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1. Staff function:
Anyone can apply VA principles: buyers, manufacturing engineers, design
engineers and other. Ideally, VA is a team work and it requires inter disciplinary
approach. Inter disciplinary teams of four or five individuals are selected. They
may be drawn from the key departments, such as marketing, design, purchasing,
cost accounting, research, quality, packaging, safety, maintenance and
manufacturing. The analysts doing VA have to face a number of disturbances
from other duties assigned to them. For this reasons VA is organized as a separate
staff activity except in small firms that cannot afford to hire a fulltime analyst.
Limitations:
Management must be very careful to refrain from relying unduly on staff analysis as a
control over operating personal. Such a procedure will frustrate attempts to secure the staff
line cooperation that is vital to the success of analysis.
1. Work in Specifics:-
Very often people at the top in an organizing are likely to say, “This is the only methods to
make this item. We have tried other methods but failed.” The best way of tacking such a
situation is to be very specific and not to make a vague statement. People at the top will be
influenced by the specific proposal and it is possible that the right mfg process may be
developed after careful examination. Hence, avoid generalities because they serve only to
prevent changes and protect the status quo.
2. Obtain all Available Costs:-
Information about all available costs should be obtained. It is possible that specific method
may slightly increase cost in one department but may lead to substantial reduction in cots in
other depts., resulting in an overall reduction of costs. Value Analysis mainly concerned with
comparing costs. Therefore relevant costs for each function as may be required for the
analysis should be obtained; and if costs are not readily available, these should be developed
as accurately as possible.
3. Seek information from the most authentic source:-
Information on any aspect of cost, methods of manufacture, finishing, packing etc, should be
obtained from the most reliable source. To get the correct information a question are should
be developed while collecting information, the particular questions that the value analyst is to
ask are:-
1. What is the precise function of the product? How important is this function?
2. What is the cost of the product? Is it not proportionate with its utility?
3. Dew the design of product contributes to value? Is it not possible to eliminate a
par or a component without reducing its use or esteem value? Will a change in the design
of the product head to lower cost?
4. Are all the features of the product essential?
5. Is any better substitute available?
6. Is it possible to reduce cost of material?
7. Are all the labour operations necessary?
8. Is standardization and simplification of products possible.
9. Is it possible that a number of products use common standard parts?
10. Can a standard item be substituted for a non-standard item?
4. Evaluate function by comparison:-
After identifying the function of an item, the natural questions to ask are “How do other
concerns perform the same function? What is their cost? Will the value of the function be
reduced by eliminating unnecessary costs?” This probe will head to a number of alternatives
which can be examined to see if any of then is likely to result in a cheaper but reliable
alternative.
5. Discuss with specialists and take advantage of their expertise knowledge:-
Now-a-days, technology is advancing so rapidly that it is almost not possible for engineers
and others. Working in an organizing to keep abreast of the latest developments. It, therefore
pay to be in touch with a specialist suitable for the specific problem and get his specialized
Value of output = Total cost + net added value = 1 + Net added value
Cost of input Total cost Total cost
Labour productivity:
Where most of the work is done by hand labour ,measurement of labour
productivity essential to know the efficiency of labour while calculating
labour productivity all factor labour both direct and indirect should be
included some of the wars of measuring labour productivity or as follows:
i) In term of hours:
1. Output per man hour =Total output
Total man hour
Material Productivity:
Some of the ways of measuring material productivity are given as follows:
i. Material productivity = Material Cost
No. of units produced
ii. Ratio of wastages of material = Wastages of material
Total material consumed
MATRIX:-
In matrix method the most suitable alternative is chosen with the help of an objective
numerical evaluation by simultaneous comparison of suppliers with factors. All the
alternative factors for different suppliers, are given marks by a team of evaluators in various
scales and each scale is given a weight age. The weighted average of the marks obtained
under various scales then gives an objective the following basic steps:-
a. Identify the emphasis factor for the product / item: - These are the
marks given to the item under various performance quality categories and indicate how
Page | 21 PREPARED BY: HASTIN SHUKLA & Anuj Bhatia
UNIT 2: VALUE ANALYSIS – A TOOL/ DEVICE OF COST REDUCTION
efficiently the alternatives are grinded against each other in the various functions. Obviously
the number of sets of emphasis factors is equal to the number of functions.
b. Emphasis coefficients:- Each function is given a weight age according to
its usefulness and this is called the emphasis coefficient and it determined by the group after a
lot of discussion.
c. The sets of emphasis factors are then multiplied by the respective
emphasis coefficients and the respective emphasis coefficients and this product is summed for
all the functions for an alternative. The alternative with the highest score is then chosen as the
product to be purchased.
A product with decreasing return on investment particularly in the maturity stage, is
considered ideal for value analysis.
Suppose we have four samples or four suppliers. A, B, C & D. of an item and that we
have to rate them by value analyzing them in respect of the following fine attributes which
the most important in determining the overall utility or value of the sample:-
1. Price
2. Quality
3. Yield
4. Reliability of the supplier
5. Lead time of supply.
The first thing to do is to compare these five factors or attributes between themselves in
pairs, and give relative weight ages to the various factors. For instance: while campaign
price and quality if quality is considered more important than price by the evaluating
committee more weight age, say.1, is given to quality and less, say 0, to price. Price is than
compared with each of the remaining factors and the relative weight ages are recorded in the
form of a table or matrix.
Similarly, each factor is compared in turn with each of the others and the relative
weight ages are recorded. In this case the number of comparisons made in pair will be (5 * 4)
/ 2= 10 (in general if there are ‘n’ attributes, the number of comparisons will be n(n-1)/2.
weight age given to the different attributes are added up for each attributes and divided by
the total no, of comparisons made to give the attributes weight age coefficient, (A*W/C) for
each attribute.
The next step is to compare the samples, in pairs, in respect of each of the attributes,
giving the superior sample weight ages of 1 and the other 0. As before, the weight ages of
each sample, in respect of the attribute under consideration are recorded in a table and added
up and divided by the no. of comparisons, which will in this case be (4*3)/2= 6, as there are
only four ‘sample weight age coefficient’ (S*W/C) in respect of this particular factor or
attribute. This generates as many materials as there are attributes, in this case five.
In final step the two types of weight age coefficients are combined by multiplying the
attribute weight age coefficient for each attribute by the sample weight age coefficient for
each sample in respect of all the factors taken together that is its acceptability. The total
weight age coefficients or the acceptability of the samples, can then be ranked for final
decision.
REFERENCE
1. A textbook of Cost Accountancy – M N Arora
• Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
• Second Revised Edition, 1998
2. Manufacturing organization and management
- Harold T Amrine
- John A Ritchey
- Oliver S Hulley
• Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. , New Delhi
• Third Edition, January 1982
3. Cost Accounting – Principal and Practice
- S P Jain
- K L Narayan
• Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi
• Fifth revised edition, 1999
4. Cost Accounting – Text Book
- V K Saxena
- C D Vashist
• Sultan Chand and Sons
• Fourth Edition,1999( Reprint 2000)
5. Cost Accounting and Financial Management
- P V Rathnam
- Smt. P Lalitha
• Third edition, 2005
• Kitab Mahal
6. Advanced cost Accounting
- B M Lall Nigam
- G L Sharma