Chapter 1-Introduction

Contents [hide]
1 DEFINITION OF BIOLOGY
2 CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANIZATION
2.1 KINGDOM MONERA
2.2 KINGDOM PROTOCTISTA(PROTISTA)
2.2.1 1. KINGDOM FUNGI
2.2.2 2. KINGDOM PLANTAE
2.2.3 3. KINGDOM ANIMALIA
3 EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS
4 PROKARYOTES
5 PHYLETIC LINEAGE
6 BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
6.1 1. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
6.2 2. MICRO BIOLOGY
6.3 3. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
6.4 4. MARINE BIOLOGY
6.5 5. FRESH WATER BIOLOGY
6.6 6. PARASITOLOGY
6.7 7. HUMAN BIOLOGY
6.8 8. SOCIAL BIOLOGY
6.9 9. BIOTECHNOLOGY
7 BIOLOGICAL METHOD
7.1 1. HYPOTHESIS
7.1.1 INDUCTIVE REASONING
7.1.2 DEDUCTIVE REASONING
7.2 2. OBSERVATION/EXPERIMENTS
7.3 3. THEORY
7.4 4. LAW/PRINCIPLE
8 MALARIA
9 ANTIBIOTICS
10 CHEMOTHERAPY
11 RADIOTHERAPY
12 HYDROPONICS
12.1 ADVANTAGES
13 CLONING
13.1 NATURAL CLONING
13.2 ARTIFICIAL CLONING
14 LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
14.1 SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES
14.2 ATOM
14.3 MOLECULE
14.4 ORGANELLE
14.5 CELL
14.6 TISSUE
14.7 ORGAN
14.8 ORGAN SYSTEM
14.9 MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM
14.10 SPECIE
14.11 POPULATION
14.12 COMMUNITY
14.13 ECO-SYSTEM
14.14 BIOSPHERE
DEFINITION OF BIOLOGY
--Shazibhabib 15:28, 8 April 2008 (Eastern Daylight Time) Biology is the study
of living organisms. It is derived from Greek words. Bios – life Logos – study.

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANIZATION

According to the modern classification given by R.H.Whittaker in 1969, living
organisms are divided into five major kingdoms, which are:
KINGDOM MONERA
It includes all prokaryotes, unicellular organisms. For example Bacteria and
Cyan bacteria.
KINGDOM PROTOCTISTA(PROTISTA)
It includes unicellular Eukaryotic organisms, which are in between plants and
animals. e.g. Chlamydomonas, Euglena, Paramecium. etc --Shazibhabib 15:28, 8
April 2008 (Eastern Daylight Time)
1. KINGDOM FUNGI
It includes non-chlorophyllus multi-cellular, thallophytic organisms having cell
wall. For example all types of fungi, unicellular to multi-cellular like
Mushrooms and Yeast etc.
2. KINGDOM PLANTAE
It includes all chlorophyllus multi-cellular Eukaryotic living organisms having
cellulose cell wall. For example apple, red wood etc.
3. KINGDOM ANIMALIA
It includes all Eukaryotic multi-cellular, non-chlorophyllus organisms having no
cell wall. For example Hydra, Earthworm, Human Beings etc.

EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS
Those organisms, which have true membranous structure in their cells, like
mitochondria, golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum. e.g. All plants, Higher
animals.

PROKARYOTES
Those living organisms, which do not have true membranous structure in their
cells. e.g. Bacteria, Blue green algae.

PHYLETIC LINEAGE
All living organisms of today belong to a common ancestor and each specie of
organism arranged no ancestor to descendent order with rest of the group evolved
from one that immediately preceded.
BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
1. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
It is a recent branch of biological science that deals with the structure and
function of the molecules that form structure of cell and organelles that take
part in the biological processes of a living organism (Nucleic acid – Protein
molecule)
2. MICRO BIOLOGY
It deals with the study of micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, protozoan etc)
3. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
It deals with the study of environment and its effect on organisms.
4. MARINE BIOLOGY
It deals with the study of organisms inhabiting the sea an ocean, and the
physical and chemical characteristics of their environment.
5. FRESH WATER BIOLOGY
It deals with the life dwelling in fresh waters, physical and chemical
characteristics of fresh water bodies affecting it.
6. PARASITOLOGY
It deals with the study of parasitic organisms, their life cycles, mode of
transmission and interaction with their hosts.
7. HUMAN BIOLOGY
The branch of biology deals with all biological aspects of man regarding
evolution, anatomy physiology, health, inheritance etc.
8. SOCIAL BIOLOGY
Social biology is concerned with the social interactions with in a population of
a given species, especially in human beings focuses on such issue as whether
certain behavior are inherited or culturally induced.
9. BIOTECHNOLOGY
This is a very recent branch introduce in biological sciences. It deals with the
use of data and techniques of engineering and technology for the study and
solution of problems concerning living organisms particularly the human beings.

BIOLOGICAL METHOD
In order to solve the biological problems (any animal or plant disease or
environmental hazard), following steps are necessary.
1. HYPOTHESIS
An educated guess or fact regarding the biological problem.
INDUCTIVE REASONING
Isolated facts to reach a general idea that explain the biological problem.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
Accurate experimentation, true conclusions or results regarding the biological
problems.
2. OBSERVATION/EXPERIMENTS
The given hypothesis is checked with the help of observation and experiments and
then on the basis of it a theory or rule is established.
3. THEORY
If observations and experiments come true then hypothesis is taken true, other
wise it is rejected. Only on the basis of true hypothesis a theory is
established.
4. LAW/PRINCIPLE
When theory is proved to be true under all tested circumstances then it is
accepted as a law.

MALARIA
Malaria means disease cause by bad air.
Actual Causative agent is plasmodium (Vector Female, Anopheles Mosquito)
Leveran first discover plasmodium in human R.B.C.
Ronald Ross discovered plasmodium in the stomach of female Anopheles Mosquito.
Grassi discover the complete life cycle of Plasmodium in human being and
mosquito.
ANTIBIOTICS
Substances or chemicals, which are required in small quantity to inhibit the
growth of Microorganisms. The first antibiotic was penicillin discovered by
Fleming. Other examples are: Erythocin, Rythocin, Gentamycin, Ampicillin etc.

CHEMOTHERAPY
Treatment with drug or chemical.

RADIOTHERAPY
Treatment with radiations, like α, β, γ or X-r ys.

HYDROPONICS
It is the science of terrestri l pl nts
rowin
in er ted solutions ( dd CO2
under pressure, in ny liquid lso known s er ted w ter). This technique is
lso known s soil less or w ter culture.
ADVANTAGES

1. Control weeds nd soil dise se pro lems.
2. Are required for cultiv tion is minimum.

3. C n e pplied on ny p rt of the world.
4. M in purpose is to fulfill the food requirements of r pidly incre sin
world
popul tion.
  
--Sh zi h i 15:28, 8 April 2008 (E stern D yli
ht Time)
CLONING
Production of duplic te copies of
enetic m teri l, cells or entire
multicellul r livin
or
nisms, occurrin
n tur lly in pl nts or nim ls.
Duplic te copies re known s clones.
NATURAL CLONING
Identic l twin, triplet in hum ns.
Asexu l reproduction in pl nts nd nim l.
Re
ener tion nd wound he lin
.
Growth of tumor cells or c ncers.
ARTIFICIAL CLONING

Clonin
of hum n cells such s liver cells, skin cells, lood cells re quite
helpful to develop hum n or
ns in l or tories.
There re lso enormous dv nt
es of clonin
in the field of medicine nd

riculture. Ex mples re ve
et tive reproduction of fruits nd nuts y
r ftin

.
Artifici l clonin
is lso used for tre tin
dise se, production of medic lly

sinific nt su st nces such s Insulin,
rowth hormones, interferon nd nti-thr


om in
etc.

LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION


Life is uilt on chemic l found tion nd the life of lllivin
or
nisms


emer es on the level of cell. The found tion of cell is sed on elements. Atoms
of different elements unite to form molecules.
 Livin
or
nism usu lly form



extremely l r e nd complex molecules y livin m tter which is present in their
 
odies. The molecules
 of livin
or
nisms re mostly composed of c r on nd
provide uildin locks of livin m tter. Mostly livin m tter of n or
nism is

composed of or
nic molecules lon
with inor
nic compounds (miner ls) re lso

ssoci ted for e.
. Hum n lood. Simple or
nic molecules present in livin





or nisms re su r, lycerol nd f tty cids, mino cids, purine nd
pyr midines. Simil r types of cells form-tissues, simil r tissues form or
ns,
different
 or
ns coordin tin
with e ch other form system nd different systems
com ine to form livin
or
nism.
Cell → Tissues → or
ns → System → An Individu l

Biolo
ic l or
niz tion c n e divided into the followin
levels:
SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES
 
“P rticles th t m ke up n tom re c lled su - tomic p rticles”.
For e.
. electron, proton nd Neutron.
ATOM
“The sm llest p rticle of n element th t ret ins the property of th t element”.

For ex mple: Hydro
en, c r on nd oxy
en etc.
MOLECULE

“The com in tion of simil r nd different toms re c lled molecules”.

For ex mple Hydro
en nd oxy
en com ines to form w ter molecules.
ORGANELLE
“A structure with in cell th t performs specific function”.
For ex mple: Mitochondri , chloropl st etc.
CELL
“The sm llest structur l nd function l unit of life”.
For ex mple: A nerve cell
TISSUE
“A
roup of simil r cells th t performs specific function”.
For ex mple: Nervous tissue.
ORGAN
"A structure with in n or
nism usu lly compose of sever l tissue types th t
forms function l unit”.

For ex mple: The r in
ORGAN SYSTEM

“Two or more or
ns workin
to
ether in the execution of specific odily
function”.
For ex mple: The nervous system.
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM
“An individu l livin
thin
composed of m ny cells re c lled Multicellul r
or
nisms”.
For ex mple: Pron
hom ntelope.
SPECIE

“A
roup of very simil r inter reedin
or
nisms constitutes species”.
For ex mple Herd of pron
hom ntelope.
POPULATION
 
"Mem ers of s me species inh itin
the s me re re considered s popul tion”.
For ex mple: Herd of pron
hom ntelope.
COMMUNITY
“Popul tion of sever l species livin
nd inter ctin
in the s me re form
community”.
For ex mple: Sn ke, ntelope nd h wk.
ECO-SYSTEM
“A community with its environment includin
l nd, w ter nd tmosphere,
constitute n eco-system”.
BIOSPHERE
  
“The p rt of e rth inhi
 ited
 y livin
or
nisms, oth livin
nd non-livin

components." --Sh zi h i 15:28, 8 April 2008 (E stern D yli
ht Time)
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