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Submitted by :
Safi ahmed
Submitted to:
Dr.Naeem Anjum
Introduction:
The methods that Galileo employed to measure the
speed of light were too curd to be successful.
In 1658 Romel realised that an anomaly in time of
solar eclipse of the moons of Jupiter could be
accounted far by a finite speed of light and deduced
that it must be 3*10^8 m/s .
In 1726 Bradely made some deductions form
observations of small ellipses that the stars
described in heavens. Since these ellipses have a
period of one year they must me associated with the
measurements of earth.
Knowledge of exact value was an important
confirmation of Maxwell theory of electromagnetic
waves which allowed the wave velocity to be
calculated from the results of laboratory. In the
hands of Michelson their methods achieved a high
degree of accuracy of about 0.03 % and
subsequently much more accurate observations and
determinations have been made.
What is light!
Light is a transverse electromagnetic wave that can
be seen by human eye. It is a type of energy.Light
exists in tiny particles called photons.
It shows properties of both wave and particles.
Various theories related to the nature of light
Different theories on the nature of light have
been proposed.Important theories are as follows:
Corpuscular Theory
According to the Newton’s corpuscular theory:
Light is made up of tiny particles called ‘corpuscles’
having negligible mass.
These particles (corpuscles) are perfectly elastic.
The corpuscles are emitted from the luminous
sources such as Sun, candle, electric lamp etc.
The tiny particles (corpuscles) always travel in a
straight line in all directions.
Each particle (corpuscle) carries kinetic energy with
it while moving.
The corpuscles travel at high velocity.
The corpuscles (light) would travel faster in the
denser medium than in rarer medium. But later this
is proved wrong. We know that light travels faster in
the rarer medium than in denser medium.
When the particles (corpuscles) fall on the retina of
the eye, they produce an image of the object or
sensation of vision.
The corpuscles can be of different sizes. The
different colours of light are due to the different
sizes of the corpuscles.
The corpuscular theory could be easily understood
with a simple example.
Concave lens:
concave lens is a lens that possesses at least one
surface that curves inwards. It is a diverging lens,
meaning that it spreads out light rays that have been
refracted through it. A concave lens is thinner at its
centre than at its edges, and is used to correct short-
sightedness.
Convex lens:
A convex lens is a converging lens. When parallel
rays of light pass through a convex lens the refracted
rays converge at one point called the principal focus.
The distance between the principal focus and the
centre of the lens is called the focal length.
Modulation:
modulation is the process of varying one or more
properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier
signal, with a modulating signal that typically
contains information to be transmitted. Most radio
systems in the 20th century used frequency
modulation (FM) or amplitude modulation (AM) to
make the carrier carry the radio broadcast.
Refractive index:
Refractive index, also called index of refraction,
measure of the bending of a ray of light when
passing from one medium into another. If i is the
angle of incidence of a ray in vacuum (angle
between the incoming ray and the perpendicular to
the surface of a medium, called the normal) and r is
the angle of refraction (angle between the ray in the
medium and the normal), the refractive index n is
defined as the ratio of the sine of the angle of
incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction; i.e.,
n = sin i / sin r. Refractive index is also equal to the
velocity of light c of a given wavelength in empty
space divided by its velocity v in a substance, or n =
c/v.
Led:
A light-emitting diode is a two-lead semiconductor
light source. It is a p–n junction diode that emits
light when activated. When a suitable current is
applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine
with electron holes within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons.
Photodiode:
A photodiode is a semiconductor device that
converts light into an electrical current. The current
is generated when photons are absorbed in the
photodiode. Photodiodes may contain optical filters,
built-in lenses, and may have large or small surface
areas.
Observations and calculations:
Now
Speed of light = c1+c2+c3/3 *100
Speed of light = 4.9 * 10^8 m/s