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 cis a sudden inflammation of the gastric or stomach mucosa. It is
often cause by dietary indiscretion- the person eats food that is contaminated with disease-
causing microorganisms or that is irritating or too highly seasoned. Other causes of acute
gastroenteritis include use of aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, bile reflux,
and radiation therapy. These cause the irritation of the GI wall, causing an inflammatory
response, giving emphasis on the main cause, which is ingestion of contaminated food. This then
leads to the presence of manifestations of inflammation, which includes increase in white blood
cell count, fever and rare episodes of chills, and nausea and vomiting. Nausea and vomiting are
neurotoxic effects of toxins as well as factors and substances produced by WBC¶s which has
systemic direct effect in the GIT. This, if not addressed could lead to fluid and electrolyte
imbalance. These are usually the manifestations seen in acute gastroenteritis.
If the disease is left untreated or is chronic in duration, the inflammation of the GI lining
worsens and could lead to erosion of the mucosal wall and blood vessels. This causes bleeding
which is manifested as blood streaked stool or melena, if the erosion is on the upper tract and
hematemesis if the intestines are eroded. This could lead to hemorrhage, and eventually, anemia,
with signs and symptoms as weakness, paleness, diaphoresis and dizziness. If left untreated, it
could cause hypovolemic shock with manifestations as  RR,  PR, BP, cold clammy,
palpitation, and diaphoresis.
On the other hand, the erosion of the GI lining could lead to perforation of such. This
causes its contents to leak out and lead to pancreatitis and paralytic ileus.
In the case of our client, the symptoms were fever, vomiting and diarrhea with the
causative agentëc



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Amebae are protozoa that move by ameboid action. Only a few infect human beings, the
most significant being  
 
 
 which causes amoebic dysentery. Amebiasis,
which primarily affects the large intestine, can be fond worldwide. It is estimated that as much
as 10% of the world¶s population is infected. Although it is a problem primarily in tropical
countries, where infection rates can run as high as 30%, the disease can occur anywhere that
sanitation is poor. The parasite is transmitted by direct contact from person to person, by insects,
and through contaminated water, milk, and other foods. Sexual transmission accounts for a high
incidence rate of amebiasis among homosexual men in some urban communities.





The active, motile form of the protozoa, the tropozoite, is not infectious. If it is ingested,
it can be easily destroyed by the digestive enzymes. The inactive form (cyst) of the protozoa,
however, is highly resistance to extremes in temperature, most chemicals, and the digestive
juices. When the cyst is swallowed in contaminated food or water, it easily passes into the
intestines, where the active trophozoite is released and enters the intestinal wall. It feeds on the
mucosal cells, causing ulceration of the intestinal mucusa.
The cyst can survive for long periods outside the body. Most infected persons are
symptom-free. Symptoms usually begin from one week to several months after infection and
depend on the extent of tissue invasion. Mild disease is accompanied by abdominal cramping,
intermittent diarrhea, and flatulence. Severe infections cause copious diarrhea that may contain
blood and mucus, colicky abdominal pain, rectal spasms (tenesmus), and fever.
Two significant aspects of amebiasis are its chronicity and ability to trigger liver
abscesses. Attacks of dysentery may occur at intervals of several months. Constipation is a
common complaint during the interim period. Migration of the parasite to the liver via the portal
vein makes liver abscess the most common complication. Abscesses gradually increase in size
and number, progressively damaging liver function.


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Dehydration occurs when you lose more fluid than you take in and your body doesn't
have enough water and other fluids to carry out its normal functions. If lost fluid remains
unreplenished, you may suffer serious consequences.c

Common causes of dehydration include intense bouts of diarrhea, vomiting, fever or

excessive sweating. Inadequate intake of water during hot weather or exercise also may deplete
your body's water stores. Anyone may become dehydrated, but young children, older adults and
people with chronic illnesses are most at risk. Mild dehydration can cause symptoms such as
weakness, dizziness and fatigue. Severe dehydration is a life-threatening medical emergency.

You can usually reverse mild to moderate dehydration by increasing your intake of fluids,
but severe cases need immediate medical treatment. The safest approach is not to become
dehydrated in the first place. You can do that by monitoring your fluid loss during hot weather,
illness or exercise, and drinking enough liquids to replace what you lose.

?  ? 


Mild to moderate dehydration is likely to cause:

c Dry, sticky mouth

c Sleepiness or tiredness ² children are likely to be less active than usual

c Thirst

c Decreased urine output ² fewer than six wet diapers a day for infants and eight hours or
more without urination for older children and teens

c  ew or no tears when crying

c Muscle weakness

c 0eadache

c Dizziness or lightheadedness

Severe dehydration, a medical emergency, can cause:

c xtreme thirst

c xtreme fussiness or sleepiness in infants and children; irritability and confusion in adults

c Îery dry mouth, skin and mucous membranes

c åack of sweating

c åittle or no urination ² any urine that is produced will be dark yellow or amber

c Sunken eyes

c Shriveled and dry skin that lacks elasticity and doesn't "bounce back" when pinched into
a fold

c In infants, sunken fontanels ² the soft spots on the top of a baby's head

c åow blood pressure

c Rapid heartbeat

c  ever

c In the most serious cases, delirium or unconsciousness

Unfortunately, thirst isn't always a reliable gauge of the body's need for water, especially
in children and older adults. A better barometer is the color of your urine: clear or light-colored
urine means you're well hydrated, whereas a dark yellow or amber color usually signals
dehydration.

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Water is essential to human life: It forms the basis for all body fluids, including blood
and digestive juices; it aids in the transportation and absorption of nutrients; and it helps
eliminate waste.

If you're an average adult, every day you lose more than 10 cups (close to 2.5 liters) of
water simply by sweating, breathing and eliminating waste. You also lose electrolytes ²
minerals such as sodium, potassium and calcium that maintain the balance of fluids in your body.
Normally, you can replenish what you've lost through the foods and liquids you consume, even
when you're active.

But when you eliminate more water and salts than you replace, dehydration results ²
your system literally dries out. Sometimes dehydration occurs for simple reasons: You don't
drink enough because you're sick or busy, or because you lack access to potable water when
you're traveling, hiking or camping.