Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Overall Format
• Use italics only when specifically called for. See Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association [APA] (5th ed.), pp. 100-103, for specific guidelines.
• Boldfaced type is used for the statistical notation only; there should be no reason to use
Running Head
• Follow the colon with the title or part of the title up to 50 characters, including spaces,
uppercase
Page Header
• Include a few key words from the title, uppercase and lowercase, and the page number (with
• Use right tab to place the page number at the right-hand margin
Excerpted and adapted from American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Basic Requirements 1
• Include the title, uppercase and lowercase, centered, at the top of the first page of text (Level 1
• Include page header on every page of the paper, including the title and reference pages (see
Citation of the source of information and ideas is an integral part of any scholarly paper.
When the work of another person is quoted directly, paraphrased, or used as a source for
thoughts and opinions, the use of that person’s literary and scientific efforts must be
acknowledged. Because citation formats vary, neophytes often have difficulty in selecting and
consistently following one citation format. Consequently, the School of Nursing has selected a
format widely used for scientific writing, one that will be most useful to you at this time and in
the future. The official writing format for all work at the UT School of Nursing is the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001), hereafter called the APA Manual. All
papers written for course work in the School must follow these guidelines.
The American Psychological Association (APA) writing style was devised to promote
clear communication between an author (student) and her/his publisher (faculty). Requirements
such as specifications for margins, line spacing, and headers, serve a purpose. For instance, the
large margins and double spacing provide ample space for the editor to make notes on the paper
and the typesetter to read the editing marks. Headers serve to get lost pages back with the right
document. Therefore, using APA guidelines correctly will benefit students by facilitating clear
communication with faculty, meeting the objectives of the assignment, producing better grades,
This paper demonstrates APA formatting and presents some common problem areas,
such as citations, direct quote references, plagiarism, and formatting techniques. Study the form
and content of this paper, and consult the APA Manual, available in the Learning Center. Of
course, faculty and/or the teaching assistant have the final word on the requirements of the paper
you are to submit—they may decide to adjust some requirements to meet the objectives of the
Levels of Heading
• Use headings to establish via format the hierarchy of sections to orient the reader (similar to
• Use at least two subsection headings within any given section, or use none.
• Start each section with the highest level of heading, even if one section may have fewer levels
Examples
APA allows for as many as five levels of heading to be used, depending on the complexity of the
paper. This document shows the format for use of one and two levels of heading below. For
One Level. For a short article, one level of heading may be sufficient. In such cases, use only
centered uppercase and lowercase headings (Level 1 headings). Do NOT bold headings.
Two Levels. For many articles in APA journals, two levels of heading meet the requirements.
Use Level 1 and Level 3 headings. Level 1 is centered, uppercase and lowercase. Level 3 is flush
Method
Procedure
Seriation
between elements.
The participant’s three choices were (a) working with another participant, (b) working
We tested three groups: (a) low scorers, who scored fewer than 20 points; (b) moderate
scorers, who scored between 20 and 50 points; and (c) high scorers, who scored more than 50
points.
If the elements of a series within a paragraph constitute a compound sentence and are preceded
by a colon.
The experiments on which we report were designed to address two such findings: (a)
Only a limited class of patterned stimuli, when paired with color, subsequently contingently
elicit after-effects, and (b) decreasing the correlation between grid and color does not degrade the
McCollough effect.
Separate paragraphs in a series
Using the learned helplessness theory, we predicted that the depressed and nondepressed
1. Begin with paragraph indent. Type second and succeeding lines flush left.
Using another author’s words or ideas necessitates giving that person or persons credit.
Quoting: Using the exact words of another. Requires quotation marks and citation.
Paraphrasing: Using another’s ideas stated in your own words. Requires citation.
Plagiarism: Using someone else’s words or ideas without attribution. Constitutes academic
dishonesty.
• Use author–date format in text. This abbreviated citation refers the reader to the complete
• When using a direct quotation, cite author, year and page number(s) (paragraph numbers
should be used when citing text from on-line documents in which there is no pagination or the
pagination is not consistent with that of the print version of a given work).
• When paraphrasing an author’s words, cite the author and year of publication. It is not
necessary to use page numbers in the citation, although APA encourages you to do so when it
would help your reader find a passage in a particularly long or difficult text.
• When a work has two authors, always use both authors’ surnames.
• When a work has three to five authors, use all authors’ surnames the first time you cite the
work. In subsequent citations use the first author’s surname followed by the words “et al.”
(Note: et al. is NOT italicized and a period follows the word “al.”)
• When a work has six or more authors, use only the first author’s surname followed by the
same author’s surname and the same year), cite as many authors as necessary to distinguish the
two works from one another and then use the words “et al.”
• When surnames are used as part of the prose, separate the last two names by using the word
• When surnames are used in parentheses, separate the last two names by using an ampersand
Examples
“If and only if, the work is signed ‘Anonymous,’ the entry begins with the word
Anonymous spelled out, and the entry is alphabetized as if Anonymous were a true name”
She stated, “The ‘placebo effect’… disappeared when behaviors were studied in this
manner” (Miele, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied.
Extended quotations of 40 or more words are block indented approximately 1/2 inch (or five
spaces) and double-spaced as in the following example. Quotation marks are note used.
Another is that the essence of writing is rewriting. Very few writers say on their first try
exactly what they want to say. . . . “Effortless” articles that look as if they were dashed
off are the result of strenuous effort. A piece of writing must be viewed as a constantly
The first time a work is cited in text, note both author and date. Subsequent entries in the same
paragraph need not repeat the date of publication as long is the work cited cannot be confused
In a recent study of reaction times, Walker (2000) described the method . . . Walker also
found . . .
In text, name the original work, and give a citation for the secondary source:
The American Hospital Association's Patient's Bill of Rights (as cited in Edge & Groves,
1999) is an important document that guides ethical practice within the hospital setting.
Edge, R. S., & Groves, J. R. (1999). Ethics of health care: A guide for clinical practice (2nd ed.).
• Most reference citations refer to works in print or works available on line. (For alternate media,
• Reference citations of print works generally include author, date, title and publication
information. The format varies depending on whether the citation refers to a journal article, a
• Reference citations of on-line works will vary, but generally include author, date and location
of the text (URL or database name). See examples of common forms below.
• Type the word “References” at the top of the page (centered, uppercase and lowercase).
• Begin the first line of each entry at the standard left-hand margin. Indent subsequent lines of
• List the entries alphabetically by the first word in each entry, generally the author(s)
Author
• Separate authors’ names by using a comma; use an ampersand before the last author’s name:
• For a work with six or fewer authors, include all authors’ names.
• For a work by more than six authors, include the first six authors’ names and the words “et al.”
• For books and journal articles, give the year only: (2003)
• For meetings; monthly magazines, newsletters and newspapers, give the year and month:
(2003, May)
• For dailies and weeklies, give the year, month and day: (2003, November 4)
• For a work accepted for publication but not yet published, use: (in press)
• Give title and publication information following the date. The information included and format
• In citing a book, give the complete title, italicized. Capitalize only the first letter of the first
word, the first letter of proper nouns and the first letter of any word following a colon.
• Follow the title with the city and state of publication (U.S. Postal abbreviation). If the city is
well known and cannot be confused with another city, use the city name only (e.g., New York,
Philadelphia).
• Follow the place of publication with a colon. Then give the publisher’s name. Eliminate words
such as Publisher, Co., Inc., etc. from publisher’s name. Keep the words Books or Press.
Examples
American Nurses Association. (1987). Computers in nursing education. Kansas City, MO:
Author.
Campbell, W. G., & Ballou, S. V. (1987). Form and style (5th ed.). New York: Houghton
Mifflin.
Grobe, S. J. (1994). Nursing informatics: State of the science. In J. H. van Bemmel & A. T.
• In citing a journal article, give the complete title of the article NOT italicized and without
quotation marks. Capitalize only the first letter of the first word, the first letter of proper nouns
• Follow the article title with the complete title of the journal, italicized, uppercase and lower
case.
• Follow the journal title with a comma and give the volume number, also italicized. The issue
Examples
Hays, B. J., Norris, J., Martin, K. S., & Androwich, I. (1994). Informatics issues for nursing’s
Loepprich, J. C., & Smith, J. L. (1983-84). Can computers solve nursing’s information overload?
• Material available on line changes frequently. Therefore, include the date of retrieval in
• When citing a URL, (1) use an address that takes the reader as close as possible to the material
Examples
Mackey, T. A., & Cole, F. L. (1997). Patient waiting times in a nurse managed clinic. The
Internet Journal of Advanced Nursing Practice 1997 1N1. Retrieved October 15, 2001,
from http://www.ispub.com/hournals/JANP/Vol1N1/time2.html
Acton, G. S., Prochaska, J. J., Kaplan, A. S., Small, T., & Hall, S. M. (2001). Depression and
A reference citation for an Internet article based on a print source in which information
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of
Rew, L. (2003). A theory of taking care of oneself grounded in experiences of homeless youth.
Nursing Research, 52 (4), 234-41. Retrieved December 4, 2003, from CINAHL database.
A reference citation for report from a private organization, available on their Web Site:
Canarie, Inc. (1997, September 27). Towards a Canadian health IWAY: Vision, opportunities
http://www.canarie.ca/press/publications/pdf/health/healthdivision.doc
GVU’s 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.) Retrieved August 8, 2000, from
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/ usersurveys/survey1997-10/
• Purdue University
http://owl.english.purdue.edu (homepage)
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/research/r_apa.html