Sosialisasi Mentor Astor

Kelompok Mentor Astor

1 Fitriani Bua Nadia Maratus
2 St. Annisa Al Kamilah Fitri Wahyuni
3 Thalia Hana Nabilah Arif
4 Lintang Arum Raidah Islami Zafir
5 Mustika Deni Ketut Holifah
6 M.Azhari Firdaus Wisnu Bayu
7 Ruhul Millah Marissa Noer Asthana
8 Cyntia Wulanda Dwi Rahayu
9 M. Khoirul Anuwar Novia Faradina
Teknik Analisa Jurnal
According to the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine (CEBM), "one of the
fundamental skills required for practising EBM is the asking of well-
built clinical questions. To benefit patients and clinicians, such
questions need to be both directly relevant to patients' problems and
phrased in ways that direct your search to relevant and precise
answers."
A well-built clinical foreground question should have 4 components. The
PICO model is a helpful tool that assists you in organizing and focusing your
foreground question into a searchable query. Dividing into the PICO elements
helps identify search terms/concepts to use in your search of the literature.
P = Patient, Problem, Population (How would you describe a group of
patients similar to you? What are the most important characteristics of the
patient?)
I = Intervention, Prognostic Factor, Exposure (What main intervention are
you considering? What do you want to do with this patient? What is the main
alternative being considered?)
C = Comparison (Can be None or placebo.) (What is the main alternative
to compare with the intervention? Are you trying to decide between two
drugs, a drug and no medication or placebo, or two diagnostic tests?)
O= Outcome (What are you trying to accomplish, measure, improve or
affect? Outcomes may be disease-oriented or patient-oriented.)
Definitions of Study Types
(From BMJ’s Clinical Evidence Glossary)
Meta-analysis: A statistical technique that summarizes the results of
several studies in a single weighted estimate, in which more weight is
given to results of studies with more events and sometimes to studies of
higher quality.

Systematic Review: a review in which specified and appropriate

methods have been used to identify, appraise, and summarize studies
addressing a defined question. (It can, but need not, involve meta-
analysis). In Clinical Evidence, the term systematic review refers to a
systematic review of RCTs unless specified otherwise.

Randomized Controlled Trial: a trial in which participants are randomly

assigned to two or more groups: at least one (the experimental group)
receiving an intervention that is being tested and another (the comparison
or control group) receiving an alternative treatment or placebo. This
design allows assessment of the relative effects of interventions.
Definitions of Study Types
(From BMJ’s Clinical Evidence Glossary)
Controlled Clinical Trial: a trial in which participants are assigned to two or more different
treatment groups. In Clinical Evidence, we use the term to refer to controlled trials in which
treatment is assigned by a method other than random allocation. When the method of
allocation is by random selection, the study is referred to as a randomized controlled trial
(RCT). Non-randomized controlled trials are more likely to suffer from bias than RCTs.

Cohort Study: a non-experimental study design that follows a group of people (a cohort),
and then looks at how events differ among people within the group. A study that examines a
cohort, which differs in respect to exposure to some suspected risk factor (e.g. smoking), is
useful for trying to ascertain whether exposure is likely to cause specified events (e.g. lung
cancer). Prospective cohort studies (which track participants forward in time) are more
reliable than retrospective cohort studies.

Case control study: a study design that examines a group of people who have
experienced an event (usually an adverse event) and a group of people who have not
experienced the same event, and looks at how exposure to suspect (usually noxious)
agents differed between the two groups. This type of study design is most useful for trying
to ascertain the cause of rare events, such as rare cancers.

Case Series: analysis of series of people with the disease (there is no comparison group in
case series).
 Study Design : Qualitative studies 


. Qualitative studies explore and understand people's beliefs, experiences, attitudes,

behaviour and interactions. They generate non-numerical data. Examples of qualitative
studies: 


• Document - study of documentary accounts of events, such as meetings;

• Passive observation - systematic watching of behaviour and talk in natural occurring
settings;
• Participant observation - observation in which the researcher also occupies a role or
part in the 

setting, in addition to observing;
• In depth interview - face to face conversation with the purpose of exploring issues or
topics in detail. Does not use preset questions, but is shaped by a defined set of
topics;
• Focus group - method of group interview which explicitly includes and uses the group
interaction to generate data. (Greenhalgh 2001) 

 Study Design : Quantitative studies 


Quantitative studies generate numerical data or data that can be

converted into numbers. Examples of quantitative studies: 


• Case report - report on a single patient;

• Case series - report on a series of patients (no control group);
• Case control study - identifies patients with a particular outcome
(cases) and control patients without the outcome. Looks back and
explores exposures and possible links to outcome. Very useful in
causation research;
• Cohort study - identifies two groups (cohorts) of patients one which
received the exposure of interest, and one which did not. Follows these
cohorts forward for the outcome of interest. Very useful in causation as
well as prognosis research.(Bandolier 2004)
 Sumber Pencarian
Pubmed : http://www.pubmed.com

Cochrane librabry : http://www.thecochranelibrary.com

National guidelines clearing house : http://

www.guidelines.gov

Clinical evidence : http://

www.clinicalevidence.bmj.com

Oxfor center for EBM : http://www.cebm.net

Trip database : http://www.tripdatabase.com
Struktur Pencarian Umum

(Population OR synonym 1 OR…..) AND

(Intervention OR synonym 1 OR…) AND

(Comparator OR synonym 1 OR …) AND

(Outcome OR synonym 1 OR ….) AND

 Contoh :
Seorang pasien wanita berusia 56 tahun berencana
untuk pergi menengok anaknya ke Amerika. Ia
pernah membaca bahwa penerbangan jarak jauh
beresiko menimbulkan penyumbatan pembuluh
darah kaki (Deep Vein Thrombosis/ DVT). Oleh
karena itu ia disarankan untuk menggunakan
stocking khusus yang bersifat menekan otot-otot
kaki (Elastic Compression Stocking).
Wanita, 56 tahun, penerbangan jarak jauh
(Pasien/ Problem)

Stoking kompresi (Intervensi/ Indikator)

Pencegahan DVT (Outcomes/ Hasil)

Stoking kompresi VS Mobilization

(Comparison, if any)
 BAB 1 Pendahuluan

Latar belakang : Carilah alasan yang

mendasari mengapa tertarik
memilih jurnal tersebut untuk di
buat Critical Appraisal
Look : literatur lain…
Tujuan : (buat apa adanya sesuai panduan dan topik jurnal)
 BAB 3 Pembahasan
Judul jurnal : sudah jelas

Pengarang : sudah jelas

Sumber : sudah jelas

Abstract : sudah jelas

Keywords :sudah jelas

Tanggal publikasi : sudah jelas

 BAB 3 Pembahasan

Tujuan Penelitian : lihat … the aim of this

research, the purpose of this research….

Desain penelitian : Systematic review,

Randomized Controlled Trial, Randomized
Clinical Trial, ……. lihat Design and Methods
pada jurnal
 TUTORIAL
1. Clarify unfamiliar term :
2. Define the problem
3. Brainstorm possible hypothesis/explanation
4. Arrange explanation into a tentative solution
5. Define LO (Learning Objective)
6. Info gathering and private study
7. Share the results of info gathering and privat study