i" POL
17\l-.12JO-'l6.
,.. SH H. Eioint- ' 00. ~ .... s...rn.: in Go .. "",,;.. J' "" ' 'lI 197-JOl.
" n.,.,. io. - . OUIWyoilho _ 01 ,,",,,!Job .. ..,.. ... 014 Eo. '" Chwd>oo in
,. s...M.\ 1U(I7·10; H . a. Mor<'r. 'OW E....""'" 1m " " " _ 1\4;......1_ """ bo; tu-
Ihtt.- Zrtll5 (1"t») 15l.1 17.
PLHt l77l.

Notts"',.g<'$ 144 to 160. Natn ... ,.~ 160 1o li'll.

 " E.."""s..-. -Hi<m ....._~-IIL"'·VIl I. 174, " Tho <Iocu"""" ;0 '" Ad.,.. 7 II> lilt ........... of lilt p IoN,), ......... of lilt GotrNn
e . , ,I Gon,.... ~ •• S<p .. "ot><.
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" PU/Ll~1. • ""'" (\ •• Ii<. . 0ry. ...... 1. 1\18&~ u,gw, If"""'"'"'"
(W~""" DC. 1'1III!),
.. E' n,k. of w')'I 01 "'1IaniDnt! _ ...... ",,_ ... "'"'" In I. ~ (cd.~
s.......,I". ""'*'" (9 " " - ; Einoiodoln. 197JH ); M . So:l'Itu, W;' .......... ,oJ t--.
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~ r..... (1'0..,...,... OC lI"n ).
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" Fino po !t' "'4 in GD . (1'17011 " .

,. V...".., I,*" 5«- Did: 11 ( 198014(10. 11 f~~~~:,:!!" 8_ """. , ,,,,•• , .......;,... ~ (","in&, 19711'). UlH,
"~1.2Il9 • Chor- I I (OS Ill. -.[).opulf 16(11j),
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" . '" t r J''''tl in .... diut. _ ,w w , n_
r-" and '" ., .. " ,,,,- o.t. _ _ 31
sci._ lord.l. Sto. W-.o"," ;O-I,,,••I . , , , - v _ (~ L,"I~ ~: IW>- J(.

I1\iot. 1970). Q-67; WGi. "111 (F_wz.. 01<., 1m) :lI!7~, "-"" .. .... &.-lyOOO ............ L. Sw.u. (N ... VOf~ ''lSl. G<-rnw> ""f;"" 1
~); F, )0;(".>100<1\ v;,. Frito- . . I ..... ~" " •• Ld>o'J" ('0'0_. . L0074~ E.
'" u-h...linll_'.... ' "'.-. I (iYGI. YIn. J'Of~ J'rit.! (od.1 ....... a .,........1. 1---", (M""" ...I ' '!;)
.. ,,",. Ill (wc;t. Vln. .'1921. • Thf- ..... 1\0", .. in no- ~,'" of.,., c.."",,~ "'"..-It I (Now Vorl.. I'I'JO), ~L7..n.
.. " - - Actio ~ 61\ (DOl. 21S 00. 2117) . • s.. ~ . KoaynoO.>, ' E . . - e-Lirutp: T1'Q 122 nr,<) Z09I.
.. Z u"'h-f.inoIooddn. 1'I7l, U .... IU" " f . N"'_ " , -010 F.... <It< M_ im 1 10;""" • Dttoob .. ~ ,;;nJoo 1 " L27,~.
....... U lD (1911l) 0$2; Ie. ~ "lofN,kih .... _ K.w;o.' s.;. .'I4$f,04.",
JI; (. N. f . 2) (1m) n"l1o. , ~ "'" ~ """101 "'If," ''''' "'811- ol",y <k\orly """,,. '''rod'
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h
of """' ) ___ "'Y 1"'1'_ ""0 ,k;" 1"""'" 01\11 mn... .... ,,' co f<oo" 1Iw
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c...".;,.,"" __ IYr4l , ... p.......,..nd Coni. , I~. (Im). ~. <. J lpubI ......... pornoplolot woth "" WoI~..

.. ""' ""'mpJ.. I'Iuo J(D, En<jdKc.ol MN_

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800wdi<. XIV: GIRM ~ 'lory C- ... " .....>OJ I'I'm$Aoip<ftlw [","'not 0w404- ""'"
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f_. . . .
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... 5<0» , ~ ......, ' N<-uotd"""ll oJ<-.- 8""f'1'>.i. in 6ft 5d><w ... ' G./ I '1'I1~) 1109-

'" """"""'" C_.-_ ..~ ••m • .., DOt ,7\1 """ I~ ,1<>1, c-.."~ ... ....t n
W""'ip <f"" fw". ... 0.,0.1< "10.. ",lilt /Ijfft <fllltc.r_ Otwn 1(Now-.
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" So. " Slot"'" _ 0.. ''''' o..ojo<I_ 1(. 1/.0_.
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E.... _hl<: SoIZ '17 (1972) :lI>J.7l: __ ' L"S .,...,_ """ £1",1:, ' ''''': G./
10 a...,... m itI 001. Z7II no.. 2!.)-m.;. 7(197)) 121. l1li.
,., s..1· s...Hm. ~ .... _ _ .... (Fmbo.o'(l. lM5~ "So ' .. XIV, <hop"" 5 (05 1<,110; N",.-.Oup"" lfil6l.
"~_itI M'l" .-S<N",....., 517.2). " SN""""'!l _ _ f, "~ (... J~ 'I"": R. II"", " ~ ......... ... AI·
t} SOO""w.pt.y .... " J-, PLHL <:!t>. MOO! _ _ Iyo0. Nutoboum.. Sooro"Ik"',
...._ 0<001_ (MuNdo.. 1""<1, ]. 5<"_
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c.-ooIo.o''''''''M>I_I''l._ (W"_'W- 1'I0I:'l).
Go,","" ' .. _ '''4I",~_ ( _N<~ Im~

Nola "" -,-gft I ro 10 178. Net... "" P"gft 119 to 189.

 " s.. rt. IU' ow. "'~ ow,.,....,. CIt ,. . . '"'"S'· ' •••hh "0:1_ _ 1Ci!dot
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" "'oddi ..... ..,_.nd onl<\oo.o1_y ...... oionod ..... . - "'"Y"'" ,t" "", 101·
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Ctwopl<'f
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~: "", .." .... (Stuttp ... lWll). U); _ , HoM. Ilwr;II"'<f""";"~
"'"sI" and G ou. (Now y,,"- 1'16'1)_
n", H..-y 100 "." £6Jy Clt>ot<IO."._ H.

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Co,p"," hi , .. "" ""' prioto<Iy oIfi« (t...... I -I·
>- L""'" b<irII)o _ ,,",.orIo<! ... ' 010;"'.'" in ..... ,... with ""' - d~ 01
_ _ ""' ..... _ I _ .... _ .... Iho _ _ ... _ ........ ko<~A-

Nola on f»gts 119 '" 197. Motts on P"Jft 19910 209.

 , _ " 01, D<r ~idot.,..,." I. 1i'1''''''S .1Id f' • .....,..... ' (f "';""-,,, I WQ\;
a~ · _,undv..' L . . . _ _ " , _: .,W."-",,,OI. (""125-5);
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Notn 01t ""gll 299 /0 3l1.

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NDtlS on pastS 320 to 331

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""''' "" ... """ J40 to 351.