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TITLE OF EXPERIMENT
Phytochemical Testing on Red Ginger
B. DATE OF EXPERIMENT
Tuesday, 17th April 2018 at 10:20 am – 04:20 pm
C. PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT
- Choosing the equipment that needed appropiate with experiment will be done.
- Choosing the materials that needed appropiate with experiment will be done.
- Identify the component of plants from terpenoid, steroid, fenolik (antrakuinon, tannin, and
phenol), flavonoid and alkaloid group that contain in the extract of Red Ginger Rhizome.
D. BASIC THEORIES
Phytochemical test
Medicinal plants have been the mainstay of traditional herbal medicine amongst rural
dwellers worldwide since antiquity to date. The therapeutic use of plants certainly goes
back to the Sumerian and the Akkadian civilizations in about the third millenium BC.
Hippocrates (ca. 460–377 BC), one of the ancient authors who described medicinal
natural products of plant and animal origins, listed approximately 400 different plant
species for medicinal purposes. Natural products have been an integral part of the ancient
traditional medicine systems, e.g. Chinese, Ayurvedic and Egyptian (Sarker & Nahar,
2007). Over the years they have assumed a very central stage in modern civilization as
natural source of chemotherapy as well as amongst scientist in search for alternative
sources of drugs. About 3.4 billion people in the developing world depend on plant-based
traditional medicines. This represents about 88 per cent of the world‟s inhabitants, who
rely mainly on traditional medicine for their primary health care. According to the World
Health Organization, a medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its organs,
contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes, or which are precursors for
chemo-pharmaceutical semi synthesis. Such a plant will have its parts including leaves,
roots, rhizomes, stems, barks, flowers, fruits, grains or seeds, employed in the control or
treatment of a disease condition and therefore contains chemical components that are
medically active. These non-nutrient plant chemical compounds or bioactive components
are often referred to as phytochemicals („phyto-„ from Greek - phyto meaning „plant‟) or
phytoconstituents and are responsible for protecting the plant against microbial infections
or infestations by pests. The study of natural products on the other hand is called
Figure 1
The results of proximate analysis of Zingiber officinale (ginger) is presented in Table 1. These
include those of moisture, ash, fibre, fat, protein and available carbohydrate. The rhizome of
Zingiber officinale had 28.20±0.42%, w/w of moisture, 4.20±0.01%DM of ash, the percentage
crude fibre was 10.60±0.12%, the crude protein content was 9.05±0.01%, the fat levels of
Zingiber officinale was 4.00±0.01%. The carbohydrate content showed 80.67±0.66% which is
very high on the basis of the present study.
Table 3 shows the result of mineral elements composition of Zingiber officinale rhizome. The
results obtained ranged from 0.2±0.01 mg/100 gDM for Hg to 47.60±0.17 mg/100 gDM for
calcium.
ALKALOID IDENTIFICATION
Alkaloids, which mean alkali-like substances, are basic nitrogenous compounds of plant or
animal origin and generally possessing a marked physiological action on man or animal. The
nitrogen is usually contained in a heterocyclic ring system. According to Hegnauer‟s
classification, three main types of alkaloids are distinguished:
Isolation of alkaloid
Alkaloids occur in free or as salts of organic or inorganic acids.
They occur together with complex mixture of water-soluble (e.g. gums and tannins) and
water insoluble compounds (e.g. resins and lipids).
These non-alkaloidal substances interfere during isolation and purification of alkaloids.
Salicylic acid, belonging to plant phenolics group, is found in some plant species,
and its highest levels are observed in the inflorescence of thermogenic plants and in spice
TANNIN
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various medical applications. Tannin solutions are acid and have an astringent taste.
Tannin is responsible for the astringency, colour, and some of the flavour in tea. Tannins
occur normally in the roots, wood, bark, leaves, and fruit of many plants, particularly in
the bark of oak species and in sumac and myrobalan. They also occur in galls,
pathological growths resulting from insect attacks. n addition to their principal
applications in leather manufacture and dyeing, tannins are used in the clarification of
wine and beer, as a constituent to reduce viscosity of drilling mud for oil wells, and in
boiler water to prevent scale formation. Because of its styptic and astringent properties,
tannin has been used to treat tonsillitis, pharyngitis, hemorrhoids, and skin eruptions; it
has been administered internally to check diarrhea and intestinal bleeding and as
an antidote for metallic, alkaloidal, and glycosidic poisons, with which it forms insoluble
precipitates. Soluble in water, tannins form dark blue or dark green solutions with iron
salts, a property utilized in the manufacture of ink. Tannins may be classified chemically
into two main groups, hydrolyzable and condensed. Hydrolyzable tannins (decomposable
in water, with which they react to form other substances), yield various water-soluble
products, such as gallic acid and protocatechuic acid and sugars. Gallotannin, or common
tannic acid, is the best known of the hydrolyzable tannins. It is produced by extraction
with water or organic solvents from Turkish or Chinese nutgall. Tara,
the pod from Caesalpinia spinosa, a plant indigenous to Peru, contains a gallotannin
similar to that from galls and has become an important source for refined tannin and gallic
acid. The European chestnut tree (principally Castanea sativa) and the American chestnut
oak (Quercus prinus) yield hydrolyzable tannins important in leather manufacture.
Condensed tannins, the larger group, form insoluble precipitates called tanner‟s reds, or
phlobaphenes. Among the important condensed tannins are the extracts from the wood or
bark of quebracho, mangrove, and wattle. The structure of tannin is
11 | P h y t o c h e m i c a l T e s t i n g o n R e d G i n g e r
SAPONNIFICATION
12 | P h y t o c h e m i c a l T e s t i n g o n R e d G i n g e r
Test for flavonoid. Crude extract was mixed with 2 mL of 2% sodium hydroxide
solution. An intense yellow color was formed turned to colorless on addition of
few drops of diluted acid indicated the presence of flavonoids.
Test for steroids. Crude extract was mixed with 2 mL of chloroform and
concentrated H2SO4 was added sidewise of test tube. A red color produced in the
lower chloroform layer indicated the presence of steroids.
Test for terpenoids. Crude extract was dissolved in 2 mL of chloroform and
evaporated to dryness. Then 2 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid was added and
heated for about 2 min. A grayish color of mixture indicated the presence of
terpenoids.
Test for alkaloids. Crude extract was mixed with 2 mL of 1% HCl and heated
gently. Mayer‟s and Wagner‟s reagent were then added to the mixture. Turbidity
precipitate formed shows the positive result for the presence of alkaloids.
Test for saponins. Crude extract was diluted with 5 mL of distilled water in a test
tube. The mixture was shaken vigorously. The formation of stable foam indicated
the presence of saponins.
13 | P h y t o c h e m i c a l T e s t i n g o n R e d G i n g e r
E. TOOLS AND SUBSTANCES
TOOLS
- Ohaus balance 1 piece
- Beaker glass 100 mL 1 piece
- Beaker glass 50 mL 1 piece
- Test tube 15 pieces
- Pipettes 15 pieces
- Tripod 1 piece
- Filtered paper 5 pieces
- Spiritus bunsen 1 piece
- Rack 1 piece
SUBSTANCES
- Red ginger 10 grams
- HCl concentrated 2 mL
- H2SO4 concentrated 10 mL
- FeCl3 1 mL
- Chloroform 5 mL
- Ammonia 1 mL
- Mg metal sufficiently
- Methanol 60-80% 40 mL
- Ethanol 70% 5 mL
- Aquadest sufficiently
- Lieberman-Burchard reagent 1 mL
- Meyer reagent 1 mL
- Dragondraff reagent 1 mL
- Wagner reagent 1 Ml
14 | P h y t o c h e m i c a l T e s t i n g o n R e d G i n g e r
F. LANES WORK
1. Preparation Methanol Extract of Sample (Red Ginger)
Residue Filtrate
Using as samples
Sample
Sample
Taken ± 1 mL
Added 1 mL chloroform
Added 1 mL ammonia
Entered into test tube
Heated on water bath
Shaken it
Separated it
Residue Filtrate
15 | P h y t o c h e m i c a l T e s t i n g o n R e d G i n g e r
Added 3 drops Added 3 drops Added 3 drops
H2SO4 2N H2SO4 2N H2SO4 2N
Shaken it Shaken it Shaken it
Waited a few Waited a few Waited a few
minutes minutes minutes
Observed until the Observed until the Observed until the
solution separate solution separate solution separate
each other each other each other
Taken the upper Taken the upper Taken the upper
layer layer layer
Tested with Meyer Tested with Tested with
reagent Wagner reagent Dragondarf
reagent
3. Flavonoid Identification
Sample
Taken ± 1 mL
Added 3 mL ethanol 70%
Shaken it
Heated
Shaken it again
separated
Residue Filtrate
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4. Saponin Identification
Sample
Taken ± 1 mL
Added 10 mL water
Boiled in steam bath
Filtrate
Shaken it
Waited about 15 minutes
5. Steroid Identification
Sample
Taken ± 1 mL
Added 3 mL ethanol 70%
Added 2 mL concentrated H2SO4
Added 2 mL anhydrous acetic acid
(Lieberman-Burchard reagent
6. Triterpenoid Identification
Sample
Taken ± 1 mL
Added 2 mL chloroform
Added 3 mL H2SO4 concentrate
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7. Tannin Identification
Sample
Taken ± 1 mL
Added with 20 mL water
Boiled in steam bath
separated
Residue Filtrate
Added 2-3 drops FeCl3 1%
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G. OBSERVATION RESULT
Observation Result
No. Experiment Procedure Hypothesis/reactions Conclusion
Before After
1 Preparation Methanol Extract of Sample (Red Ginger) Red ginger Red Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Orange
powder: ginger + amarum.) contains alkaloid, flavonoid, solution, the
brown methanol triterpenoid (Kaban, Daniel, & Saleh, result of
powder = orange 2016). filtrated as
Methanol: solution extract of
colorless with red ginger.
solution precipitate
After
doing
filtration:
orange
solution
2 Identification of Alkaloid with Culvenar-Filzgerald Sample: Sample + Tube 1 (reaction with Meyer reagent) Red ginger
Method orange color chlorofor is positive
Chloroform: m = contains
colorless orange alkaloid
NH3: solution Tube 2 (reaction with Wagner which
colorless Added reagent) indicates by
H2SO4 2N: NH3 = 2 the
19 | P h y t o c h e m i c a l T e s t i n g o n R e d G i n g e r
colorless layer precipitate
Meyer (upper is that formed.
reagent: orange
colorless solution,
Tube 3 (reaction with Dragondorf
Wagner lower is
reagent)
reagent: white
orange precipitate
solution )
Dragondorf After (Wardhana, 2016).
reagent: heating =
orange orange
solution solution
Filtrated =
orange
solution
Tube 1
Filtrate +
H2SO4 =
orange
solution
Added
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Meyer
reagent =
yellow
solution
Tube 2
Filtrate +
H2SO4 =
orange
solution
Added
Wagner
reagent =
orange
solution
with
precipitate
Tube 3
Filtrate +
H2SO4 =
orange
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solution
Added
Dragondo
rf reagent
= orange
solution
with
precipitate
3 Flavonoid Identification Sample: Sample + Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) Red ginger
orange ethanol positive
solution 70% = contains
Ethanol 70%: orange flavonoid
colorless solution which
solution After indicate by
Mg(s) = grey heated = (Wardhana, 2016). the color
powder orange changing
HCl solution into orange
concentrate: Filtrated = (form red
colorless yellow layer).
solution solution
Filtrate +
Mg + HCl
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concentrat
e = orange
solution
(form red
layer)
4 Saponin Identification Sample: Sample + Red ginger
orange aquadest negative
solution = pale contains
Aquadest: yellow (Wardhana, 2016). saponin
colorless After because
heated = after 15
pale minutes the
yellow foam is
with disappeared.
bubbles
Shaken =
foam
formed
After 15
minutes =
foam
disappear
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ed
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6 Triterpenoid Identification Sample: Sample + Red ginger
colorless chlorofor positive
solution m = contains
Chloroform: orange triterpenoid
colorless solution which
solution Sample + indicated by
H2SO4 chlorofor color
concentrate: m + (Wardhana, 2016). changing
colorless H2SO4 into
solution concentrat blackish
e = red.
blackish
red
7 Tannin Identification Sample: Sample + Red ginger
orange aquadest is negative
solution = yellow contains
Aquadest: solution tannin
colorless After which
FeCl3: yellow heated = + FeCl3 (aq) indicated by
solution yellow color not
solution changing
Added (the color
25 | P h y t o c h e m i c a l T e s t i n g o n R e d G i n g e r
FeCl3 = still
yellow yellow).
solution
+ HCl (aq)
(Wardhana, 2016).
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H. ANALYSIS
1. Preparation Methanol Extract of Samples (Red Ginger)
The first experiment is preparation methanol extract of sample that is Red Ginger.
First, prepared red ginger that form a powder because it has purpose to destroy the cell
walls are rigid so that the target compound located in the vacuole easily retrieved and
ease in testing. In this experiment we do not need to make the powder red ginger by
yourself because it may took a long time to washing, drying, blending it and etc. It will
easy with buy the powder of red ginger directly. The powder of red ginger is brown
color. After that added 10 grams of red ginger powder into beaker glass and extracted
or macerated with 30 mL of methanol 60-80% which has colorless color. The addition
of methanol make the red ginger become orange color. Extracted or maceration is
soaking process of samples using organic solvents at room temperature. This process
is particularly advantageous in the isolation of compounds of natural ingredients
because plant samples will breakdown of the cell wall and cell membrane due to the
pressure difference between the inside and outside of the cell, so the secunder
metabolite that present in the cytoplasm will be dissolved in an organic solvent and
extraction of the compound to be perfect because it can be set the long of soaking. In
this experiment methanol is a solvent widely used in the isolation process of organic
compounds of natural ingredients because it can dissolve the whole class of secondary
metabolite.
After that filtered the sampe used filteres paper, and it will get the filtrate of red
ginger that is used as sample in this experiment. The filtrate of red ginger has orange
color that will tested phytochemicals that is to identify the presence of alkaloids,
flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, saponin, and phenols or tanin in extract of red
ginger. Based on literature red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. amarum.) contains
alkaloid, flavonoid, triterpenoid (Kaban, Daniel, & Saleh, 2016).
2. Identification of Alkaloid with Culvenar-Filzgerald Method
The second experiment is identification the presence of alkaloid, the principle
of the alkaloid test is the sample dissolve in ammonia chloroform, to separated the
alkaloid attached to the salt (Harbone, 1987). A sample of ± 1 ml was dissolved in a
few drops of 2N sulphuric acid. The tests used three alkaloid reagents, meyer,
wagner, dragendroff reagents. The test results are positive if the Dragendorff reagent
is formed of red precipitate. Then, the formation of yellowish white sediment with the
Meyer reagent and the formation of red precipitate with Wagner reagent (Harborne in
Priyanto, 2012).
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The first sample of 1 mL extract of red ginger was poured into the reaction
tube and then added 1 mL of chloroform (colorless solution) after which 1 mL of
ammonia (colorless solution) then heated over a water bath for ± 1 minute resulted in a
red brick solution. Extraction with the addition of chloroform aims to break the bond
between ionic and tannin-bound alkaloids in which the N atom of the alkaloids is
attached to each other with the phenolic hydroxyl group of tannin acid. With the
breaking of this bond the alkaloids will be free, while the tannin acid will be bound by
chloroform. After extracting, the solution was filtered and the filtrate obtained was fed
into the same three parts and added 3 drops of 2N sulfuric acid produced a red brick
solution, and shaken vigorously after it was allowed to stand for several minutes. The
addition of 2N sulfuric acid serves to bind the alkaloids back into alkaloid salts in
order to react with heavy metal reagents that are specific to the alkaloid resulting in
inorganic salt complex which is insoluble so that it is separated from its secondary
metabolic. The addition of 2N sulfuric acid resulted in the solution being formed into
two phases because of the difference in polarity between the polar aquous phase and
the less polar chloroform. The alkaloid salt dissolves on the top layer, while the
chloroform layer is at the bottom because it has a larger density. While shaking
strongly aims to dissolve compounds in each layer properly and perfectly. Separate
layers were taken up the top layer to be tested with the Meyer, Wagner and
Dragendorf reagents.
In the test with Meyer's reagent the solution yielded a yellow solution and
there is no precipitate formed, it indicated that the negative sample contained alkanoid.
In an alkaloid test with a Mayer reagent, it is thought that nitrogen in the alkaloids
reacts with K + metal ions from the tetraiodomerkurat (II) potassium to form a
potassium-alkaloid complex that settles with a yellowish white color. The reaction to
this alkaloids test by the Meyer reagent is :
HgCl2(aq) + 2KI(aq) + HgI2(aq) + 2 KCl(aq)
HgI2(aq) + 2 KI(aq) + K2[HgI4](aq)
In the test with the Wagner reagent obtained a orange solution and there is a
brown red precipitate which indicates that positive samples contain of alkaloids. In the
manufacture of Wagner reagents, iodine reacts with I-ions of potassium iodide to
28 | P h y t o c h e m i c a l T e s t i n g o n R e d G i n g e r
produce I3 ions - which are brown in color. In the Wagner test, the K + metal ion will
form a covalent coordinate bond with nitrogen in the alkaloid to form a precipitated
potassium-alkaloid complex. Reaction to this alkanoid test with wagner reagent:
In the test with Dragendorf reagent the solution is orange and there is red
precipitate which indicates that the positive sample contains alkoloid. In the
manufacture of Dragendorff reagents, bismuth nitrate is dissolved in HCl to avoid
hydrolysis reactions because bismuth salts are easily hydrolyzed to form bismuthic
ions (BiO +), the reaction is as follows:
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Mg and HCl concentrate, the color changes into orange solution (red layer form).
Addition of Mg and HCl metal to detect the presence of flavonoid compound in which
flavonoid will react with Mg, after addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid there is
a change in the orange top and reddish bottom solution because flavonoid undergoes
light absorption changes toward larger wavelength due to the reduction reaction by
HCl. The red color in the ethanol coating shows the presence of flavonoids in the
sample. The equation of the reaction is as follows:
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(Wardhana, 2016).
The final result is in accordance with literature (experiment conducted by Kaban, et.
All) where red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. amarum.) contains flavonoid (Kaban,
Daniel, & Saleh, 2016).
4. Saponin Identification
The fourth experiment is identify saponin in extract of red ginger. First, entered 1
mL of sample that is extract of red ginger which has orange solution into test tube.
After that added 10 mL of aquadest which colorless into test tube and the solution
color become pale yellow. The addition of water in the extract of red ginger because
saponin is compound that contain glycosides which is the glycosides have the ability
to make foam in the water that hydrolize into glucose and other compounds. Saponin
can reduce the surface tension of water, which will form a foam on the surface of the
water after shaking. Saponins will form a foam when shaken and did not disappear
with the addition of acid. After added 10 mL of aquadest, heated the sample in the
steamed bath for 5 minutes. Then shaken the solution until a foam which has white
30 | P h y t o c h e m i c a l T e s t i n g o n R e d G i n g e r
color formed in top of solution, let the solution for 15 minutes. After that observed the
sample, and the result is a foam that formed disappeared.
Based on the result of experiment, the foam that formed will disappeared after let
for 15 minutes (the foam not stable), it means that red ginger doesn’t contain
saponin. The result is in accordance with literature where red ginger doesn‟t contain
saponin (Kaban, Daniel, & Saleh, 2016). The reaction of the test are as follows:
(Wardhana, 2016)
5. Steroid Identification
The next experiment is steroid identification experiment, which has purpose to
identify the steroid content in the red ginger. The sample that contain steroid will turn
into blackish red which is indicated that sample containing steroid. First thing that we
must do is take 1 mL of sample that is extracted of red ginger which has orange
solution and then entered into test tube. After that added 3 ml of ethanol 70% that
colorless to the sample, and the sample color change into yellow solution. Then,
added sample with 2 ml of H2SO4 concentrated and the sample become blackish red.
After it added 2 ml of acetic acid anhydrate which colorless, the sample change into
blackish red. Addition of H2SO4 concentrated and acetic acid anhydrate as reagent to
steroid test which if the sample contain with steroid will react with reagent and show
color changes that is green or blue color. And also the addition of acetic acid
anhydride will absorb water and help oxidizing acid by sulfuric acid, because acid
oxidizing reaction will not take place if water still contained there. But in this
experiment the sample changes into blackish red not become blue or green color, it
means that the red ginger doesn‟t contain stereoid.
The final result is accordance with literature (experiment conducted by Kaban, et.
All) where red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. amarum.) doesn‟t contains stereoid
(Kaban, Daniel, & Saleh, 2016).
The reaction of this experiment is:
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(Wardhana, 2016).
6. Triterpenoid Identification
Test the content of triterpenoid in red ginger is based on the formation of brownish red
color on the inter-surface. First step, as much as 1 mL of sample (orange solution)
added into test tube and labeled with “exp. 6”. Then added with 2 mL of chloroform
(colorless solution), the solution color didn‟t change. After that added with 3 mL of
H2SO4 concentrate (colorless solution) from the side of test tube slowly, the solution
color changes into blackish red and the reaction tube was hot. It indicates that the
sample (red ginger) positive contains triterpenoid. The function of chloroform is to
dissolve the soluble triterpenoids in organic solvents because chloroform has semi
polar properties. The function of H2SO4 is to reduce the triterpenoid that produces a
brownish red/red color. Here is the Liebermann-Burchard reaction mechanism on the
extract sample of ginger rhizome:
32 | P h y t o c h e m i c a l T e s t i n g o n R e d G i n g e r
(Wardhana, 2016).
The final result is in accordance with literature (experiment conducted by Kaban, et.
All) where red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. amarum.) contains triterpenoid (Kaban,
Daniel, & Saleh, 2016).
7. Tannin Identification
In this experiment 1 ml of sample added by 20 ml of water become a yellow
solution after it heated the solution to make the reaction run quickly, then was added
with 2 drops of FeCl3 1% (yellow solution (-)) resulted still yellow solution. It
indicating in the tannin is not containing in red ginger as sample. If there are a color
changing the phenolic group in the tannin compound binds to the Fe ion of FeCl3
forms a complex compound which gives a greenish brown color. The equation of the
reaction is as follows:
+ FeCl3 →
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+ HCl(aq)
34 | P h y t o c h e m i c a l T e s t i n g o n R e d G i n g e r
I. CONCLUSION
Based on the experiment we can conclude that :
- In the experiments of identification of alkaloids can be done by using the Corvenor-
Fitzgerald method with several reagents ie the Mayer reagent results there is no presence
of precipitate and formed yellow solution, Wagner reagent produce red precipitate and
orange solution, or use Dragendorff reagent produce red precipitate and solution a
orange color indicating a red ginger sample identified by tube I is negative containing an
alkaloid and on tubes II and III positively containing alkanoid.
- In the flavonoid identification experiment characterized by the yield of reddish solution
on the ethanol coating after added Mg and concentrated HCl. it shows that red ginger
contain flavonoids
- Identification of saponins is characterized by the production of stable foams. In a sample
the foam formed are not stable, so it means that the red ginger negative contain of
saponin.
- Identification of steroids is characterized by blackish red color which indicated that red
ginger is negative contains steroids.
- Identification of triterpenoids is characterized by color changing into blackish red which
indicates that the red ginger positive contains triterpenoid
- Tannin identification of red ginger shows the negative result because there is no changing
in the sample.
35 | P h y t o c h e m i c a l T e s t i n g o n R e d G i n g e r
J. REFERENCES
36 | P h y t o c h e m i c a l T e s t i n g o n R e d G i n g e r
K. ATTACHMENTS
1. QUESTION ANSWERS
1. Write down the reaction in phytochemical test
a. Alkaloid identification
b. Flavonoid
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c. Saponification
d. Steroid
e. Triterpenoid
38 | P h y t o c h e m i c a l T e s t i n g o n R e d G i n g e r
f. Tannin
+ FeCl3(aq) →
+ HCl(aq)
2. Write down the structure of steroid, triterpenoid, tannin, sapponin, flavonoid, and
alkanoid ?
39 | P h y t o c h e m i c a l T e s t i n g o n R e d G i n g e r
Triterpenoid Saponin Tanin
3. Mention any flavonoid compounds found in the ginger rhizome based on the literarur !
Most of the flavoniods present in plants, they are bound to sugar molecules as
glycosides, and in the form of mixtures. Flavones and flavonols are the most
widespread compounds of all yellow plant pigments, although the yellow color of plant
maize is usually caused by carotenoids as a characteristic of flavonoids.
4. Mention the functions and manfat rhizome temulawak for human life !
The benefits of rhizome temulawak for human life are:
- Maintaining the Function of the Heart
- Reduce Arthritis Against Cancer
- Lowering Blood Fats Overcoming
- Digestive Problems
- Breastfeeding
40 | P h y t o c h e m i c a l T e s t i n g o n R e d G i n g e r
5. DOCUMENTATION
A. Preparation Methanol Extract Red Ginger Rhizome
10 grams of red ginger : brown powder Entered 10 grams red ginger into beaker glass
Red ginger + methanol : brownish orange Separated the mixture with paper filtered
Taken the filtrate of mixture The filtrate of red ginger : orange solution
41 | P h y t o c h e m i c a l T e s t i n g o n R e d G i n g e r
B. Alkanoid Identification
Tools : test tube, beaker glass, rack, Materials : methanol, cloroform, ammonia,
graduated cylinder, spiritus burner, etc H2SO4, ethanol, FeCl3
1 mL red ginger sample : orange solution Red ginger + cloroform : orange solution
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precipitate (2 layers)
+ filtered : filtrate has orange solution Divided the filtrate into 3 test tube
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Tube 2. + wagner solution : orange solution Tube 3. + dragondraff reagent : orange
with precipitate solution with precipitate
C. Flavonoid Identification
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Filtrate + Mg : yellow solution + HCl concentrated : orange solution (form
red layer)
D. Saponin Identification
1 mL red ginger sample : orange solution Red ginger + 10 mL aquadest : pale yellow
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+heated : foam formed in the top of tube Waited about 15 minutes : foam dissapeared
E. Steroid Identification
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F. Triterpenoid Identification
1 mL red ginger sample : orange solution Red ginger + 3 mL ethanol : orange solution
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+ heated : yellow solution + 3 drops FeCl3 : yellow solution
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