FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM LABORATORY MANUAL SEMESTER

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, PULAU PINANG (LEVEL 1) SEPT’18 – JAN’19

COURSE CODE : CEW 431

COURSE : FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
LEVEL OF OPENNESS : 1
CATEGORY : PRATIALLY OPEN
DEGREE OF OPEN ENDED (%) : 33%
PERIOD ACTIVITY : 3 WEEKS
EXPERIMENT NAME : 1.3 : BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

INTRODUCTION
It is important to understand that an increase in the speed of the fluid will have subsequent effect
on the pressure or fluid potential energy. From the principal of conservation energy, the sum of all
forms of mechanical energy in a fluid along a streamline is the same at all points on that streamline.
This requires that the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy remain constant. Thus an increase
in the speed of the fluid occurs proportionately with an increase in both its dynamic pressure and
kinetic energy, and a decrease in its static pressure and potential energy.
OBJECTIVES
To verify Bernoulli’s principle when applied to the steady flow of water
PREAMBLE LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the experiment, students should be able to
i. Determine the pressure head and velocity head at each point in the horizontal pipe through
a tapered duct apparatus.
ii. Develop the correlation between the pressure head, velocity head and total head with the
horizontal distance along the tapered tape.
iii. Identify the accuracy of Bernoulli’s Theorem for fluid flow in a horizontal tapered pipe
It is important to understand that an increase in the speed of the fluid will have subsequent effect
on the pressure or fluid potential energy. From the principal of conservation energy, the sum of all
PROBLEM forms of mechanical energy in a fluid along a streamline is the same at all points on that streamline.
STATEMENT This requires that the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy remain constant. Thus an increase
in the speed of the fluid occurs proportionately with an increase in both its dynamic pressure and
kinetic energy and a decrease in its static pressure and potential energy.

WAYS
& MEAN

Figure 1.3 Bernoulli’s Apparatus

Procedures
i. Record the diameter of the manometer tube at each point and measure the distance from
the first tube to the other tube.
ii. Set up the equipment on the hydraulic bench so that its base is horizontal; that is necessary
for accurate height measurement from the manometers.
 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM LABORATORY MANUAL SEMESTER
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, PULAU PINANG (LEVEL 1) SEPT’18 – JAN’19

iii. Ensure that the equipment is connected to the 14° tapered section converging in the
direction of flow.
iv. Ensure that the bench valve and the flow control valve are closed and start the pump.
Gradually open the bench valve to fill the manometer with water and make sure there is no
air trapped in each manometer.
v. Adjust the bench valves and flow control valve and re-tighten the flow control valve when
the manometer levels reach a convenient height.
vi. Then, open the flow control valve in-order to give a convenient difference between the
highest and lowest manometer levels and take the level reading of all tubes.
vii. Take three sets of reading for volume and time in-order to get the average flow rate through
the system.
viii. Repeat step vi and vii by adjusting the flow control valve to give high and low flow rates for
both highest and lowest static pressure

DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS

REPORT 1. All readings and data from the experiment should be tabulated accordingly.
2. Show the sample calculation of discharge and total head at each experiment
3. Plot the graph of pressure head (h), velocity head (v2/2g), and total head versus horizontal
distance in a single graph sheet for each experiment.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
1. Discuss your results and findings from the data analysis.
2. Give your comments on the plotted graph regarding the changes of pressure head (h), velocity
head (v2/2g) and total head to the changes of cross-sectional area of pipe.
3. Comment on the validity of the Bernoulli’s equation, factors affecting the accuracy of
this experiment and its applications in civil engineering.
4. Conclude your findings in the experiment.
REFERENCE Include a list of references at the end of your report.