Table Of Content Page

Definition Of Male and Female reproductive system 1

Male Parts and Function 2-3

Sperm parts and function 4

The Effect of Testosterone 4

Spermatogenesis 5-6

Female parts and Function 7-8

Menstruation Cycle 9-10

Oogenesis 10-12

Estrogen 13

Progesterone 14

Conclusion 15
Definition of Reproductive Organ

Reproductive system is a system in our body which work as sexual purpose . Male and
female reproductive organ work together so that the sexual intercourse to be done . These
Organ does not function like other organ .
There are 2 types of reproductive system which is Male and Female reproductive system
which work differently but for the same purpose .

Male Reproductive System

These are the parts in the male reproductive system scrotum, testes, spermatic ducts, sex
glands, and penis. These parts are all needed for the sexual intercourse to be done and release
the sperm . The sperm will go through the tract from vagina to uterus and fallopian tube and
lastly combine with female ovum .Sperm amount play big part in the male reproductive
system .
Female Reproductive System
For female , it consists of external and internal parts which is for external we call it vulva . it
consists of mons pubis, pudendal cleft, labia majora, labia minora, Bartholin's glands,
clitoris, and vaginal opening. For internal parts we have vagina , uterus , cervix , fallopian
tube and ovaries . The reproductive tract or the pathway through vagina and splitting up
into 2 lumens in the uterus both of it will go through fallopian tube and end at the distal
ostia that open into abdominal cavity . When the sperm is absence , the ovum will traverse
the entire system tract from the fallopian tube until vaginal which these phenomenon called
menstruation .
 Male
Structure LOCATION & DESCRIPTION FUNCTION
Bulbourethral Pea sized organs posterior to the Secretion of gelatinous seminal fluid called pre-
glands (2) prostate on either side of the urethra. ejaculate. This fluid helps to lubricate the urethra for
spermatozoa to pass through, and to help flush out
any residual urine or foreign matter. (< 1% of semen)
Cells of Leydig Adjacent to the seminiferous Responsible for production of testosterone. Closely
(Interstitial cells tubules in the testicle. related to nerves.
of Leydig)
Cremaster muscle Covers the testes. Raises and lowers scrotum to help regulate
temperature and promote spermatogenesis. Voluntary
and involuntary contraction.
Dartos muscle Layer of smooth muscular fiber Contraction by wrinkling to decrease surface area
outside the external spermatic fascia available for heat loss to testicles, or expansion to
but below the skin increase surface area available to promote heat loss;
also helps raise and lower scrotum to help regulate
temperature
Efferent ductules Part of the testes and connect the rete Ducts for sperm to get to epididymis
testis with the epididymis
Ejaculatory ducts Begins at the vas deferens, passes Causes reflex for ejaculation. During ejaculation,
(2) through the prostate, and empties into semen passes through the ducts and exits the body
the urethra at the Colliculus seminalis. via the penis.
Epididymis Tightly coiled duct lying just outside Storage and maturation of sperm.
each testis connecting efferent ducts
to vas deferens.
Penis Three columns of erectile tissue: two Male reproductive organ and also male organ of
corpora cavernosa and one corpus urination.
spongiosum. Urethra passes through
penis.
Prostate gland Surrounds the urethra just below the Stores and secretes a clear, slightly alkaline fluid
urinary bladder and can be felt during constituting up to one-third of the volume of semen.
a rectal exam. Raise vaginal pH.(25-30% of semen)
Scrotum Pouch of skin and muscle that holds Regulates temperature at slightly below body
testicles. temperature.
Seminal vesicles Convoluted structure attached to vas About 65-75% of the seminal fluid in humans
(2) deferens near the base of the urinary originates from the seminal vesicles. Contain
bladder. proteins, enzymes, fructose, mucus, vitamin C,
flavins, phosphorylcholine and prostaglandins. High
fructose concentrations provide nutrient energy for
the spermatozoa as they travel through the female
reproductive system.
Seminiferous Long coiled structure contained in the Meiosis takes place here, creation of gametes
tubules (2) chambers of the testis; joins with vas (sperm).
deferens.
Sertoli cells Junctions of the Sertoli cells form the Cells responsible for nurturing and development of
blood-testis barrier, a structure that sperm cells , provides both secretory and structural
partitions the interstitial blood
 compartment of the testis from the
adluminal compartment of the
seminiferous tubules.
Testes Inside scrotum, outside of body.
Testicular arteries Branch of the abdominal aorta. It is a
(Gonadal arteries) paired artery. Each passes obliquely
downward and laterally behind the
peritoneum.
Urethra Connects bladder to outside body,
about 8 inches long.
Vas deferens Muscular tubes connecting the left
and right epididymis to the
ejaculatory ducts to move sperm.
Each tube is about 30 cm long.
support; activated by FSH. Also called "mother cells"
or "nurse cells".
Gonads that produce sperm and male sex
hormones.Production of testosterone by cells of
Leydig in the testicles.
Supplies blood to the testes.
Tubular structure that receives urine from bladder
and carries it to outside of the body. Also passage for
sperm.
During ejaculation the smooth muscle in the vas
deferens wall contracts, propelling sperm forward.
Sperm are transferred from the vas deferens into the
urethra, collecting fluids from accessory sex glands
en route
Sperm
Sperm is one of the smallest cell in the body . The amount of sperm produced normally are
100 millions to 300 million each day . The sperm have distinctive head , mid piece and tail .
The head contain the compact part of haploid nucleus with little bit of cytoplasm . These
qualities contribute the small size of the sperm . A structure called acrosomes that covers
most part of the sperm head it also function as cap that is filled with lysomal enzymes that is
important for preparing the sperm for fertilization .For the middle part , there are tightly
packed michondria . The ATP that produced by the michondria will power the flagellum
which extend the neck and middle piece until the tail that makes can move the entire sperm
cell . The central strand of the flagellum , the axial filament is formed from 1 centriole inside
the maturing cell during the final part of the spermatogenesis .

Testosterone
Testosterone play major part in growing up and development of male reproductive organ for
example testes and prostates . This 2 are most common specific effect of testosterone :

Anabolic effect of testosterone : It increase the mass of muscle and strength . It also
responsible for mass , density and strength of the bone . An age-related decline in
testosterone will increase the risk of bone disorder such as osteoporosis .
Androgenergic effect : The growth of sexual characteristic such as penis and testes are
mediated by testosterone while in baby forms in the womb and during puberty . Next sexual
characteristic caused by it such as deepen voice and growing of facial , armpit , chest and
pubic hair .
How Does it work?
Each sperm is extremely small: only 1/600 of an inch (0.05 millimeters long). Sperm develop
in the testicles within a system of tiny tubes called the seminiferous tubules. The sperm then
move to the vas deferens, or sperm duct. The seminal vesicles and prostate gland produce a
whitish fluid called seminal fluid, which mixes with sperm to form semen when a male is
sexually stimulated.
The penis will get harden to ready with the intercourse this cause of the follicle-stimulating
hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone hormone that produced. Tissues in the penis
fill with blood and it becomes stiff and erect (an erection). The rigidity of the erect penis
makes it easier to insert into the female's vagina during sexual intercourse.
When the erect penis is stimulated, muscles around the reproductive organs contract and
force the semen through the duct system and urethra. Semen is pushed out of the male's body
through his urethra — this process is called ejaculation. Each time a guy ejaculates, it can
contain up to 300 million sperm. When the male ejaculates during intercourse, semen is
deposited into the female's vagina.

Spermatogenesis
This process begins with mitosis of the diploid spermatogonia . Because these cells are
diploid (2n), there are 46 chromosomes which contain fully copy of the fathers genetic.
However, fully mature gametes are haploid (1n), containing 23 chromosomes—meaning that
daughter cells of spermatogonia must undergo a second cellular division through the process
of meiosis.
Two identical diploid cells result from spermatogonia mitosis. One of these cells remains a
spermatogonium, and the next diploid cell becomes a primary spermatocyte, the next stage in
the process of spermatogenesis. As for mitosis process, DNA is replicated in a primary
spermatocyte, and the cell undergoes cell division to produce two cells with identical
chromosomes. Each of these is a secondary spermatocyte. Now a second round of cell
division occurs in both of the secondary spermatocytes, separating the chromosome pairs.
This second meiotic division results in a total of four cells with only half of the number of
chromosomes. Each of these new cells is a spermatid. Although haploid, early spermatids
look very similar to cells in the earlier stages of spermatogenesis, with a round shape, central
nucleus, and large amount of cytoplasm. A process called spermiogenesis transforms these
early spermatids, reducing the cytoplasm, and beginning the formation of the parts of a true
sperm. The fifth stage of germ cell formation spermatozoa, or formed sperm is the end result
of this process, which occurs in the portion of the tubule nearest the lumen. Eventually, the
sperm are released into the lumen and are moved along a series of ducts in the testis toward a
structure called the epididymis for the next step of sperm maturation.

References
http://www.innerbody.com/image/repmov.html
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_male_reproductive_system
https://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/guide/male-reproductive-system#3
https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/27-1-anatomy-and-physiology-of-the-
male-reproductive-system/
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Testosterone-Physiological-Effects.aspx
Female
Structure Location Function
Ovaries a pair of small glands about the Ovaries produce female sex
size and shape of almonds, located hormones such as estrogen
on the left and right sides of the and progesterone as well as
pelvic body cavity lateral to the ova (commonly called
superior portion of the uterus. “eggs”), the female gametes.
Fallopian Tubes a pair of muscular tubes that extend The fimbriae swipe over the
from the left and right superior outside of the ovaries to pick
corners of the uterus to the edge of up released ova and carry
the ovaries. The fallopian tubes end them into the infundibulum
in a funnel-shaped structure called for transport to the uterus.
the infundibulum, which is covered
with small finger-like projections
called fimbriae.
Uterus A hollow, muscular, pear-shaped The uterus is also known as
organ located posterior and the womb, as it surrounds and
superior to the urinary bladder. supports the developing fetus
Connected to the two fallopian during pregnancy. The inner
tubes on its superior end and to the lining of the uterus, known as
vagina (via the cervix) on its the endometrium, provides
inferior end. support to the embryo during
early development.
Vagina an elastic, muscular tube that The vagina functions as the
connects the cervix of the uterus to receptacle for the penis
the exterior of the body. It is during sexual intercourse and
located inferior to the uterus and carries sperm to the uterus
posterior to the urinary bladder. and fallopian tubes. It also
serves as the birth canal by
stretching to allow delivery of
the fetus during childbirth.
During menstruation, the
menstrual flow exits the body
via the vagina.

External part
Labia majora: The labia majora enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs.
Literally translated as "large lips," the labia majora are relatively large and fleshy, and are
comparable to the scrotum in males. The labia majora contain sweat and oil-secreting glands.
After puberty, the labia majora are covered with hair.
Labia minora: Literally translated as "small lips," the labia minora can be very small or up
to 2 inches wide. They lie just inside the labia majora, and surround the openings to the
vagina (the canal that joins the lower part of the uterus to the outside of the body) and urethra
(the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body).
Bartholin's glands: These glands are located beside the vaginal opening and produce a fluid
(mucus) secretion.
Clitoris: The two labia minora meet at the clitoris, a small, sensitive protrusion that is
comparable to the penis in males. The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called the prepuce,
which is similar to the foreskin at the end of the penis. Like the penis, the clitoris is very
sensitive to stimulation and can become erect.

Referrence
http://www.innerbody.com/image/repfov.html
https://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/guide/your-guide-female-reproductive-system#4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_reproductive_system
Menstruation Cycle
These phenomenon is only happened for female which is 1 month cycle. With every cycle, a
woman's body prepares for a potential pregnancy, whether or not that is the woman's
intention. The average menstrual cycle takes about 28 days and occurs in phases:
Follicular Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
This phase starts on the first day of your period. During the follicular phase of the menstrual
cycle, the following events occur:
 Two hormones, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH),
are released from the brain and travel in the blood to the ovaries.
 The hormones stimulate the growth of about 15 to 20 eggs in the ovaries, each in its
own "shell," called a follicle.
 These hormones (FSH and LH) also trigger an increase in the production of the
female hormone estrogen.
 As estrogen levels rise, like a switch, it turns off the production of follicle-stimulating
hormone. This careful balance of hormones allows the body to limit the number of
follicles that mature.
 As the follicular phase progresses, one follicle in one ovary becomes dominant and
continues to mature. This dominant follicle suppresses all of the other follicles in the
group. As a result, they stop growing and die. The dominant follicle continues to
produce estrogen.
Ovulatory Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
The ovulatory phase, or ovulation, starts about 14 days after the follicular phase started. The
ovulatory phase is the midpoint of the menstrual cycle, with the next menstrual period
starting about two weeks later. During this phase, the following events occur:
 The rise in estrogen from the dominant follicle triggers a surge in the amount of
luteinizing hormone that is produced by the brain.
 This causes the dominant follicle to release its egg from the ovary.
 As the egg is released (a process called ovulation), it is captured by finger-like
projections on the end of the fallopian tubes (fimbriae). The fimbriae sweep the egg
into the tube.
 Also during this phase, there is an increase in the amount and thickness of mucus
produced by the cervix (lower part of the uterus). If a woman were to have intercourse
during this time, the thick mucus captures the man's sperm, nourishes it, and helps it
to move towards the egg for fertilization.
Luteal Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle begins right after ovulation and involves the
following processes:
 Once it releases its egg, the empty follicle develops into a new structure called the
corpus luteum.
 The corpus luteum secretes the hormone progesterone. Progesterone prepares the
uterus for a fertilized egg to implant.
 If intercourse has taken place and a man's sperm has fertilized the egg (a process
called conception), the fertilized egg (embryo) will travel through the fallopian tube to
implant in the uterus. The woman is now considered pregnant.
 If the egg is not fertilized, it passes through the uterus. Not needed to support a
pregnancy, the lining of the uterus breaks down and sheds, and the next menstrual
period begins.

Oogenesis
The process begins with the ovarian stem cells, or oogonia . Oogonia is started during the
fetal development where it divided via mitosis almost looks like spermatogonia in the testis .
The difference is oogonia form primary oocytes in the fetal ovary . The primary oocytes got
in the stage of meiosis 1 , only to resume it years later beginning at puberty and continuing
until the woman is near menopause (the cessation of a woman’s reproductive functions). The
number of primary oocytes keep reducing from being infant which is 1-2 million to 400 000
during puberty and lastly zero during menopause .
The starting of ovulation which is releasing oocytes from the ovary mean that ransition
from puberty into reproductive maturity for women. From here on , ovulation will be occur
once every 28 days throughout the women life until menopause . Just before the ovulation
occurs a surge of luteinizing hormone triggers the resumption of meiosis in a primary oocyte.
This will start the changing from primary oocytes 1 to secondary oocytes 2 . However , this
cells division does not result in 2 identical cells .Instead of that ,the cell called cytoplasm is
divided randomly or unequally , and 1 daughter will be larger than the other . This larger cell
which is secondary oocytes will be leaving ovary sooner or later during ovulation . The
smaller cell, called the first polar body, may or may not complete meiosis and produce
second polar bodies. it eventually disintegrates. Therefore, even though oogenesis produces
up to four cells, only one survives.
The meiosis of the secondary oocytes only complete after a sperm managed to get inside
ovum . Then the meiosis 2 will resume and producing 1 haploid ovum at the instant of
fertilization by a (haploid) sperm, becomes the first diploid cell of the new offspring (a
zygote). the ovum can be thought of as a brief, transitional, haploid stage between the diploid
oocyte and diploid zygote.

The bigger amount of cytoplasm which contained female gamete is used to supply the
developing zygote with the nutrient it needed during the period of between fertilization and
implantation into the uterus . The sperm only give DNA at fertilization but not cytoplasm .
the cytoplasm and all of the cytoplasmic organelles in the developing embryo are of maternal
origin.The mitochondria contain it own DNA which was the researched said that the
mitochondria was maternally inherited
3 stages of oogenesis

Stages 1 : Multiplication phases

The cells that are called germinal cells are divided repeatedly and form oogonia . The
oogonia multiply by the mitotic divisions and form primary oocytes which will pass through
the growth phase .
Stages 2 : Growth phases
In this phases the primary ooctyes grow bigger . A larget amounts of fat and protein become
accumulated in the form of yolk and due to it weight , it concentrate to the lower portion of
the egg forming vegetative pole . The cytoplasm will be rich in RNA , DNA , ATP and
enzymes . the mitochondria , golgi apparatus , ribosomes becomes concentrated in the
cytoplasm of the oocytes . In this phase , big change occurs in the nucleus of the primary
oocytes . The nucleus become larger due to amount of nucleoplasm increasing and it is called
germinal germinal vesicle .

The chromosomes will change it shape and become big lamp-bush chromosomes . which are
directly related with increased transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and
active protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. After the growth of the nucleus and cytoplasm
completed or matured enough , it will be ready for maturation phase .

Stages 3 : Maturation Phases

The maturation division of the primary oocyte differs greatly from the maturation division of
the spermatocyte. The cytoplasm of the oocyctes divides randomly or unequally and
forming a single haploid egg which is large and 3 small haploid bodies or polocytes at the
end .

If the divisions of the primary oocytes have been resulted , the stored nutrient would be
distributed equally to the 4 smaller cells . This might prove the developing embryo
insufficient of nutrient .

But , this unequal divisions will allow 1 cell which contain most cytoplasm and nutrient
which sufficient for the developing embryo .
What is estrogen?
During puberty, the ovaries begin releasing estrogen hormones in line with each monthly
menstrual cycle. The level of estrogen rises halfway during the cycle which releasing the egg
. Estrogen level will be decreases after the ovulation .
The estrogen will be travel throughout the bloodstream in form of fuild and interact with cells
in a variety of tissue in the body and giving out sexual message .

Type of estrogen
Estrone (E1) - The weak form of estrogen which is found only in the body of the menopause
women body . Small amount of the estrogen will be found in the most part of the tissues of
the body mainly in fat and muscle . The body can convert estrone and estradiol to estrone .

Estradiol(E2) - The strongest form of estrogen . it’s a streroid produced by the ovary . it is
thought to contribute to the range of gynaecological problems such as endometriosis , fibroids
and cancer that occurs in females .

Estriol (E3) – The weakest estrogen . It is a waste product made after the body uses estradiol
.Pregnancy is the only time at which significant amount of estriol are made . This estrogen
cannot convert into estrone or estradiol .
Progestrone
It is a steroid hormones . It is excreted by the corpus luteum , a temporary endrocrine gland
that female body produces after the ovulation during the second half of the menstrual cycle.

Progesteron prepares the endometrium for the potential of pregnancy after ovulation . It
triggers the lining to thicken to accept a fertilized egg. It also prohibits the muscle
contractions in the uterus that would cause the body to reject an egg. While the body is
producing high levels of progesterone, the body will not ovulate.
If the woman does not become pregnant, the corpus luteum breaks down, decreasing the
progesterone levels in the body. This change sparks menstruation. If the body does conceive,
progesterone continues to stimulate the body to provide the blood vessels in the endometrium
that will feed the growing fetus. The hormone also prepares the limit of the uterus further so
it can accept the fertilized egg.
After the placenta develops, it also begins to secrete progesterone, supporting the corpus
luteum. This causes the levels to remain elevated throughout the pregnancy, so the body does
not produce more eggs. It also helps prepare the breasts for milk production.
Referrence
http://www.innerbody.com/image/repfov.html
https://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/guide/your-guide-female-reproductive-system#4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_reproductive_system
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-process-of-oogenesis-and-the-conditions-in-each-step
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/277177.php
https://www.hormone.org/hormones-and-health/hormones/progesterone
Conclusion
This conclude the importance of Reproductive system and the study of spermatogenesis and
oogenesis . Also the important part of menstruation cycle and the process . Knowing these
knowledge can reduces of Diseases that related to reproduction . The hormones also plays
important part in growing up .