P203 Land Use Planning

P203 Land Use Planning

Site Planning by Kevin Lynch

The Art of Site Planning

The Analysis of Site and Purpose

The Location of Activities

System of Circulation
Analysis of Site and Purpose
Subsurface conditions
Analysis of Site and Purpose
Analysis of Site and Purpose
Surface Characteristics

Topography is a measurement
of elevation and relief of the
Land. Topography is measured
with contours that connect
points representing the same
elevation

Slope is the difference in

elevation from one point to
another divided by the lateral
distance between those
points.
Analysis of Site and Purpose
Surface Characteristics Why are slope and Topography
important?
Analysis of Site and Purpose
Surface Characteristics
Climate
Analysis of Site and Purpose
Man-made
Characteristics
Analysis of Site and Purpose
Location of Activities
Linkages
Location of Activities
Density
Location of Activities
System of Circulation
 Radial

Grid

Linear

System of Circulation
P203 Land Use Planning
Site Planning by Kevin Lynch

Visual Form

Light, Noise, and Air

Problems of Control

The Process of Site Planning

Telmo
An organized landscape that its
parts work together, visually
coherent, and whose visual
image is congruent with its life
and action.

Outdoor Spaces

Hearing

Touch

Ground Form | Texture

Rock, Earth, Water

Plants

Detail

Viewpoint and Sequence

Visual and Total Structure

Visual Form
Outdoor
Spaces
In contrast to
architectural space, site
space is much larger in
extent and looser in
form.

Visual Form
outdoor spaces
Outdoor spaces are rarely
created by complete
enclosures, but rather
partially.

Visual Form
outdoor spaces
One of the most
demanding tasks of site
planning is to fit a new
addition into an
established landscape.

Visual Form
outdoor spaces
Since space is primarily
sensed by vision, the
direction and quality of light
which bathes that space is a
determinant of its character.

Visual Form
outdoor spaces
Hearing
Character of space is
partially given to us by
the quality of sound or
noise.

Visual Form
outdoor spaces
Touch
to a lesser extent, we
are affected by the feel
of a surface, or by how
it looks

Visual Form
outdoor spaces
Ground Form
The floor underfoot is
the only continuous
surface. This space may
be defined by man-
made structures in
urban areas, and basic
natural materials in less
dense developments.

Visual Form
ground form
Ground Texture
The texture of the floor
imparts sensations of touch
as well as sight, and will
direct and control activity
on its surface.

Visual Form
ground texture
Rock, Earth,
Water
Rock and earth are primary
site materials. They are
expressive of strength and
permanence, of the working
of powerful forces over long
periods of time.

Visual Form
rock, earth, and water
Water
Unlimited range of forms, yet
has strong continuity and
repetitiveness that is never
boring.

Visual Form
rock, earth, and water
Plants
One of the most
fundamental landscape
materials.

If in public we worship the

tree, in practice we often
destroy it.

Visual Form
plants
Detail
“Near world” detail can be
incorporated for the
appearance of the whole as
its basic spatial structure.

Visual Form
detail
Viewpoint and
Sequence
A landscape, or a feature,
can be seen or appreciated
in a rather limited set of view
points.

Visual Form
viewpoint and sequence
Visual Structure
Perception of the
environment is a process of
creating a visual hypothesis
thru the experiences and
purposes of the observer.
The experience is factored by
many different variables, but
is in harmony as a whole.

The main structure of a site

design is most often created
by the use of hierarchy,
dominance, or centrality.

Visual Form
visual structure
Total Structure
The visual structure has a
congruity with the actual use
of the site. Spaces and
facilities not only require
proportioning of their parts
and scaling to the human
observer, but also they must
be sized to the expected
intensity of activity.

Visual Form
total structure
Space must be imageable.
Well-structured, vivid in
form, pervading sense of
place.

A sequential experience.
With variety yet strong
congruity.

Meaningful. Highly
expressive of the name and
uses that occupy it.

Visual
Success
Natural climates are erratic
and violent. We are
constantly subjected to the
variations of temperature,
humidity, and light and
sound.

We adapt through clothing

and structure, but it is
possible to manipulate the
climate by the arrangement
and choice of site.

Light,
Noise,
and Air.
Albedo Conductivity Air
The amount of light The speed with which
Movement
reflected by a surface. heat, or sound, passes Wind speed, by its rate
through a given of transport cold and
1.0 Albedo is a perfect material, once having
mirror. Reflects back heat, has a marked
penetrated its surface. effect on cooling and
any light and heat.
heating.
0.0 Albedo is a perfect
matte. Reflects nothing
and absorbs all heat.
Surface
Material
albedo + conductivity
= micro climate is mild
and stable

albedo + conductivity

= micro climate is
extreme
Slope Plants and
The principal factors Structures
are the orientation of
ground with respect to Plants shade the
the sun, and the ground, breaking air
general form of movement, and trap
topography as it affects smoke and dust.
air movement.

Structures block and

divert winds and
channel them along
narrow openings.
Shading
Structures and trees
also modify the climate
in their shadow by
blocking direct sun
radiation.

Light, Noise, and Air

shading
Noise
Belts of plants or
structures reduce
sound transmission.

Light, Noise, and Air

noise
Urban
Climate
Mad-made
microclimate, that of
the city, resulted from
extensive paving,
structures, and
emission of heat, noise,
and pollution.

Light, Noise, and Air

urban climate
Therefore
With the knowledge Orientation of Produce shade at the Select surface materials
the planners have, they structures to take right spots by means of for their albedo of for
can change the local maximum advantage of trees or artificial their sound absorption,
weather. sun, shade, and wind. structures, and channel erect barriers to noise,
or divert the wind or or establish pleasant
cold air floods with noises to mask
buildings and planting. undesirable ones.
Problems
of Control
Subdivision
A process where vacant
land is divided into lots
and public rights-of-way to
providing site for future
buildings.

Subdivision layout must

ensure good circulation,
adequate facilities,
sufficient open space, and
basic order.

By addressing the
usefulness of lots and
provision of community
use, a subdivision may
create order and have its
own character.

Light, Noise, and Air

subdivision
Long-Range
Site Planning
The preparation of
plans for growth
twenty years or even
further into the future.

Light, Noise, and Air

long-range site planning
Site Controls
The achievement of
continuity and the
prevention of inferior work
by means of regulation
rather than design. It can
be imposed either by
official agency as an
ordinance, or by private
agency. These are
necessary if we are to
avoid the congestion,
disorder, and ugliness.

Light, Noise, and Air

site control
Analysis of Site and Purpose

The Design of a Complex Whole

Modular Design

Reason and Unreason

Development of the Plan

Road Layout

The Grading Plan

Utilities and Details

Drawing and Reports

The Process
of Site Planning
Analysis of Analysis of
Site Purpose
Starts with a general, A statement of objectives
unoriented should be prepared. It is
reconnaissance, a realization after the
systematic check of fact. These should be
factors and stated as concretely as
significance, and ends possible, without
with a concise dictating any particular
statement of site physical solution.
character, potential,
and problems.

site and purpose

Design of a Modular
Complex Whole Design
After site and purpose are Begins by quick sketches
addressed, and with a draft for over-all patterns, then
plan, then we proceed to alternating it with
the heart of the matter – developments of small
the design development units adapted to the
itself. specific feature of a site.

Three fundamental
patterns of location in
space:

- Pattern of activity

- Pattern of circulation

- Visual form

The Process of Site Planning

design of a complex whole | modular design
Reason and
Unreason
The design process
should be kept as open
and fluid as possible
until a wide range of
alternatives has been
developed and tested.
This process is cut short
by a narrow and critical
state of mind from the
beginning.
The Process of Site Planning
Refrain from thinking
that designing is a
logical process
preceded from rational
steps to a solution. In
contrary, design is an
irrational search
prepared by experience
and analysis of site and
purpose.
reason and unreason
Development
of the Plan
The preliminary plan is
then developed in its
technical dimension
and details.

The Process of Site Planning

development of the plan
Road Layout
Involves reducing street
layouts to circular
curves and tangents
and setting the precise
geometry of buildings
and property lines with
relation to benchmarks
and compass direction.

The Process of Site Planning

road layout
Grading Plan
Most significant portion of
the technical development.
Specifies the new shape
that the ground is to have
when developed. The new
shape is shown by drawing
the contours of the new
ground surface where it
will differ from the existing
surface.

The Process of Site Planning

grading plan
Utilities and
Details
After the grading plan
has been completed,
the layout of utilities,
usually beginning with
the storm drainage,
which is likely the most
significant utility.

The Process of Site Planning

utilities and details
Drawings and
Reports
Important as these
technical drawings are,
however, the essence of
the site plan can be found
in the sketch. It can be a
drawing or model, which
materializes the patterns of
activity, circulation, and
visual form in three
dimensions.

The Process of Site Planning

drawings and reports

Thank you.

Telmo