Sujatha P - Cultural Signs in Bilingual Dictionaries Study Based On Gunderts Nighantu

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nugnson ail.
2013
CULTURAL SIGNS IN BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES
STUDY BASED ON GUNDERT'S NIGHANTU
Thesis submitted for Doctor of

Philosophy in Kannur University
Sujatha P.
University Central Library

Kannur University
2013
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6gT36)gCfij06)ej(D)jgg QCTDOCXJ)! (graojcS aJolcnsmlceojcejcoîajsneoQQn. nJ2(3(^
annaguIcO) (grajOOaSGOJKnOS^cfijJslCQ) r»J363B6)g OTdGKOaJSl nJÔDOOaJlnadeBOOlceO^
cft)QQ)^ eonadOLrUG(r»oa)(aro)l«58 oaJogJ^cTDOODarDô, aj<e(0)oajô G(.aoo(0)oaj]o
nJBajjsôj^"^ crofflLC/)eooad6m crD0finajaj,ffi05m nJ363Ba3ceo {ar^jOocxDo coojcm
6)(g)CTDji2jgg onnejojos gcDxaaDâJOooS ^(dlscixoces)!. C8306n3 6)S2.a)jGcnj«p(ro
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ej(0T0)06m (.fiJfTîlfiJDlcejOlceOOaJSjaDcd). n^(0)CCDOadlGeJOgS2l, o^(b)G(DOGJlo
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(rooffl^finloBj eonadoaooarocoDo O^CTD Gaj(o1o8 eonadoaooarocRJicorcDloqg eocDOOCo)!
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(.ajDCUDcnloS G6nj6n3(j)^M, i»JO(/3cro 6)n£i(3cD2cro6n3, ailejô ©ocsoj^, oo(o3aD
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(rooocro<e6)0(olcja) LaJOGOPOcnloft) e^TOOcnajjoocDn smcnDOryl aj(3^6)aJ(5^2(TD2.
63(0^ cruoarofl96)00(OTa)1(o3 (3Td(iDlg2laj(T)(aTa)1(D2Gcu6Tie1 gjcno) arojIeBjolflgo^cm

10
o i l d j I o )fflO(a)^<ft)(SjC/3<ft)6)6n§(aTa)2crD(a)1cn eooadOdi) fi^ssBocnoffiosrn gfiJC(X2)ocr)
6)ajsj(aTa)janD(!J) ni^cm (!3taG(T)joai6mo ^no aJ(Dlo)1cQn(a3(iJ(ojcTT)j.
1 : 2 (if\)oano€dS)3oajjo (gOdHcxDjo
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ooo, cnloo, ojoc/oo, eoffld, (Sfd^jiJooocnirôocn&SBdi (ig)annn(U(3Q)j6)s ooojciflo),^
nJ2(36TDfflO(x» croo(B(D)os2aD(aTD)l(?^ cnlamoerD croocroceoooo^'^'S'êrDo cDSceoj
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eSiOfflo ej(il^(0)2S63t3j(TT)(b) cn)oi2)2aoêon9doaooaroc(0)(aTO)l6)(T^ (3ra)ail(3eo(uc(oia)o
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cruajoncfflo r»®(0)2 cn)j(0)J6)(0TO) C(^«5>1(T>lo)1t93(ol(e6)^CTD^6)(U(m eiloCDo, CfiJ03»o,
ojoooo, 12(0)0, e2LaJCi3(/oo, (rocnjajTO), eooad, gejaJ03cr) 2&iajaD63i3C/3 (0);S63B1QQ)
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fflOceOJCTD eOnaddBjCrOffl^fiOo nq^d) (n)O(22aDlc0j(O)6)tr» CnJ(0>l(T)1O)1te3(0ld96)J(TD2
6)CU(TDdl(D)00S eOradOOD nJOCDflJlCO)CD)120e9Sn(3Q)0(03 12(0)1. CT\)fB(3eOO)1nMOl(0)
120QQ) croj(0)JO(iJL(/)U3a)(aT0)1cD ao(o1(OLfUcft)^(0)1, (.nJe3(J0o, ajoc/Dltx»(0), c3aDl(x»(0)
f i ^ c m l o j ceijsl aJ(o1c/)6TDlC(e6)6n§(0)^6nl. (roL(0)1fiJ20^rtadn20(3 ao(o1oLo-i<fiji(5>1«»CD2
c r o o l ^ j g g aj^(O)^cro(0) cn)j(D)J6)(0T0) CnJcfeslfijIceoârDj. (roc«5>1f>J202"*^(T2ioo26)S

11
ejloCOnJOfflOCD) GLa06TT)'1<ft)(06TTX3TO)laD2nJ2^^® L«JOQQ)o, eOold nânDlOJCXKô OTacnXTOT^
eil(0)(a)J2)^6n§Oc66)2(TDj. âjcDnGejexzDBSjIejjoaoraj crojaDjexoio) aoooojoDiaoQQn
(Dlej(Dlc3coT3)oa3 (2}(D]nad^cDoajl^. eooid, G3aolQQ)(D), oJooolcxDKJ), cruooroceoorao
nÔDlajCDil&lJOS te3&irJlS)^S;ce6)JCrD OmJCWJo a^ceOOeJOSTJnÔ oJOlSTDOffiOilcCD
QQ)i205rD.
1:2:1 (T\)o(n)c96)30o
CT\)o(roce6)0(0(OT5)l6)ai^ lacDgaoocrocccnoOTOTceopl^jgg (.njeooad6TD63T3g1(o3
(r\)oCrOe96)OQ6)a5T5) fflÔD^KJ)(0(010)1(08 ajÔeUÔCDlflBOOCDOdJJOfflCm a^G(\JDJ(8ciD
CT\)tiJl(3 (1993:23-38) (Dloltejadlteo^^- (3ira(a)l6)eJOCTDOfflG(0Ta)(O) 'crooorvteooo
(2^99 fflcnjt^â3' fi^cTD (.f^GQQ)0(/)(Oia)1(o3 gg2(0)05m. ^ c i f l o s cruoDC/alej^
ffljgg, crojeoajoD^faLncm^mjgg (3T5)(/3 oânD^mao6TD]gg(0). i2g;^riJ(3teo orael
ejnai6TDl(3Q)l2}OCD) Q(D^ (rUJeO(Ui2)O(0)^<ft)QQ)O6ml(0)lGJ26)S (rO2iiJlajlce6)2(TD(0).
'endow their practitioners with an aura of ananalysed exellence and nobility'
(sapir 1993:24) 18O0 ODjôsrelCTOJ ô^1ri3dl(o3 '6)g2ag1(o8(ZiociS' og)(TDaJ3o
'croocruceooo cruaruarDciS' n^cm (sra(3i£i(OTa)1(a3 (UâjfiOolcsooajs^cTD^. g(a8tjft)^
o^Scft>js2o6nj(aia)l6)ej aJloailcsQCDOOSOojo CT)OQQ)O§, aJl§2<ejgl, croondlo)^© o^cml
ClKDHej^gg CfÔdJlSTDjÔJÔ ^(0)l6)Clg aJlnnDeSBgOOOnoJOT)^. (OOfi^(.Sl(X2)o aJSgd.
oJgOgo (1^)07)1 Cffl6UeJcft)6)g ^(11(3 6)(0)0'PleilS63T320CiQn Cro/lcft)(Ol^^. o^CTD0(03
6)6)aj(DC3Qn(a3 oJO(3§lGcn(a)o<U2o ooajcnlcro aDlGejocroaDloffijo crooafn(0)j,ciijo
oJolâjanjiaosrD oroocroceooocroanKTDaS. âj(3 cfljciilco), OnjaDlci^locj^, O ^ O D I

12
ajcolejelfflffllceojfTDcuoô eoemaJOfflocD) craD0CD63T3a3 ojoolceooaS OTdajcrooajô
LfiJOrJOT)lQQ)jfflj03ajOji2O6rn (Sapir 1 9 9 3 : 2 6 - 2 7 )
crooan5<e6)0(OcaTi3)l6)n^ ©smoffisxsto) aJlajconroS acojfiJô (rojeoojaronil
GoortiiaDcftiOg (2ioa)c9jffioc3Qn cft.(oj(a)janD«njo cstaonlcn cruoffl2a0^croj1cft>oo^«DQQ)j
erBOoSOjcTDcojffloem. ©COICD crooaJl(3 c&joo ^BOnocoemsmab (DcoSdajjcmjene.
(U^caTa)lQQ)OQQfl ciicroidSio u)o1<06)j(ft)QQ)2o gootes) aD6rii3lte6)^<ft.cn);o Qajoîcm
(3T9Gffiolo96)a3 cruffljoDo a)(Dcru(njo3a)6)(aKJ)CD)06m taêuâociDô aJolc/JSTTilceo;
(Tn«n (3Tdaj(3 (3T9(0)â)loft)0 {3ra)«raailaojO(n)ffi2g2<^fOio G3c/Doeli20(T)lcft)g2o G3aaT
0)7)001(96)0(010) ojojmosm.
^TD (06n§2 ajj>06uôaD6gT3g1(o8 CDIODÔ ajj,(0)1(Dl«9(a)aoQQ) fflj^TDOiaoajia)
oJOlc&eJaJCDOQQJQmoen) OrUOoJl^ Cn-ltD0CD6)(aCTD^ aJ(Ola)6rDlo96);CTD(a). (DOOJoOO
aDOcro(.«J>otJi^1fôl(0)fflocD) ^no nA(6\QinAtB^^(m5i\cn ^D (gTaGcr)Joad6n)(OTO)1(o3 sîs^
(0)(/3 crojItejOOjôDcis^sne.
1 : 2 : 1 : 1 aDO(Uo(/9C/93CrU(,C3)(iJOia3(D) (rOoOrVteOOO (n1o1i0i3iSnDS3B(^
cn(oajoaDaoo(ro(.(0)e€TD)02o aJoaolQQ)ajdl(0)Oce6)g2o 6)6)crof3DOCTO)1<ej(Dô
ejg1(0)6gBg;o cruffijlêpjêrog^fflooon ajlailcDcrulfJuoaOTSSBgô ajcro(0)2(0)flft>g2o
(3Taaj(0)(Dlnjlce6)^c&CD)26TieoQQ)l§^6ne. (Lambert i994:23) croo(rot86)00(OTO)l©q§ o j o / l
cftjoeTDaiô ajlajosTDajô (T\)o6njaru)1.ajjg3 «9jO<PiJfyos^da>g^6)s (sraslcmnoaD
(0T0)1(08 3JleOnadO (T)\^^G16rSlS6)^l(L0<S»\ STUCnDOaJS^CTT) CrOOoCrOeBQOOleft) OilOO
c&ejoDegBgoem ^ a i l o s a j ( 5 ^ 6)jiJ(§j>jcn)(a). aroocm(e6)0(06)(0T0)<e6)p1^g2 cronJl
d l o a ^ crfl^cyaJCDegBc^ (rojcBâajjo aj^ce(0)ajj(ao6m. sruoaO^Gcao (3ra)aa)o1da.

13
CffiO, (.nJcBjSGfflO ejICDGfflO (319)00) 0 ^ 0 ( 5 ) 0 0 ^ ©nJOÔOOfllô CCn(Ol§ (Z)aD(ÔarU(.(0)
a j ^ g g ajolco) CfiJLoft>lQQ'QQ>26)s fiDejiaoosmcm (uôeuôcDldSOOajSOCiijarDCOTô
crooooroceoooloft) (n)(aTa)QQ)j6)s eocncuîaocxKlcaTOlajaTXJD^fflosm" (croaJl(3 1993:37)
1 : 2 : 1 : 2 (n)o(n0€a6)3O(5l3)lS)(l^ (U(3(g1c9>06mo
(iJO(OcnjoôcDln^dl(0)ffl06m croocroceoocoo. onDjoadjiCrojeoajcoTCDloaig
(ToitBâi(^^s<Q3&mui (tnejffljOdajglejôs oot&fflocjo © i i j ^ o r y s ^ c m ] . crooaruceoo
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oJolceojGcnjoaS (rooocrotft>o(olcft)(T\)ailGaonad(0)<fij6)g LnJ«5>lf»£i^1ryit86)2CTT) nq^Si
da>6gt3goQQn nJolcnsmlcBOoo^gggD ajOifijj^caTOTloej nJ3cro6TajQQ)6gT36)gQQ)06m. OJ<P
WSiOQSQCm) (T\)0l2]aDlcft)G(,CrD6m1e93ffl6m6)«Jia) 6)OJgnaJOc96)Oa3 GaJOODODOem
(mdc66)oej6)(OT0) e O ( ^ . GLO&nwocenjOfiiaeTDOOQffiô ooÔceoaDoooomjo (3ra)3ol
<e6)oa3 cajsnelaoLcno cro^n9ds1ce6)6)fy§l§jgg Qg^mlcee) (3td)sii0(ji>ni36mîo ^cm
^ô(0)ocDn§26n§. (0)^6)6)<e6)ai1gQQ)os(D3, ojgglceoô^fy, (araia^GcoajKn, .feâjmoso,
oJGiPffiCDcpg «n2S63T3lcD) nJ36si3a3 ^(TD cruffljf^fflnicij^lcn ajra©6ra)o«D(20cft);ccnjo(^

28
cejOcScoiDo CDlejCDlo2(OTa)ociS croouilceojeft). (sO) CDlejoQ)o90 (roajaDajKDla^ CDlcrD
raraoDô cDlmD^CoJOcejjanD Q O ^ croocrodSDOOfaTOTloq^ ajo1(.(0)o GoeuorusjOTOTloon
§2ggay) eonadCDHajS cnlfêjsnejGaJoejjgg rU3(ro6Tajcx2)Gc/DSiJocoTa)1ej26)SQQ)osm.
630G(DO 0012200(013)16)0^00)^0 KloilaDOJô crooocrocj9jOol(ft) croailGaoni(aj)«ft)g2
fflODÔDdl^ ( r n C ( a ) ^ 0 a J G ( D ) 0 ( / ) ( i J 3 6 3 l 3 6 ) g ^ 0 o CrUOo(rUo930ffl1o9jr»J36gT3gOCDn fflOOÔT)^.
aJ363T3(/3 (3ra)aDQQ)ail(DlfflCD)aJT0)l6)a^ O T d S l c n i D O a ) (i®d9joft>l20QQ)l nJSngÔ^
GOGBJ fiJ(0la)6rnlce6)6)aJ§l§26T13. aJ363T3a3o90 (U(3a)1ce3(D6TDo CDSratOTêejOffiJo OTdO)
cn^crool^ ajôcejcoemo n J o o a J t e o ^ ' S ' ^ i ® ^ ^ C3ra)3êft)0ej63t3gl(03 oûomaDlo]
CTDOD. f i ^ a n D 0 ( 0 8 aJ36)«JKJ) Cnl(3(îiJl(06)OG(T)O (STaQJOCQ) GOJ(3(0)1 (OlceOJ010(0)16)0^
iaoor)36majDo cu1c/D3i20ce6)0GCD0 eorfli0ajo1(0)0ce6)(^ (.yoffl1ce6)oo1ei. o ^ e i o c i j o j
oscxDjo or)1(oao)G(aofiJGCD)ocn(OTO)1eJ26)S oro2aJ(DlaJ1(0)ffiOQQ)6)(0)aT) ornejQQ)1(a8
(gra(D)l6)0D aj1§2tft>gQQ)2t9j(D)06m tij(0)1(ii. (/ooaT3(.(0)lQQ) oJoaD63T3g26)S (3T5)aJlêoajo
eOfA10aJO(D(OTO)l6)ai^ (3T5)«>(U2o fUOojô aj(3r3Dlfyi^GfiJOC^ fiJ3aDl(3(î)JaDCC«)(2
6 3 B g 2 o 26T1BOQQ)1(OI0)2S6gT3l. 'eOr>i(CD)]6)S (i^CÔIJo 6)iiJOlQQ) OrOJ(0)CO[O)(02nJ6)l2anD
eigyjo fiDl(o8aD2o 'oAiêg^ eoc&i6rr>(sm\vni nJteiOo aDl(o3ce6)oo3 tejiplomjanD
ajajaDOjleo(/)6)fflam2 nJOoSaoô '(3T9)G3c/ooniDoaD' exLcm 6)82.(3i5)(3. 6)aD(3(OTO)2o
aJ36)(OrO) (J)\^(îiS\S6>iaT>l6rS (GOOOOTI 1984:78).
nJ363T36)g Gaj(3(0)1o1(e6)2anD(a)1cDO(x»1 m1(3G(3c/ol£e6)6)aj§ nrooG893(0)1flft.fflO(3^
63T3C^d96)]o nSBClSlAqâJCno GaJC)6)ej(arO)6)anr) ( 6 D ^ ( 0 ) ^ ( 0 ) (3Td(lke>OC/06)aJSO(DOaJ20fDl^.
(06n§ ^S(ft)C/3<e6)1So9© CUOJOTD eOc&tOoCfQ&me)^ eJl6Ul(O)(02cJ(OTO)l6)ej aJ363T36)g
6)(O)(D6)6TOIO)Sjt96)OODj0g 120^(^^0(0)1 cft)(0^(0)2aD(0) GOJ (Ol(0)1. 'aro1(O)(I»6)c06)O(O2 £20eJ

29
6)te3§6TDo' o ^ C m n^tfiJO^^CTT) Ol(3)l6)(3Q) a J O l c / ) 6 m l ^ (220nD (gT96)^8a.1fi^ CT)0&J
rJ36313C^ f ^ ^ nJOODOo. (3r96)^8an(J^ aJOQQ)2(TD (01(0)1(12)1(03 ^S6)C3Q) (0)1(3(OTO)2o
gGoJtftAil^ ^ 9 ' i l ^ ° a^(TD2aJOGQQ)6ni1CU02o. (UO6)ffl0<Pl fflOL(O)l2jg0 SOoaddSô
(3ra(0)J120L(0)o nJOliiJ(X»ffiJgg(U(DJo g e n i G ^ O . eOnadSTDo arUOCUU)OCT)(OTO)1eJOe96)1
(rOoe(Ul<^|l<96)J(TD ^S<ft)6)g cft)O6n§(0T0)0Cl3 L^(2njyO(03(0T0)6)(TD (3Ta(0); eOrfld
6m6)(0T0) 6)00(010)0 c&^CKnlafflOteOJo. '(Oc0iail(O)Oce6)(/3 (0)63RgJ6)S OJCBAIO CU1C;03
oocftoerDo.' n^(TD(0)1(o8 ailej (3Tao(J06gT3c/3 cmnocno (2oô(U2(Tn(0)2o îJlejcu
(gT9(0)1ar)^<e3'p1CD)0(0T0)(UQQ)^ffl06rn. 'SQUi', ' g O S ' , (3T96TDO' n^dDldJdPceO OUOtftD,},
(0T0)1(o3 (m£iocniiJQj(Do oruoeculceoool^. fflgjggcuocxj) (ro'D<ft.(Dj>oGaJ06)ej
ooôciJânDcuciDoern. ^ro axiDocniiJQicnax)Ow^m(S>06rn ajraesBOg Gru(3(0)1o1
(e6)jcm(0)1ar)jgg aoôo^ i20(3^fflOQQ)1 aDl(8c3(/Dl(e6)6)ajs1S3gg(0). (mnocnajejar)
arUOa)j^(0)(D)1^0(OTO)dJ6)(D) fiJ36gT3gO(D)1 aJOl(/)6m1c96)0(nOClJl^. (3Ta63T36)(D CrOoS
CUlÔ(03 (3Td(3l£lo CDn9dS6)aJSô. Old) CT)1ej(X»c96) (3Ta(U6)CD) ng)63B6)CD OJOICOSTDI
te6)6TT)o n^CTDJcftjJSl OTdCCDJoailCceOSneldJOJo. (3T5)(TO)Ol(e3eCf3(0) 2 2 2 ^ © ^ fflO(.(0)o
fJ3ffiOCnn tftjOSTDJcft) rtÔOHDOOJ oJOloOOOo ^fD (.nJC/OCD(OTO)1(D26)6n38a)lGJÔ (3T3(0)
nJ2(36TDffl^. '6)6)3aJo' QO] fiJ3a06)6TD©3l(03 '6)6)3(U(0T0)l6)(lg', '6)6)3(U63I3C^'
nÔnDldJOmjo o J 3 6 3 B g 0 6 m . aJ363T3C/3(ft6)22g1(08 eJOoC/OCUÔ CiiJ(3(OTO)2<ft)2SO o^CTD
cro1f3JDoao)o OJOJ eor>aicfl)C/3teo2o comoslcftol^. o o g o o j (Dl(3(3lo^scrooa)i(0)
eOoil6TT)OoC«)63T3gJ6)S 2-i|0©6TDnJO120(3Q) CrD(UlGCrafdd(0)(X2)06m. (319(0)0efts6)§ oJOJ
eooaie9>c/3t96)2o ^sroeoBl^. crooaocD^ (roEa)9JfiJ(oio)1(D(D^cro(Dlajjgg niBemui
inD6<m, n^CrOceJlGffiO, eOoadtSjglOGJOCTDô cfi)06TTn^. aJJ(0^<e6)(0TO)1(O8 aJ36)(0T0)

30
aiÔcBjfflSTDOjâjcruDCQnoej (graslcraciooD n^fQ^s^GXhcm ornejoonccS orojIdBjolteoo
e0oad0aJ^0cft)(06TDo, 1857: 4 2 ) , 'fiJ36)(Zl(TD(d) C / ) 3 a a 6 T i j 3 6 3 B g O ( ^ gSreOcajJOTDCOJo
nJÔGia <fij06TDânr) ojcroRD^ceoogteoôl^ (r>ami6)S ggglajSasDOODâD co^rueaB
gj6)S (grascffiogesBgjfflOcejjaT)]' o ^ c m es20(3^ 2100310)00^0 (i853 , 54), 'nJ36)ffl
OTDOcoS CoJGCTQ)oa51ce6)oa3 croe^fflooffijgg ao6Tii3ffiOo' o^crn f»®.(3ra)0ô (i985:i38)
cDoSceajnnr) nJ3aJlojo6m63Bgl(58 onflcm ffiejaDogcarmlaej oJ3cro©j9Jnja)o caidsl
cmnooD n®cft)cft)6)ffl(TT) (DlejooHajS c&ân^moQQ)! cnl^câJlceooajgloânr); c&osmoo.
nJ3aDl(8a|i>JCD(grg)1(r)jgg GTUJfSDlffl^glCD^ aJOlnOOOffiOCDn (315)0)^0)1(63 SOcÔ
c/DocruLcoeenDojos cfeosngcoKDejoem (DjoJlfflo fig)(TD croEBjejaJCDo. eooadOoHoej
CrOO^Q3)Dte3(2)OCX» fi^ÔJô 6)iiJdlCD) nQ^SiSidiOern OJaJlfflo. eOradOoOaCSOTOTOS
QO] (OJnJlCBo GaJ^<e6)2'95CQQ)0 63CTT) (Dlte6)2cft)GQQ)0 6)iiJQQ)(0)0(a3 (3T3(3mce3o
g6n§0cft>jo. 2308 «a)0sa3, teôs, ce30S(0T0)o. o^nJlfflocmo) o j l s r e j o aj1es2lô(o3
raraODloag QJ^d9(a)1aDJo ODtiMSOaJSJcBjaDJO CDlO(3mcft)(210CD)l fflOOJeBjCX^Ô 6)jaJQg>2o.
ajOcft)^(aTa)1(58 (OjoJliaojrancDjgg cniconDo aJ3cro893ejrtJCDajî2iocDn erucruDOajs^
(OTDôrDanoGTT). croj(a)(.aa)i20QQ)l ODlGJcnlejdBOOciS c & f p l a j j ^ (rDJKDcnoojnJlffiajô
(3Td(0)1aD^cft)<plaJlôajTa) (grajcaolonojajlaajô gene. êsBocD oJolGOOoailceo^Gauoc/a
'QGCTDO (gTa«j)lejan<ft)Gffio ojnJlaiesBaa GaJ(3(n) croj(0)Laa)nJ3ailQQn(a8 OJ^COKJ)!
ceo^cTD fi^ôjô OÔIQQ) mpsicaem nq^SyBMxrn fiJ3o' (GOOCDH 1984: 78). nq)cm
GOOQQ)! (T)1^qjjaJlce02<TT^;-
eorfldOffiôs 63(0^ f»®<6j(ft)6)fflaD cnlejcDil«j8 rJ36)(aT0) (aTaanloqg (DJOJOIÔ

31
gggScBoaj^fflooon 6rucru)1ajl^26)c03OG6rB arn(3(âJlce6)0(Doaj2. (DoejÔTXDcoKDlcoS
oJ363t3g26n§. OtdOJ 63^0^30, 3JlfiJ3o, CrOOa)j,nJ3631303, GOJOlg aJ363T3a3 00)01)1
QJCOOSTT). fiJ3Cr06iaJCX2)fiJO(D(aKJ)l(D (06Tie;(O)eJ63BgO6TD]ggKD. CDlfêJSniJ ajl©€TO)0
CDOjô cnlfêj6n§2(r)l(3i2mlOT>lcD)2o (gr^jSTDOJ. CDlfêjenejaJleeToôaDo eonadoooocroLco)
(aT0)l6)a^cn)jo ODlfêjsnejcDlcSmznaj)! (.nJom^cao) eortadoaoo(ro(.«J>«5TO)l6)a^ti2)2o oooeu
cxj)osm. aJOc66)2cft)a3 (graLDOJO Gojsiilfflo (m)Sm (osnsloijo ojalcnemlcBOjaDaJ).
cnlf^QjenBâJlsenDOcno eooaicfegôs OnJO(a)2crD(nj(ara)l6)CD Q O J ojâjcmDcmâs
(§00)120(30)1 cft)6n§, ©ocruraDooaflcft) ej(eAi_},C(OTa)06)s (graGDloo^ ojnJo, ordcSiDo
nônDlojooQ) 6)6)(TOfiDoaro)l(ajfflocQ)l croffiloJlceojanDj. oraKnlcDocoS aJ36gT36)g
oJolcsajcTT) oooaru(.«5>i206rD((D. ODl'iejsnBânn^fflznanl, eonaicmôs (.nJCRD^cft.
CliarU«J);c96)6)g, nJ363I36)g (.f>-l<3(0)^ceD (D)26n)l32*^g0QQ)l (i^SjaJTO) aj(36r|^63T303,
g ^ o o s T D o , f3Td(3mo n^nTDloJocD) gnJGcx2)Oce(0)oailcD fficncp^lejOteoooS crofiDO
cTofldao^cfij fi^cm ejceAiô o a j ^ ^ ^ c e i o s n e gensoceo^cTDODOsm. (gT9(0)l«53 Q O ]
(i®cft)cej«JTa)l6)a^ aJ2(36pj^fflOQQ) dJlOJOSTDo ajâJCmCOaJlCDXaOQQn 6):iJ^20nD^. fiJOJ
LnJeaj63T3gl«58 Cnlcm cfe^PlcSÔajJCTDLOJ) CeJ6iJcft)6TO6)§ arOJl(ft)(Dl^J6>cft.06T1B2o
(3ra)a51cft)Oo1cft)mocr»l o n j o g c m oaDoasTaTOTs^teooajjcTD ajlcucoTOTlejô ajlojolteoj
aDaj)^6)dft)06Tieo6m oDln^sngjcnlcacialKnloQQ) (.OJCES^CMJ) eooaioooocro(.(a)(aTa)l6)a^
eOO)6)ffl(TD2 oJOdD^CTDCO). nÔDOfOS CDlf^GJSnBJClileerOOCDo (iJ3CrU6T!aJCD)6)(aTa)
cooodBa G O ; ajôjcmc)cn)ocDn cejOsm^dBiO^ô O6)arof3juoaa)l(ft> ocmoeoajcasTjnoos
oilooceDejcPo 6)iiJ<XMJ)^fl9306TiB <ej6)6n3caTa)kD)aj6)QQ) oraajOTxoKjVeo^cejasô OaJc^^cTD^.
eooa4cft)gl6)ej croo^cêj'DcftilcejmoQQ) crojeoaKoiroloa^ ciilojoemffloernKD o a j c ^ j
(TDcd). (ig)aD0«j5 (Dlfêjsng^ cn\(A(zai\(!S)\, (araoOT) croiacxyo (ruo(8fyGJ'Dtft)1ce3aoQQ)

32
crol(iDoaKy)6i3T3a3<es)2aJcej(Oo (.oJG(a)^<ft> eooaiociDQQJOsm oJcolcnsmlceQjcTDKn.
" W h e r e a s l e x i c o l o g y concentrates more o n general properties and features
that can be v i e w e d as systematic, lexicography t y p i c a l l y has t o say i n d i -
v i d u a l i t y of each lexical u n i t in the focus of its interest" (Zgusta 1973:14).
(T)lf»GJ6TiejaDl(32i2n(0)lcD)26)S gGQc/ooijo caTdODjojOiiJcejon^ (T)lQj(Uoaajô ajolcnerrn^
oJ3«3Ta)l6)a^ LnJcroteanaocQ) crooJlG(/Dffli(mt9j6)gQQ>osm onnfêj6n3jcDl(3i2cl(0)1
nJolcnsnrnteo^cTDan. onnêjsnejajloag (o1(0)l QQ)ino(3ajicis?1aJla5> (rv)(.(TU30QQ)
63T3(/3c66)(DârUOl^ (.nJC>GQQ)Oa51da)fflOQQ)l (3Tc)(a)l6)CD gaJQQ)2<fi(5)fflOce6)2cft) n^CTDODOem.
nJ3Cr06T!aJCQ)«Jia)l6)n^ ©JnJoJOdJô OTdcSOiDoJOOJÔ OJÔcSjOeTDnJOajJfflOQQ)
(roailGaDnad(0)cft)6)g (aTdnJCcnirfl^ orooiaocDâjaDceofflsrDajô (T\51f3JDO(TO)0(iJln^flft)
osmojô CDS(aT5)^(ft>cQ)06rn CDlfêjsneâileerwoaDo 6)aJQg>^CTD«5). mdd) ajolcco)
nJOGffiO aJlaj(D6TD0«n2cft)Gl20 (3ra)da.0o. aJ363T3a3teO cft)OeJO(D2(r04(0)120CX2)l (OJnJ
(oraHajjo (3T9(3LD(OTO)leJ2o ajanD^GaJcojcTD nJ(ol6n)oa63T3a3 ^(ol(.ca)aJomo6m. 630^
LaJGKn^dft) cft)Oejf^GJ§fi3TD)l«53 (DlejojlGj^gg GorDlejuilcejo eooadcSjgjos rLJ3cro
6iajcD)(0T0)loci^ croo2iâjâDôcro63T3g06rD (0)0(0OT)ffl^fiJ3aile6ro)0(Do (ulaDeajejcDo
(nl«eJ6Tie^CDl(3(2l(0)lQQn«58 Q O G O O fiJ3CaKJ)l6)ag(D)Jo LaJG(0)^ce3(a)cft.6)§QQ)06m
(graGCDJoadlceojanDaj). ojoJCOTDlejô (ard^mcaJGciBocnanrolejô croj(0)Laa)ajj,<e(0)1(a)j
a ^ g g a^cftKfijfflOQQJl 630G©0 aJ3O(aro)QQ)^0 nJOlC/JSTDlceO^tfijCIKOSm (T)lf^GJ6reâDl(3(2fflO
{O)ocii 6)Dj(îcmd). nânjanoajrcDlej^gg gaJGQQ)Oce(0)oajl6)cr) ejcSiiiîaoteolcxDOGerDO
CDl^GJsne^ CT)l(3i2al(e6)jaDaD rata) (3ra)ajaoî2(D^(ro(ol^ OOGCOO nJ363T3a3<e6)2'2>2^2

33
(3raceAi(oajôjo\iD, g ^ o o s m o , ajÔce3(06tDai1(ioa)o\)2iiJO), (gT<)(3iD6SB(^, LOJGCSDO
c/)©lKDlceD(^, (3ra)a)i2iaJ(olL(0)o OÔDIOJCCIDO ^(uoanoS iiJlejeoDO oiloDGiaoteoj
ODj. c3T9(5LDailajo6TT)oKn6)OT) 6njOfinÔ(3anDo, (3Ta)Oa)(cn<ft)0(3GnDo. o\)ffloo)nJ3o,
nJopQQ)o, ailnJolaDo, o\)0ffl2(iolcft. o\)03(3eo fiârnl63B6)0) o)R58tft)0aJ2ODRj)06m.
aJ363T3g26)S 6)(0)(DS)6roro)SJfyi6)O^QQ)Jo aJ36SBG§0S (3T90)2Cll(3(airol<e6);OT) 0\)ffi1(iJ0)
(DTcnlaogcimô (3T9slo\inoo)(aTa)1a^ n^cejeonnoojoo, srunnjeonadoojoo, aoo(3(^
L«n1<e30, ooQJlcsuQrtado, aJolLCOToajTsitejo aôDleaBOO) o)1fêj6Tie2ailoi oocuoilu)^
63Bg;6n§. âJ6)CD)06)ce6) goJCQQ)0C/)OD'Dtft)O^(aro)l(08 glDODÔDJ. ^(a)1«j80)lOD
nABOi\&€fa)0Cncnio mn«GJ6ni20)l(32nOT)lQQ)2o C3T9(IO)_^0O)j>0Ca0l(a)ffl06)6TDOD2
ea.06mOo. aJ36gt3gJ6)S ajÔcQjOemaJOfflOQQ) fU(3c/)1e9j(06TDo KD^SeSBlOD (.<^Jt/0O)
63Bg26)S a J O l a D O a O M n m aJ3aJlaj(06TD63T3g1(a3 nJeJCoJO^PJo OQJSOD^CQJJSJOT)
(gT9)«n20)1oôR»6)CD) 6i*p1ajOte5)oo3 oilêjsnBjaileennomo gnJcejoldBOjo. aS\'^m
ene^ceogloa o f l o D j GOJcaccololdgojoD oJ3ajlcaDn9tiaj)<jft)6)g m i e j c i f l e j j g g oJ3(02
nj1cft)06TDO)lQQ)ffi63B6)g 01in0aJlo^S2c96)2OT)«5)lGO)0 aJ(Olnôft)(Olce6)20D(a)1(BO)0
gaJeSjOCOOaJS^faTOOOffiODODô 0)l«GJ6n§2 Qi1S€ia)0O)(gTa)1O)jg9 CO)§ffl06m.
ajÔcft>{06TD«jra)l6)qg eocoffloooSl oil«ej5re2aJ1©6TO)oo)6)a5Ta) enjoxDlnjldaoôD
<ft)0(o^{aTO)1«j8 (3T9(§lLf»J0QQ)(S(i363t3g26ne. eooMdDôs (i®6)«DEBi1ej2o (iJleocnaj^ffiOQQn
6Tuo\JU6)fij§(a)06m o^ôoJGegRgjo fig)ODaj)06m ajÔc&asTDaneocDajâoQQ)!
6njoTJD6)ajS2(qta)jajoo)jgg O)J,OQQ)O. eonaôajlajoeTDcarailoog 06Tiej oJânjâooD
eOC/)63T3gOQQn QJÔcejOerDOCMndPJo aJ30\)6iajQQ)6)(3KJ)QQ);o nJOlCDSmlceOSTDOfflOT)
nJteiai<e6)0(oo)06m sigyjoaDloSnju. 'aJ30\)6T2UQQ)o ajÔtej(06TD(aTO)l6)og (aramjSTU
O\JDffl06rD, (aT9Slo\i£]0O)nJ(0120QQ) (31301^(UOUdlODCCDJSSBgÔS aJ§ltft.' (1933:274)

34
n^cm (M)Q(^nr)o Cn-ioTooDonilceojanD^. nJ3an)6Taj(3Q)(ara)l(D ra2f^f^®^2° ^f^^^
oJOdJJfflOQQ) aj_^(0)^(rU(OT(0)cft)g2o (.<^CU:iJ(Dl(3Q)ffl^0(DTa) ffl^] CTOdjlGC^rtaddDcJajgÔ
gg9(g)j6)t9a06ng0tft>6TDo 6]gy2ofi£l1(03(\JD ^63136)00 ni06mS)d>. OJÔdajOSmeXOKnOOJÔ
(vi3(Ti)6RU(D)6)(0TD)CD)2o (3TdceD3l(Dl(3e(OT5)6Tie(a)l6)^(Tn ^1(ro6n3 ( 1 9 6 7 : 9 0 ) aj^srel
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cft>mocD) Qomoem (n26Tie(3§ cDlêjsngj n^cTD(a)1aDoejocu6TDo csad).

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ce6)oa3 cBj<pl6Toro)1 §1^0(010) njej (.conrêaBogomjo (0)og1(i(D)oeJtft.6)gQa)2°
njo1(jc/oou)l<05)oa3 (maceooeJOTWj (mexm cnênecS^lcD^ c&iPlsTOKDjoajanDcw
(grdGgnOCOTOTlQCI^ cgTacSigalsmfflOQQ) (0)\(^Lr>Jaj^(3Ta)aD6)OT0) 6)(Ugl6)njS2(OT3)2fTT)2.
s^fflfflcnlcDilaej c;)2sn§(8§ (.cnaiDcaoeuracorcnlRjS cruooofl fijej(.c/)(n£i63B§26)SCD)2o
nJcft.(36)(^JS2Gce6)6nsn OJOJCTT) (graOJCTUD l2ejCD)0§lQQ)J6)S 6Dc96)O(0j,(aTg)l9J^gg
(3Tdejaro(a)cr»(fi6)2 e x m g l o j o s m . aofflaJolKDo, nJc^cm^cS o j o § anjsegBlcxDaj
cn26n§(3§l(D2 coortado tjft)Oej(Bffi6)Ocft)*l6roT5)osm aejoffiogl (grdolom^^TDco^. 'KDGJGOgral
G06u'cft)6)g ^ o m oJâroRDceDO^fiJcoKynroS eft)6n§2 (w^sesBloo^BjIejô cwoaS
crofflOfiOol^ n j e j nJraegBQgciDô eicoKD^f^cDOcsoocDjo LnJ0(B3aalce3ce3o SJQGTS
(im)ocr>io i2cj2®^^^ a)26n§(3§ grJC(D)oa)1^1§^gg«y)ocQn cnlnejenejojlK^ SiOemoo.
GflSiOgajToloej oDOcnosaoo^l fflcnaruDCBoosjo ^sorugjo crooeonaderDo
cDscoiwIoffiô njejGoosô (rooaoQQ)CDlaj^(OTO)l ojoâjKoloffijo oJ36gT3a3 crooeolceo^
nnD(a)1«j5 BOTroLaorjuaDoomloâT)] (maqoDo. ©oooejIoDô nj^posrauo^jo
dangOOJJCTDlSGOTJnOgo CaOGUOl^^ÔJÎfflJCmj. aJ3Ca06UO6TDo, (3Td(3OTlC
Cnl^6TDQQ)o fiÔnDl cft)0O^6gi3gl{03 CnO§2cft)0(OOQQ) rUejOJo crUaD0QQ)1^1§J6nl.
âjra1(o3 ea326TaTo:)l6)6)aj3^(3, nJoaroS iiJcnaaS, cxDocceoosrii oofflojâ, CBD^^ÔSI
(oogôoj, iijlot©5)(o3 (oos2odj n®anDlaj(3 CnJa)ocnlcft>go6m. 6)5njci»ejlQQ);6)s cbsr&i

63
3ileonado cDlfêj6Ti§2c96)§lro3 aejciDogo-ô^lrad ar)1nej6n§2 (i846) ajoem
aDlf^GJ6n§2 o.aJCT)QQ)1(o3 c/)26ne(3§ cBj^s^KneJOQcy^ruecffiocnlô). ^colcoS
croo(TOoft>^(D)-G3ao^nJ363T36)g Gaj(3(0)1ralte6)oni3 6)5TugQ)eJlce« (ft.<pl6TaT5)1^ nq)cm
(3ra)m26)j«5Ta)1ro3 lo-oo 6U6n)(uilcft)QQ)l(a3 cnênscSI oJOOD^nnDj. ^GKnoosoryo
L(IJ0IIJ1(D (26TT)lLfiJaJ0g eft)ooj^631303, iiJCTU2c96)o3, (iJTd)§ce6)iC)cft)03, cn^ggoS
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nq)cm o1(0)1(X2)06m (0)0(T3 (gradJejoerul^dD tiôDô o)26n§(3§ aJl(/03ffio<66)20D26ne.
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^(0)1(^ CaJ(3(aTO)1(o1ce6)jo7)2.
<ft>OGJ63T3gOCD)l grLJC(I})0(/)1^2CBnJ0OD (3T9cBiad(OfflOQJO(.cft)fflo C3T9(S(0)CnJ06)eJ
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cft)05TD2OD26)6ne©3leJ2o (3Td(0)2o ' g ' cftioo croKO inocroicuio 3l(8«ejru2o eortadcx»l(o3
(.ruc(D)oa)(aT(3)1eJli^ nq)cm m>QqnOo (ToinS\cL^S6)icmi. 'ora' cft.ciil6T0T0) 'carao'
fiôD OTdoiôDJOojô 'oras' tiôD (u1a^(3(âJ2o GIIJ(3(OTO)(0) oraceAioffloejo
aJ2(3(oro)1cft)(D6rD(OTa)1 O)06)6TDOT)Ô '(3T98' o^0T)(0)1o)2GaDoado In alp: songs
after Sanskrit fashion as well as in those, which follow Tamil precedents.

64
the 13th v o w e l , an aspiration represented by d o u b l e nônD^ CiiJcScoTOTlolceo^fTD^
(i995 : 188). aj_5>6Td>S2CD6gT3gl(o3 (ToocjDOOsrT) tftiOSTDjonD HQiffio '<p' (Bôoons^lonj
GODfiado ' o ' n^CrOOSTDCBÔ. ^GJ)l6)Cr) ' o ' OBDOORJIOTIOD] CC/OrfldfflOSm Cn26Tie(3§
'«>' Si'plGnmy ' o ' (BaJ(3(aTa) s e e after 'cft>' n ^ c m orunocD anflcScgoDo (DcoScfcâT)].
'(D3' O ^ O D ejlnjl, 3oro)j, ojâjroocDjcDoarulc&egBgôs aj^(0)_}>ocroo,
nJ363T3g26>S g^0(05TT)o G (0 6iJ 6) oj S ^ (OKnl QQ)T § J g g KD QjISOnilO
CDlfêjsneôjIcn (graccnâwocBrJceiadlcofflocQ) «02 fêJScft)6)i2arn a)1ejQQ)1(a3
arDo(§ailo96)2(TD g ^ o o s T D c e B o cft.^(OTj,(aoa»l i(j)nD]ss)OC& ejo^ ojlcBc/olsxn)
aronDOQQ)1c96)2o. oJcsteAf ejajorolofficro (lepsius) ODTÊI^ croJCDcejsuaD
Q(BS)6ns(n)06rn. oaeriiBeaBgôs g ^ o o s m o , cnlojdso)!, (.nJO-aJ^(T)0(3«no6gT3a3,
nJolsmofflesBc^ (IÔDIOJ cD&ice3lQQ)1(alo96)2<^^2- f^raj^sôdlteDajjo arojaoLamaj^fflocx))
(3Td(3«jiDce36gT3gjo (3Td(3fiolc96)2 orolsRjro) (DGJcft)1(X2)l§26n3. n j j o c a Qoecoo
flft)l)(dlcft)g1cejQQ)2o (.oJGQQ)0C/)63B(^ g ( 3 J D ( 0 l ^ g B O t i O O S m e S B g ^ o CDCOScfc^CTD]. ^1)
(DIRDI rJlaDls2ggaj(3ceo (gT9aD2oft.(olce6)oa3 (rooa)^fflOQQ)l§l^ r»fi)fTD2 fflOLsna^,
Ct)9>Oa063T3glGej ^(.(O^QffiJO 000013(.(5)132)(2000)1 c&OSmÔTDJgg].

65
(gTa(3(0)Dailcuo6m(OTO)1«^ cn26n§(3§lcn o j e j ruogl^cfegô nj^loofls^sne.
gciJG00)00)1^ ejl6ijl(0)nroofflLcolta>(sg6)ooQ)2o sjoejcoflcoS fi0»pjaj)6)a-j§aj(iQQ)o
C!JT9CU(I»26)S r»Jcft)C3fy2t93(BgO (3Td)QQ)lO2nnf)(D)1ar)0(03 fiJeJCOTJo fiJ6TT)ajDl«5)026)S
aroo(BaoocjDCT)(3Ta)1(D] ajIcscDcofflôooflra^nrDj. fflejomog a\)Ofirn(0)^cft)^(0)1cft)gl«53
o^CÔJô (.nJO-aJ1(T)6)fflCTT)2 a)25n§(3§ «J)6)anD oJOaDÔT) (DOSliiJOl(0)«5rO)l6)ej
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c r o o e o j l ^ 6)6)ajoft)ej^6gT3a3 n ^ a m l ceaOosiDeaBgocoS c r u o e a j l ^ CBJÔO ©(jnc^jcfec/S
ooffliij(al(a)(aro)1(o3 ODIODJ Gooeurol^ nJGesraglroS cft)6)6n§fOT3)oa3 ceatploDâiaaDjo
C(3l3aJ6)(r»6)aO)£JO(20©5TDCrDJo f i ^ o . f i ^ o . aJJOJCfjiOCOTZniaaS CD0QQ)(3 aJ;6n§lc96)06TTn
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'cBajgcBDoS' fi^CTD aJBOj^fflocon 5TUCT\D6)ajS2«JTO)1 'destroyer' n^cm (3ra(3ci3)Qo
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'cSDjajg' nÔD] oJOOmÔmCCDJo CrOêOOO cft)6)6Tie«JT0)lQQ)KJ)06rD (l992 : 151-53).
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ooêooTj ajlao3lcft>o1c96)2anr)2.
66
GiiJ0Qîij1fim(Zi1§ aj^(©{CD(Z)OcB6)jQJon5 CSJOSTDI^ (ro(D)^croaru)(Q>QQ)06m.
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gaJcru(3(j063T3a3, (greaj^cD)6gT3c^ nônolajoffiô Gej6iJcft)aJ36gT3gl(o3 ga36)fys2(aTO)l
d96)06TD2anD2. aJ36gT3g26)S 0319(3(5100 (.nJ(0)lnJ03lce6)2^TTl CDl(3(îiJCD(BfflO aJICUOSTDCfflO
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(gTaajcn6mlcQQjcft.QQ)06TD2 6)iiJ(xi)(0)((n. ^(JTHCDJ cSjOosmo ffi6TTn(.ajajog crooarn(5)^
c93^(a)lcft)6)g (;)26n§(3| cft)6mc96)l6)ejs2te6)0(aTa)(a)06rD.
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ojofflod}), f^GJscDOaJrafflOQQ) CDICBOJC/DCD cTUoajIcDOOD annoffifflearagdlosjanDOT)!
GCDOQSOryo ^ o j l o s OT^)(U(^j,21002)1 §2gg(OT crooffl^nT)^ eonadoaoocroL«5>nJ®<^]o

67
© o j l o s (gT£»(uaoj,fflocQnsjg9(g).
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oDloocft.olceojGcnjoa'jo iJlawoc/olGjearac/S eofiadQQ)0(u3 cruJOCDlcnlceoaajs^ceD

68
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(ft)fflOce6)2anD6)(0)(TD2a2§S aj1(T0)cft)(^ iJIfirDOj^djcmricmloej n ^ ^ o sruonjDegBgjo
aj1ajc02adffloo2(TT)(O)CD2(ro(o1^ cu^(0)ânj(0)0(3mi206rn (T)(53cft>2CTD6)(0)CTD2(22gg (0)1(o1
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iiJ2g2'^^s1(a3 cn1(TD26)cft)06ne, Gileonado CDlfêjensôJloej cej6iJcej63Ba3, oojoô
(Ul(U(3(OTO)(BaDOfUcft.(D6rD63B6)g(TD CDleJ02)^06)(0) (§OrjadOfiJO(D(DTO)1cnCD2cft)2eJ12002)
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Omô r»J(0liiJ1(0)ffiOO2) Cn102)(.CTO)1(0)eO(BfjSk)OnJ(B02)OCO(OTO)1eJ26)S gr»J(BO2)Oe9(0)OaJlcn
6)ffi^6)ry§ eonadOdJcseruocDo (D(o3cft.oa3 oJ(Djôaj(0)iaod96)2da>o2)05rD 6)Dj<:îcm(iji.
aocooojOcSfflilcDjo ajOoft.^fêjsen02)1 e j j g g rrooc)OCD^(2002) OUDOCDCUJO

77
ojOte6)jcft)C/3c96)2gg cDlcmilcOTfflocD) cn)a3(3e6m36)gcQ)2o a)]<^^sreis€)u?> ruisn^
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§janDd) cQj^s^KOcoS cro^ceîZfflOQQ) OJIOJOSTDO ODoSte^joioaa gcgaolÔceDOSTieosm.
3 : 1 3JleD(igd3 oDl'êisngjcujo (iroo(ijlu)3aDi.€a»iaaJ2o
a o j Bjleooado cnlf^GJsrtgj (3re«j)l6)cig ojooegBglejooon CDajScfeânr) ojoceo]
(feg^fi^S fiJ§loa>6)CX2) GiGCTDO OTdCOTleJUilceDCffiO C3T9)QQ)1 (DSTISOo (§0nil00)1 CGJce«
aJlojcSoKDCDo 6)siA<:î<&,(S})osrn 6)^(îcm(n). a o ^ nJBOTOTlaa^ cmd^mailaJoerDo
(3T5) eonadoonoej nJ(opQQ)oJ363Ba3 CD1(3CÎIJCT)O, ailajroemo ng)aDl aocSc^ssBgl
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78
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ajlojcoearagosm cnlf^Gjens^f^lroS g>c/36)c96)oggn(gc96)6ng(a).
gnJGQQ)Ote(0)oajl6)aD (nlasuQQfl^j cejansroTOToroS (grasjforjDcm arooffl(.cnl
orooeosmffloem. (.fiJe<ueonadQQ)lR^ ODlejojocoffl^gg fi^fi&eonadoaDlfêjsTie^'^^^^^
©JIRJS (3Td(0) 3il(iOr»aiocD|fêj6n§2CTfl(32mo«noailcD teaOoêsBC^ o j g o o o^gjcyizio
tBQio. ^6)^©3l(o3 r»j3cc/06uro5m crooffl(.c/)lceD(^ ffl^tf'jajaS arooeolcceoeTielajojo.
(Dl'^^6n3jarn(32moOT)oaJl(D (.nJeajeonadooHoej ailaJlcu ajle6TD)0CD(B(26uejcejgl
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6):iJ(§)6TDo. ^ « D 1 ( T ) 0 Q Q ) 1 OJgQCDCXKJDlcfeo arOffiOroOJô OTdCDJOODQJÔ (.C/OfSJDODô (3td)QM)\^
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ffl^nScDOfflloBjgj^s nJ30(3in crotiooorolcejgjo 'caTafflocBcfeoaoo' coJOGJjgg
arooaroteD^(0) cQjÔTilcejQgcTa^fflosm (3Ta)i.aaQQ)l^«n. OGnjcmeJloffiôs cnlfêjsne^'^lroS
crooarocft)^(0) nJBeTUOanêj^ffiêrBoojoaa dajoosmmlcmosm.

79
BJleonadooDlfêjsne^cejoracn GLnruocoêonadoonejô ejcBAiêoniicDnejô
nJcaleeTOTOcnajô aj_}jOcft)(D6TT)(OTa)l«j3 aru^ce^fflfflooo) (aradlajjo (mdjOJc/oj^fflêns.
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crooeailcsooo. n^tejeonadonDl'^GJsrB^'^^^*^ nJ3(To/lcft)(05nDCDl(D)ffl6gT3a3 O J O G J I ^
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(mdasfloD OTaceiadOffioejoctfeaaoerD 6)nJO(a)26)aj croj1c93(a1ce6)ooj39(g). g ^ o o s T D
(T\)2iiJcr)(X2)06nD oJlonDls cna^QSiersd). oracnêOfAiceooocDocD) gnJC(X2)Oc0(O)O(ijlcD
fiÔdJô (3T3(0)ÔaJC/0^fflO(D)l (D(08Gcft.6n§ 65(02 cft)0Oj^ffl06TT)l(0). ^(0)1(1)0(30)1 nJGJ
o1(0)1cft>c^ (Dlfêj6TiB2cft)0O(T20(3 croj1da)(Dl(e6)oo26re. (roj(DQJlrulcft.c/3 gnjcaxo
(j)\j^ 2ôo6TDo (To^^lryidBO^cft), GeJ6)Jta. nJ3(oro)1(o3(aTa)6)aD arojar)ijjlfia)6gi3c/3
GO6U6)riJS2(0Ta)1 g ^ O O e T D o Cr02^1ri-|1cB6)2<^> Qi(&Ai^Q0r&iQ^'\6)Qi (giradMd(063T3C/8

80
gnJCBQffiOCnl^ g ^ O O S m o G(06LI6)ryS2(OTO)2o93 ciÔrT)lajCX2)06TT)aJ. ^«J)l0DOCX2)l, ^n^(3CD0
rfldCDC03 6)fiI306TT)Olo^ CrOC<63lfiJC^2° CTOJCTOffiOOQ)! (rOJCDGJlfJIcfcaS cft)GLJnJ1^6)cft)06n§2
crKoStjBj^cm g ^ o o s m oroîiJnDQffiô ^p(^^ cnlf^Gjene^cesiglRjS c&oeTDOOjsni ôj
(X»1R58 n^(0)2ro°)(0)l n\)/icft)(D]c©6)2CTT)26)fUCTT) (OJSflBSXOTOTlcoS (T02aJlryic©5)5TDo.
aj^0cjft)(05m aro2iiJcr)QQ)06m cards^coTO) CnJoocDo. cnofflo, CcftHoo) KDjsegraloQ)
ajÔcft)C06maJlec)co6gT3g1co8 n^coôsTf) cnl'êjsne] cro/ldajoljjlolceoânDocOTanD cmajSêu
«JT0)1(03 oJOCX2)6TDo. GeJSUceD(010)16)0^ 12^2'^j,Ooft)06rncft)OOj,6gT3(j3, L<fi3l(X2)0nJ36gT3
§26)5 croo(jD006TT)ffiô(aTO) tflDoejoôJeaBaS, cDOfflnJsegragjos oranroocDOosTD
mocD) 6njfiO2aiiiJCD02nJ6SBa3 (ojserolaKdJ cDl'^GJ6n§2^1«53 (ro2iJlfyicce6)5nB(0)2
s n i . aDl''»ej6n§2ail6)(i^ ejcedd^(2CD2croo1c^ (3Jleonadoonn'^GJ6n32(u1(o3 fiJ3a)loâJ(oto)1
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(OtO)1CT)2 CrOfflOCDfflOQQ) eJo9Al^(§OoadOaJ3o cft)6)6n§(OTO)Oa3 6TU2f3Dlffl2§OCD)(0)1(DO(03
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cruocroceoooo, (UôeaiOSTDo n ^ o D l fêjStftisgBgosm eooionjoffloai) (3TacTO)(0
63T3a3ce6)2 S3oaisms\o<&>icmd). siSloi inJcsBCfoemîGiS e2LnJoft)^(O)l6)(s»c06)2o1^2o
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scneaBc/SceQ (ijTdcuocQ) (Ul(uo1^26>tft'^s2o96)oa3 ejceA(ôoad(D)1(o3 crofflocDiaoaD
nJ36gr3(j3 g6n§OaJ2tft.QQ)1^. ^dJOCO) (Ul(U(06rT)63T3g1eJ26)S QS<BAi^@Or^QSXSS)mi
Cr0O6TDffl0QQ) OilCJD(010)1 (03 (3T9(3lJDCnJ(0)1nJ03CDo CDS(OTO)2cft)QQ)06m 6 ) i i J ( ^ 0 O 2 ^ ( D ) .
ailaj^(OTO)GCT)OG(3c/oô £jcBAij^fflOc96)1g»2gg aDlfêj6Tie2<^''^ (.nJS<ê3fiai3nJf3o

81
cft)S6)fflS2ce6)2oft.(SQQ)0, rU2(dlQQ)nJ3o ann^212lâj«J)Olryic96)2ceDGQQ)0, 6)^C^0o. ^(U
Cr02-aJl'yit96>2nD C!3T3)aOCQ)o ECDCpilÔceOOnS nJ^(BaJ0S>2o ^(OTUXDo (OlCOlcBDaS
(3T9aJraÔnJ«D(20(ft)2o. (aTdODJCnJOQej nS\Qi (.oJ(33006313g1(03fflOLCWocfeSrE^^ra^CTT)
S2°lajg20eJ63T36)g ' ^ ( T D LnJCBC/OCOTOTJcfcOeTDânD 630lCDo' n ^ O D ffl§lR58 (lJla03lcft)
(0lGc9O6n3laj(0jaT)2. c/ooonoLCOTtofflocD) CDI^C^^JJCDOJÔ aoo(T\)(.(0)lQQ)fflOQQ) arDoeerrnoDô
cD(o3cft)2(a)CX2)06m ^rarnxoo cron3(3e63r3gl(o8 giJIcOToooj^cft).
aroooroesoooajô eonadomô cnizmlej^gg eruaxDo njejGrijo'pô ailaoc9jej
cnoaj)1(0)fflO5m. 63(0^ eooad croocrooolceo^fTD scDaj1eocD(OTO)l6)ci^ (3T0)'IJO(0OCDJ
oÔO(D63BgJo (rOO(22fin^ffl(0_i,O3(ft)g2° Lt^tftiSfflOceOânD nJGGSBC^ceO^gS C3T0(3ino
cftioejeTOglejâs (02riJ6)aj§2ônDl§2gg(roo6m. âltconjcodjjo crooffiânlcBjfu^
(20CD) croanG(jonadKj)cft)C§os^cft)2s1cQ) 63(02 nruo(roc96)0(0(OTO)l(j^ (sra(0)l6)ai^ (.f^(oflfi£i
QlCnfflOCD)nJ3(5Ta)l(D (TOffiOODfflOCD) nJ3o eJc9AlêOnad(D)l(03 cft)6n§2<ft>1§2cft>(.nJ(X»0
croffl06m.
^(DTO)(Oo aro(iJlG(JOoad(OTcft)6)g g(/36)ce6)06n326)(ft>06n§ raileoniio crnfêj6TT32
(ul6)ar) cn\6(^Dj\tBQi<Bi<s>io (SKX^l&d^ (gToslrruDocn cruffij&lnJ(D6gt36)g6)(T0)anD
(gTOe(DJnadlo96)2tfi'îO QaJCÔo.
3:1:1 ar)l(SfyiiJ(Do
3JleonadocDlfêj6n§2culaD LnJcrdlraD eori9tioc/oo(ro(.(0)©€T5)(3 cnroScftncn) nJlej
(n1(8(îij(D6gT3c^ aj(olGc/oou51ce6)Oo. 6nj(36Li(BCDO (Burkhnov 1998:29) 00)^6)5 crn(3fy
uJCDo G(T)Oe96)2tft). "a w o r k of reference w h o s e worcJ list is organised in t h e
followig w a y : L,—> L^, w h i c h m e a n s that l e m m a t a of o n e l a n g u a g e usually

82
referred to an object language, are explicated using another language - a
target language.
cft)jo^2'^2sl afloooejCQOCD) araj CDl(3(îiJ(T)o nOOcSI aocDjo (Hartmann)
©SQonocroô (James) ODR^cfe^nnD].
" A type of DICTIONARY which relates the vocabularies of two
languages together by means of translation EQUIVALENTS in contrast to
the M O N O L I N G U A L DICTIONARY in which explanations are provided in
one language (...) By providing lexical eqnilents, the bilingual dictionary
helps language learners and translators to read or create text in a foreign
langnage. However, finding suitable lexical equivalents is a notoriously
difficult task, especially in parts of languages w i t h different cultures
(Hartmann-James 1998:14)
^nD osTTijaDlcSqjaJcneaBgjo sileonadocDlf^GjerejaJlocDOffijo (gidcwlsxi^ croojl
GODnadCOTceDgô aJice(Wi2iOce6)2a7)26TiB. ©njoanôoj gfjDolcSooojgg CDâroRnoKjos
(Ladislav zgusta) 'fflonjajroS 630fiD ejcfecnilcEceoo (.cnotinT raileonido oDlfêjene]
ajloGi^ffl^GeujjOGgc/ojiOa o j eooiKDHoej aDlfêjeriB] oraoooearaQg (hsxôoieor^
s2(OTa)^fift)CD)06n7" (1971:294)
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83
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135
nq)(w (/)^5n§(3| (&>(bi(U)icmiffrM. (Djolejuilcejo (rocroj>e2oej63Bgl(o3 GOCSOOCTDI
6)0^00)20 (roarDâDOcro(.(0)CDoi2o (DciiceiâDOTnaDjiZiâij gôoemo (tnaltp, oGJomogo,
rro2iiJlaJlce6)2cnDj. (3T9«5)l(D2Cgaooado Gej6Ute3(0Ta)lcD ^ o ^ l r ^ l r o S c3Td(3LDo
CDeJtQj^fTD^. (JDOKDÔôJo, n^«5)J(r)0§1a38 ODIODJ aJOD] OraO^ffijIcoS OTdCClDO)]
(DOglejjSTTioojjcmj croffiocDffiOQQ) ffl^j 6)uJslt9ia3 (3i5aicQ)j6)S croojlcBaooaian,
63T36)g fiJOlGOOOOil^] QCnOSSiOo.
1. 6)05)6313. T.M.C. Te (Tu. (Xmsc)., The Coconut tree, Southern tree (oonaS),
as coming from Ceylon. It is called sruoeJoS at 5 years with 20 branches.
fiJ2(36pj^ri£iej6)«3io) 6313] at 9-10 years with 40 branches & 12 flower branches.
Kinds: T P,sNsn. (6)6)tft.(a)C0TEJ)ogl), (0)lQQ)a3 OKO. nJCDOOo). etc.
6)(a)63Bl6)ci^ ^TD c3Td(3icailaj06rDajKJ)la^ CDlcm exmsml&c^ COJO ocsysQcA
fiôD G3aDCD0ffl6)(aro) cru2^1ijjlt96)2^^ '6)0)03' (JDOCOJOJIOS (DlanD26rDOQQ)6)(0)(n)2o
cn)1(Bej06TDlca3 cnlonDô teaSCTDjajoD (roarui6)i2mr)2o oraoDloag ajg(3^QQ)26)s
«GJ§63I36)g (r02^Tfyl«96)2CTT) GoJOô CrOOJlGOOfânCOÔ OJ^ceonfflOflBOJCTT)
G(0)06)S0(iJo nJQJSnOo 6)(a)63132cftigJ6)S GnJQJcftjC^ oJOliiJ(D)6)ajSJ(aTa)J(Tr)2ffiJ6rT§.
^G(0)06)SOojo nJlCTDlSâJOJOD C(5)63B o^CTD GeJ61Jcej(aTO)1(a3 (319(0)16)0^ (930(30)26)5
arU(lJl(SC/Ooil(5)(X2)2o (319te6)0eJ6)(3Ta) (0)eJC(ÔlG(06UQQ)l6)ej ( l 7 9 8 ) (319(0)000X0) 215
6)e930Ô fflÔrU^gg G(0)6313QQ)26)S (lilGJ(T)1eJCU0(0o ( l 6 0 0 G(0)6313(X»ce6)2 10 gOJoJ^)
6)(Ugn6)ajS3(rD2. (B(0)63T3 nq)CW n£iej(010)1(D ^ § 0 ) 1 ^ , ^gGOO)63B, nJ«>2(OTO)(0)2,
CU(06T1§(0)2, 6)flft)0§, <ft.2fOTO)1§(0)2 (fijOltee)^, cft)2(0lG(0ia)6313 n^(TDl63B6)0) rUej

136
f^GJ§63T3g26>6n§aD2o Q (jS) mi <B6) ST^, GcoeaBOceo^sjces), Gan6SBO©6)cn,
G(CD63T30(iJO(08, QmSSB0cL^6gp<BQ {3Td6)^©j1«j8 O(0)63T30ry1(D, 0(0)651306)OJ^gp
nôDlegBOor) oJooi2(3aaL<ônDcroanlOT)o ajlaj(olte6)jaT)j. ôjomteojajjocca
nJeJODCOo Q(U)&SQS3(J6 (gTdce6)1c03(UO(jnG(a)63I3 fSrae)^ © J I O S cft)S(a8G«5TO)63T3, G(D)63T3,
6)iiJGCTa)6gT3 nânDl63T36)CD ojeJCIDlSfiSTOTô gfiDCOl^COTJo fi^S2CaK5)2CBaJ(3ce6)2aD2.
CO)63B6)(Z5T3)06nS, C(S)63I306TD1, (SKJ)6gBa^dl, G(D)63T3CCn>0, C(a)63T30o96)^^ ( I ^ C T D T
gnJCeJ6Ute363T3gô cej2§(OT5)1eJ26Tie. ^ 6 3 3 6 ) 0 ) 63(02 (Dl«GJ6n§2SeJ6U<ft)(SKJ)la)0
cft)0aJ2aD(.(0) (ulojoegraog ^(0)1(s3 g(/36)ce6)og2l^1o1ce6)jcTD2. cft)2S06)(a)
^(a)2fflO(D)l 6TU(m)6)aJ§ Gda)(Oo o^CTD (26)^0(02 (BeJ6)Jcft)(OTa)1(03 ^(0)1CT) OdBiOg
ajjmoQQ)jg2 STUonjDo (ii](/0(3ffiOcB6)j(nnDj6ni. Gcft)(Oo O^CTD Gej6iJc9j(aTa)1(f) g ^ o o e m o
(T)&iflftn(x»Gaooado (3Ta(0)l6)cig cejCTDCxjDODloej g ^ o o e m o G^JOO ciânD06)6TDCTD2o
Kera = M a l a b a r O^CTDJO Its tree, c o c o n u t p a l m , c o c o n u t s etc O^CTDÔ
ô^lnadloS (3T9^l£iajl(U06TDo CDQJcftn CD)G(«)nado aJ6T!aj(n)CCTD)(010)1(03 CDlcn)
'Gcfijoajjo (.oaiffl^c&cuô' n^cTD] raool^lolceoânDj. 'GcfcOceDGLJnJo' a^cTD(0)1ao oici
institutions about the same 2e(x»o, O^CTDJffiejQQ)og(oro)1(o3(T)eLJte3lcx2)(0)1aD2
oJÔGO Gflft)(0gO = GiiJOo n^CTDJo (DGJ<ftnQQ)l§26TlB. ^(0)1(1)^0000^10 63Cn)
ag)(TDS(3Q)02 6)ajS2(OTO)1 Gea)O2(0Ta)l6)ai^ (3T0(0)1^(aT0)1 (ro2iiJlaj1d96)j(TDj. thecountry
between Gokarna & Cumari. (3Td(0)1cD2 Goooado Ccft)(og(oio)l6)(n]g 820(0)1
CCC/06TDlflft.O6TD(0T0)1(03 1.6nJOfiJ26n)(026)S GffiU)0(Ul(0)J6)(aTD) CnJcejSaOceO^CTD
'ctft.(0§(0TO)l6)ej i6ruon]Lsm^ss>i croj(3ô Goooado e2O(0)1(ft)C^ce6)j crxocejo'. O^CTD
oJtf'6)6KaJ0^2o nr)&itfljlQQ)1(Olce6)2(TD2. nJlCTDls 1856 6)ej fflejOQ)Ogo Ol(UDOl(03 (nlCTT)
'Go93(oge2ffl1(n)1(o3 (DS(n)2(U(02anr) 12(0^,03' n^crf) 2faD(o1^1o1c96)2arD;. (06rBOffl(a)ocD)1

137
CtftjOgOTcrriaD^ CDejteD^CTD OTdîco the middle part of it from oÔDOsm.
'oJ^GOôjgsmo to dftjOonD^T nq)crn Ccft)(0(BgoeLJaJ«5TO)l(D)1aj3 CT)I(TDÔ griDol^lcol
sxucm aDlojdJODOis^nJja ojetauoocnexoro) gfjuol^GODrtado often contracted
G(ft)ga3, Gcfegj already in 'cerala bothras', plini 'GcejO§aj;L(0)a3' oôrn^
oJoerorolanceoârDjQajcTDô ô(^1oadlaj8 cgracSLDOjlajosTDo CDOJoBijcmjeng.
{Doe2oail6)a^ GoJoêajgooQ)! oaDceo^c^Grac/oajto) Gtft)Ogaj^(2ifflai3, GcejOgGao6uaa3
fi^(TT)l63T36)CD nÔnD Goft)Ogl20fir)0«51fflj,o ti^CTD CCncnDSXaTO) g 3 0 f i O O l ^ oJOdKÔDJ.
cft)JS06)(0) Gcaj(D§fflO(if)0«raiô, GcejCDGgOOJaJCOTO)! ng)aTnaj Gce3(0§iiJ(0lL(O>6SBgO
osTDonDjo aJocD)jcTD^6TiB. Gcft)(Og1cD)o^ f»®om gnJGej6ucoT3)1(D a malayali
f»^(TD(3iDo coQJc&l cnffiltpolcmofaro) Gcft)Og1cD)nao(3 o^cm '©OcOjOjej^ CDCUCDIKOO'
nânD c'^cTiEKOTOTloS GDlanD graOfioosTDOJô CDGJcealooflgjene. aJjo^tSSxaroloS,
nJoofflôDsaBgila^ cnlcm GcejCOgaJolLaJ) LC/)niD63T3a3, ajo1(.(0)(ft)0(oa3 Gc&ogo
ng)aD fiJ3«JKJ)l6)a^ (DIOJCMDI, occneaB^fflocD^gg snjcnjDo, GcejOgOToloa^ (maaj)!©,
G(ft)(og (oogjoceooao^ o^cTDlajoomôo LoJos^scBoajj CTDjsne. ffl©ôolsajKD
CDOglGc03(Oo = (T)0(OlGtft.go nâD^fflO(.(0)o OJOSTOKDIOI teO^^TDJ-
2. 6)cn(53 - 'nel' nônDjôosTDo. cncilc^, dft.cmnjD, oejcxDogo ng)anDl
amfflocneofjiicejglejjo OCDKI aa)cm2 (ojgâjlejjo. (3Td(3iDo 1. Rice as growing
n J ^ o c D ^ g6TD(e6)a3 ©OD^ o^CTTi - green or dry stages of growth n^nnDô
6TO>OOJLoJO<3Q)o, C(ft)Oa58LfiJOCQ>o, ©nJOglcoS Ln-10QQ)o, «ft)(0)l^ l.r»JOQQ>o, (BjOQ^ffiSSSRl
(.nJOQffio, fiJS'oaDglQQ) CnJOQffio (aJ«Po QOSl), 6)0Q^0O0(S) (OJlgGTOTO)) (.oJO(D)o
(iârDl63T36)CD aj§(3^0«GJ§63I36)gQQ)Ô 6)CD(D3 80 (0)(0OfflanD G(ft)0eJ0QQ)O(r)(03,

138
Gce30{D3oJ2§la53, aplceoOTflcoS (30 days) nJ2<U2KJ)1(3orT) 6)CD^, OCDÎCTD^ oilgeroKD^
ailaJTOTlCTD^ OilgSTOTDJ ng)arnl63T36)(D OaD^^fflOCDn 6nJCnjD6)aJ§ (.oJGQffiOCnegBgô
(nJÔJSiajJ aJOQJ6T?aJ2 <ft)0QQ)6KlJJ CUlgOffiSEajJ ( I ^ C T D I (.nJ(B(D)Oa)63r3a3 CDGJcft>lQQ)
eoonaio 20 days from the time of blooming till harvest) aânr)l63B6)CD
L6TUOce6)o1«j3 ojlaoGlteDOSTDOJô CDejtfljTcxDlralteoâT);. OTdKoloDêaooiio
6)aD(53(U(3(jf^63B§06rD^gg(0). OTdfUQffiÔS CoJOô ongOCUSôJ^ nrUfflCQ)(Uô
(Dejcej^cTDjene. (ulolry] cut in October. ffijereajciB in December, or Jan njêraj
- in Spring (uracolcD^caDogao ocn^loo^ LOJCCD)0(/)O 'cn^smoJora'ajKnlajS CDlonDj
ojejooofflo gsneoceojcTT) OJICDO, (graoDlaDj gaJGomocnlteo^fTT) ©cna fi^cTDloj
dBjjsl Cf^cfiaSfflOieaônDaDlejjos G(fijOg(aT0)l6)q^ gceiiiâroocroceoooo OBJ^SI
0(ugl6)fij§2 cftDg^fTDêne GejeudBoCOTÎocig OTdcSLDaflaJosnDasrancoS. oens ag)CTD2
ODCOJ^ cnejcftn ©(Bjosjteojcmco) rice in the husk n^cmoem. GnJ0(3(aTD)^c/)1(rD
paddy nôDô bambo seed ((Zi;gcD)(ol) o^cTD^daj^sl cgrdîno cDejceDlcx2)l§26Tie.
'ocDoS (06n§26rDt96)2°' f ^ ^ ^ 2 Lo-iGcn)ocDo Ocfeos^faro) caracSmo paddy may be
dried in 2 days fi^cmô ajl«5T0)lm nJOTtD^ralajaroofflamô '6)CD^] ©ceiosnsj
CfiJOeft>^cft)' fi^CTD (.nJGCD)OCOo SJaDCDCOIOTlcnjdC/OfadfflJgg SXDeJ^cftiSoOcejOSJceOJCTT)
aJSeSBOOSTDOTDô 'OCDÔCOS Q O J tft)(0^ CnCTDlej' n^CTT) «J)G^0g1aJ0§l6)ej
(_ojccn)ocno (araaDlcn^raOfiOoemfflOdDô ©cBjOsâjKrilg^sTTi. oracSinailajoenDajTOTlcoS
ffijnnD tig)onD2 ODcnjcd CDejean ©c&osjojioilgjgg cgracSmo a measure of paddy,

139
generally Icdangali n^rmosm. aj1aD3lcft)06TDo i2ej(x»og(OTJ)1(o3 ( D J O ^ O O ) ^
(= (3T9Cnj(0)1S6SB»Pl OTdOl). '65OiJ(0)2cft)6n3o a3L3o (950) 6 ) 0 ) ^ l 6 ) 0 § C D I ^ O ' nQ)<Tn
(0)ejG(j§o1c(06Ucft)g1(o3 (DIODJO gBOfiDosroo cr)GLicft)1(D)1(o1(e6)ÔD2. YeilcJing on
an average 950 \d. of pacJdy nôDj ô^1r>ad1(o3 (u1(/03l(ft)Ol^1§26Tie. QOi6)O0(!>i
gGOnnosTDo 0)1cD)aG06u (jucJicial papers)c9jg1(o8 ODIODOSTT), tSalcBgensjoT)
(30) goôjIdSjciDjo (2250) 6)0)^^0 nônD. 6)0)nm6n)1 n^nrn 2aJCGJ6)Jcft)(oro)1o)
a rice corn nÔT) aoîncuô measure of length (6)0)^1s) ng)OD;o
(3T3^l£l(Ul(Uffl6TDo (r)ej<ft)lQQ)1§;6n§. OregOJ 0)1go, (O)2ce6)o nÔDl63B6)(D
(3T9g(ll2dft)©gC3Q)2o g30(ir)O6TD(r0ar)1(D)o Ocft)OS2(OTO)1§26n5. OODOaej fi®OT)
parchecJ padcJy (see (Z)ej(3) fiÔDô 6)O)026TD1(X2)JO a gem founci in grain
(iôT) o)&iteDl GiiJoraâJlfimdJjo O)eLJd9j1cQ)1(0l<e6)2OD2. OOOC/DCIDO C(0)0ODlcQ)aj
GiiJ03J,^1aO)o 0)eJ(ft)1(D)(d) (Dlf^GJ6TT§2C«a)6)0^ Cr0(0)j)O\)O\D(0)6)QQ) (3T5)(0120(3l£l(0)
6)CD) 6)ajgl6)fxJS2(DT0)2OT)(0)06m. SÎSOSXH) (aeJCD)Og (3Td<66)6SI3g06m ^(0)1(03 0)&ice3l
CD)1(Olte6)2(TT)(d). ^ ( b ) ^CTT) O\)0a)0O5TD S20)63T3(/3<eO (3T9nJ(0l^1(0)(U2o ^(TD6)(0T0)
eilaJl(n)LOU30QQ)(aT0)1CD (SraO)j>rU^l20Cn)1(0T0)°l(3OD2 tfij«>l6T0T5)1o1(e6)ÔD^.
'6)O)(03' fiÔD GeJ6Utft)(0T0)1eJ26)S (319) 0 \ ) 0 \ ) ^ (010)16)0^ 0\)fUlG(JD
oai(0)<e36)g(D)06)cft) 6)(Ugl6)riJS^(aTO)Oo3 GnJOOD (Ul(U(D6TDo OTdGgciOo 0)&l(ft)1
(D)1§26TT§. G(ft)(0g(OTO)l6)q^ eft) 0 (3 n i l l eft) 0\) O (TO e96) 000(010) (.f^JtO^SfflOoBOÔD
(3T9(3lJ0aj1OJO6TD(0T0)1eJ2OS OO)(03e93^nai1, (Ul(UlU)QQ)10)o QCn^lSiOb, (graOJCXDJOS
ciig(3^, aj1goajs2aj2*9'3ô nÔDloj 2io(.(0)(Z)^ (3Td(0)1oci^ aj1o)1fflci»o, (aragcij
nÔDlCUCXXô S2(DO)o (0)2S63B1QQ) JiJS6gT32oft)g1(03 (3Td(0)1O)2gg CnJOCJDOODô O ^ O D I O J
eft)2Sl OCUglOnJSÔDJ. 6T0)0^J(0)ej (iÔD 2nJGeJ6Ue9j(0T0)1(08 (0)1O^(U0(0)1(0,

140
cft)Oej6)(aTD)CD)2o in t h e beginning of Mithuna, best time for planting aâmô
oJocD)ânD26n§. erjno^ôJsl, snnoc^^'ôaii, STOTO^ÔnJog, sKno^ja^^l fiQ)(rnl63T36)CD
SilSOGXS) (3Td(D26TU(rU)(OT3)l«j3 C3T5)(0«58 n^CTDODlCDfflJCTDOfflKDOOOnOD&lflftnQQ)
aJQgnQQ)0(a(g8 aJoejces)06)§ ocalcDo o c n ^ o o s m o D j o (3ra)(alQQ)oS kinds of p a d d y
ci^CTDô (T)ej(ftnCG)(0)1CD2GaDoado (ft.O©O(0lCD)n3, 6)rJOanDOOl(D)a3, 6)(0)e96)a3
(3T5)0lQQ)nS (ojoejceoos) (ruJ(36p;ôolcD)a3 nônDT (ulaflcDooncno ocn^jcft)©^
ceojoT^j tiJOQQ)jaD2. '(arajOlaDctS Q O D ^ I O O ^ eoejffijcoKnoGej gsmeaBj'
(fla>ffijcnj^6p;^) (^©ODOCOJ oJ^POSKajo^jo CDejcSjIaongêni. (aTdcnjenjcauajKnlajS
njlarols tft)2§lG^(3(OT5) (gTaantft.aj1(U(06gT3g06TDjggR». ^(UCD)16)GJIÔO ^ O ^ T
oiflcaa (DeLJcftnoQnsjgg oracSinojlajosmo ffl(a)lcD)0(ft,^(TT)l6)^©3lej2o i2ejcx»ogajnj)1
£ j j g g oilojosmo cej^sônroS oj^cecnfflOoBoocDOoejô ailcDizioem.
3. (OJgCTOl oÔD CGJ6Llda)(aT0)lCD tulasi nq)Cm g ^ O O S m o 6)(ft)OS2(5KJ)
(n)ocroc0jâj)fiJ36)(2CTT)2o cDoanjailajS czi^cnjosTOTnajcm^Gso)^ (0)6)CTDGQQ)O rtg)onD2
crooooQQJo caJtSiSlryi^GC/Ofiado (3T9(3mo Holy basil, a^crn ô^lnailGJjo Goooado
crDaroâDoarocRWCDoaajô ODaitanoon (olcsoônf)^. (0)^gcrdlGô6 B O J fflojonrDcmô
OTddJ) 3êfy^^lGCT)06)S0(xjo L6TU0ftJ26rDO^6)S (/oajcroocroteooo(OTa)1cD^
fiJGCD)oa)1o96)2nrD^6)f^fTT);o ^ o ^ l o i f l o S (gra^mail(U{06TDo oDaJcftnoonolceoârD^.
«DejG(^(ol G(0QjQQ)l(a3 cnloDjo anjgcrol ffij«nejocQ) (3ra(3^cnoajjn£aJ6gBa3 nômjo
eQj^ffloOfiOoemo eft.LDcx»la^ CDIOTD 'an^gcroloJcSnaiaiô cft)06TD0QQ)T (nruj^tjjâjranoja
ODlanD nônDlo^lrailcoa) nôrDô gf3Do1^1(olte6);(TD^. KD^gcrol n^cTD cruoroô

141
CtejOgloQ) aroocroce6)0(0(OTJ)l«53 aJ(olaD2r3Dlcn)26)SCD)2o crao(/)LaJ(0)laila)l(D)26)SQQ)2o
ffiO(.«J)ffi^, aJS63T32(ft)g1ejô ajlaojocrussBglejô (araaDlocig cmDonDo tSjjsl
(ulaoramOteojanD (3Td^LDCaJ(0)loJ03CD(206n]i a^jenecaf aDscoTOTloanolceo^nrDco).
(3ra(0)lG(D06)SOnJo OeTTi] aJOOl2(3aOLC/)(TiC63T36)g(e6)ô1^2®2^ OraolOJJo
2nJGCD)0cMD0aJl(D ejej>120cft)2(TD]6Tie. ^(0)lC(D06)S0fiJo aJeJOnOo ODJgarolcftjgJo
(3T3ajQQ)^6)s crocroôDocroLKj) oDoiaeaBgô cnejcancDilgjerB. cft.o§2(W^2crol,
tftj(3fy2(0(o^2§^^''» «ft>^n^5mcD^garol, oojsnaKn^gcrol, (ooffl(0)^gcrol, Oruajazn^gfn)!,
aolojcw^gcrol nârnlesBoaD. ffiO(.(0)ffi^ ooraajajlaojocroajjfflOQon srucnju crujiiJCD
(Dejdft)j(TT) (D0ffl63t3g06m1aj. (.nJGraaoojjo cnloojô a)cru)aijo caocajxa^
ailaoJoarodJ^fflocDn, aKnaJlaojocroajjffiOQQnteojslQQJigg STUcnDcrojâr) CDejt&ociS
OD^gcrolcxDôs a j ( 3 ^ c e 3 cro2iijcn(r»<eo2 (ruocD^ffiOc932CTD26Tie. cBD^sosxa)
'(0)^{OTO)ocii' n^cm (26)^0(0; cej6Utft)(OTO)l(53 Qo^nJGceAi '(0)0^^' nânDonoajoo
CJDOKD^ ng)cm croooocDn^Gaooado The basin which holds the holy plant nÔDj
(3Ta(3mo cneTcft)! oraKnlexi^ aoocroLw^lcoxDOfflOjô OD^garol OÔDÔ
ajIglceo^crDjoajcTDj nJoaxjorD^. C D ^ aD^coKDOoj', eft.(o1aa)^«5Ta)oaJ =
(c&ôêrDco^garol) tfeog^dD^gcrol oraKDloog oaocroLanlooJcnoiao, O^CTDIOJ
CDQjcftDQQngjsne. G(ft)0glQQ) croffljfino OD^garolcxKceo^ fnejeesônr) nJooicDODJo
âjl6)s coJoft'Smoem.
4. OOjplej - ^ 1 ) CejeUdBDCOTOTlCD «5)(2l(P fflejQQ)Og63Rgl6)eJ nJ36)mCmi
cft)06TT)l^«5)lcD^GaOrtado griDolemloffiocDn The mere leaf nônoô ef»JO(3§2tmcro
eOfAicD)l«j8 Betele, betel oârDoasnDCTDjo nJociD^CTD^. CT)1C3Q)I2 GoeucfegloejcD)]©
(0)G^0g1fy0§l6)ejQQ)Ô QQ)l£lOL(ft)fflo 'OOJÎOJ, (3TdSQQ)ce6) CDJOT)eJOCX2)(0)] 01063131',

142
To form a friendship, make peaceraônrxSmajlajosTDo (nejceDlooncoldaocxDoem.
QOJÎej (2jOceQoa3 aJOSTata)^ (cDlcmffiGoeucejC^) to sit and talk ag)anr)j ojoerow)]
'(T)\cmicss^q^ ©oj^lej oJOteojo QtBiOsimsii' n^cm (mejcogol G06ijcx2n(o3 CDlnnD
(.fiJCQQ)oa)(aKJ)l(T)OCD)l Q30nD(6\si^(J!i\ss>icrr>i caraonlm to conform an agreement
by gift of betel o^(TD(8iciajl(uo6TDajô CT)&i<)ftnQQ)1§26n3. @oajl6)SQQ)j09 BJOBAI^
eOffliO{3m ajlojoemo cataccnlsxi^ crooooroc&oolcejGnjQcaTa) cajsne OJICDO gcÔteoo
ggjODl^. 'OOJÎGJ oft)1o1ajcft);fl96)' a^CTD taoôoj CnJG(n)oa)caro)lao entire
disrupture of a f a m i l y both for property & ceremonies (i^cmcSino
CDejcftDoKGaDoado oojglej CDSJCTDCO) aj^flMdegngilroS aJS(ooa3 ojoajrortnlejo
6)6mcTD]o cnosoS exu^lej, CDOgôajgflej or caooteoosl ooi^lej (is fflôô^î'ij-
esp. ramping on caoaj, 'nJlGJOCDOol o o j ^ l e j ' ramping on nJlejodj n^cmô
aila03loe3(05TD63BC/3 CDGJc&lCffilolceOjaDJ. ea>2S06)(0) '6)cft)0ST fi^CTD GeJ6Ucej6)COTO)
G0D0(96)jtft) n^cmi nJostoKnlolteojcmj. 'otSiOsT ag)om Gej6iJt93«5K5)1(D cn&i(ftn
cx»l(ol(0o^(TD 2iânD0i26)«5Ta) (sracSiDo - sprout, creeper, betel oolej = ©oj^lejOceoosl
(as pepper is called o j g g l ) n^nmô dBjiplOceoosl GOJQJ young betel vine, as
planted in rows, oooceoosl GOJOJ same as planted near trees (to plant
'(ft)(OTa)^(ft)' oôTD aj0Ory2«p CDlfêj6n§2ajl«53 (DIODÔ ©o&osl OJOICBOQQJJO
andl<e6)QQ)jo onejcc^ral cro6Ucejgl(D8 cnlmDô gGOoorol^ to destroy the vines
n^cmi ailaoGl<ft)ffll^(d) (gr9(3i£io aocoloojocsjn^. OJICTDIS Different kinds n^CTD^
oJosTOTjn (Dooloceoosl a fine sort nâm^ ailc/03ncft.ffl1^1(o1(e6)^cm2. 'cD0sa3

143
6)cft)Osl(2ffiarD2 o o j ^ l e j cD^ggT nônD^ (oeôgT aosucfeglcoS cri\crn gGOoDol
n^(6\s6>icmi. ôJl6)s 'ennoeJloceoosT n^cm (aâ^cejeutejocora) ccnoceo^cft) O^CTD^
nJosTOTnlolcSQ^CTT)]. (319(0)1(08 STOôeJloeBOOsI a betel wine let down occasion-
ally for the leaves to be picked off aôno] (ard^mculdJOSTDdJô (Dejcfeloongjeni.
planted against bamboo poles (2^g6)cft)0sl6)(ug]ej ag)(m;o (mcni LnJCJUooDoocsyô
6)d9jO63t32(DO§l(08 ( U g O ^ O r D (0)1(1)0(08 6)cft>06SB26)(U^1ej nÔnDô GOJ (0)(0o
<ft>âj2(06)cuglej o^CTDjo (lilooBtaoceojcTDj. payar-mala & nadu ng)(TDj ODeltftn
^(0l63BeJ6)OJ^1ej, Gcft)0§QQ)6)(OrO) aJ2O0§ffl6)CU^1ej ( a J J O ( D 0 S ag)(TD2 CeJGUtSj
nJoo(2(3c/Do (DejflftncDflgjene) (uc3Q)(Dosa3 ooj^lej r»^(TDjo (D&JdanconolceoôrT)].
©cij^lej aJ(U(i»c96)ânD cusoao^ggruoôs (woejojoô ocusnaerDlexuglej,
(3T5)oai3ffl^g oidStes), fflOGcueilceoo ^jspjôoru;, (X})o<PfiJ06TDo ojjcejcijnej ^^(TDÔ
rJO6T0T0)1(Dl (66)^(11)2. Gcft>0<PlCe96)0§2tft)0(8ceO CDÔnDCrUO 6)CU^1ej, (0)2g2(DOSai3
(S)(0)e96)2 f3Tc)(0)1(T) ^ ( B § c e 6 ) 0 S ) (3TdSCI»t96), O r e O a J J i p ^ J ^ ^ ^ ' CQ)0(PnJ05nr)o
(6)(a)(0O (3W(0)1(T) ^ S r y O g ) aJJcftiOOJlej nÔnrnOJCXDOSm. ^ ( 6 ) tft)J9loJ282(li)<j90
(3ra)(ll(JD^6)riJS2(TD(b) fiÔTD i6niO<B6>q\(Si ODeJc&laQilg^GTTg. d932S06)(0) '©(UglejCXDÔS
i22<eo (3T9O2(0), (3TdS(i»ce6)(D)26)s (0)O63T3 (3T902(D), nJ^cejOoHejcDJôs Onjosl (araojoj),
(T)2(5' n®OO2(0)' nânnDOO; nJlPCTSBiJO^ô (DEJ (ej1CQ)l0ld9O2^"'2- ^ ' ^
<iJl(uo6TD63B(/3ce6)2 ojôcsffl 6)(Up1ej6)<e6)|, OdJ^lejOceaosl, ©ru^lejoôîeoaS,
6)(U{^lQJ6)aj§1, 6 ) ( U ^ 1 e j ( D 0 c 9 6 ) , 6 ) ( U J j 1 e j ( i j O § l , 6)CU^1ejfiJ0(Tii O ^ O T D I gaJGeJGUcft)
63T3gJO 6><ft)OSJ(OTD)1§26n3. ^(13(30)1(08 OOJÎeJODOtS© nQ)C(T> gnJCeJ6Ucft.(aT0)l6)(T§
(3Ta(3m(u1(uo6TDo ^63B6)aDQQ)06n). the tip of a betel-leaf put on the right
temple or on the top of the head to chain laxmi to ones person, ^TDOCOOO^
144
ailaJO6TD(Dt0)1CT)2Ga0nado ^(O) (3T3CnjDaj1(J0J0(rO6)fflCTD2 C6TUOte6)3l(08 (DGJcft)l(r»1
olteo^fTD^. (ni6rs^%\6)C^ cruocrDce6)ooaJ(o1ct.aJ(eiad^(OTO)1(j^ (DloDjOcejOsnejgQ
cu1ej(X2)1o2(OTO)ej06n)1(0). Q O ^ (^leracjaloDôs cft)0*PaJfijos, (rooocrodsooolcft)
6)6)Oimo<n)\ô (Dlfêj6nB2CDl(3ciao6n)(OTO)1(o8 CTOJOCDICDO 6)iijeJ2(aTO)2anD(0)1aD2f30fir)o
6TDmo6TDl(0). 6)cu^1ej6)c96)os1 n ^ o D 2fiJGej6Ute3(ora)1(T) piper betel O©CTD(3(0)OO
6)oft)05^(010)(0)1 OD^GC/Ortado 'OdJ^lej g§aj(TD2 ailO^CTD] 6)aJO(X»ce6)2S' fi^CTT)
6)(0)teO(T3 fiJ<P6)6TaJO^ 230fiOOl^ (3T3(0)l6)aig cft)0O6TDo 'ar)(DCX»ce6)6TDo tiÔT)
(.6nJOte6)^1(o3 oeBjOsjajnrnolcefljanD^. mejoojogo o1ajuo1(o3 ODICTT)] 'oojglej ^ § 2 '
(ig)cn)2 6)cft)OS2(ord) (3i3(0)1a)(3(0)Do planted vine O^CTD] (D&idan. 6)C9D0^6)(0T0)
o o j ^ l e j nâD(0)1a) 06n3(3(0)Do CD&icftncDnolceoârD]. 65cm a fine sort of betel
(i^CTDJO O6TIB (3T3(0)l6)(Tg OOOCrO (.(0)lQQ)Cr)0ffiaJ2fflO6TT). (3T3(0) OldDlOOg
GfiOO(3(OTO)2aro fflej6njoo1ce6)(rol(o3 (DlanDooGmcTDô crt)2-aJlftjl^1§26n3. (0)22cru1
o d J ^ l e j n^6)cn)0(o1or)o c&jsl arxoScftH (3T3(0)Ô superior betel-vine (3T3)6)erD(TD2o
(3T()(D) CDCTDnSaJO oojglejcriJces)] (mêJifflooerDamjo OJOCOJCTDJ. aJ2(3(^GejQj
<ft.fflOC3Q) (DnnDaSoJOdjnc&JdBO ccDOce6)2cft>6)(D)(TD2o aJO(D)^(TDj6Tie. nD(TDa3nJO North
p r o n e o f a p l a c e in vettattunadu fi^cmô (3t3aJl6)S(i»jgg o o j ^ l e j m a n u r e d
vîth tft)O§2(0)2g(ro1aj2 f»9)ono (3T3(3(0)Dail(U(06TT)o cT)ejcft)1(X2)1§26Tie.
^ ( U l 6 ) S 6)(U^1eJ(D)^6)S (3T3(3(0)DOJlaJO6TD(0T0)1CDfy2Oo GdBjOgOrOoCrOdBOOO
(0T0)1CDc93(0T0) ^(0)l6)(l^ CmDOCDo Cn-lcesSfflOteaÔDJ. Cr0'DnO^3LfiJcft)S(T)Ol(0)1,
croiaocjDocDLc/offlo, cuocn30CDfflÔ(Tj1fl96)(a8, ajcro(0)^te6)griejô (3T5)iiJ0O63Bglej2o
(3T3(0)1CD^22 CrUDOCDo (iQ)(TDlaJ ^ C U l O S aj^c9(0)mOce6)ânD26rB. Q r y o (0)6)CTD O d J ^ l e j
miOlSSXSS, (3T3(0)l6)Cl^ (UldjICD (.f»-IOC3CrDlcft) 02iiJlGe363T3a3, (UlOj1a)(S2)1a)63T3(^,

145
nJ«'6)6T3UQ^2 OJipl (.nJcfeSaOeaj^CTT) CDOS(T3aila0JO(TD63t3CO3, a)^6rB(3§ICD (3Td(0)l6)ej
(TOcru)ailaojoa\)C(gTO>os^gg ajlLr>j(5)1tiJ«3wn n ^ ^ o o oajgloojsjonDjsni.
5. tBiOjcft) - ^nD GQi6ns3(SfS)\m (2GJCD)ogo SiCms n^crnlaicDnajS sôiSi
nÔDô OT)ffl1tpl(a8 'raTdO^cfc' n^CTDÔ gÔOSTDo CD&icejlQQnolcSO^nnD^. CrOoCrOcej^RO
OTOTICOS 32(3(^ n^cmô. ô^1oadl(o3 cgracamailajrasroo cnejcftnoonolceo^cTDanl
esBOCD. A grass used for the funeral ceremonies & o r u e i l of Sudras ( r o c ^ o g l
ajo§l(o3 (jflcm ceaO^tft. fijo1fyoai3 gsne (for oJlsmoDo) nq)(m gBOnoosTDajjo
cDQJoftnc3Qn§26n§. ceao^cej oJjôosmonDjo (319(0)16)0^ aro(ro^c/oo(ro(.(a)CDOffi(U2o
(DeJte)1(3Q)l(Olce6)2(TD2. G<ft)0g(OTO)l6)eJ (/D2L388O(0)1dft)g26)S CrOoarO(06)O(D(OT3)1(O8 ^ 0 3
o J ^ ^ I C D J g g LnJOCAÔODjô aoefDOCPCTOO iiJS63T32ca>gl6)ej gfJGQQ)0C/)6)(aKJ) CoJCrO(0)0
( l i l ^ ( 0 ) 2 ( U 9 l CrU0(JDj,l20QQ)1§J6ni.
^ C D I Bicn5)icii(A(^63BU?), SiO^, a e j , cro(a(0)ejo f»^CTT)laj6)CD) cru2aJlajlte6)2(TD
630G(DO GQJ6)Jce363T3C/3 nJ(0lcaD0(JDl<e6)Oo.
'(3T5)ar)' nq)cm GGJ6)Jdaj(aT0)1cD dajODcu), (0)^g^,fflejQQ)Ogon^mr)T nroiaocD
eooad<jft)gl6)ej gôo6TDo (nejcftncxKGc/ooiio (5)izn<p1((38 CIDOCD, 6)(a)eJ2cn2(iJl(o3
nS)(T>l(f)l, a^Cml63T36)(D (Zl^^ 309^1160) CÔOJlCU) eOoadcft)gl6)eJ ajj((0)J>(T\)(0)
00021631303 ooeLJdanoQngjsnB. (3tc)(a)lor)jGaooaio ô(j|g1oail5)ej elephant n^cm ooomo
or)&i<ajlQQ)l(o1<e6)2arD2. '(3i5)Or)(e6)<P2(aTa)1(?^ cft.G(DoT, '(3Td)Or)(e6)<P2G(aTO)oT n^(TDl63B6)ar)
(3Tda)^0(aiffl(DO(2OQQ)5TT)(0I0)l(03 OOlOfDô OT^jOT) ^(DJOTTO^cft., 'or)(20r\)cft)(0lryice6)2cft)' nÔTDT
(3racnjej63ragn6)ej injQca)ou)6saîo (in t e m p l e s ) or)eLJcft)lQQn(olce6)ôm(0)1(o3 onflonD
(313)00(66) 63(0^ a^(/)6)fflaD(jj)lejfy20o GeBDOglcD) K o o s l o i l o ) oroo(roce6)0(0(OTa)1(j^
^•p^(ft)lG^(3ono1(olce6)2ano(0) orojiiJlfyiteojarDêne. ooo§ooo(X})(eo t a m e elephant

146
nQ)cm ô^1oail(o8 (3T9(8(0MO cnoi^ c6TUOte6)gl(o3 (3T()(0)l6)og nilaj(o1(0)o tftjogoor)
fiÔDJO 0)^ceDl(I»1(Dld96)J(TT)2. G(0)Oce6)JCUejlajOO3 QilOT) (519)0) fiÔHD (OglojOOmj
GOeUCJoHoej COJG(X»OCDO O)&Je9j1(3Q)(0)1(03 (mS^(D6)(!m)qi6rB. 'C(0)fl96)2 (êJlcftOOOS'
fi0ODO6TD(a). a O o (UeJlteOOoS (3T5)(D6)CX2) goJC(D)OCr)lcS6)^(TD^6)aJOD djlOJOdJÔ
(3T9C(O)O6)S0aJCD;6Tie. c632SOO(0) (3T9)0)6)(D) (rOo6TUOU)1.ajjgQ GO] fUtpêrajO^
(gT3)6)0r)tBQJ ffiSTDl 6)jft)G§6TB etC 0^)01)^0 (T)&i<9nQQn(altS6)jaDJ. ©(a)la)JoJJOO!a
(3TÔ)QQ)2fflOQQ)1 6njO\D6)aJ§ g oJ C QJ 6U cftj 65B (/3 (51?) CD cftD J 00)1 ((/)^6Tie)
dft)ODajDCD)1ejô, 2)ejQQ)og(OTO)1ej2o 2ajec3Q)oa)1c0©26>'2OD2 ( r o j a J l r y i ^ ô^1rtail(o3
resi(Jence o f c r s h n a R a y a r (Gc93 0GgoejoJ(OTO)1 n ^ o D ^ LC/)nnD(ru2aJ(D)
(3T9)0)c96)g1, (m)Cnc£tBQO<eQioi, (5T9)ar)cej2O2O0)2aj§1, (s^msQoocA, (3T9)0)()96)0(O3,
(5T5)0)d96)^nadOo, (3T9)0)c96)2«Pl, (5T9)(D6)e9O0§1(03 ( e l e p h a n t s hoUSe) (3T9)CD6)ce6)0Oli,
(5T5)O)CceO0nJ, (5T5)O)(B<e6)0(03, (519)0^^00)0 6)CU^2 ODScftO^ceD, (3T9)O)6)^0OlCQ)o8,
'(3T5)CD(OTO)ejGCD)ogo 6)cu5rji^ (0)ooo' (song) '(3T5)a)CDS(0T0)o cejj(0)10fyo^(o3'
(proverb) (3T5)0)ajS, (5r5)0)aJSte6)2§o, (3T9)O)fy(T0)1, (SrÔDoJOcil, (5T9)0)ajl6Tie1,
(5T9)0)2iej, C5T9)0)(2^6Uo, (5T5)O)Cl2(03 fflSp;^2a)1(3, (3T5)aDCX»SlG(U(3, (5T5)0)^âJSl,
(3T5)O)(D)Sl6)(U^(0)2, (5T5)O)CD)1(02(0T0)1, (5T9)0) (UI^CBJ, (3T5)CDffl2a3, (5T9)CPO061?aj1(x|<eiad1,
(3t9>0)CU6TT)63Bl ng)OT)1 gtiJGej6ytej65B(^ a)eLitejlQQ)1(0l(SOjaDJ. (3t5)O)C(Q)0S GO)Ol§J
enjcnjDffljgg nJGesBgjo (5I9)0)(3Q)^6)S (uejlajru^ciocD)! (0)oo(0)(2^6)fys^(OTa)1
6)c96)06T1Bjg9 aJ365r3g2o ^CU(iQ)1ej^6n§. Coft)(0g(OTO)1(O8 (5T9)0) o ^ O D ffi4C/)o
6)aJGJ2(aTO)lQQ) arojou)1o)ffl06m âj(i»1(o3 Siosm^s^. (3T9)(DÔO)O O O J ^ ODSteQôftj
(ODSoj), (3T9)O)Cce6)0(?^ ((5T9gcii), (3T9)ar)(OIO)eJ(lCD)Ogo OOJSp;^ ((3T9g(il), (3T9)(DCn)Sl
6)CU^(a)2 (cUg(3^QQ)^0S f^GJ§o), (5T9)m«96)gl, (5T9)Or)QQ)ce6)Ocft)2aj, (3t5)CDflft)ÔÔ0)2aj§1

147
(ojejlojo) aônnnojQQ)l6)ejôo (2ejQQ)ogeonad ojeilojo, (gragoi, a j g ( 3 ^ , cnsnj
nÔDlaJOOQ) CrOJiijlnjIceOOaDOCXin (OT^JCD n ^ O D S3laJlQQ)2ffiOQQ)1 STUOriDOfiJS^CTDOO)
6gt36)aD6)QQ)onni ojloorafflOteo^nnDajaDosrn. OBJJSOOKJ) (grdjCDOK^fflocofl G(D(O1§2
6TU(TU)6)fy§ nJ36gT3g1«53 (3T5)CD6)QQ) CBfflCD)'teO J CTD QQ) 0 03 C3T5) CD cB© 0 (0 03,
(3ra)aD6)QQ)ajls1c96)0CD222 '^'2'*'^ C3T5)(Dte6)2<Pl, OTajCDdDJOS Q J I S I O D (gra)(D6)c86)0§lC03,
md)VD6)(&S)0cm, (arajaDailsâJTO) ojcrotro^ceoaS, rarîCDGceooaj, (gt5)COGa5TO>orD3,
(3ra)CD«96)^§o, (3T^(D6)CX2) aJOlc/OlejlryiceO^CrDKnlcn^ (gra)CD(Ôai, (3\d)(T>iB6)0OS>m
(3T^cr)fiJOfijoa3, elephants d u n g OTÔDajlsnel, c3ra)(D6)QQ) QaJcciDocnIajjQg xusesra
(3ra)CnGfflro3 ffl6u^:^2^1(3, (3ra)CDQQ)2©s oBDoejslajos {gT5)CDcx»slGaj(3, md)<T)i3^ciis
nârol63B6)CD aDeJcftnQQn§26n§. OI5)(DQQ)20S GaJOJfflOCD)! CaJ(3a3TD) fUOQOJCTD
(rocro^ffiosrn (m)<r>QsSs6)0ssiiQi, GoooDêneoeeoj Gcnjo<p^gg grucejosmo
(gr^jODceOOCaS, (3ra)CT)QQ)J6)S GnJ(3 SaJcSoKn^ aJOaDJOD ffiOlD^tSOOCOo (3I5)aDce6)2f^So,
oJOejdBOOSJgg 6i(0J QieiCIDJOS GnJCD OrajOOffiej, (3Td)CT)6>QQ) OoJOcOOOoS aO(9(g>1gO)^gg
Gidbi ciA<Q^rarajODoosHiJlftjcftadloânnn63T36)(T)t3Q)06rn gnJcej6iJ<e363T3g^6)S cnlra.
aejcD)og eonadcnilejô oJ3LaJGQQ)oc/)fi5TU)lej2o rarajCD O^CTD slojIdD^ffloool
6njaru)6)fy§ nJ363T3g;6)S (3ra)a)lcft)ô Gc&fflgcroffljfioajTswIoq^ anrx^lejô
KldilKDoloDlcxylejô rarao)^ OaJGJ^cOTOTlcD) crojocDloDocoTO) ©ajgnQajsâjTOT^cmj.
carannjejaj^ffiocnil (3T9)cr)(r»d96)^gg srucriuo, e o o o aJjiateoocnooon (3T5)(n6)QQ)
gaJCQQ)0(/51<66)ânD«D, a^crnloj aj^<Mni20ceo2ecnjoa3 (gT5)(D6)cx2) omyjonDgglteojOD
iiJS63«l(ofl(a3 CDlaDj GcncDlgj eje^m^. ag)anD0(a8 'ag)»'jcn)2gn' n^(w moôcoj
GejeucOjcaKnlcaS otaOTnoqg cro2iiJCDQQ)^6n3. (3t9)(DC«5TO)o§l6)cx»ce6)2ol^ G(5)O§1 n^cm
Gejeuce^caKDloS The hook for driving an elephant n^CTDlo^lnailcoS oraânDo

148
fiJ06TOTO)(Baooiio 'ec3cft)Oglte6)2 (B(0)O§1 o o j r y l ^ (3ra)aD6)(x» g)Oj(oro)l6)(66)og630o'
ng)cm aruaa)oaDCEcnoaJOQJo tej^^coTHooncoS (DloDjdDol^lolteojanrxo^ (gra)(D6)(D)
cu«nojoso(x»l cndisiicm (rui.(nnj3ocx»6)(0TO) 6)ajgl6)<v|S2(oio)2(TD2. (gra)(Dajo(o3
Cl20(0)lO6)(0Ta)ce6)2Ol^ nJO0ffl(3c/aGfflQQn^. ra^fiaHejô (3ra)CD(X2)^fflO(D)l 6nj(rU)6)(iJ§
ffilceo nJ363T3g2° ^ ( 0 ) 1 ^ 3 g(/56)aJS^(aTa)2CUO(D2o ejOgGOJOgO âjQQ)l6)ej
Cn)Oo(rOd96)0(Olcft)aJlaa)6Sra§26)S (lJl(/D3lcft)(05TT)o (rOOU)^fflO(e6)0(DJo (/)J6rB(3§l(D2
ce3tfn6TOTO)1§26ne.
'cft)0^' fiôrn (Bej6U(ft)(0T0)l6)CD0fyo Si0q\s)cr)SQi6\s^, <&>oqi asôerei
cpsceo^dft), oft>o^slce6), S30<î ojlc/ajoft), tfijoc^j î^lces), (feo^jo CcSDOgjo, oa)092°
ffltPQffiJo, (SDOÔSI ag)6)CTDÔffi^06)(a) aJlajlU)(0)(Do cfeO^^cfeCgO (26)^001)^0
Gtft)(0g(OI0)1(a3 aJ(0lO\i£]l(0)1ciJ(02)0(X2)l CUeilCD) (.nLJO\)c)9(0)1(D)1^0(aT0)(0)1O)0(03 S}\<P<aQ,
(ijsl6TOTa)0(5, custeo, omssi O ^ O D 3l(fibcr02iiJO)C(i»06)S0fijo eaj1«Pce6)o3 tfeo^,
nJSl6TOTO>OOn3 <ft)0^, 6)(0)c96)O3 cfcO^, aJSteS)03 CQDO^ ng)ODl63B6)aO
(3ra(0)(0)2eeJ6Udft)63T3gl(03 aJ(0O(2(3c/£lld96)2cQ3 ffi0(.(0)(206m 6)iiJ(5^2OD(0). te32S06)(0)
tft)0^l6)(l§ (/)(0)lGaJC06)(aia) a02-aJlfijltJ96)JOT) ^gSÔJ^, S)S30Sl&>0q, nJl<S>Qi\S6)0q,
QtBjOsSiOq n^cm°\ i(iiQ(S)ocn fiJOO(2(3aDo I20L(0)G(2 o)1'êj6ngjajl£jjg9j.
C3C«)(0I0)l6)O^ aJOlO\in1(0)1aJO2l0CD) aoaj1(B(JOoad(0)6)(X2)(OTO)6)ODCX})06TT) ^(0)^
6)(Ugl6)aJS2«JTO)ÔD(D).
'l2ej'6)(D)c96)jOlajjg9 Cej6Ucft)63T3§l(08 dBj^fTT^, «5>l§, O)0SJ<ft)06TDl, aJOO,
G(2S, CffiO^, 6)i20§ (iÔTnOJQQ)6)d96)OfiJo 12^(0), (0)202(010), (0)2O, nJggceOOS, nJOSo,
fiJOSl, oJ2eJo, (U(3Q)(08 fiÔDl GeJ6Ucej63Bg2o C<ft)0g LnJG3C«)(OIO)l6)0^

149
croaflGaooadOj) (.o-iceDSiaoceoânDjsns. crolg - A raised grand, hill lock, shoal
' r j o o ' - (0)ffll<p (Ziejcn)og63T3gl6)ej g ^ o o s m o para f»©CTD2° (W2g2(^^«^
pade n^cTDô innem\6)Qi njo^ (a)6)CTD(D)OG6TDO ^(0) n^cm (/)26n3(3| croooacxDo
C(Uc93Slfyic96)JCTD2. 6502 o J ^ P O f i R U O ^ 230fiO(D6TD(20(I»l (DQJ<ft)lQQ)a5) 'cftHem^lajS
ojlem njomlceo^ ^'^'^jo ojooomô OD^sm' aôDoern. Gc93(0g(0T0)l6)a^ octoces)]
LfiJC3aD«5TOT g g g cmDejCfijoolKjS ojooomôs aruoanr)lu)^ffijg2(OT n^sjajio)]
cft)06rr)1<e6)0(DO(D)1 (ig)ej aj§g1ajoo, OtfijOtflsTaKDoauoo (palg) ng)aDô
OD&lcfclQQngjSni. (mdCO^ffiOCOn 6TU(T\D6)aj§ QCO] oJ'PQeTJaJO^ô a i l O D r a l e S j O S m o
ai(0O(ij; crTlfêjsTiej). nJIcTDls rJoodajo nq)cm cruaroâjjo csraoDloag
(ijleoa)6gB6)gcD)2o noejcancxinolceoârD]. oJOOceooS (a large stone), nJoooS
'6>((y)tB6>cA inJQ3aQQ(S<(6) 6)^02(2(3' n^CTDÔ 'fiJ0O89)T SJO^ fflOJCTO n^CTDJo
(3T9(3(oiDo cn&JdBDloonolceojcTT);. âil6)S6)QQ)ôo (roooonScajoralcft) ni\mo6mui
g6)6n§89>1eJ2o ô^lnadloej oilojosTDo aarnoffiOtfejcml^ nJGteiii, fflejcxDogcarroloS
aila03lo9j(06TT)63T3gô 2 3 0 a D ( 0 6 m 6 3 B g ^ o CTXSitB^ OJlaJCOlceO^CTDJ.
ffiocro6gt36)gce6)jo1^2§:2 csej6iJ<ft)63T3glRj8 Cc&og(0Ta)l6)q^ cejoejoojcmD
(3TascD)og6)rijS2caro)j(TD2.ffiejciDogaoarofflOQQ)'KD2ejoo'(ig)CTD saisueajo Q<r>osG)i<&,.
aruocrocej^KD fiJ30fflam2 crojaJlfyi^KnlcD^Goooado Ccft)Ogaj(3ffl2i ooffloomsmajTmloS
orncTT); ccDdll aoj30tiO(06mo cn&icejjcTT)^. 'crojoffifflocn)! «D2eJ0cft>rocQQ)oT nôrn.
(.6TUOce6)^1(o8 'KO^COS' to weigh n^cm a)0(!3)j(3anDajjo (Dejcftnoffiajilcn^âonaio

150
6icmoi2(3(aiDo Balance n^nm] cD&itfelcDnolceojaT)^. 'aD^GJoq^ÔcQiOsng oojceoT
rig)cm2 Ctft)(ogaj(3(2m ©ocaoomsmcorolajS onilaDjraoaOcasmo. '(WjejocOTngj',
'«Djejo(OTJ)6Tie2'' '^lômotBQi' its scales, beam needle oeneoia onocmosm
(ooaolQQ)26)s Gnjo CDejc0jlQQnffll(06)ânD(O). (D6n302i«D0QQ)l Libra = (OTêjoooool
n^cm ODGJcftn. 'cnjejoGffl'êjegBglajS ojcSajrolceojanDoc^ QCQOÔ (3T3Gfif)0(00(.{D)o'
n^cm eo(/)ajaj)C0TO)l«^ CDIOTD gfaDol^lrolceo^fTD^- 2)2fTD02)(3KnD2)OQD)1 a^jpofflOforro
fflocroo oônD c3ra(3«nDo ODejcejIcDflolceoônD^. '(Ojejoenooomo;, KnêjocorolajS
6)iiJCTD2' nq)cm (cnejccôl G06iJcft)gl(Q3 ODlcm g f i o o l ^ l o l teoôD^. cnoejofflcro
'caragnu' fig)anD caracdcoiDOJô 'oraeiaj tfeôjocft. oojorndBojonD ffloormsT oômjo
(3X3)00(2(5)000)1 6 ) f U 2 2 f f l s l ^ 2 <ft>®9Jcn) cx2)(,ao)6)fflnnD2o (3Ta(3«nco (T)9Jtft.1
(ulcjaralcOjol^lolceo^cTDj. (JDêjo nJ3o ojoôm gnJCGisucajesBc^ceo^GC/Ortido
culsneô i22(TDOi26)(aTD) (3Td^(OiD(20QQ) (O)2ejomo(rooj2(2ocx»l enjcnjuonjg (a)êjoaj(OTJj)
fig)(TT) fiJQo 2oJCeJ6iJda>ffiOCQ)l Giijd(OTO)l§26T1B. (gTaa3)l(D(3(51Do ^ 0 ^ 1 ( ^ 1 ( 5 8 the
2 4 t h O c t o b e r , celebratecJ as the en<J of m o n s o o n , day for r e v i e w of troops
& h u n t i n g : nq)cmi cn&jcftn, (a)2ejoaJ(aro)j<ft)<pl6Tmo)0(o8 n^sxTDoo^ ru«P6)6KaJ0^2°
CDej(ft)1cn)1olc96)2arD2. (JD^GJOsxorrodBSXTS fiâm o o ^ o o j goJGej6Uo9j(oro)l(a8 t h e
storms at the close of m o n s o o n ( O c t - N o v ) nq^cm <ft.oejajjo (n(Q3ta3lQQn§26TiB.
^SdJo nQ)(W GGJ61Jo9)(aTa)l(o3 g^fAlg(013)16)0^ (0)(01§(U6)ffl(Tn2o (0)12l^ffleJ(X2)Og
63T3gl(o3 gôosTDo o^CTDô ^scu6T3)0CD)^ the 2 n d m o n t h May-June n^CTDô
6)ce30S2(aTa)l{ol(eo^cTD^. ^(WIOCT^ Siisys gruoejsucejfflocDn ^ s d J o j o o ) ! b e g i n -
n i n g of M o n s o o n , general a m n i t i e s t i l l (0)êjO(vj(OTJ)^ f^<TnD2o (Scft)OegoejrJ(OTa)l
n^cm UDcnnexms) oJoocKSc/ol^lolceoôDâ^sre. cej(3e96)lS(ft>o nq)cm cejeutejOrofloS

151
ffijanDomocoTO) (macânDEOCon GOJOJ 4 t h m o n t h , prov. as t h e worst season t h e
t h r o u g h f a m i n e , disease d e m o n i a r , influences o^cmcSdnDo ODGJdBjl
QonolteoônD]. 'cft.(3ce6)S6KJ)oplco3 rugleml oftHsanDaDj' a ^ c m 63©^ nJ*p6)6T5aJ0^2o.
cBD^soao) 'cft)(3e96)Scft)ggoi5 OnJOCTfDjtft)' Sudden swell of waters in July nÔDjo
(ijoeTOTnlolceojcTDcoloS ODlonD cft>(3e96)Scfi3fflO(n)te6)oej6)«JTa) tejoejoojcmEomôs
croailcaonadRD Lf^c&smocfe^cTD^srB. iijôjceocOTinroa (DOC/O1QQ)^6)SQQ)2O ffloarocaroloa^
QrddblrBiUbSS) CDeJceiJCTD (3Td (3 (0¥3 O J I OJ (0 STT) SSBgleJÔS G (03 (0 g (OTCDI 6) 0^
C(06U6)fys;«5TO)Oa3 C/)J6n§(3§ i(JOI^n^(S)0<IS\ t9j06TD0o.
5 : 2 eT3(5Jlcfl»cn)o(iru«d6)3(ao
6)rjS2raTa)](TD«j). ScftiMeTDo, ojaru(.(a)o, aJ0(3aj1so, cnccoocDoxaocScêsBaS f i ^ a D l o j
QQ)^6)s (ruaJlcaor»9d arDomj(e6)0(D6>(OTO) ÔJOQQ) orojiiJlajlceojcm GGJ6)Jtjft)63T3a3
OTdGCDJoaflceOOo.
a)^6n§(3§ CDlf^Gjeng^fulroS eceiademsxaro) cruj^ln-pteojonD ceJ6Ucft>6gt3gl«58
o n j o a n j o o j (.nJcft)Sfflo<&^cm«n Koctotoojô croocruajTolc&aj^fflocQ) QiUQerrnSidiGm
63i3§06m. c<e3(og(OTJ)1a58 CDlGJOJleJla^cTD etSAi^ croocroceoooo croocnj(aTa)ltft)
(iaj(3K5)l(DlcinccT)ce6)og2n-io1 cruoffl^raoQonc&ffiOQQ) s2Tajl«j)croo(ro<e6)oo6){OTi3),

152
(319(0)16)0^ (gT3(a)1(3(aTa)1cft.6)g cu^<e(0)ffiocD)2o (.nJ(a)1n£ieJlnj1te6)2CTD^6rB. ajra)ajoo
nJOfflOCD) G(06)J6)aJS2(aTD)GJJtft)§2o (3ra(JDlcft)O(DCCaD6TDlc05(O6TDajô ^CO)06)S0ryo
^(OTJ)Oo cej6Ufl9363T3c/3 CnJtfeSfflOdBOjonD^sne. ecft)(02(aTa)l6)(i^ aJlej ssêm
(/DleJ6)(CT0) 6)Cllgl6)fijS2(aTa)2aD CeJ6U(ft.63B(/3 fiJ(DlG(JDOU51ce6)Oo.
1. cft)6TOro)1 - (e36TOT5)lQQ)26)S g^0O6TDo (Dejda)1(X2)GaOrtado c&CTDS, ©(OejÔ)],
(O^g] 3t0Ail6TDG3aO(OTd) 0)6151/16)QQ)CTD2o (r0120(DaJ363B(;3 CDeLJcaHcHilolceOârT)].
canji rice - gruel fig)CTDlo^1nad1(o8 (3T9(3(0)DaJ2o (Dejcft.1cD)1o1ce6)jcTD2.
( 0 ) G ^ O g n n - | 0 § l ( 0 8 ODlcrD 'flajfiTOTOl ceDS^fflOOHoS (3Tg)cft)ô' o ^ a m j o O9)6T3TO)1 OrUd96)
- t o prepare it, dBisroro)! cft)2slt©6) t o break fast, ng)nnDT iniQ<SD0U)6im(jit^)iQUQcô
'eaj6Taro)1cD);o G^JOOÔ nJO(nj(OTa)2aD2' o ^ o m ] dileneô (0)côgl(v|o§l6)CD
graooDol^lolceojcTD^. 'cej6roTa)1 <ja.*pl6TOTO)2'. having eaten, (0)ejG(jgol GoeudajglroS
ODlcrD 'cft)6TOTJ)1<e6) ^^06)(0) fiJ§l6TDl cftHScBOJOnr)^' nq)Cmi Q30nD(6\SQlCmi.
(3Td(a)1a) are starving n^cTDcacjnoojjo cnojajlooncaldSOjaDj. ojo^cato) <9j6TaTa)1,
tft)OCD)ce6)6TOTa)1, cft.nilOCD)ce6)6T0T0)1 o^CTD Cnj6TDaJ03(ma)l(03 (DICTDÔ oJ^PSBjeiOKDl,
(a)fijls cfesiOTDl etc. ojoooj^tf) (T)l'êj6Tiejajl(5^ CDICTDÔ fig)S2(OT!3)j GaJ(3(anj)1(ol
d96)^CTD2. 'eft)0slc96)6TaT5)T (3Td6)gj©j1(o3 'n/IOteosTDKoT nânD(0)1cD half-fermented
rice-water, f o o d in scarcity o^(TT)lo^1o9til(o8 (3Td(3(oiDo CDGLJoajIconolceoânDj.
'nJO(08<e6)6TOTa)T nq)6)CmO(Ql gaJGOJeUcejo a J 0 e i l 6 ) ( l ^ ce326)SQQ)^0 'fiJ2^(0ld96)6T3Ta)T
n^Cm nJ^ÔlCQ)26)S gaJGeJ6UcaifflOQQ)2o ODGJ cft)lQQ)1§26Tie . (0STB0ffl6)(5T5)
(3Td^(31DaOCX»l c f t ) 6 T 5 i a ) l 6 ) a j g g o 6)tft)06n§Jg2 2(iJGCQ)0(;)o ^ 6 3 B 6 ) 0 D CDElidBjjaDJ.
'starch S36vm)\ ^ § cucro(.(a)o, c936r3Ti3)1 nJltplcm^cft. etc'. 'tfeSTOTno^Texx^CTD
06)^00^ gnJGejsucejCOTOTlcD a sort o f brass dish o n w h i c h M a p p i l l a s put their

153
plates ng)crn c3Td(3(a)ci(in(U(D6TDo (DGJcfelcxDlolteojanD]. (3ra(0)1(r)2caDr>ado
<636roTO)1t66)ejo n^(TD gnJCBejGUflBjo (DEJcal 63(TDOffl(3(aiDo pot t o keep c a n j i
aânoô 06n§021(0)000)1 a g i r l at her first m e n s t r u a t i o n nônoj (nejcftn
(.STUOceo^lcoS (sjcny^?) nôm] (ruooocxyo (.oJtejSlajl^lolceojdD^. LoJ^cffiocno
(Dej<03lQQ)(b) 'o936TOTO)1ce6)eJo ^(olces)' fi^nnoô (3T9(0)1(T) to serve her d u r i n g that
time ag)(TD^(0)D(U2o ODeJtjft)lQQ)1§26ne. <&}SmS)]sSil^SQ\(S?>, cft)6T0T0)1ajC«>,
eft>6TOTO)lGryO(DTO)2, cft)6T0Ta)1ffl^§] fig)(TDl6SB6)(D gnJCeJ6Uce363T3C/3ce6)JGaDriaio
(0)eJG(j§olG(06Ucft)2lo3 (D1(TD2 'cft)6roT0)l6)cuggo 6)tft>os2ce6)' fiân) (.oJCOffioo)
(oro)l(D t o g i v e f o o d ng)(TD(3(aino (neJcSjIcffilolteojarD^. fift>6T0T0)1ces)1^06)(D)
o^cn)Gj)l(D starving n^nnDô sêmsilc^sQ esmemo o^(TD(3(0)D(aTO)1(o8 t o give
food ng)arD2o (neTtealCD) (3T5(3(0)DCUl(UO6TD63T3C^ce6) GoBaOglOQ) Scedl^
(roo(ro<e6)00(OTa)1(a3 <&>smo)] nq)cm soSAi^dJledJcoKDloag (ro(iJlG(/Onad (.OJOCDOOOJÔ
(3Td(0)0QQ)(0) (.fLiCDOOD gcBAierDo (ft)6TOTa)lQQ)06m nQ)Cm L<^cft)Sl210fl96)Oai3 (TOOO)^
fflocongjene. 'S>(6\<BQ' nânr) GejsuoBjOTrolooDOryo c&oldgoosl ( l o w caste oc^
gcMdSmo nq)Cm^(S)CimS)\d& OOS20(1J1G(T)OS nJOCD)^(TD(a)) (iÔnD^ nJO6T0T0)1§2
6)6ne©j1ejô p.t ate (hon.) fiâmôoo) p.t nôauxw abbreviationsroS
(DEJdBjJCTDl^. a O L ( 0 ) a ^ , cBjtOldBOOSl fig)(TD (UOdBOloClg C3Td)iiJO(0 (rOCiilGC/Drtad(D)
(U^ 19(0) 12 0(66)0(13 (r00a)1^1§^12l^. n^(TD0(08 (3T92)^G(0)(3T0) (0 0 82 0 (Ul 6) (T^
SSAiemSilLCm c93^(0)^fflOQQ)1 Gffl6U6)(x|S2(OTO)1C3Q)1§26Tie. nJeJGaJO«Pô (rU(U(36TDeOrtadO
(.nJG(n)oa)63T3c^t96)06rD Gej6Uflft)6BT3gil(o8 ffl2(T3(a)2o96)o (r>dis,icm(m nS)<Tr>i
SiOGvnoo. ^(0) eOfôaJomoQQ), crooffij30QQ)l<93fflOQQ), (roo(nj(aTO)lc9jfflocn),
(3T9 (1)1 cfijOfflG COD 6TD1 (ft) (060)0 ar0l22<Ô(Uô (D|f^GJ6n§2ta)(3(OKJ)0(U2o a^63T36)(T)
154
ga36)c9O06rB2 r»®nD2 6)aJ2l6)aJS2(OT3)003 CaJOamOJQOOSm. QSiO^(MT>\6>C^
njejfiD0O63T3g0QQ) (3195 (a cake made of g^P^cmj), © § G J 1 ( ^ c ^ e i l A kind of
cake), u-ils (A round cake or omIet) GGOC/D (A cake baked an iron plate),
fJI§ ( A t h i r n meal-cake, rice bread), 6)CD(§^ryo (a cake, offered in temples),
nJojso (A thin, crisp cake of g^'jonr)^), OJCOTO)!®! (Unleavened bread, rice-
bread of Mappilas, also Pathial) OJCX^ÔJO (a cake made of pulse) 6J0§s,
6io§ryo (pan cake) nômleTOocD soacoo aiÔDânSan Qt&Msm oileojeaBoaceojo
ô^1n9dl(D3 cnGJcftncDflolteojcTD (TOfScoiDo cake n^cmosm. ojejnooocorancn
cakes n^cmjo sweat meals esp. 'ocncâj'offiCTDô any slight repast nâmîaoenD
Qjlooralcftjosmo. raJGJRDoajrmlejjgg QSxBQiSiU^ n^cTDanlejfyôo ^(UCXKJOS
croaflGODnadanoQQ) aj^<ftGD(ZiOc80oa3 ^ T D (gTd(3(oiDaj1(U(D6TD6gT3a3 aaDlcmotejj
(gT9(3(0inajlajO6rDo ajcroKD^cwoajafflOQon aocolcD)^^^. dBjjsooco) 'raids' fi®arn
Gej6)jcft)0 'raras^' n^cm (DOODÔJJO raidsiajj LôailajDeooadflSjgloQjcxDô (.OJGCIDOC/)
ajjofflOTDj aJosroTO) rardcoloa^ (T)oej(3(0¥D63T3gl6)ejocrDOQQ)06m eteîâJleajoraTD)
nio<s)icmd). (iioonjj'p cr)lf»ej6neâila53 cn\cw CiiJ^(mo)1sjg9 (srastes)^, raracsoej,
raiascdBOOR^ o^cTDCcDlaD close fi^cm (JDOCO)] RnooDciyosmjgggn. oâmoraS
'raras' (ig)CTD ecftdiôJleajocOTO) aa5)lcD)Ooaj6Tji;ô ajlcforaaoteolcmlgl^. 'ii/ls'cajos
dSiOOôjôraT96gi36)(n(0T3)6)arn.raraco)ajooaj^
(.(/)Cn£lfiJ (DO 12(3000 1210C(0>o (T)eJtft)1(D)1(Ole96)2(TD^. 'C30ao'mejQQ)Og«Jta)1ejô
cft)(nnr)scoTO)lej;o 'caocra'ociDanDjo (waliploa 'c(0)Oiij'6)cn)aD2o niOGm^QUHrô
Q3oaQQ^<QS)i CDejdSj^cTD (gTd(3(OiQ(ij1ajffl6rDo '(/)j6nr)oJ03'«5Ta)l(33 cnloDoem.

155
'(S3oaoc©o gsmesraejolcxDô oôôjomoô' nôroô '(3T9)aacBQQ)oô QBOOQ' n^cm
Gojccnog iiJ(olL(0)o fiôD cco(nc(.nJGQQ)oa)ajjo grsDCDl^lolceoômj. QÔOQSQ^
n^cm 6)6Tiicr»eJl ODlfêjsnsâiloS (Diem GJ(§J,I20QQ) nJ3a3T0)l(D a vessel to make
cakes (3Ta(3«nDailaj©6TD(U2o cDejcfelcDng^sne. 'aJl§o'da)6)§, cft)(TT)(U), ORDej^c/)^,
cT\)2iiJlajl^Gaooaio 63arnoi2(3(aiDo A thin meal-cake, rice bread (ig)anD06m
cDGJcftnooflolceoârDOT). aJajSryi§, (0)(iJls2fJI§2 O ^ O D I ajj^(OTâroan(5)(0o ajl§2<ft)6)g
nJosTOTO) (osneoffiocoTS) (3td(3anDo cheating nôrn (ajsceo) O^CTDÔ cnejtftn
ajoOfyj*p cnl'^GJSTiBjajlGjS cnlcm 'njl§jcft)0§jcfi3' ti^nm (.OJGCD)OC/)O graooool
^lolceo^cTD^. 'fUl§2nJOcft>' a^CTD(0)lm to impose on n^cmô nJl§2<ft)Ooa3 a
seller of rice-bread; a cheat, menacer nÔDô aj^«j)^cro(0)0(3«nD6gT3a8
(DQiSiOdb a)26rB(3| (.c«)f3Dl^1§]6riB. nômoajS 6)CD(§iaja5ro)l(D I2«D1CD)0CD) (gTd(3«nDo
cD&i<ft)06)(JD a cake, offered in temples (iânr)jfflO(.K»o nAoetm) 'ocDcgfajo
KDIOTDOK^ osne^^^J ejoso' nôD^ aJ<P6)6Tajo^2 oJosTOTS) nDl(3(ara)lQQ)l(Dl<e6)2^-
'oJoJSo' oÔnD (B£J6Ueft.«5T(3)1(T) o®OT)06Tie (2(0)1(30)000) (gT9(3(01Dajlaj(06rDo
CDELie93l6)(!Q)8aneJ2o (3Td(0)l6)(l^ CrOOo(n5ce6)0(Oloft) CrOdilGC/OnMKDGXD) (BdlSnBJdJSJJI^Ô
aJlc/03l20ce6)l(D)1§l^. 'fiJ(aTO)l(DTQ0)]6)S (rUCUlG(/DnadO)6)QQ) <ft)2O6TOTa)fUOte6)2c0jgl(O3
(.oJ(D)la£iejlfyices)oo^ CD26ne^§l(DOC30)1§26Tie. <ft)2S06)(0) ^sldDojo (a balls or
cake of ^slosêne), ^sla^jmnO, (A kind of vermicells), 6)(ft.o«'2<e6)§ (A
sweet meal) ceijipceog (A round cake) O^CTDT GOJSUcftiesBgjffijsni.

156
^(010)00 rdGJnDO(06TOC^fl96)2 nJÔCffi, «J)0C^cft)Ol, o J ^ S l , (gTa(ljlQQ)«58
(A peculiar curry (Loc), ceiOgoS (a kind of curry GfflO(3«e6)Oga8, eBDjo^ces)]
c&ogaS oârnegBOCD OJOSTOTO^ cn1(3«jTa)l) rj^slceo acTT)0(2(3«nDo vegetables
minced for various dishes aÔDcSoiDOJlajosTDo CDGJCSJI ojejKDCDo nJ^sleBigocD)
^ S t a f l a J ^ S l , (DO(063T3aJ^Sl, cftxeolcoltBOOaJ^Sl, a^gcflD^nJ^Sl, KDOlj^JoJ^Sl,
cojtftjl^ôj^sl O^CTDT CnJ(D2tft>a3 nDGJtft)!. (06n3om(3(OMo (.(ÔiijIaD
aejQQ)og(aTi3)1«^ 'nj^slooilsTDcesxaejcmoca' O^CTDJ a)OffliiJffllaj)(aT3)lo3 CDIOD^BO
aocol^ fresh lotus feet? or comparison nq)cmi croouowo cnJcfljslfyi^loleBQjaT)^.
^(0) OTdCDQjaroraajô (3T9(3maroGn3aOo g6neOt96)2(m«j)2ffl06m. crooauocS
nÔaDOffllODGffiQQ)!^. OTdCO); GcBjOgCOnDlSXl^ ajleajffiOÔDKDOQJOo ceiOOSTDo.
gGnjol (a curry of fruits fried in salt = gry^cSjOl n^CTDô gGajdlryosan
(capsiccum grossum) nÔDjo cnejdancongjsnl. 2ajlejl§(cn aJ«>6)6T?ajo^
nÔDJo nJOSTOTCOlolceOjaT)^. nÔrDOOS '(319^0(8' oÔODOO] GeJ61J(ft)(Zll^.
gaJJCDOraSSR, g r y ^ e X D ^ I t e S ) , ^CL^ldiOGSfi n^CTDlajQfficeO pickles a^CTD(3«nDo
(Dejte3lcDn§j6TiB. 'cft)2§^<e>oT oônnDoo] aejeucfeffll^. oJ^^p^ceQ oôno (n)(£\9
2iej(D)og63Bglej;o nj^roacn f^^^l f » 9 ) ^ cejODScxylejjo nJ2^ca)0 o^crn
RD^gjoilejô fiJOcxD^CTD QolcDo cft)Ol6)QQ) fruits or vegetables boiled, a dish of
curry nq)cm csrocSancoJlajoemo cnejcoil, oJ2«>]<96)ô cSjSiOTDlcmô a morning
meal fig)CTD(3anDcu1ajra5mo a)&ic0jlQQ)1§^6TiB.
'OSJOT O ^ O D eejeucejo (0)ffi1*p mejcoogo cejODCuDoonajS (rooocDafflcrDô
nJoetwRW Hotcondinents; meals, vegetables, ck^crn OTd^mailajoemo ô^loadlroS

157
ODcaSdftn. cft)dlQQ)j6)s oJleoa)63T3a3 c h i e f l y 4 nônD^ cneis^ fig)o1^dajd1, QCL^^S^
d], n j ^ g l f i S j o l , fflCJDÔteool nôDlegBocD CD«^<ft)1 t h e n OJ^CBOOI of
vegetables O^CTDÔ njosrmrolsjsni. ruomo^cejdl, Pulse-cury n^nDô Gd9DOCgo
&ioJ«5TO)l6)QQ) g B O f i O O l ^ 'OTdOleBOJO tQjOldBOô OcBjOS^RJTJnOOS' n^CTDJo (DeJcft)1
QonolcSOârT)^. t o Brahmans; (SjdlGajailces), t o c o o k it, CSJJS^'^ ^^ ^ ^ t 't (with
rice) fi^CTDjo LnJecQ)oa)0(3i£i6SBgjo cneJdancxingjGnB. ^(0)1(o8 orncm Gajoojo
GiiJOOlO); c&2§2(TD £ft)Ole93g26>SQQ)2o CTOJeOOJOJô OOdjaJlCDêgTBgÔ ffiOL«5)(2^;
(ig)Ol^cft)Ol O ^ O I G C ^ O I (ig)anDl63B6)(T) GoJOloq^ g(OTgOJ6)OTD)c96)Ôl^2o oJOQQ)]
anD]6n§. 'ceDOlGOJajTcn a tree w i t h aromatic leaves a^cmosm rareîno (DcaScftil
cDflcolceQ^CTDKD. LeTUOtSO^lroS 'dajolGOioJIej' o^cTDô (n«^cft)1cx»l©1te6)jaD2. used
for c u r y , as of <fijo1©ce6)osl etc O^CTDÔ Sii§\Qq^^ms)\(6\sQicmi.
aj^ffl2e96>«Jro>l(o8 e«sAiâjleaj63T3gl(o3 alceoKolooDomô cii\aQ3i2ioss>odb
(.a0l2l^1§26)6n§8B3lejÔ CrumoaDaJ363BglÔ«5Ta)GaJO(^ (DGJcejOajJOrD (20(30)63136)2
Gai6Tieaj6jjf5o 2nJGCD)ocnl^1§l6)^(rD2 fflO(.«5)i2^, cnl«ej6n§2(T)1(3(2ifflo«»ooj
Qj^dn^croRD (ruoocro<j96)ooltft) nJolarooOTa)^ cnloDOcfccxDOKjS ojejcwIoDjo Gojeneco)
aDGJLr»J3eiOcft)^CTD OJlCDCOTCnloS (313(3(510Oil(UO6TD0 (DGJO9>OCT3 OTUOCDl^lgl^.
nroi2((y>2ej^(0)CDnôQQ)ffl(i2)26)s croO(iDaJO^(ara)l(o3 ^(OTJXOO arooocroceooolcft)
iiJlnnD6BT36)g GCDOlSJCTT) fflO(3^63Ba3 aJQJ(0)2o ^(1J|6)S (3TanJ0ÔfiJ(O)aOcft)2CTT)((Dô
(03O(O5rD(2O6rn. ag)8a>1ej2o njej(0)l6)(igQQ)2o (iJlGGao6Tuara)6)(OTa), (230fir)O6mo
'nJ(0T5)1fflT) crojiiJlrijlceQoaDô crofflO(Deonadcajgl6)ej (.(VIG(X»0(J)O cft)6)6Tie(OT3)ocr)ô
cn26TiB(3§lcn aroo(jDl^1§^6Tie.
158
ajcru(.co)o
CEcft)ags2aDaj)QQ)26)s ajcro(.cD)CD006m(oTaj)l6)QQ), croocruceoooooTa)
d93ÔT)j,i20QQ)l s)aigl6)(;ij§2dan§oa3 Cfijoarn cej6Ucft)6gT3g2° (STdOJciDjQs cgTa(3(oic
(lilojosmajô (/)26Tie(3| cn1"ej6TiB2ajl(o3 gsne. ' g s j o j l ' en dressing c l o t h O^CTDJ
ffiOLCwo cgTd(3anDo (DejcejIcDXJDlcca ornonD 'gs^njTcD goGajoyjgg croaJlGaOfiajo(3«nDo
ojlejfl96)oejajTO)26Tieocx2)6)ancm2 ^S<^<ô. 'miens' n^cm Gej6Ucft.(aTa)lcD A short
c l o t h of Kerala m e n ag)anD(3(tnDffl06rD a)^6TT§(3| aDejcft)lQQ)«n. 'mjso' n^cmosm
(JDOCO)] OOJCTDJo (Offll^ lZiejQQ)Og63I3gl(03 'fflâSTie'CTDô (OJgJOjIcC^ 6nJ6nelR53
Anything short nqfm ODeicejônD]. 'ffl^sngjojcxoS' nqfrn la^c/âjolano fi^cm Lcncncexmo)
graOnrXOlceOJCTDJ. (D6T1B0(2«5)0CX2)1 CDQJtejJCm (3T3^«nDffi06m 'Ccft)(0g(aTO)l6)QJ
fUôôiioaooôs 6)aJo1(D) QjcTocKno' aQ)CTD(0). oJlcTDls 'caTdeTajjffi^tpfflên?' oraoDO
'mejcx2)ogo olojDoTcsS cnlcm g r a o d l ^ a n OTdteooejororo) ajcro(.(0)CJ0006m(Dl(a)1

OajglOaJSJCOTtDJODêrB. «OeJG(^(0l GO6iJcft)g1(03 (DlonD 6TO)Oa3 ^ § cejJnJOQQ)
(OTDlejô gs^coKnia^snelejjo n^cm LnJGQQ)oc/)o tSjOSTrn^lolceojam^. a^sngjoooo)!
6ru(njD6)ry§ or^jnjooajjo (gTdGa3)06)S0(ijo aj^teanffiOceoloongêre. 'ffijereÔcfcosj
ceojcBj' fi^CTT) (.f^JGCDJOcncoTOTlcn t o f o r m a c o n n e c t i o n w i t h a sudra w o m e n
ag)cm(3«jiDajl(ua6TT)o cnejcftHomGaDfô oidon CnJ0G3aDltft) L^JGcoocnmooeTDorD
G06jj6)njs^(aTa5lQQ)1§26TiB. 'ffljSTTS^ ©t&osâjTTOj tiJO(3njlce6)' (olo^fulfiwoojejjdloej
CoJCQQ)0C02)06)6TDCTDô ' o ^ O l 61010)1 § J ffl^^"^^^'^^^' 2>J6rei ( U e J l ^ t & l o l , oÔnDl
esBocT) coejGogol GOGUoBjglasS CDICTDJ^ LnJGCD)oa)oa5TO)CQ)jo cft,05rT)l^n§j6ni.

159
6)6)cft)ffl2^' 6)iiJ02(226TiB ag)am1aj (0)(0Ge363T3206)6n)CTD;o cloth for the privities
fi^cTDOsm^cisinoiaarDjo aJoeroTolralcsojorD]. (graslffl^snl nq)6)cmoî Gejeutfefflêne.
under c l o t h o^crn caracdlcn^coiDo CDejcftnoQiloltefljannj. GCCDOojcft) a^cmanloa^
goJGej6Utja)a5Ta)1«j8 'G(a)0(3(OTJ»' n^cTDj cnejd9j1 cloth to w i p e o u t (cKnocacoTOT^cft)
- (cojciKScoTOT^cft)) (i^crn csracSsnDajIdJOsnDajô 'Gaj)0(3(OTO)1s)ci^ (a)ejc96)(o3 ojemo
OtBagT nq)cm (0)Gôg1ojo§1(53 CDICTDÔ 23Ofin06majô CDejdSjIoans^sns-
'iiJ0GjlQQ)G(a)0â3Tro' aôarDOCTDloo) (OGôglojoglcoS cnlarDj (0)6)cro a j j s n i l
S6)06rc)\ss)icmi. OJSTDO crojceiadlceoômaj) ciicroLRnajTOTloa^ Gc930CK5)GJ(i»te6)(o3
nq)(Tr> OJIQJOO CBD^SI ejej,fflo<ft.2cm26Tie. cSj^sooaj) 'GC&OST n^cTD GejsuceDroranaD
ffljcTDOffloajTJj) (3ra(3(mDi20QQ)1 fflejcD)ogo, (0)ffl1^, CSJCTDCU), 6)(0)ej^c/)2 eooiidajglejjo
((ft)(TDCU), OKDejjco] - Gcft)0(o fig)CTD2 CnJGQQ)ocno) n e w , u n b l e a c h e d c l o t h
shroud for burying nq)cmoem. 'ccfeosl gs^coro)^' n ^ o D L^JCcxDocnajô
'Gcft)0SlCD)2o cft)10ô' a^CTD aJ*P6)61RaJ0^2o Gcft)0SlQQ)2o oJ^POffiSOô aÔD CDlQQ)ffl
GO6U0 ajooi2(3aoajô aDeu<fijlQQ)«Dlcn2Gaor»aioffi(.(Ta)Gcft)0s1fl9oMarriage c l o t h
aÔD^CCnDo (D&icejICDnffllcBO^CTD^. oJJOGffi Gc&OSlfyjSOJ n^CTD gnJGeJ6U<e5«JKJ)1(D
N e w cloths o f females oârn (3T9d(cnD«JKJ)1«j3 (arasrauj Cf30(^1fu) eooadcBjglejjo
(.fijGQQ)oa)(2^6)6TiBaD2o 20 c l o t h s o ^ c m ojoofijjtp CDlfêjsne] fij(00ffi(3aoajjo
m&itejjcTDj. Gcft>os1i2^6ni nq)cm gfUGejeudajOKDlm N e w c l o t h of man (i^cmô
(3Td(3a3Maj1aj(06TD(226T1B.
'mêne' fig)anD GejeudSao GtejOgosTroloag ajcro(.(tou)0(D6TD(o1«Dl6)QQ)
2ioL(0)ffi^ (3ra)iiJOOnJOffiOQQ) (roajlGaortadODdajjsl cu^^sasâiosQicmiers. ojldkeooejcord)
ajcn)LR5>crooana(e6)0(o«3Ta)1«58 ajcnf)3GaJ(3(TD ao^rujo ^colcoS CDICTDJ oajglajOceajoDj.

160
gs^ryloD dressing cloths nôno] aoL(0)i206m (ataceooejoajro) (3ro(3«nD6)(2anD
a)26ni(3§l6)(i^ (gra(3(mDailajo5TDo eysôsrs ajj^cecnfflOcejânD^. gSojooS (0)(oc§
STOTOoS? nq)cm (oaôglajoglooD g30nr)(ol^ I nnarry you? (i^CTT)(3anDo cnejcftn
conoldBO^^TDfo^ gs^teoooB ojaroLCTOo cnejcBDejoem ajlajOfioraranoo^ Cf»JCi^3CT)
jjJSOsgBCTDjffljgg OJICDCOTDIOS ^ o i l o s (sraooloag (gT9)aJooaJfflfflocx2) LfiJotJiôcn_},o
ojjjcBOTxaoteQjomjsrB.
arofflooDOCQarnjo cQjCTDSQonejjo ocoej^cnjailejjo 'dBjjryaro' o^cmô croo(ro<eD^(0)
(5T5)l(a8 'tSj^f^njocroo' o^cTDjo aj^c9(a)fflOo96)lQQ)GaOfA(o ôc^lnadlcoS (3ra(8anno
(Dejfl9j1cQ)l(o1ceo2fTD«5^ Jacket, gown, robe nânrflesraooDcmosrD. coooadoaoo]
^ § 2 an^smT o^cTD^ fiJ6Taj(a)Laa)«5Ta)l(D8 onilonDj (.nJGQQ)0(/)ajjo c&oeml^lol
ceoôD^. cfejojocffieBOjs^ceo-button fiônr)(3«nco CDejcejI. njojonoo cej^ryooQ)
63T3gl«^ '(3Tdslce6)^fijoQQ)o' caTdo^ffijIcaS 'ffljoltSoâjoQffio' fiâDdDloD an under
jacket oôDô tft)0(o3c96)jajocD)o trousours n^cmjo ooJsnScejjajocTffio fflOojlg
SiOSSX^ n^CTDô C3Td(5«5iDo (DGJcejIOOnoldBOJODJ. (DloOgcQOJfiJOQffiCOTJnlcn
Travancore state-robe o^cmânDo ODGJCSJI 'cnloogo' n^cTD oej6Uce3«5Ta)l«j3
6)6njQQ)ejl CDlfêjenejajlexD ajoofflcaaolteo^tejomjo guilt, gold or silver cloth
oÔTD njej (.nJCQQ)oc/)63T3g2o CDejcjftnc3Q)caD(ô Travancore a state robe of
watered silk embreoidered with gold & worn by Kings, Bishops etc nq)cm
161
'ffl^sne' Gtft.ag(aTa)l6)aig mêujâjjo crooocroceooffllcft) aruanGOOnadco)
ODjffl^gS ajcroL(a)fflo©5TDann» oajgloajs^rarcDlcDJKD^CnJooej cfe^njooffio nôD
QQi6iAS3((mi\6)d^ (gra(38nc(u1aj(06TD(anj)1«^ cnlanDjo mdd) croocjoocosmdSQOoâs
aj(ro(.(0)o1(a)lQQ)6)^(TD2o caracoloa^ cLqi aroajlGoooadKOcBjgjo 6)ajgl6)ry§j
cftHsjonDjeni. Gc&cDgcaTroloa^ Graooto GOJoido m^sne (3ra)6)6TDCTDô (3\dm\6)C^
6)6)ajajlU)^63T3Cg6)(a)06)ceOOQQ)(TT);o (/)J6Tie(3§ aj1c«)3fflOce6)1c3Q)1§^6Tie. '630J
ffl^STBJiiJ^Î (26)^0(02 ffi^Sn^] fUJ(OTQQ)ce6)2(TD' (TOOODOOSTDceOOcSceO cej2<;yC)C3Q)o
(3TdCD^fflocD)lo;arn^ OOJCTDJO ^TD osr&i Gej6Ucft)63t3a3 ffiO(.(mi2i^ 2i^2 ^ ^
Gej6U(ft)6gi3glRj3 CDIODÔ oajgloc^jsjoDêne. (5)ejQQ)2©s gnJGQiQJcejfflOQQ)1
flj)ej6)te6)§, ( o e j ^ ^ , aDejcyooj, KDejciooces), «j)ejcQ)l«^©c96)§ nQ)crDlaj CDGJcftncD)!
^srs 'aj)ej6)c06)§T en A turbon tiÔTDô L6TUOO96)^1«J3 '(TDOGJOBO n^ccDô 6)cft)§o©(a)'
ng)(m KnejGogol G06Utft.gl«^ onncTD^raDol^ as Nayers tiômô 'anejooHK^
OceOglOD] 6)Ocft.cja)2§J<ft)' nÔTD^ r»Q)fTD^ O ) G ^ 0 g l a j 0 § l K ^ CrHnnD 2 f 3 D ( D l ^ To
salute aÔTDjo (3Td(3(OX3o (DeLlcftnQQ)l§26n§. ( 0 ) e j ^ ^ an annulet w o r n r o u n d
t h e head rtg)aD^(0iOciilajo6TDo CDGJcan L6TUOC96)^1(D8 KDOJiiJj^j & awej^j^coS
(giddines) n ^ o D j o rara^caiDo CDGJcancxjng^srB. (OOJOJOOJ turbon n^cm
raiacSccnDOjô ( o l d ODejajOoBj^ "^(TD ojoooj^y CDlfêjsneâJlojS CDIOTDÔ QSiOsiam
KDcil^p, dBjcms, ©aDej^cnjoiloS paga riôrpô cneidajIcnnolceoôrD]. (oejaooceo
t o w e a r head c o v e r i n g , 'nJOG3aD«5T0)^ no'laysio^SiUb ( o e j a o ^ l g j ©aJ^joDy
o ^ O D ^ CnJGQQ)0C/51^ (319(5) OraCDOiiJOOOfflCmÔ Cr02iiJ(T) (T)eJcft)^CrD2. ^ ( l J l 6 ) S 6 ) Q Q ) ^ O o
(0)ej(3Qn(o36)ce6)§ 6TUfiOji20CDlGce6)6Tie2CTD(U(3ce6)2o croaj(36p;^ 830(D>lceja3ce6)^ffl;g2
occnoDjo (T)OQQ)^ (JDej(ii)l(o8 6)cft>§odl6)ônDjo ( D j e n a ^ l crojaJlryiteojorDjsre.

162
'CSJIOISO' (t>0Bi0(Q6)C& glO(8c96)3gg6)(CT)anD 'CBJIOISO' 'cOjIralSaJODT n ^ O D l GeJ6U<ft)
6SBa3 QajgloajsjajTJDânD; 'aj)§o' O^CTT) Gej6Licft>(aT3)l(D 2i2orDOi2(0)ocDn cnejcej^fTT)
ajracSanoo l o n g c l o t h t i e d r o u n d the waist, o^cmjo 'ans^ryj' nq)cm G&jsucft.
croîiJODQffiô (DaJflftiâDj. s o s j o j ocmejâ^j, CQJCTDS n^crDlajQQnroa w e t c l o t h
(ncr)6TOTJ)(U(ro(.(0)fflO6m. cejCTDCUDOolajS 3ajD2nj2 a^cTDoerr) goJCODoaô
aj^<e(0)fflOceol(D)Gcrooado suit of clothes nq)cm oJoeroTOxoilcD^ GODniio fflejcD)o§
(oraHoej oraôjiDo anc3aDaJcroL(0)63Bo3 n^cmjo 'ffiOajlg^1cft)a3 cDolceojcm
an(i3aoajaruL(5>o' n^cnr)^ LsruocSOolajS (i20(0)l(Dlryos) oeBjOSjcarang^sne. (0)§(aTa)1cn
c l o t h as u s e d f o r v e i l s e t c . tiânDjdBj^sl csTdcSanoo cnejcejIcmlg^sTiB
crojajSrorjooon^ aj)§o f i ^ c m slaj^cBjicQQfloQj COJGQOOCOQJÔ T i p p u s garment
6)ce3§l o^cTTi CDlcmfflGosucfegô graoonolteojcTD^sne. 'môTJlo croLKDlcQjgôs
croL«5)1tft>g2GS(0)jffiOLGJ)i20cx2) ojcTOLancDOOSTD olcmloofficeoôl^ crojaJlfijl
teOJOD CeJ6U(ft)63B6)g CODOceOOo. I2J6TT5 fiÔTD GQJ6Ucft.(aTO)1aj3 (DlonD CrUC«3)1c9jg2o
ffl^STB CDolteo^fTDjaoJorD Qj^cecDo. eajjsooco) 'ffljejces)^' oôonDoa^ cejeucfe
(oiOTloni' a breast c l o t h (oj1c3ao1c0j(ê96)2 Gcusnel ffiocKnooQâDjCToBjoeng
ô(j^1oail«53 ao(.{0)o OTdcacoiDailojoerDo (DGJ<ej1 'oêjces)^ 6)cej§jcft)' f»^CTD
LnJGQQ)Oa)o OcfeOS^roKnlfflldSCTJOrD^. dBj^SOOCO) 'GffieJOS' fi^CTD GiOl CeJ6Ucft)CaT0)laD
ccT)ffl1§1o^1nadlco3 fine upper c l o t h of w o m e n a^(TD(3«noo CDajSeftnoonolceoârD;.
CajglQQ)OS a^CTT) OJOOfiJ^^ CT)lf»eJ6Tieâil(D3 (DlCTD^gg GeJ6U(ft)(DT0)lCD (/)J6nB(3§
veil of a bride ng)cnx3(5iDo cn&itB^QCDGaDrô 'Gajgl<x»osda>a3' ng)onr)j G<Sj(Dg aj(3(2m

163
OOfflOQQ)6TD6)(OTO) g f i D C D l ^ l o l c e O ^ O D J . fflJOn^loaroCCOlcOjaS '6)fiJ6n3 cQj^nJOQffio' o^CTDJ
GnJolojS Jacket {jDol^lcoâDODOQQfl c/)26ne(3§ njooro^crnj. a^qi croL«5)1cft)a3d90
d9DjnL|0QQ)2il^ n^cmi aj^ce(0)o. ffiêjtes)^ nq)cm QQisii<B}ms)\<X) A girdle oôrn
GCTD0(zi(3«nDo cnejtftTI tSj^nadsmcnoiDomlasS cDlonn 'ajejces)^ Onjogomj
6)aJO§1nJlg(3anD2' n^cTD] g30fLO(06TT)o cr)&icft)1 osTieoffl^GjiDciocnn a breast-
c l o t h n^nroô ffiêJcS©^ 6)<ft.§^t6j n ^ O O D O O ^ (.aJCQQ)Oa)ajô a)&loe)lQQ)l§26n§.
tSjjsosxo) Cffl«53ce6)^ (A girdle) Gia&inJ^saj (upper or outer garment) nônnnaj
'CfflOS' fi^CTD CGJ6U<ft>(aT5)l6)a^ 2aJaeJ6U<ja)63T3gOCD)l CiiJ(3«JTd) OTdCScOlDajô
(D&itftnQQn§26n§. oJâoDceo n^cTD cn)cft)(3i2]mca)C«anQQ)ceo QCTDOffl^KnoffiooQil to
cover, throw about the shoulders, wrap oneself in n^CTDô njosiarocaonado
' n ^ C T D J Q S aJCrOC«no n^SJRJTO)] aJ^KOGoBOSmo' fi^CTD^ CngiiJral«J)0 (gra)§ce6)l£lQQ)l(a8
(DlaDô 'ctej(ogcro(.«»°lcft>c/3 gsjoceocm^gg] ojjoanteoânDl^ (vulgar) ag)anr)jo
QGOnOol^lGslteo^cm]. 'oraslaêne' fiôcroooj GGi6Utft)(0Ta)l«^ under cloth

fig)6)(mO(D(3aJiDo ffiOL«5)o ÔÎnadlCOB ODOJcftnoOnoldaOJODJ. (3T5)S aj)ffil*P -
2iejcD)og63T3glaj3 gaJGCD)0(/)lce6)^<TD nJ3(0Ta)laD (3T5)S^cft) - what moves nq)cm
u)0«D2 (D&itejl Flowing garment, chiefly of women, children, idols r»âD(3KnDo
(DeJtaTI '(319)5 cfeCU^CTDj' n§)Cmi c93^fiad6rDaJOl(a)(5KJ)l(53 (DICTDJO ailÔS
children s holiday garments o^cmô 'oajoôjos cuannjos^ OcejoengâiODy
(For idols) fi^crn (5)Gôgl(ijo§1(a3 cnlcTDjo (.nJCQQ)0(/)63T3(/8 cnejcejjcmj.
C S J J S O O O ) 'nJOOJOS' C(UglQQ)OS CCDOteO^cej (10)07)^ CDlcScgC/OlceOjanDJ. 'rUOOJOS'

164
aDÔaJCTDJo (fiJOOJ^ (319)5 a ^ O D ] (DOCOTÔîJdJô CT)eJtft)1) 65 CTDOffl (0)000)1
(Deie932(TD (3Td^(aiDo cloth Spread in the streek, as at a King's coronation
fig)fTT)06m. 'cDSnJOdJos fiiloldSS)', also awning OJOOJOS OcBiOslcffijo njgjo
ciilolceocffiô nq)cm (T)2iiJol(0)(aTa)l(^ cnldDô 6)cft)OS2(aT3)1o1(e6)]anD2. osneofflsxoro)
(3Ta(3(5iDo t a b l e - c l o t h or o t h e r s h e e t used to fan ri^CTDoern. otao^Tcn
'oJOaJOS6)QQ)S2(OTO)2^T(/Ol'CQ)Jo, 'rLJ6naJ(ll(36pj^fijOCUOS ajT(/0JCUO(T)OQQ)V
aânrn63i36)ar) Gcft)(og(U(3fflffl oofflocx^smoKDloa crilcm graOfioolceooDô 6)IIJQQ)(0)1O1
(BOjonD^. ^croô CDOO OJOCUOS (iônrxjnÔcQjOSTiejcsgaDlteQârn (gT9(3(cnDfiJ0l(ro(Dffl^
âil6)S6)cx2)0(TD3a2gg(d). njociiâjsnej, ojocujajol o^cnD GejsucBjo cloth of
fine thread O^(TD(3(01CO (D&icft)1 ojooj^ffl^sre^ ^^(oeJOQQ) ciilcsaooaj fU(roL(fn
6gt3C/3 fi^cmô (.6nJO(66)^1(o3 (gTd(0)l6)ag (u1aj(on(a)o oJOjeBociS ffljsne f^ô
cDejoajloonolceajnrDj. also ojoojlejajsnij (for m e n ) and njociilaej m^dl (for
women) O^CTDJO b r o u g h t chiefly from p a n d i I^CTDJO CDOJcaTI mdd)
ojoenglffijeni (I^CTTXOÎCD (OTêjômcrDô oJosroroflolceo^cTT);. ' a j § ' O^CTD cejeudSjo,
(TOi^rnsj^lQS ajanji.OT)(jL)0(06TDi20(D)l (/)j6ne(3§ cosuoajsjaMncnngênB. cejCTDOD,
6)(a)eJ2c/)^, (JDmliP, i2ejcD)og(Dro)l(a3 croaocno^nJOfflCTD^ cejoeml^ Q(TDO(2(3(0)D(2OQQ)1
Garment adapted to the body. Jacket, bodies fi^CTT)1o^1rtad1(o8
cnejcftn(i»l(Dlc96)j(TD;. ajooaj^<p crn«GJ6n32(ijl(Q3 onTlcm 6)nJ6n3uJ§o ag)cm
(ro(2(ro(0)fiJ3ajô cnejcOjIcDnol eBO^CTDj. (06n§0(2(3(0icio mail coat, armour ng)cm
(D&ltail 'aJ§QQ)ô 6)OT)0ryi(3Q)Ô ^ § ^ 6)<e30§l6)e96)0§' nQ)Cm iLli30aiO<B^<TO((m>\6)Qi
(.rUGOmOCOCUô 'fflLfT5)o fi^CTT)(5)J ixJg'OfflOm CilnJS30(SmS3lL0CS^ r»J61?aj(a)(.nO)(3Ta)1(08

165
nq)cmi aDgiiJ(Dl«j)(aT0)l(a3 crTlanDô cnejcftnoonoldSoânD^. (22(TDOffl^«nDo metal-
clasp fitted to the stock of a gun, stock aânrno^loadlcaS o i l o j o l ^ canodsolsxig
aj)ejcx»jo aJ§cQ)jo 6)d9306n§2 iajoleiOTnj f^cTDj t^JGOffiocDo (oejcogal G06u<ft.gla53
(DlanDô CDGJcft)lQQn§26n§. tejoeJloD] nj§ n©(TD inAQ<s)0(j) cDro)l(D(3RnDo carved
pedestal of a pillar oônD (.aJGQQ)oa)0(3«nDo 6)tft>os2(OT5)l§26Tis. cr)oejoi2(3ajiDo
iij§ cnjLRJÎeilocoo. aJ§^1 person with bent feet, lame, ^ o i l o s CDGJcealoo)
(Doej(3«no6gT3§lK^ Lte^TcnycojiaS croLcwIoâs (Ucro(.«J)U)0{D6TDaj2iZ)OQQ)1
6TliarU)6)aJ§ (3T9(3(01Qo aJleJt96)Oej(0Ttn aj(TT)(0)06nn>. ^7) OeJ6U (ft) (010)16)0^
gaJoejeucfefflocDn ©ceaOSjcmD) ^§t96)o©a3 dressed in Europe fashion ng)aD
(OTOTlcDîaocnfl aDejtftTlQQ) Si^^lsûi 'ajg'cs^ôs aJ<p(X2) (.nJG(D)OC/)(sra)l(D3 ^ T )
019(3(0100 eje^ffl^ a^cm((j)1(T)2 ©(ogldiosm.
'(OlO^dfti' n^Cm QQlSiASiO ((DfflllP ffleJ(X»Ogo, ©(OejJCDJQjloS (rOfflOCD
ocKTDô cejonDSQQn(o8 (a)^(/)2 = (n)9i nôrDOCTerrxTDô nJoeroTO) (araoilocig (D6n§(3
(oioajô (/)26TiB^|' cnejcftnoQngjsnB.ffl2(TDoa((DOQQ)1cnejc&jaT) (3T9(5((JIDO
cucro(.«5>oroo6TUcra)lcD)06n7. to be tucked in before & behind OÔD^ ar)&icQ>T
C6njo<eo3l(o3 = (Oioo^ f»a)onD2o cndis^ '(oi^^s^dBQ^"^' ng)(TD (.nJGCQ'oc^raroiloS to
put on cloths by tucking in as numburis, native w o m e n etc n^nnD]
(3ra(3(aiD(ijlcu(06TDo cns(oro)lcQ)l§26Ti§. (weôglajogloS cnlcm 'C&^SRJTOXDÔ
(o^leoB^s^flBO^crr);' n^cTD^ cnois^ (.snjOcea^loS for swimming o^cmjoQjjsl
(nej<ft)1(3Q)l§26Tie. aroc«»°l«e3C/3 ooJooijocudDô nAicnic^cmod crocii\QmcAi

166
crocBcaecoTjnIejjo aD^jsjceooojengocralcojcTDj n^cm^ ojj>(fi«3)o. 'ccfeoeTDo' nq)cm
QQi6LiSi(Sm\vr) fflJCTDOfflOCOTO) (3Td(3(jnOo fflejQQ)Og(aKn1co3 aOLCg)lZljg06)(O)CTD2
c r u j i i j l a j l ^ c l o t h w o r n o v e r t h e privities t i ^ c m j cDejtjanoQxznlaD^cc/Oniio 63CD2
aJ«>6)6TaJO^ 'GC&OSTDO 6)cft>OS2(aK» fiJ2(0)fy2 ^ 0 6 3 B T O ^ C T D ] CDeJcBjl 'tej'Da/IODo'
ng)Cm CUOce6)2 CrOfflOCDSJaCTDÔ 'Gcej06TDcft.o' O^CTD 63(0] 2oJGeJ6Ue9jO (Ul6Tie2o
CDCJcftn G(ft)06TD«3TO)lCD2 CTDfflOCDo n^CTDJ (20LC0)o CDGJtejJCTD^. OTdCrtJjfJD CoJCBOffiOC/)
(2000)1 (ScfijOGemoo 6)ceD§2cft>, gs^tes) n^cn) cucoO(;ijj<p CDlf^GjengjculcoS CDICTDÔ
CD&icanQQ)Ca)lCT)2G(/0fiaJo 'Gflft.OC6TDOce6)26n§CT3 aJl<P^0(03' ag)Crn aJ*P6)6T?aJO^Jo
6)cft.0SJCaKJ)1§J6T1B.
iiJ^CDJ(66)0510)108 Gc93(0g(OT3)1(D3 CTOCCOlc&gô nJJOJrfldCTaOOÔ OTateOOej
63T3glcs3 ffijeneô 2i26TTil6)a^ ^cnQeaesaîiLoern (.oJCDOCD(aooQ)1 a)(ol^1ojcTD6)(0)CTD2
ciij^cecoo. oracolocDOryo i2^6n§lcT) culcuonoo, (206TDO fi^cTDl (gTacucroffl63B2lco3
(.fiJGQQ)0CncrOfljlGC/0nad(0)QQ)26)6TieCTD2o teaOerDJCTD^. CJOeJOffilcoS .fijIcalSCUô CJDQJoJOCUJo
CJDCOltBO^fTD (01(0)1, OnJOCJDêXU (OOS20te6)aaO(3d96)2o CTD(U(36JJ[2^<e6)ô (3T0)3(06TD1
QQ)(OOQQ)1§2ggCU(3«96)2o (20L(0)6)(2CTD2o 12g2g2CU(3 (a)ej(22S^Cn)(a) (3T0(D0iiJ0(06)(2CTDô
C0^6rB(3§ CT)1«eJ6nB2 GeJ6)Jc9j63T3(/3 6)CUgl6)fiJS2(3Ta)2Cn)26n§. iiJ0ejlQQ)(0Ô
oJOenslcfijgJo CDl(3l2Qilce6);CTD C)JCrUC(O>63I36)gc06)Ôlô aJ(0O(2(3c/0l(e6)2CTDJ. eBj^SOCXO)
aJoeilcxDciS o^cTD Gej6)Jcft)(aTa)1(a3 ODlcm ^cu(3 6)CDCD)(aTO)2 tja>O(0O6)6TDcnQ (a)GJG{^(o1
GO6U(fij6)g00)ô 'iiJOejl0O)(226Tie' n^CTT) (2ejQQ)0go Ol(U)Ol6)CDQQ)2o gfJOCOl^
(gra(0)1cD cu1aJ(o1(5)(20QQ)1 Europe article O^CTDÔ ar)&icft)lQQ)1§26n§. crD(.«»1tej(/3<0©
cft)2<^0QQ)o, BiOS6)q a^CTDl63T36)CD0O)Jg2 GfUrlilfUla)0CD63I3C^ mdSQOQldm
(3TanJ2(3(^(2O0Q)1(OJCrDl(O2 CTDJ6)(UCn) '63C0J m^6TlBJSJ(m0)1OJCTD2 QCTD^ fiJJ(5)^1(0JCTDj'

167
a^cTDKDloS cnlcTDô (araojdyjos (gT9(3anDajlaiO6TD63T3g1(03 CDIODJO aj_},e9«n
ffiOteajcTDj. croomocD^fflocQ)1 gaJGomocrn^lojonn njraegBgoemlaj. ÔJCCSCBS)
âmjaJGOKOcnlceojonD (graôiDsgBc^ aJlejoBOOGJOTjn^sneotBKDOsni. OJJOKJTO)^
CDIOD^ ojcTDjGiiJcSnnD c«a)l(nj«nj,ciS, ffl^nnolo crooaroceoooegBglaej aoL(a)1cft)C^
a J § , tft)2aJ0QQ)o n^Cml Gffl«j3aJCTO(.(0>6SB206m gfiJGdDOCnl^lOJCTDCCO. ffi^^
©njoctnjodj oôjojo cjDol^lo^cTD^. '(mei\s6>ms)' oârT) GejeutOao rataosnil
anoTgajofflomjo T h e u p p e r e a r r i n g of M a p p l i c h i s nq)cm (ara^mojô
cDeLicft)lQQ)Gaonado aj)ejGogol GosuteDglroS cnlanDj 'fflOojlg^lomjos teaOOD^caaajS
cnlanD^ oraejjceexoTco fflôlo^s^coro)] n^nnD gGOnDosmojô cD&icejIaQnolceojanDj.
^ a i l o s i2)jcro°looft)gj6)s (gT9)(iO6TD(0ro)l6)a^ oj^czDârocD cnomo eje^fflOdBjômj.
(graosroToosmo, GCOOS, cnooDaJSo, ODoeil, (jnlojcuoeosTDo, cfc^sjia, cnoejj
oJORj)!, njoraorucoo, memlceoocolej, mernlcSjBjgo, msTTJlaoej,ffiocSasTOoil,sîss)]
(010)1, Gffieuej, Gi20(0)l(0o (rjoejceo, nJêjlcmaS, etc) cug n ^ c m l or^jeoem
egBgjo (graojciDjos (3Td(3iDail(U06rT)a5TO)1(o3 cn\cm QQSCUO, caosiodi, 2CX2)^CTD
g20CO)l<e6)0(5, cfeJgldajOa n^CTDlaJGOOGOOO^roTZDOô ajj^RDJ^CrOOJ) (Ol(CT)l0Qn£Jj33
(3r5)(§(06m63T3g0QQ)lO20nD2 gaJGC3Q)0a)1^1O^CTD(d) fig)Cm OKnglOJ^KDO^fTD^- OcQaOgg
te6)0(3 cruj(36p;âj2o (arajeosTDajjo tejgcuÔnJc^^jarDKDlsxDceQôl^, slajôjlsxig
nJSGQQ)0§ «ft)0eJ6)(OTJ) CDOOOCDrt^SSgROgceO^dl^ '(OT&IGCôT GO6U0aJO0ffl(3aD
esBog oraGCDJfAn^jGoJOcftjjGcnjoc^ cnia^tes)^ cejOsnecoTOTOCDoajâDêne. cftHspjô,
S^GTBI, gffl^gl, 6)nJono)lr>joc/3, ffltp^, 6)aj§^dft){aT0)l O^CTDI culgjf^caiCoeTDesrag;
6)scQ)2o cnao^jeml, a^raocno, Onjers (ojseaBi ojoGâilGaonadeaBgjosQmjo ojoo
(LÛQ&mdb fflocco)®^ fijejoonsajrcnô oiacucmjos (ruailGa9rtad(0)cejC/3 c&jsl

168
Qj^dBflDaoteojonDjene. gsoonosmcoTOTlcD 'cnow^smT ccDOdSoôBj A kind of gui-
tar used by marans ^ o j l o s gnJCOffiocnldBO^CTD socoleasocDamj aj^<B<o)fflOcft.2
(TDJ. 'GfflOKDlOo' nq)Cm GeJGUcQjKJKDifOS ' R i n g ' oÔDô '(Z12L3GfflOGn1(Oo, Gl20(0)l(0o
(3Ta(3i£ifflOQQ)l 'a collet, for high caste children' n^CTD^ vnois^ COOODIOO iaôc^
oojêfflOOTTloo (girls) nJoejteQOGffiooDloo (girl & boys) nJêjlcD)a3 GOOOOIOO,
fijêiloffio ci20(0)l(0o (boys) GOOODICOO c93<p;(OTa)l«53 6)Si§iSi' nôrn cuoofy^^'
aDlfêj6n§;(ul6)cn gGOnrxolceo^t&cxDjo OHJQCSKDJ. 'nJjejl(D)a3 GaooDlao' nônD
126)^0(02 Gej6Ucej(OT5)lro3 a neeklace of tiger's claws' n^cmi ajl(/03lcft)Ol^1§2
fflêne. 'aJêildDaS GSOKOIOO cDgoooooGg nânD 'flSj^n^sTDiiJffllao'ocma) grao
oOOlceOCXDô OaJCISaDlralteajOm^- (3T9G(0)GaJ0Oej 'cnOCnrUSo' r»g)aD GeJSUeQj
(urolcoS 'a neek ornament in the shape of a serpant's hood' o^cm (gTa(3inajlaj
06TD0 cnejcSjl (T)0(f)(\iss6)i's>, "ooJoonnnanD^gg cnocejoJSo nônD coejGc^ral
GCD6U6)C3Q)CD)2o 'CDO(/)nJS6njlo6nJ(aTO)lCTD2iiJO(3ajTO)T fi^CTDJ ffiejQQ)Ogo olCUDOl
GCDcxDjo c3Taan1c53 CDICTD^ ODSxrD 'cnocnaJSCteoooj' oônDô gfajual^ with 7 or
9 octnoajTOTô OJSOJJO from which G6T0)ejl OTao^BgjIcaS nAO^ are suspended
and having together the appearence of one serpent's hood n^cmjo also ear
ornament nq)crn (TOGgDGaJOQjjgg tejCffioJlocDOffiô a)26ni(3§ aJlao3lcej(o1^1§26ne.
^ a i l o s csr5)@(06m63i36)g ffloco)©^ (grdOJOBjas ann(3(2i2i1co)lcn)j6)scD)jo (ojojajTO)!
oo^QQjjo croajlGoorânoSjgô cu^teonfflOcejâD^. 'GCOOS' ng)cm Gej6iJflft>«JKJ)la5
earling of women n^cTDcSuôjô 'c(0)0Scft)a3 (feoonlejemleroKnj CDSceoô' n^cm
cft)^n^6n)CDOi£i6)CQ) graoaDCol^Goonado (osTTSOffioajTO) (STaîDo a bundle of

169
c i n n a m o n a^nm LfôcB3ao1cft) CnJOGcmoaâjjo (Dej<ft)lQQn§j6n§. Boeoo QOisiAS^
(nranoO^CXDÔ aj^(i3)ÔCm£10(3l£lo irLiOQ3a6\t&, CnJ(IQQ)Oa)63T3(/3 ga36)aj6)S (/)^6n3(3§
0lc96)CD)ls(OT(3)2o GaJâjiOTlsjsne. '(3Td06TOTO)osn3' chain worn round the waist'
(iâT)(3mo OD&icejl 'cnjejcDSTaKDOsnDo' nôrn onejGogal c(06iJc936)gQQ)2o 'orao
6Taro)06mo nJolce6)QQ)2o n^crn '(2(3(2ffl06rr)l, 6iO(3nju (.sl^lcru aooD (2(3(2ffl' n^cm
cfti^KDlexDxojo graofioral^ (araojcTDOCDo OJOSTOTO) graoaoosTDoajTO) symptom of
delirium' fiôD] ailooralcOjolcSo^cBjCojo oaJooJcolraltBojaT);. 'tft)S^ces)a3' earing
m e n ' a^CTDô crojiiJlnjl^lSjeni.
'oBijsnD^ceo' nôrr) Gej6Ucft>(aTa)la5 Swagger (gt5)aDteo26n)2«e6)0§o g o s j g g
QQJOCDo' nq)cmi GdJODogaJolctn'ocoTO) gGOoDol^ a w o m e n ' s strat n^cm (3Td(3i£io
cnej(e3lcD)Gaoniio oersooioam) (3Td(3mo a lotus like earring: nosering fig)(TD^
coejdan (2207)0(26)0510) {3T9(3i£io (oJ0CQaDlc93(aJGomocotaooQ)jSQ Sweaty smell,
smell of preparing or of soiled linen steepe d in water tig)CTDjo CD&lcan
'(0)1(D)t96)26TD2ce6)2' of (a)1CD)(3 fi^CTDJo nJO6T3T0)l(0lce6)2mr);. (iâDOCOS 'te3]6TD2c90'
n^cTD^ 'Ccftncro(a)j,a3 cruc«J)1(ft)g26)s «ft.0(a)l6)ej (3T5)(§Q6TD'6)(2(TD2 nJ06Tmo)1§l^.
aj;(02ce6)(OT5)1«j8 anjL«n1ca)a3, Sii^lsiub, aJ2(o;nada20(3 nq)cmi (20L(0)I2^
6iocoo0?o{tJ)1c3Q)26)scn)2o {3T5)(i(06n)(o1(0)1ce3gj6)s crufiilGaor>aiKJ)teja3 CnJcftiS(20ce6)2(TT)
Gej6Ucej63T3g2o (/)j6n@(3§ CDl'êj6rB2aila58 g6n@. ÔJCIDÔS OTdûDaflajaerDo
eifflâilcoo (§OC/)1CD)OQQ)1 (Dlc3(^fiDlce6)0(D2o coêns^slcDj (roou)1^1§26n§ OÔD^
<ft)06nr)0o. oraoj(30)^6)5 001(321206rDajnj)1ej2o ojojorolejjo 2aJC(x»0(/n(66);cTD
ajona(iD2ce6)6)gce6)jo1^(2jgg cruîiJCT) ( g s o : aJjejlcD)n3 G(20(0)1(0O) ^(U0Qn(o3

170
nJO(3ojlSo
ojoarocmDejojâooQ)! eruanjuoajg s G g o o Q^siAsêsaai^nD colfêjsng]
OJlGJ^Sre. (SfdiCDnDOCQo, (S\di<J)UQOQi, cft)5mlaj](0, S^(6\<S1>0, t & J S l O o , daj^fyÔSo,
eOJODo, 6>aJ(^, Gcft)OajlC33, ^ ^ o , nJInadOCOo, Gtft)OCX2n«j3, Gcft)OC3Q)lc96)(03, (DOejÔcfel,
ODoejjnJ]©, c&^sl, (6^20, iiJog, ODoejooilso, CDoejoruos, CDO&IOJJO, 6)cft)0§lca3,
6)CDSJ6)Ea)0§l(08, aJSmloJÔ, oJÔ, OOgflcQi, CDOo, ClSfiJÔ, fflCT), CBOSo, GfflS, O j l s ,
oojsnaoso o^cTDlesBOCD cnlg^fTD aj§lcft)QQ)ô ©ajcD)j6)S ora^roioailajoeTDajjo
CdBiCograranoej S20(0)l, 6)(0)oyl(o8, (3TdU)ltejOO, aruocnjcoTOTldft) QiaQsrcAsâGmemui
c/o<e(0)fflO(©T LnJcfesmodgojcTD^. ^ c m OJIS n^cn) crooiaocD^ amoeeimcx^ceoajjoo
OJgOO <ft>^0^2 oJ363T3Gg (DOo gaJGCXDOCnldBO^CTDJSg]- (3^(^06)05) OJOJCTD
fiJeJKDÔ (r)^fvD«5T5)lcn2 GfiJ(OlS2CTD«nl«j3 aJ02«JT3);CTD (rO'r)a3(Oj,LoJ«5>°l«ft>6gT3g^06)(0)
(3T9aJCQ)l(a3 GmeJnJOGTOKO GLC/OSmlcejOSTDo ^6)^01)^ <ft)06TT)0o. ffiOC{0)l2^;
ôjcDnoS c3raaj(36pj^6)agGQQ)o croocnjojTOTlcftjffiOQQil fUlGCTDOeBOo cnlejceo^^TDOi
O26)SGCD)0 ClllslCDJ nJceiOo gnJGdDOCDl^lo^CTT) ggOanlOOXUÔ Ot^juJOOnJOdJ^fflOOQ)
GGJ6u<©j63Ba3 (ce>2<^ffloso GnJoejjggcii ^cmi irLiQ(Q)0(f)(mT>\ei\ôffm)d)
(3190510)00 GLC/OeiDloSaOSmo ^CTDl^0(0)0CD)(0)1(r)2o (rV)0o(rUce6)0Olcft>nJOl
6rD0210510)1(0^0 6)05)glaj06TT). 'owofflcn' fiôT) GejOcSjo GCDOoBojoaj (0)izn«p,
i2ejcx2)ogo cftjnnr)(U), OD^g^ f»5)fn)T eooatic&glosS (ro2io(ni.r»JGC3Q)0(/)oizi(TT)2
fiJ06ioio)GC/ariado king's house, p a k e , c o u r t oônDl oratBioeaTBgô (T)&icft)lQQ)lo1
ceo^cTT)^. C(ft)Ogcu(3(2ffl ooffiOQQ)6n)OJio)lo^ (DIOT) ' o r a o n j o o oroejce6)o1^1ojoyro)^
cuooi3 iiJl(.05)i20fflOfflCD' n ^ c m coJGQQ)0(/)ajô gsiiB. ÔHD (3190(2(0 BIshop house'
fi^6)anr)oo(3mo (63251 ciiarT)2GaJ(3arDlo1<e6)2fTT)j. 'csaicnnoooo' nQ)cm GejQJ<ft>05ia)laT)

171
land assigned to Brahmans, village of (foreign) Brahmans nâDlo^lnadlcoa
ao1ejoajarnajo§l«53 crnarDjraoaoal^lolcefflânDj. (SfdicnaQooi a victualling house,
cooking place in temples fi^(TD(3«nDciflaj(06rDo, c&STDlryâcrsoBO astrologer's
house nônD aonDOffl(3«nDo (Dej«an(Dn§26Tie. cft)6TT)lQQ)oa8 o^cmlscaTd) a low
tribe of astrologers & umbrella makes, banished to 24 steps distance from
Brahmans fi5)aD2° OUISICCDCXDJO sooDlcBcrocmjo GOJCSCOIOI^^ cSjoerDlceojcTD
tQj^CWâjJO CU^te(0)(U2fflOCD) LOJ<3CQ)0C/)63BC^ cft)^KD^fflOCDn (f)l6re(A§ {3T3SQQ)0g
6)aJSJ(OTI)lQQ)lo1o96)jarD2. 'oft)1(OlQQ)o' nq)aT> QQ161A&0 (D^nDo ng)(TDKnl6)C1^ aj)«n§aj
©fflOTDjo 63aT)Offl(3(0¥]o House, progeni nômô 06Tieoffl{3anDo ce3l0lcx2)«5T3)l«33
(T)ocs2)(3 cciioj higher class of Sudras nômô (DejdftD cnJCQQ)oc/)6gBa3
acft.(0GgoejnJ(ata>lQQn(a3 annoDj cnQJconoonoltaojaDj. cnoejj ce3l(olQQ)ces)0(3s at
calicut = 9 cft.O®j>ce6)0(3 - aJaDloCDDCTDJ cftnalQQ)o n®6)(TD^0o (B<ft)fflCgOeJaJ
a3TO)lQQ)l(o3 CDICTD^ aDejcft)lQQno1te6)ânD(0)l«53 eosTDoJomooon {araajojCTS cmDocno
ajrararrolcD] (oêjôaoDô Hut n^cm oracSoâjô CDejeajloonffllteojcTDj. iajLf30
©Oteiadcro(0TO)l(o8 (DIODJfflojSdaj^sloRJToflBjGaiciBdgs)]fij>yjanr)gg6TDo nôcTDS^cmo);
GiiJ(3caTa)l{Dlceo2fTD2. ^ c m tOj^slcocaranexig (.oJiy^coo^coiDo ffioolGajooDnoleBo^cm].
'cfij^fyizioso' (0)1(3(010)20 (3re)iiJ0OnJ3ffl06n). ^(0)1(T) depreciating name of one's
home, in speaking to Kings nq)cm (3Td(3(0)D(iJlaJO6TDo (DejcftH ajO0(ij2JG(3Q)oa)6)acm (rojiijlajl^lgjenl. 'cdBjOoilcoS' oârxd) older form

172
of Gcft)O0Q)lRj8 (i^CTDÔ g (OTJ) (0 (§ 0 O) (OTO) '(JSJJCXKICOS' n^CTD; icLlQCSDOino
aJ6Taja»LfTO)(aT3)l«53 (DICTDJO (D&I(ft)1(D)caoriado 06Tieoffl(3(OiDo temple n^nmj
nJ0ej«e6)0| inAQSifOmS) Lr»JCQQ)0a)6)fflCm 'nJlg2CX2)0(3 ecft)0ajl(08' nq)Cm fflGJCD)Ogo
OlnjD(3 gf3D(Ol^1§26T1S. ' ^ ^ o ' n^CTD GeJ6U(ft,aJT0)1aD ( U l S o^(TD(3(OiDo ODGLldftn
eiCTDOffi (8«nDo Brahmanical house n^cTDlo^loadlroa O J I O J O I ^ CDeJCOôl
G06Ucft>(/3 aJSiaJCDLOOo a ^ C m l a i g 3 0 a O a l ^ 1 § 2 6 T i e . (06n§Ol2(3anOo cft)1(OlC3Q)«JT5)J
(D0(D)(3 944 in Kerala or CDoejooculs oojc^cS nânoôffl^mDoiacSccJiCoany of
the 10 Pulaya classes fifl)(TD2o CDoeJOOôiDiaocDn Mukkuvas are cr)oeJl^ce6)0(3
a^CTDô nJOSTOTlDlolceOjnrD;. ^ O l l O S 'ojls' (1^)01) CrOO(2)0(T)^(3(iJlDfl5Ta)1co8 CDlcm
'^ô' fiôm cejGUtejo (roajlG(/DfAiffiocD)1(o1c96)jarD(U)l6)cn c/)26Tie(3§
cajdl§jo9306n)1^1§^6re. 'oJloidooo' A class of temple servants, Ambalavasis;
their house 'ajloadooo' (I©CTT)^ m&icejlcDngêne. 'ctft)OQQn(06)(a3' inA0Q(ia6]s3
LoJGQOocno nQ)(TDô CDl(3G(§aolc6j(3Qn(o3 Raja's palace a^cTDcSancojô cnejcftTI
(T)lâ5Ta)lcD)l(jnce6)^CTD2. 'cDoeJ26)flft)§' A quadrangular building (oDoej^nJô)
(i^cmjfflOLGDo (3id(3«nofiflaj05TDo. 'cnoejâjjo' ag)(TD GGJ6iJcft.«JK3)lcn A four
vînged house nQ)cmifflOLCOGOOTdcSanoajlajoemffljggj. so^ nj^posiajo^
636)(00^'CD)2o (i^mDOem. cfe^SOOOD aJSl6T0Ta)O^1, 6)(O)<06)lcnl, ajScSOlODl, e9j1«'«96)1cr)l
ng)cm1 cej6iJfl9j63r3§l«j3 oantPteolcDlceo east wing of a building, osDcOolcDloffidBO
the southern w i n g of CDoejôJô oônDjo OTdônDo CDej(ft)1cD)1§26rie.
fiJsl6TOTa)o^0Q)ce6)^ t & p ^ ailooramoQQ)! (3ra(3(oô cnejdanciQngjerB. the chamber
in a house, the santuary of ancestors & and bed room of the owner C^CTD^
173
aJO6TOTJ)(Sa0naio (a)CÔgnaJO§l(08 (DICTDJO ffieJCQ)Ogo Ol(\JDOl(53 (Diomjo
(,nJC(i2)0(/)o (Dejcejl (06Tieoffl(D)2 (D&icej^cTD (3T0(3(0)Do faces East and has 3-4
rooms: 6)(5)(e6)1cT), aJSce6)1cT), and the middle one is divided in to aJsl6T0T0)o^
& iiJOCffinJJ n^CTD06m. 'cBjgo' o^CTD GeJ6)J<e3C0Ta)1CD (06116012(0)000)1 (D&i<ejJCn)
(3Td(3(0)D(OTa)1(o3 ^(0) ajlao3lceDo1^(0) a hall oÔDOsn^. (0O(2aJ(0l(O)(aTO)1(o3 cn\cm
fflODdJoS (0)6)0^ (0)^0310)1(03 <e3G(odlcDoai3 ti^cTD2f3JD(o1^G(jOoiio The Verandah
surroundings a courtyard within the walls of a native house, <eDl«'<e6)lcT)(0)go,
riJS(e6)1cD(0)go, 6)(0)ce6)1cD (a)go, nJsl6iOTO)o^(OTa)go, nJ2orro)go or fflj(TO)go the
outer eastern varandah, place of reception n§)cmosrh. (USteoloDl a room on
the north side (ig)(TD2o moL(D)o (DeLice3loQ)1§26ni. aJ2(oj<e6)(Oto)1(o3 cr)oej2S)(fij§l6)a^
ajlao3lcft)(06TD63T3(/3 ajejci»ls(0TO)OQQ)1 CDejtft)lQQ)1§26ne. CDoejoffllso a house
oôDô CDOGJcmos = ODoejoffllso. 'cnoeJ2fiJ2(0(3Q)2o cDSâ^c^rujo ODoejOojos^
(0)(Ba7)' nq)Cmi nmaOCDaJBfUJo LriJ(BCQ)0(/)ajJo (T)&Jc9ilCD)1(Olte6)2(TD2. (gTOC(0)CaJ06)ej
(DoejoJ2(o = CDoejonruos^, (Doej26)ceD§ n^cn) (3re^(0)Co cnejcft)! ^rul6)S
CDoej26)*9j§ (o1(0)lailcDj,ocroo n^6gT36)CT)6)(D)anD ojej cej6)jcft)63Bgl(o3 cnlcn)0QQ)1
eje^6)ffiE9ileJ2o 63(0^ a)âDaDl(32ffl05TDffiO(0)^d936)OQ)CTD^06)(0)(STddS) LnJCB(0)^ce32lOOQ)1
65(02 ^0(S)\6)S6)cm aJOdDjODl^. 6)cft)0§l(o8 - a shed, barn, workshop (chiefly
o f 6)cft)0âi3 a l s o o f Q(][;^0a3 nÔDÔ (3Td(3(0)Co (D(08da>1 (3T0(O)1cn aJ3>6)6iaJ0^2°
LaJG0Q>o(/)aj2o CDGJcftH Oi\uD3'^S}(6]q^QU0(ô (06rT§offl(3(0)Do a house (hon)
6)(ft.o§lejcej(Oia)2 in the inner most room, where the evening light is first
placed for the ancestors n^cTDjo CDejcejIcmlsêne. emoDjiZiocDîaocxi)
(rU£]ej6)l2am2o (3TdOJl6)S (lilgcSO^ 6)(U<e6)2(TD iiJS63T3l6)a)(e6)20l^2o ^(lJl6)S

174
(ToîiJlajlceojarDj. 'G<ft)0QQ)l(a8' nq)cm cej6iJcft)C3ta)lcn oosoajloq^ o j l s , 6)cft)0§o(Do
Gc&oajlKjS o^cTDô injQ<s)0(n6)Ch<mioflBjOsml^lolceoârn].O6n§offl(3«noo Hindu
Temple nÔDjo mjoDoacoooon King, Kshathriya OJO^JCTD (2cft)OQQni2ffiO(3 n^cmj
Goft)OGgoeLioJC3Ta)1cnn(a3 cnlcTD^BOaooeTDajjo GoBjOooJlteoroS used as nominative :
palace (ÔDÔ orexSanoo aDejcSjIoQildlceojanDj. CSJ^SI nQ)cm Gej6Ucft.OT!3)lcn
001)012(3(0100 House, hut, dwelling n^cmosm. o6Tieoffl(3(aiDo family n^cTDô
a2(mo(2(3(oiDo w i f e n^nnDjo <u1c/ora1cft)Ol^1§26n§. ^(OICD^ (Dejoft)lQQ)
2nJGeJ6iJcej63BgOCD) t93jSl(Qno1tBO, t e j ^ s l o o f l o l r y , cft)JSlQQnOJ(aKJ)Jtft>, (ft>JSl n ^ O J j f t ) ,
'tfejsl 6)«a)§2tft,', 'oft)2sl oOj^s^cft)', ce3^slfiJ2oft)(j^, S3is\nJiei, 'cSj^sloKoaS' (0);S6SB1
CD&Ioft)1(X2) g n J G e J 6 U f l a j 6 3 I 3 g l ( a 3 CnlonD ( U l s j o OjIS^fflOOOn 6TUa\JD6)aJ§ nÔO
(iflojoeaBgô GiSicioern. 'cejjo' a hut n^cmi ooLCJno (3Ta(3(aiDo. 'oJô' KDOI^
iZ)ej(x»og63T3gl(a3 croaooDOfflanDô oraoiloo^ cmooDo LOJGCXDOCOO 'OOJO' n^cTDô
cviosTOKO (araÔiDo ôc^lrtidloS A house, chiefly thatched house; hut, room
fi^(TD(3((nQo C D O J o f t n o o n o l d B O J ^ - nJICTDls oJQJOlOo 'nJ2(D'<ft.6)g cej^glrij]®,
^ T D g ^ f i J J f f l , CDOejôJJO, n J ^ ^ J o J ^ O ng)CTT)l63T36)CD ODeJceDl (0)GJG(^(Ol G 0 6 U c e j g l ( J ^
CDlarn 'njô ©cajgôSj', '(5)1(5ajlte6)', 'o^s^coo' tiâml LnJcs(i»0(/)63i3a3 CDGJC&ICD)!!
to build it fiâT)(3(aiDo ô^1r^1(D3 (Dejoail (oejGcôl G(06Ufl93g1(o3 oDlnrD^
(0)5)01) '(0)1(X2)6)C1^ n j ; 0 ^ J § j ' o^CTDJ LoJG(X2)Oa)o (D^JcftHCDnolceOJOD^. nJOOUÔ
aJ2(OQQ)2o, '(OradBjQJô oJÔCQJJo (3Taslc96)' ng)ODJ n J S ' O S K U O ^ ^ o (CaJGCSDOCDo?)
0)ej<ftn oJ2(Oc06)2§, o J ^ O G ( 6 6 ) 0 0 ] ^ (03 0 3 , fU2O(0T5)O, a J J O C O K ^ g o , n J ^ O f i j S T D l ,
nJÔajjoo, ojjofflôl, oJÔGanjô (a two Storied house, ^(0§aj2®, moglcft.)
0^01)163136)0) oJJO CffijaOCOH 6T110U>6)fy§ oJGeaBgJo (DOJOBJI. oJJO0C»ce6)

175
(D&i(i<ft)6n§ CT)lceD^(o5l6)cx» (ft.2dlce6)2(TD cujoryeTDo oârDCOTloDj house-tax n^cTDcSoiDo
cnejceDlcDilfflldBOjanDanloa (nlcm (gradsooejacaro) onflceDjaj)! croLcnjraocxDQfOKnceoôl
a^l&Si OjlaJOCUJo 'aJOCnilCTDJ nJÔaJSTDo GOJSTieo' aÔTD (OBJCC^ffll GOSUcejgloej
gaoancoerDcoTwIajS CDICTT) cnlcfcjcroloQffiosn (UO(ft.ejl6)(Dte6)ô1^2° f^T<ôo
QjelceQ^cmj. 'eojoDo' ag)anr) GejeucajrorOTloD a mansion a house of a Nayar
n^cmi (gTa(3«noailaj(D6TDo cn&icfclcDndldBQjaDj. snejGcôl GCDSUconoej 'cmzmjos
eojcDo fijeml OaJc^ônDoflm' nq)cm gGOoool^lgjo^sni. 'i20gncft>'cr»ceo an
upper story 'figjipooaoglcej' a tower ©ojenaoglcft. O^CTDT iaiQWocneisBubsQi
Goonado ©6n§oa^«nDfflocD)l a palace = ooso O^CTDJO (Dejeanoongêne. 'aogo'
fi^cTD Gej6Ucej(aTa)l©aig gaJGejeucejaoomoem 'aogldft)' cnejcftnoonolceoâDaj).
'laogo', 'ffiogT O^CTDI (Doanjceogjoooon oraaDlcD^gg srucnjoaoem OTdeaBacn
CDej(ft)OriS tejOosTDo. ^ G O D Gnjoaej ' a s ' n^cm {.aJGODocncoirolcoS CDIOTD OSO
o^cmô orooaruc93^K»coTO)l(o8 'moo' n^cmjo ^ O D (.snioniaerDoôs QJISOSTD.
fU§G(0fflscorrolajScQiScroj f^f^nr); {tnejGcôlcosuQonoej (.nJGcmocno. oeneofflcScoioo
a King's Palace (laoso) a public office in Travancore oânnno^nnadl«j3
(3Td(3«nDailaj05rDo (D&it)ftnQQn§j6n§. fflSnj^® a house with a kind of temple
f»g)(m2o (319(0) (0)1QQ)O^6)S (3ra)(OOCJDCnOGJ(X2)1206)6TDarDô C r U ^ i i J l f y i ^ CS)QlQ(^(Ji]
G(06Ucft)Og g3Oar)(0l^1(0lce6)20nD(m '(0)1(D)6)(T^ l2SaJ2©(D<96)(?^ GCT)(3^Cr»ce6)0(3Q)6)ce6)0
sne^GnJOOxT nq)cmo6rn. '2)(T)' a house I^CTDÔ esp. of Brahmans, Nambudiris
nÔnDÔ (gTd(8(05OaJlcUO6TDo 'fflCD6)(ft.§l ffiejQQ)0gai3 6)<ft)§^' oÔrD oJ6)6T5aJO^
culs^snBOteo^cTTXznloej GeSaOglooxoôs (gra)(3eos6)(aro) cu^^doccoffloceojcm;. ^cmô
G(ft)(OgT(30)6)01^ CrOoCrOcBOOOo (3Td(0)^(5)OmD(3Q)06TDGÔ. '((y)OG«P fflOT)' r»^(TD

176
CcQjOcgodjr)j(OTa)lQQ)l(o3 (DICTD^ CDGJtfijI authority of Nayars o^cmô (oensotacSsnoo
a Brahmans wife ag)cmjoffiODtSQjsher umbrella ng)(TDjo oraônno (D&itS>1.
'aoso' - iziogloa) Gnjooej (OOCTD ô^cDlGJOffioern. oDfflltp, ciGJOffiogo, s^cms,
dj^l^l O^CTDT eor)£kicfijglKj8 aroffloaDC(iJCBcn)oa)o njoerarro A house with an upper
story n^cmi OTdânDcujo OJICTDIS Ln-iGosocnesragjo (nejcejIoonoloBOjarD].
(D6n3omânDffiOQQ)l a hut of mountaineers or Pulayas in Travancore o^mr)^«nDo
cp&itfijiffi6rnajDajajTa)1cDonjejô nq)cmiQ c^)Q^s^(xs^§l6^^. ' o a j ^ ' oônr) cejeucOj
caTwIcD Little sticks or leaves for kindling fire or covering a hut ng)cm
sanDom(3(cnDajjo (06rt§offl(3(aiQo what is made of it, screen or wicket of wicker
- work o^cm oerucxiJejl cnl'êjenB^^lajS aDlcrn (DCJceDloonolceoâm;. ffiÔDOci^sjiDo
a hut o^nmosm. 'cntziaôs Oiij^cDnajS cnên)]' n^cm Si^rmemcDOinwla^ cnlcm
graofiool^y o u t - h o m e , u n t a x e d shed of Mukkuvas n^(TD(3«nDo
CDeJcftnoondlceOJOnDJ (©aJ^) nJlcmlS 'OnJ^cBOJsT 6>iiJ^fiJJ(D(X»a6)J CTOffiOCT)
nJGomcTDô a low person nq)cm oengofflôiciajô OD&icSDlceooeTD^CTT)^. <fi32S06)(0)
OaJj^cOTOxoo south (o3 worthless fi®(rn]o ©iij^fijos North dh OiiJÔTceoj
CTDOOODOfflmDô (3T9(0) tfijî^JfflOSCOTnlCDô KnêJÔfflOTDô oJOQffi^CTDJ. aJO0<^J2<P
anfl^GjenejajlajS cnlmD^gg OajôjjociiJteo shed, hut n^cm (araônco cnejeftn.
csruofiiaem^, aj§(3, (DcnjjKDlol, CT)OQQ)(3, (0)lQgia3 n^crDl sxosDlc&gjos
(.rJGKD^flft) fiJ0(3fyiS CD02163T32JO OTdaJCDJÔS (rV)aflGC/&(^«J)ea>g2o fi®«J>06n§
(.aJteaSffiOdBO^mo ojlcjLXDrOTlejoem a)^6n§(3§ oracBKnoaJlajoerDo cDejcft)lQQ)l(ol
tfiO^CTDKD. 6)ajgaJ2(D, cfijôJfflOSo an^SeSRlOOXU (3ra)iiJO(0fiJ363T3gOQQn ClKO^CTDCCDô
(siaojoajôs cruajlGOOnnanoDô ^ i ) GGjeudajegBglejêng. ' a o s ' n^mr)

177
GeJSLIceafDTOlcn t i l e fi^CTD^COiDo CDGJcftjl nJeJKDOo QOS^cQDOgceOJOl^ aJOQffiJCTD^.
6)cft)OGo96)OS, a J l G o J O S ] , fJO(OTS)lGCD)OS f»^CTT)l6gT36)CD. fflâDOffleXOTO) (3ra(3«nDi20QQ)l
bell metal (2 1/2 parts zinc, 10 copper) QOSjojocSte© etc, ^ O D oojGggos,
( Q J O G O O S J o0(TTn63T3S)aDCD)26)6n5(TD2o 'QOSJOJceolOQ) OjOOOOlOOffiGaJOOej' fi^CTD^
tiJ«P6)6T5aJO^Jo aJOSTSTOToleBOJCTDJ. gnJGeJ6iJcft)(OTJ)1(a8 'GiOSôJ^CO' n^CTD
Gej6iJcft)«JT0)lm tiled roof nômô oraoDloag OJIOJOIODO 'SJOGJOJÔ' ( ^ ^ O
(D&itft)lQQn§^6n§. fiJO(3ajlsffl26Tieoce6)oa3 2aJGQQ)oa)l(e6)2^Tr) ojcrocrojceoCTgdBojol^
OJIOJOO eje^fflOc&jcrD^. CQJJSOSXOT Goejceo A leaf of palms or grass O^CTD^COIDO
(DGJcejl 'aoej oaj§T nÔD aejomogo OIOJDOIOS cnlonD cnejcan from trees
n^cTDjo stages of growth: cftHglGcxDoej, cSjô^ccaTmoGJ, njc^yoej, oJiP^GanwoGJ
fi^mDô anejGcôl Gosucmloej Lf>-iG3»oc/)(20QQ) 'aJjcoTOToS aoej ajajcorroloteo
§1^' n^cTDjo CDejcftncDnolteojanDj. ejoejcroôs grjaejeuceseaBglK^ QonDooo)
63oejaj2(3 CQ)ce« thatched house 'aoejcisceojo Qogjcuôoomceojo nroDOCDo
BODj' fi^CTD oJ*P6)613iJ0^2° ^ e J c f t H . 'aOSlOO ©OS ^ S ^ C 9 J ' , ' B O S ^ CffiQCP^cej' tO
tile fi^cm CoJGQQ)oaxaTO)lcf) (3reK3«noo cnejoBjIooJIgjene. 'Gfflcmcft)' nqfm QoieiASiCmilo)
KDciliP, fflejQQ)Ogo, (cn^gj, cfijODaju nârDlajoonroS to thatch a house 'sioej
6)te3§T 'oJ^^^Gffleraro)]' n^cm cnl(D)fflG(06Uc93g1(o3 (DICTDJO grauol^ with grass;
to tile Giosi ccaeTonj)^, ojjra Gasrortn^ «9)(TT)^ CnJÔDOcnaiô CDejcSjI. Goomofyjo
a temperory roof as for the monsoon oônoô ruoerorfnlgêns.
A boarded ceiling; apartment secured with stones to keep valuables. nJS^cBO,
^sjdft), 6)aj«e6) to ceil board nâDl65B6)CD QCTDOffl(3a5iD(Ujo an upper story

178
a^^nniôo space above the ceiling n^cmi (osnsofflôioajjo cnejoftnaDGOOnado
12^2° i202l£ft>QQ'2° ^^^^ 2nJGeJ6Uda,(ma)lcD upper stories, fine rooms fi^cm
(3ra(3(znoo coGJ<fij1. 'eajaDroTjnlcn fflô ffioglceacisô QODÔ ^ i g j ' n^cm aejcoogo
oloDoloS annoTD graoanol^ 'crujnJODo SiOemicmd) 12^2° "SOÎCBJCI^Ô' o^cm
(06n§offi^«nDffiOQQn (D&Jtft>lQQ) Stately appearance n^cTD«5)1cD '(giaojoa^ 2i^2°
fflOglcft)QQ)ô' QCnOSQlSi '.flj^SlajOOS S X U g g o © ^ ' n^CTD (31900^00 (.<iJ<3<S»0Cno
graofioral^ (uau; cnslceoâDKolcD^GOarxoemfflOQQn OD&iteDjarDj. 'iijog' (ig)(TD
(Bej6Utft)0 'c/ooej' aârDODloa^ KDcmeaiofflODô aJOdDjcm^. A small hut
cocoooiio 'iijog 6)cft)§T o^cTT) KDQJCogol co6U(D)l6)ej LoJCBcx»oa)a3Ta)l(D temperary
hut for soldiers especially the dwelling of 4 low castes nJjejôg, a e j ^ o g ,
mjceajcuôg, cOiCOjajôg or G o j g j o j ^ o g o r cOjeTDlaoôg & therefore called
aJogceoocS n^cTD] oJlajcol^lg^sTB. sîsooas) QojKDCoo laajroô nq)cm (S)<£\9
i2ejQQ)og«Jia)l(o3 ajogacora)!, aJogalciS sardine nôTneaBacn arojujlajl^lgj®^^-
'OJIST CD free hold property nônr)raracScoiDajôa house espe. of a Nayar or
Janmi oôD^fflosmcSKnoo. oraoDlcD '(nod^craooo aj1§l«53 aj)1ciQ)aj2rate6)eJ2°'
fi^Cm (a)eJG(^(0l(l(06U<ft)6)g gfJUOljy LnJGQQ>0CDC(i3o gGOaOal^loldBOârD^.
i22CTDOffi(3anDo family, race ODOEJOOOJISJ oo^tracB = ^ ^ o , dBjIcoloDo ag)aD2ffi(3roiDo
CDejeBjlcongêne. cnoomcS eojcDearagjo (mdojoaôs (3Tdc3coiGajlc/03ldft)06rD63Bgl(o3
(DICTDJO CDOS^cuotfl eoemosTOTlR^ cT)OQQ)(3ce6)^gg (.nJ(SRn^<ft)CmDocnajô
OTdailcQjOfflajjo oajglOfijsâD^. (stdiiDnooao, ^ ^ o , moo, fflOD ng)6)anr)ôo

179
LSrUOajaSTDrojCBSQffiô O f l S , eOJCDo, ^ S o , o ^ S o , n^SCStOJOmsl, cftHcDlCOo n g ) 6 ) a D ^ 0 o
(DQQ)026)S(D)Jo aJOâjlS63Bg26)S GoJCO oJOd^^CTDJ. Gcft)0QQ)l(D3, Gcft>0ail(03,
Ccft)Oajlejcejo ng)6)aT)ôo oosoofloag OcBjOgooocara) croâJlryiceojaT)]. njj©
(0)1cs»Ga§CQ)2o iijog oJ2ejQQ)6)a§cD)2o ajceojciiQCigcffijo ceiojajooa^cojo cajgjcu
6)0^00)^0 Clf\Sl<B3(^SQ nJOQffiJOD^- ^ ^ 9 n ^ C m d ) (OTlOâjlKDOodBD^dlfOS aJjeJCQ)(D^6)S
aJO(3(yiSCDOl2fflOQQ)l OiiJ^, c&^nj «J)^S63I3lQQ)aj (g)06)yc96)1SQQ)1ejjg3QJ(36)c96)arDjo
a)26ni(3| crojaJlfyicBajaT^jenB. ajog ajjejcffio^, aejcffiofi, ajceojcua^, c&cojf^nS,
G(U§2ajn3, ^ c u o ^ o s nJo^rijlsesBc^ceo oJoeTarmlojcTD GnJoosm. (3ra)aJO(o
nJBcaoQQil (oosooilacDOsjo fflpjo croooroool s6)iQcmoai OaJôjos, c&jnjffloso
n^CTD°l icLiGWOlDOlOern 2nJGCQ)0(/51^1OJCTD 6 ) 0 ) 0 1 5 CDlf*eJ6Tiej e)ajgl6)aJSJ
aJTOTJCTD]. (/)âr)CDl(3(21206n) OJCrUKDJceOgOCXlil c f t > ^ , ffiSp^, ffl(Oo, (ft)212210QQ)o, 6J0S,
6iOGJ, nJJoS n g ) a D l a J 6 ) C D ) c 9 6 ) 2 0 l ^ ^ O (3T9CUQQ)^6)S g n J 0 0 0 ) 0 0 ) 6 ) ( O T O T c e O J O l ^ J o
Cej6)Jcft)63I3(/3 6)ajgl6)aJS;«JTO)2CTDJ6TlB. ^B0nD(d6rr)(h0W\ ffiSTTâJSTDl o^CTD
GejsudSao GODOceo^tO^- building of mud walls (ig)CTT)ô fflsnSnjejdft) a board put
over a door or w i n d o w frame to build up the wall ciôrDjo ffl6n3aJjo a
house built of mud nÔTDô (n^sre&g (3T9(3«nno cnGJc&jnnD^. E^CSJO fi^cn)
cej6Ucft.(mo)1(53 a house or room with boarded ceiling fiâD(3(oico cnejean
'ffi^tejEOcOol (Doej^ nJÔoajgôrtJ6rDlar)1(3«jro);'n^cm ©enDOCDajocDooncoS (DlcrD
g30fir)O6rDOj;o cnejcSjI. ^cd) ©SKnocnojocD OuJl^ tejoejfêj§(3T(5)l6)ej ojocaojls
CDl(3i2i206n)(anj)l6)og (OICOICTQ)]© tejoejcoerDcnciKjo (rooa)j)fflo<e6)2CTD^. Gc&rag
oroooruceoooajirolajS g20(0)1, aroaucDTcn, oracDlcajOOo nôDl CLaosmlcferasTDesBC^

180
6)ajgn6)njS2(DTi3)OCT3 GnJOCTDODOen) Cn^fiTTicSs ar)lr»GJ6T1B2^(Uarn n J O ^ o j l S C D O f f l
6SBgjo (graajcn)j6)s (ara^caioailajoeTDajjo 6)aj§l6)ajsj(ara)2anr)j.
co(0)ocoaj)o
o)(0)00)gngiO(80)65136)gd96)jdlAjjgg cej6Ucft)63T3§1«j3 'ojeneT, 'tft.ejo',
' 6 3 0 S ' , '650§2<ft)eJo', 'G(0)06TTn', ' a J e S B O S o ' , ' g ( 0 ^ ' , 'ciJgJdS©', 'l26T?ajT, ' t f t i a J o S ' ,
'GffiODOOj', 'ffl©c06)ejo', '630ST, 'aOSo', 'ffl2^T f i ^ O m l S S B O C D nJej(5)J(2l^6Tie.
da)2s;(0)ejo(n)1 sejaocSôjô, o j p c i a ocDjoai^ci^, ffi^c/)63Bc^ nôDlojQQQ)
gnjccffiocnl^jgg crosTsajoooj^ffiOcmosmj teDOsmjorDO).ffl(0)TcQ)ocx»QQ)0LaJ)0
cru'D<ft)Oj,o <ft)(DffiO^(/)o geneoQQfla^cTDloârDj cft)06TD0o. ojenel oôrr) eejeuoft)
(OTOTlcn 'ojc^' (jDOcoâjô 'aj§o' a^cro croiaocDaJGaiô (T)ejt93lcD)Gaoniio (osneo
ffl(3(5iDo A wheel the nave of a wheel eBOSÔD OLDajKnlon^ ajsnel, 'Gco)(3aJ6nil
CfêJOnado' ng)CTDJ Cn§iiJ(Ol(a)a5KJ)1(58 C O l o m j o g 3 0 a D ( D l ^ 2 . ffijODOffiCSonDo a
cart bandy 'oocQAiaroaS ojenel (OggH (DS(OTa)^cn)(U^' nq)cm eoc/)aj(0)«JTa)1(o3
CDICTDÔ graoanralteojcTD]. nJlcTDls njejRDOo QJsnelajgoQQ) '6)aJ§laj6TieT, a coach,
<Bo9>oejo(3 Qj6rT§1, a common cart,ffl^cBOoroScusngl, the wheels diameter
being smaller, ajsloisnel, C&OCOSOJSTIBI, ojsnglceoog, ajsnelceojODlo (iârnaiQCD)
crojiiJlfyiceoâT)^. Ccejoejoôjenel (uscOsxiS fjoej«e6)os oJooffiâDôajomô a
cart with wheels of 6 kol circumstances nq)cm (STdcSo^DdJlajosTDOJô OTdanloq^
ajlojolcno 6)nJ§lajsrBl6)CD)aT)ô oJlaoGCDOdSO^CTDj. t&ogajsnel, cajjcnloajenBl
OÔDI CGJ6iJcej63BGgO 2nJGeJ61J<ft)63T3GgO ^ O ^ E B i l e j ^ o i f i j O g n ^ O T ) GBJeUcft)
«5TO)1(03 'aJ1ej(3 cfcOgoJÔCOTO)^ (rOOfflO(D6SBC^ 6)fl9j06nB^GnJ0CD)T fig)CTT)^

181
(0)eJCag(0lG(06U6)QQ) 2(30aO(Ol^1§^6Tie. ^ O J l O S OJSngl n ® a D aJ3«5Ta)lcn OJanD
oracSmooQJaJjejô LtiJtft)Smosrf). 'c6j2(S)lOce6)0(00i3' n^crn GejeLj<ft)(atD>1oQ a trooper,
rider nôTxacoôjô '(fejODlocBQCsg'ajTrolcn r i d i n g fiômô ora^snoo CDGJcftnoon
§26Tie. nJ^cSO nÔD GGJ6Uc9jCOTJ)laD (3T96TaJ2L3O(lJlajDeOfiaicft)a3c06)2o arOfflOOD
(viraofflanDjaJOSTOTOT A palankin litter nq)cm caracSmo cnejcejl, 'cfijODoajaj^ceo''
aôHD Gteafflgoj^cia oofflOQQ)6rDCOTO)la^ CDIODJO (for c o r o n a t i o n ) 'ODOÔO;
nj^ceeneoaoS' ag)(m cn§iij(ol(a)R5TO)l«j3 CDIODÔ (privilage granted by Kings,
as (cnsne;) grsDOl^lolceoâD]. oJi^ceojcSjO^ fi^CTDColcn (gTdc3«nDo bearers
fi^cTDjo 'cuilryj 63(02 " - " ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ S)S30si<ms)i' f i ^ c m (cnejGcôl acosuc&glcoS
cnlcTDô grsDol^lolteoôD^. 'GanDOOj' ag)anDd) GnJO(3ajro)jc/)1(ro nJGOfflODô A
p a l a n k i n fi^nmô 'ciaaDoailajS oajo^sjcaro);' n^cm (.oJGQQ)ocr)aJ2o nJosrsTwIol
(flOÔD^. oemjcoS fi®(To«D (3Td06njlnJ3o aôTD (T)l(02«s<0)l (DQJeftn A Stage, day's
j o u r n e y n®aDc3KnDo cDeitejI. aro6iajo(oa3TO>1(DOCQn acDjrAi^nb cacnjfAiôcD a j j a
ceo^fTD L n J o ^ c n aroccnJ30cD)oa5TO)<66)2ol^2g2 ailojaegBgoem ÔJ1©S ejeôo
cQjJCrDCO).
e3Qja)«noa)(0)(20^C/)63T3gl(03 QOTDOCD) GaD06TT)lc96) 06TT§(3RnOo ODQJtftn
QQn§j6nB. 1. A t r o u g h , bathing t u b ag)(TD2o 2. a boat o^cmjo d^jsooon 'CCCDOSTDI
ffiol6TOTDO(a8 ojôo coî\ '^(326(0)0617)100)1(33 <03O(o3 o o j ^ o o S ' O^CTDI oePB;
fijtf'6)6Kajo^2"^(/3 CT)ejtftn(3Q)1§26n§. A sea boat 'cft.sej1(o3 6)nJO2i20oj(TD C(0)06TDT
aosocucSj fiôTD aej(3Q)ogo olcuDolexn g f i D o l ^ (3Ta(0)1(D (Dlca)2(0)1 ^2'^(5ra)1(3Q)1
(02anD26)fucm C6TUOce6)^1(o3 cn(o3cft)1(X2)1§26n§. a ferry-boat 'c(5)06n)1 teiSOTOT^cft)'
n^cTD irLi(S(S)0(jyo 'coSjfflgoDOScBa'ajKnloS oilcw CDoScejl (3T9(0)ffl2e93(n)(026)sGgôeil

182
nQ)cm i6mo<BS)g\(db nJosToroilolceojnnDKDlcoS arncm ooDoiplGJloa^ Kocdl GcoDsnDl
cft)(D6mo GJe^ffiOteijcmj. (S(0)06TDlcB6)0(aai3, csanosTrncS^jeil, CCOOSTDIOJJO 00)01)1
cdB&m^lo ODGJoanoQflgjsne. ' B O S T n^cm (B£J6iJtft>«JTa)lcD A large boat, long &
narrow chiefly from the Laccadives a®(TD(3«nDo CDajSoftTI LoJCODOcnajô
cnejcjancxylolceo^crD^. ' Q O S O ' - boat, ferry boat '650S«5TO)1 oejSjlGJô'
c9>aj&il6>ej8a>1ejô nôrn {roeJca§oTc(06Uca>g1ro3 cnlcm inJQ(!D)0CDOiio
(r)ejcft)lQQ)1§26n§. 'ooceoejo' A ship. 'aocOoejcoTrolroa 63©^ cnôj S2CDO' nq)cw
'G()9D(ogaj^c!mooffiOQQ)6m'«5ro)1aj3 cnlcmjo CDejtft)1ciQ)1§26n§. 'aJSKuToDôs
o6n§offi6)«TO) (3Ta(3«nDfflOCD)05m a large boat tig)(TD^ (DejcftnqQ)1^jgggn.
'fflersajl' 'ajersail' (OooDOdscmjo A large sort of boat, single masted pattimar
in coasting trade, holding 10-40 tons. port. Manchu nômô (3T3(3«nDo
ai1ao3l<ft)a)l.y1(olte6)^mD2. 'ajearaoso' OÔODOO^ Gejeuc&OTdlaD Ferry boat,
junction of two boats :IJ63T3OSO Oc&gjdSj, iiJ63T30saM>la58 GCSD^T <ia)(n)j (oejaagal
co6U(ft)§l6)ej (.oJcsomocDOJô G((3)06rT>lo9ja3, aJ63B0S6graa3, oi6m\<B3(j&, oJsaJ2cft)a3
(iôrnffirtOoeoooxatOTlroScnloDjo cr>JGCQ)oc/)l^ also rafts n^cTDô cft)2§lG-^(3
cm>\(6\<B6)icmi. dSjojcoS (tncilip, aejcxxogesBglroS ship O^CTDÔ 'tft)nj«j3 oojajlcos)'
n^cm 'Gc93oagoejaJ(aTa)1'QQna53 crflcTDj inJQCSDOino cnejan (3td(a)1cn(3anDo to build
& start vessels fiQ)CTD2o (DejcftnQQ)l(o1<e6)2CTD2. 'dftxijcaSaJsml ODI^CTT);' n^cm
«DGxyoglnjo§l«j3 (Dlcm^ CDeiicftn built nôrDcaanoajjo oôjtej - to embark
oÔTDô Ôceo to launch nômô CDlce6)2c0j to start, n^cmô GiOS^Si to sail
fig)(TD2o tajojej^ffiOCnn 6TUCTU)6)nJ§ oJ3(.aJGQQ)Oa)63Bg2o (SKKSKJIDOJÔ CDeJcftnoOilol
cBQÔD^. cejojejloog (06neo{3«nco what is imported, American = (cfesa^,

183
nJOBjl) As n^CTDJo ODeLitej1(I»1§26n§. ^(0)l6)(D^0o fiJjO(El2(D)jgg 63anD '2(0]'
fi^CTT) Gej6Ucft)(aro)1aD cnejceajOD cDoejofflocors) (3T0(3(aiDi2O6m vessel, ship
a0anD(5». '^(O2aj(02o ©(O^ g(0J(Ul(o3 GnJOCD)T ag)CTD2o 'CDlZmjQS QCblSiUi CllCmOGSi'
nq)C(T>lo (D)GJCS(^(0lG(06iJc9Dgl6)ej (.oJG(X2)OC/)(U2o 23OriD(0l^1(0lfl96)2CTT)2.
^(.(CDCXDJO GeJ6Ucej63B2l(^ (DICTD QQ)0L(0)0lZ10(3a)63T36)2c96)2Ol^2g2
crooffiOcr)âilaj(D6gBa3 eje^cBosm. 'ciilfflooRo' oônr) cejeudBDOSTolaR A chariot
of God nq)cm^\no CD&itfeârDanloa (rilaro ^CTDOOTO) (gT0(3i£io (3raarD26TieoQQ)1(o;
cmlo^cTD] aji<B(0)o. a^^GiaoGgo^ ajOnDODesBCTgonnDô nj(00i2(3c/oizn^ oônrxo)
(310) cft.oej(3T0)l6)a^ croculGC/Ofiaj cn)oaroc66)0(0(OTO)lG(i^(TQ)2o (uleeTtnoaDOKDlGagcraô
aJOluil 6)CUgl6)aJS2(aTO)2(Tr)2.
5 : 3 (n)3(njrif)^(n)o(inD€a6)30o
GS2OGJ1QQ)JO ailtc/offiajjo croosincTuil^ njassBogceojolôsm ^dflos
(grocKDJnadldBO^fTTxb). cn26Tie(8| (rnf»GJ6Tie;aj1(o3 ^(oroxoo nJ363T3(/3 aJ(olGcrooa51ce6);
GCnJOC/3 OTOOJ (06n§2(5)(0o aj1eOC/)(0Ta)1(O56)aJS2CTD(O)O(3Q)1 cft)06mOo. S20(0)1
(0)1(o1^^22 ©(0)o«p1(o3 (u1es2cn(U2o (3io(a)l6)CD alceoajoojo (gTooc/)1cfij(o1^2
OcfeOfiTIB^gg (OOS2e(06TD(U2o 6)CUgl6)(^S2(OT3)2fTT) GeJ6Lle9363T3C^ Q(0^ Qj1eOC/)(U]o
Gcft)OgcDlaj(a8ce6)(06mo CUSPI aJCTD^GaJ^CTD (iig6)(0(i2)a)1da)O ooojoGoolcej
aJ86SB20(o3 o o j g l o a j s j (nTOjcTD (L6)(ô(Di (ijleo(/)o aJraesBg^moGirnoj.
'cft)0(0^c66)0(oa3' raônr) Gej6U()ft.(DTS)1cD agent, officer, minister of such
c h e r a m a n P.(6)fiJ(0^(2io(/3) had 12, p e r i m p a d a p p u 72, Tamuri 4 O^CTDÔ
^ o ^ l r f l i l o S (3T0(3(mQaJlaj(06rDo cnejcfcl 63OG(0O ar)o§2(0OS2O(e6)aao(3c96)^ffl2S2

184
tft)O(0j,ce6)O(0]6)S <ifl)6r[;ô OD&icejIcxDGaooiio oraoj©© oJlglceo^^TrD GOJCS (.6TUOce6)^1(o3
CDejcejIoonolceo^cTD^. md^db, ^gcmo)^, aJsmlteotS, aJoooDcnil n^mDlesBOCD.
oJGcftiai (3Tdâ3 ng)anr) GeJ6Licej«jra)lcD North prone the 4th minister of Tamuri
(cnoejoo s^(6](S)o) heriditory chamberian nôDô (DejcftH ecejOGgoejoJcoTO)!
00)1(03 (Dlcrn 'ojOceocoS goojlBiCoS nJoo^BjonDcnil' oôrD^ mejcanoong^sng.
^(0)l6>ci^ (STaaojfstxojnJfflooon also called ajooocnil, fiJoooonilcôS n^(TD^ffl^6n§.
fiâT)0(33 'oDCTuT fiôm Gejsuc&asTOTlcD aj)(al<p ocwej^cnj, tft)(mnjD O^CTDI
eonaitft)gl«^ Vaishnava priest nôDoem c3Td(3ino (DejoftnooJOD inferior Brah-
mans or Ambalavasis (rujCDonil) performing ceremonies for Sudras (^gooxro)
f i ^ O C m ^ O o CgrdÔiDo CDOSoftH SOJ aJ*P6)6T?aJ0^2o OBDJOS CDeJdft)1CD)l§^6n§. 'CDOlil
ODânjl 6)ojolô«n aJ§©2o 6)fiJoaD2<ôa3 oDmo' nq)(w. ODOiil^l, csniOfuaeml,
nJ^n^GoJOCOTJ)! ng)Cm CrOC(0>°Jejlo(/)o. ^2QQ)KD (ig)CT7)(0)1aO (.0^6(0)^163 (ieJ6Ucft)0
cDQJteilcxingl^. o^cTDO(o3 (0)lcncD)C6T?ajo1 ^gQQ)((» ag)CTD cej6yt63(ata)lcD N.pr,
third minister of Tamuri; a Brahman that crowns him ng)cm GeftiOGgo&inj
(aTD)l(3Q)1(o3 CDICTD; aDejcfel called osneoo da>1o1(X2)o n^cmô aJlaDra1cft)Ol^1§^6n§.
njemlceexTS (ia)anD eej6Ud9j(aTa)l6)agffl2CTDOffi(8(oiD2iocD)1honouring title of
different classes n^cm cnejcfel Gce3(0GgOGjf»j(aTa)1(Dn(o3 cnlcrD 'uo(Aamcni6mam)i
njsmlcee)^' o^cm^ cneicftn 3rd minister of Tamuri; title of soldiers o^cnD^
ClJlc/03l(ft)(Dl^. C6TUOfl96)g1(03 Cll(0OnJJ«P CDlfêJSnBJCUloej ClilCU(063T3C/3 ^6gB6)CD
cnGLi<fl3l(D)l§j6ni. " oJ6TT)ld96)CT20(3 V, soldiers of the old Cochi Rajas, as oracejcrusl
of Tamuris troops. ^(0)1cnjGc/Dnado ajemlcefloôs cu^co^croro) inAQooDocno -
^'D<P(UaJ6TDlc96)^ aJOQJdBOOSô h i g h e r t h a n ^1)tf>CiJ(e6)p2aj l289jOnJ6ml<66)^

185
an i l a v a n raised to some d i g n i t y by M a n k a r a Nayar etc o^nnDô
(T)&it6Dlc3Q)l(Dlc90jonDj. North (o8 Sir, hon. assent of lower castes to higher
Sudras; n^QODooj aJlooralcejasTDo tfcjslQffijsne. ^jjo^cSfixoKnlajS <ft)0(o^(©6)Ooci3
ti^cTD GeJ6iJcft.aJ2o 6TU(ra)6)fij§ ojraeaBgô cno§200820<^2®^^^ srucruDOryg
6)«5)o«nGJl6)(Dcx2)2o soKDlGojolGODOffiô cTo^îJlajlceoânD]. 'n^cmci^ flftHsoai' nq)cm
Gej6Ucft)«JT3)lcn nâmcA = cnomaS n^cmj cD&i<6j1 North Minister of QSiOQimsilco]
o^cTDj cnej'cft.lciDTolceoânD^. L«J(U^coro)1ceoooa0 n^cm QQi6iASims)](T)
QCTDOffl^cjnDo a functioner, workman nq)(rn (D&ioftncxinralceoâroj. njoeidsoos
(3Td«5)l6)aig OTdOOjrSDOôJo ' GnJO(3(aTi3)l(e6)OOa3'nÔrDOQemCTDô S3l§\Gsi^^S6>iar>l.
(06rieoffi(3«nDo Subordinate revenue officer in Travancore O^CTDOSTD.
nJO(3q|(D)j>c66)0(Dn3, (gTdU)ltft)0(ol (old) oÔDlaj (cnjejâJGeaBgosm n^cm]o
nJOsrOTOTlralceo^fTD^. LnJCU^corrolajlgg Travancore coS a Gumastan of the
offlCTDjo ojosrormlgjeni.
'(gT3a)lcft.ooT nôD Q^6i\Si(msi\G)C^ QOTDoacSanco coejdajIcDilol sQicmcs)
officer especially magistrate o^cmosm. 'caraoc/oo C(3roa)lcft>ooT oônD^ a^'-^^
oo«eAicro(aKJ)l«j3 crnoDjo 'ojSGces) cgraailcfeocoT ng)CTDj (oiejacôl G06u<ft>gl«53
cnlcTDjo cnejcftncD)1§;6Tie.
CdajOgcnl eoeTDKJKoloog nJscujcejgocDn cn^ceo^sl (rujcnJooOToeneciS,
fflOSOCil, ffl^SU^fllOJOOS, GnJo^<66)0(8, oft.0(0^(66)0(3, (.r»Jffl06TDl, (DOSJOJOtfn,
CDO§U)lfl9DO(0l, anaOCrol«^30(3, aJO^(^(0)j>ce6)0(3, aJJffl3(e6)0(3, cfoSTDcBOojIgg.
^jagjceigrDflSOajIgg, cejocnocooail, oraoGooco, ojeniooceooca n^cTDT aJ363T36)g

186
6 ) ( D ) ^ 0 o ( O e J C O g O l G061Jcej6)gQQ)2o l2C^Ô 6 ) ( U ^ g B O f u O O l ^ l o l c e O J C T D ^ . ©00)1(53
(Dlom Cn^STB^g CDlf»GJ6rT§2Ojl6)0l^ SiOBiQmS) eOSTDOJâJCmDCXDJo (319(0)16)0^
g(D)(3^ (0)0ipaJ<ft)g2o CU^<©«J)i20cB3jCTD26ne. 6)(0)Otp1ejl6)a^ © T D C a ( 0 3 ( 0 ) § , c f i j l ^
(0)|, ailesaoDo g20(0)1cD)(2^.
'(0);<e6)2sT cLoloB^cmDOcnl a)1n9dnJ(oiO)1 (TojiiJlajl^ccjOfiaio '(0)jco2' f ^ c m
a)0(0)^ru1cD to divide r»^nnD(3(05Do nJ06Toro)1§^6nB. ©o^lnadloS cejeucejcoirolcD]
CD&icftncx2)1o1(e6)^cnD (3Ta(3(0)Do Division of a country, office of the Sub-collec-
tor ag)cmo6m.' (Ojceojsl aJ0(3(66)' n^crr> LoJoaracwIoBj Ln-iGODOcnajtolcD (31^006)0^
cft)^slQQ)1(o3 aJO(3o96) oônDjfflej(i»og(OTO)1ej2oto have the whole direct for
one's home n^cm ©o^loailejjo (gT9(3(0)Do cn&iajl. '31(1IO(T3' nôD Gej6)jt9j
cora)1co cnJO(3(aro)2(/)1cro (Dlrt^nJ(aTa)1 nD&jean A minister of state, Vezir's of-
fice in Cochin & Travancore oôrn ©o^1rtin(o8 (3Td(3(OiD(u1cu(06n)(Uô 3laJ0CT)(3
& 3l(uocn1g2l ag)CTD2 (0>ei6(^©1 G(06ucD)l6)eiQQ)jo 3laiooi3snffiO(3 ag)onr)j
(0)1O2(U(T)(T0)aJ2(0o aJ6raJOoa)(OTO)l6)ej(D)ô aJO021(3aDaJ2o CDeJcejIdSloldBO^CTD]-
'(ft)6mc96)a3' o^CTT) (ieJ6)J(ft)(aT0)1(D cej6nD{96)aj1gQ. cft)6mt96)fij1g6B.aja3
o^(TDl63T36)(D ( 0 ) e j G ( ^ f f l 1 G(D61Jcft)gn(J^ (THCTDÔ CD0§U)1<e30Ol cft)6TDc96)jfij1gQ
fig)(TD2 Gce3(OGgoejnJ(OTO)lQQ)1co8 (DlcrDô 230(iDo1^ pudusseri Nambi in
Kolanadu fig)CTDj an East-Indian ag)(TDjo ©o^1nad1(o3 (D&i<an(Dn(o1ce6)janr)(a)1(o8
Cn\(W GcQiOgCDl effl6rT)(Oia)l6)eJ 6)(0)0<Pl(a3 CDOffll21O6rDl6){0)CTD^ cft)06TD0o. © ( 0 ) 1 ( n
(06Tieo2i(3(oiDfflOQQn a class of slaves fi^nmjo (Dej«9)1(n)1§^6ni. (3Ta(0)l6)cn (n)ffi(3(oidl
S6>0CA 'tft)6rT)fl96)6)a|^ Sênmil tft)^Sld96)06){0)' nq)Cm fLJS'6)6TaJOô 'e9j6TD<06)6)q^
G&oc^c&\ 'cejsrD<e6)6)^2ma3' oônDl LrtJGcx»oa)63Ba3 crojoofflcxml cn&it&lcxylgjfflj^^

187
'cDosjojoan' nq)cm goJcejeucejcarailcD a governer nôDjo 'laoscmT
ajlc/D3ltft)ffl6rDo ar)ejc0ilcx»lo1c96)2CTD(b) one who has about 100 Nayars under
his charge oôDoern. anejcscôl c(D6Uc9iglR^ CDlnnD a)OS2QJo«p1o9>g2o ffljeu^
cniDCTaooô (in Kolanadu) nq)cm LrU(BQQ)0(/)o gGOnnol^lolceo^fTD^. cnosâJO^PiiJ
a government ng)cm ojoonj^s' nDlrêjsnsôJlroS CDICTDÔ cn&iceal 'cDosôJOipT,
'cDosôJOS'^cej' to rule fiômô CDOJcODldDlgjers. tft)]SO©(a) 'cnosTexig
gnJGejGUcejffiOQon CDejc&jonf) a o ^ o a j Gejsucejo 'nDO§u)lcejO(ol' oôDoen).
(3T9(0)T(T) a governer nq)crn Goft)OG§OGJnJ(ari3)l6)QQ) gajeQQ)0cr)1^(3«nDo
(Dejcft)1cDno1ce6)2^- cDO§a)loft)0(Dl oBsSTDceoojlgg fig)(TD(D)1(D Secretary of state
fiÔDOSTT) (313(3(0100 (DeJcSjl (30)1 § 2 2 ^ ( 0 ) . 'aJ0(3(lJ(0)ô' fi^<TD GeJ6U<ft)0
'CnJO(U(3(0)i'(OTJ)l6)n^ (a)(aT5aj2i0G6TD0 n^nmj crooc/9(D)o (.n-i'S'Slajl^ as if fr.
LfiJ(U^(0ro)1 fi^CTDJo (319(0)16X1) ail(;03lt93(0l^Ca0rAlo CDeJt65j(TD 2aJCeJ61Jcft)ffl06m
aJO(3(^(0)ite6)ooaS a subordinate collector & Magistrate n^cm G(D(ol§1o^1fAn(o3
(3Td(3(oiDo cnejcfljl '(3racDl<fijO(oT nÔD nJ3o (O)1o2aj1(0)0ocej2o1(o3 ^(0)1aD2
orofflOfflCTD^ cejoeml^lolceo^fTD^. (3ro(0)1(D2GC/OfA<o 'cn)2(o8(OTO)06)a^ fiJOâj(0)^
ceooooao^', 'nJO^(vj(oro)lte6)OoaS' n®(n)l63B6)CT) (0)ejG(^(ol Goeuodi) g30fvr)(olce6)2(n)2.
ô(^1nail(?^ a district about as large as 4 Amsam ((sraoODo) together was
formerly under O^CTT) cijlao3lcft.o1^ffiejQQ)og(aTa)1(o3'aJ0(3(^(0)^ce6)0O(T3
oJ5TD(aKJ)1(r)2 ojoooodj)!' fiâm ©(OceociS C^JGOCDOCDO (DejeaH said only by very
old people nq)cm ô^lrailajS (^1aD3ldfti(a1<e6)2fTD2. 'aj^saxeooo'of) a custom-
house officer fi^cTDlo^1oadl(a3 (3ra(3(oino, 'aJ289jce6)0(oa3 GCDOCBOI GOOOCDOD

188
<96)aj1ggqQ)jo ^(B(0) CSTaÔiDo (OOOD. 'ceiOODo GCnOOjl & dft)OCr)Ga)0(uT aÔD
GejGueft)(010)10) GnJO(3§2^Tcro gKn§ojo ajoeroro) 'cft>onD2n3' ng)aD aJ3o
L6njOc96)g1(o3 cnejcft)! A c a n o n g o , administrative officer, f o r m e r l y =
Thahasildar nôT) {0)ejcago1 GOSUO ajooacac/Doiô CDGJoajIcnflalceo^fTD^.
'(TOaDODlfoS' fiôD QQ}6nsy(SiS)]cn OTdosrul fij3 nDlraôS^J)) coGJcan, collection
f»®(TD^(0)Do cDaJcftjl (0)fioc^1fi^30(3 GnJo^gjcDlcru aDl(02<B<o)1cQ)ô A native Col-
lector of revenue nq)cm cgrDcScoiDcuô Ocftjosjcord) mejODogo OIOJDOIOS CDlcm
STUaOâJaJGDCnJG 00)00) 63303 '(a)(ir)Cro1(QS30(8c9j03', '(OtiOOOl (0330(00210(3'
(DeLicft)lQQ)l§26rB. i.6TU0te6)3l(03 (0)1o2Ciil(0)Oocft)2o1(o3 over affl6nBfiJ(OTO)1(o8(uo(0)1(o3
ng)CrT)Jo 2ieJ6TUOOl(08 over a (0)0eJ2c8O O^CTDJO OTdCDltftjOOaJOlCJDlCffiô
cnaitftnoongjene. '6)3ocoo(/)' ng)<TD CaJO(8§20)1cro aJ3(ora)1oD oro2i.r»J6ne, for-
merly: A police overseer (i^cn) (gtd(3(0)Dajl(U(D6TDo cnejcftiT (0)ejcc^(o1
G06Uoa)2l(03 CDICTDÔ Cr>-IC(D)0(/)o cft)Ô2(.CTUCD0§] 6)30GO06)C/)(e6)2 cft)eJaJ(D
6)cft)OS^(OTO)2, '(0)0fflOG(^(0l(D)l6)ej (.fiJOOCDo 6)30GO0C/) OJliiJ0Ol^0(03 (O)1(O26)0nrD2
G(0)0(TD^CTD1^' ag)(TT) (DBJcftjl (.6TU0(66)^1(08 alsO '6)3GO0O)G(U0's^ fig)CTD]o
aDejce3lc3Q)1§^6n§. a seller of stamp paper n^cn) ô^1fa4l(o3 (i3Ta(3(oioo
OD&jcftjjdSjciKô 6)iiJ(i»(0)1§^6Tie. te32S06)(0) 'oJ6rieo(Oce6)0(3'c96) Government offi-
cials, o^(TD(3(0)Daj2o 'nJ6n§o(D (3T9)g^d9jo3' nq)ar>i Soisl inAQQODOcnaîoerecm
(0)eJGC^(0l G(061J6)(D) nJ(D02K3c«n^ nJO(X»2(TD26n§. Gce3(OGgO&iaJ(OTO)1(3Q)1(03 CDICTD
'aJ6neOOoJOS' f i ^ O D ^ o (DGJc0j1(3Q)1o1ce6)2CTD^. te32S06)(0) 'aJ6TieO(Oaj1gg' f»Q)CTD
2aJGej6Ucfij(OTO)1(o3 the hereditary secretary of state in Travancore OÔTD

189
(aracaKncailoJOSTDajô 'tfe&iteogcaTa) QOfflCDryÔTHoQ) GcSDoaJlGJceooS n j s n e o o a j l g g '
nq)Cm Gflft)0GgO&i(iJ(OTa)lQQ)l6)ej (.nJCQffiOCDOJJo (T)ejflanQQ)l§26ng. ' o J 6 n § 0 O a j l g g '
nq)cmd) '(.nJcu^coToflfyigg' na)anDaDl(n nrofflocD cnJCcxxoc/) sxLcmio cft)0§lcQ)l§^6ne.
aJô^teooTOTlroS ^corsxoo oJ36i3T3g1(o3 (Diem (DosgeroemcoTOTloagoffijo
CcfljOgcDl e(06TD(ar3)l6)a|^QQ)2o croailcaorAiaDcejOgaKô mduSlSiOca oJolaileooxiDjo
o o j g l o o j g j cftTlsôm^snl. c&^sooco) Gda)Ogcr»l eosTDajTCDlroS Gsoejlooo) croÂJlnjl
«9S)2CTD ÔJTOCDo nJ36gT3gl(03 tfeJS^COTQJJo GoJ0(3§^C0lcrU fiJ36gBg2o C S J ^ O O ^ ^ O O
oraoenjl nJ36gT3g22)0O6TDarn2 CSJ^SI ifijoenicoTEnoaDoajô. ooseosTDoajTOTomjo
ffiOCDn§^gg«D oÔlOffidSjÔô KOeJGCÔl G(06U(ft.gJo oJlCTDlS GcfeOGgOeJaJOTO)!
QQ);ffl06m. aflG3a0oJ363Bg26)S (0)(DrO21 o J 3 6 g B g 0 6 m fi^dlQQ)cft)202o gG3^0C/)
Gfijffl^cft.a3. n j e j aj)(OT§aJ6SB6)g(D)2o Gnlol^dlsTOToajaDolfylceoocDô c/DjenecSslcnj
tft)<Pl6TOTJ)1§26Tie. (00g20aj]O (OOg2e(06TDaj^QOCX»T 6nJCrU)OnJ§ oJ363t3glR^
L6njoriJ26m(3ce6)jo cnoooxraocaceoô ^ O J O ^ O S grjajleoco63Ba3c66)ô i,oJG(0)^<ft.o
cmnocDo ejel^lcojarDjaajoD^ dajoemoo.
5 : 4 CmiD3fLJ(lD6gBC/3 i i J S 5 g B j € a . ( ^ , (,rUCU(3aJTO)(lf)6gB{^,
(Y\)C(nJ33(rD63B(/3
^dJ (.nJcft)SfflOc96)2(Tnr)(6) fflOoMLSlQQ)o, e(06TDoJOo, fflODfiJOo, c0jGJOnJ(Oo
ag)(m1 ajleoa)«5TD)l(536)fiJS^(TD Gej6Uc836gT3g06m. ôjoonGejoGOoanrnocDcmô
CoJonlcDlcDlc&ffllceojanD ajô^ceoo aJlej QQiQjsêmQQ aoLonGffl ô/los
oJffllGaoocDlce6)oa3 gGgoolceo^cTD^gg^. âjcD)la53(OTD)6)CTD oooadLslcsDajô

190
eaemnJoaj^mooQ) nJ363T36)g croâJlfyiceojaT) Gej6Ud9D6ijB6)g aruoffi^fioôroocroceoo
(DCOTOTIOS 6)KJ)0«neil6)(D CrDJaJlajIcBOJCTD CeJ6Ucft)63Bg26)S OJldJOeTD(015)1 (38
CT\)2:ijlryi^(5)lcr)0(03 aJj06)(2(D)jgg nJlejrailOCDQffiô ffi(0)aJO(Uô c&eJOaJOdJJfflOCm
(Bej61Jtft)63T3g1(08 ^1eJ(CJ)l6)ODa3)2o ^ ( l i l O S aJ(0lGa00a)ld96)0o.
^(OJCUanCDOS, cejSOTCDCDOS, t&JO^LCnJCOOS, 6)aDSJ63T3(DOS, CSuJOCDOS,
nÔCDOS, oJOaJJODOS n^CTT)l63T36)aD OOSô (nOS;cft)§OC3Q)1 (UleS^l^lOâTOÔdJanDô
(3T9fU a ^ d i l O S n^dDl Sfl^CXKloeJCTDô ^CUQQ)26)S6)(D)06)ce6) Q(l>6rr>OUS\SiO(6\S3S)^
c e o j d l ^ o (/);6Tie(3| cnlfiGjens^ odJglanjsÔKnjonD^Gns. ' ^ o ; ' n^cm QQAGIAS^
(CToilcn; grUGQJGUceDfflOQQn ' ô^difploDOs','^(oôexuoDOs' fiâm; cndis^ North
prone the district south east of Tellichery once governed by Nambyar un-
der Colathiri nq)cm (gTa(3(DiD(ijlcuo6TDajô moiQu^cal GOSUO OJOOO^C/DCUÔ
(DGJcftnoonolceO^Cm^. OTdCO^CnJOOeJ '<ft)S(OTO)(DOS' ciânD(0)l0D '(635(010)052'
oôrnô '<fij5(0Ta)2(u' oârn(o^ nJ'pciDojfUOfflCTDô njoeroro) (0)Gôglryo§l(o3
cnlom cejS(0T0)2(U«ncD0S n^cTDô (DeJcftH. The district of the '(UO^^GonDO^'
from Mahe to Wadagara, given by Colathiri to the 6)ajoogo(0)1o1 of the
Adiyodi Caste, or taken from him by the latter A . D . I 564 (3 cadam, 3000
Nayars, Capital cfij^^lojôo O^CTDÔ c<ft)OcgoGJaJ(oio)lQQn(o3 cnlarDô C3c«)0(0)l(3
( O l O t o j o eOSTDdlJO (3T9)(0 (D5(aia)2arD26)aJ(TD2o (3T5)026)5 (ftjIlPloeJCTDÔ 120(.(0)21^,
Oc9joeJ(oro)1(olcD)l(o3 ODlnnD A.D.I 564 (o8 GoJO(3gO(0)1(ol G(D516)QQ)(TT)2O (graslGtrsosI
820(a)lQQnejo6m GfiJO(320(0)1(bl6)QQ)cm2o ai^<B(S)ffiOteoloQilolceQjorD^.tft)2S06)(0)
G(TOOD06njeJ6)(OTO)QQ)2o aj^ce(0)fflOce6)lQQno1ce6)2CTD2. cft)2S06)(D) (D)eJG(/gOl CfflSUOQQ)
gf3JD(Dl^ '(ft.5(DT0)CT)0§1(08 3000 CDOQQXOJo OTdSKai G<fijO(I»1eJo&j(Oia)Jgi2 CT)OCQ)(T2lOOJo

191
mdGfsni cncnoajTOT^gg cft)Gôsceooa)]o (D)oajo§2«ft>oc3 O^ÔOJCOÔ' (ig)CTD2o
OD&itftnQQnolceojaT);.
'cft>2O26)CTU06)6)o' oônD^ CD&i(ftn hill country ng)onD aJ3(0T0)1m(3«nDaj;o njoeroro)
QOQc&io N o r t h prone district east of C a l i c u t , o r i g i n a l l y under the
dSjôjcTUOocailol or tejjo^cnJIciDOKDlol of a kshatriya family called srucnjDjorojojrtJo
of Tamuri, w h o m he helped to expel the Portuguese, nQ)cm ecDsmouil
cejOol6)QQ)QQ)2o (rooffi2(0)lolQQ)22iocx»2g2 snjcnjDjanjoojTOTceo^^lô GnJO(3§j(n1(TU2
6Tuej6)(oro) êgBoo) ojlooBlcejColceojcmj. "Under him 30,000 Nayars of
divine origin (G3ajg2a2o) in 1200 «5)0 or (D0(D)(3aJ0<PiiJ, in 4x8=32 «a>J02aj
and 4 ^srudSD, each with Gcft)0(x»2i authority; extent 36 c&o(0)o, capital
dJoej^cc^coT' oônD (0)ejG(^(o1 G06Ucft)gl«^ (DlonD nj(00ffl(3aoo mois^ oilaoral
cft)(Ol^1olce6)janD2. Go9jOGgO&iaJ«5TO)lQQ)l(03 CDlm^ OJOeJGCÔl o r STUOej^GOgCOl
Gd96)0§ n^CnD (0) QJ CriilD 0 CT) 6) (OKJ) ( U l a 0 3 l c f t ) O l ^ 1 § 2 6 n § . ^(C) ÔnD6)«5Ta)
Gcft)0«plGce6)0S2 S2l^QQ)l6)ej 6Tuoej^G(^(olcD)06n]i. ^(oloD^nJjoGffl After the
extinction of the dynasty in 1779 it passed under the rule of Cottayathu
Raja nQ)cm eosmajô eoemceioejajjo (OOKOOJIOCDCOÔ oJOGTOTDlolceojarD^.
KoejGogal G06UQQ)la53 cnlom ordd) g o n j l ^ 'cft)2OjCfTiiCT)0§j aj1(Daj(3fflm ©oKOfij
ajcft.<ft)(^' fiÔTDô 'cSj^ôulraloffio crojojnjajKnlsjOja (ojogios^ - GOdSoj^Gcôl

192
'acDSêaracDOS]' & 'ocnsêaBcncDOs' nQ)cm GQJSUd93(5nj)lcn North prone
the 13th province of Kerala, capital cherupullacheri ng)cm (3Td(3«nDaj1aj(06TDo
(D&icfel OTdCOTlaD^ ''^'°^*^6)eJ (r)0(D)(Tao6)Oce6)ô1^ The Nayar are devided into 2
circles oôno] aj1aD3l<ft)(ol^1(61te6)2<Tn^. cfe^sooca) 'G(ft)OC20&iaJ(OT3)lciQ)la53 ODICTD]
'6)(DS^63BCDO§1'arD2 fflT«jnj)«53 ajSGeeooBQô^ & OKDGdaoceoô' nôrn
(Dej(ft.lQQ)Gaon£tJo 'Gtft><ogffiOfiDocoTZi^'(510)1(08CDICTT) © ( D S ^ S S B O S I or
6)(DS263I30(D1(DO§ (3Tds1c(D)os1 o^cTD^ (DeLJoSjl (3Td(a)1cD(3(OiDo a tHbeof Samanthar
o^cmô (ulcijol ^lolceo^cTDj. <ft.2S06)(0) i d e n t i f i e d w i t h aJOcft.ô(3
(3TdCDOaJO(D6)ffi(TT)2o and with (iÔOSl n^CTT) 'Gc&Og ODOSdBjo;' aÔTDô
CDejcft)1cD)1§26ni. ^na Gej6U(ft,(aT0)l6)ag (sra(3(a)Dcu1cu(06TT)cujo <ft)^(0)î20QQ)
G3c/o(TD2aJCDQQ)2o 2)^ aildJossBgô (Dejc932(T7)co)1(a3 (nisrQ(A§ iai>(iD\^§i6rs.
' n ^ o o s ' , 'fiôcDOs' n^CTD ceJGU(ft)0 the province of Calicut, with
the original chief place ocnsldincolajj a©am g22(a)-<To1olQQ)a3 G(a6Ucft)Og
12203(01(3(010)1 (u1c/o3loft)Ol^2. (0)ejG(j§(o1 coeucejgflRjS (D1CTT» ' r»ôo§2cejG(D,
f»®OnD0§2<ft>O«QO0(3, nQ}O(D0§2 <ft)GO(a)jgg fflOnj1gfflO(3' fi©OnD CnJGQQ)OC/)o
(ftjoeml^lolteo^cTT);. 'nôcDosjo Onjojcnisryô njsneô (0)fflm1(o3 nJscx^joeneGô'
ng)nnD Gtft)(0GgOeJaJ(aTa)l6)CD) aJ(DO(2(3(/0l^ iiJ(Ol(.(0) OrOJ^nD (DeJdBs^CTD].
'GUJOODOS' fi^cm Gej6U(ft.(aT0)1nD North prone District south east of Calicut
nq)Cm (3Ta(3(01Daj1c/03Tcft.(D6TDCU2o (0)ejCmDO(T)o (0)1O2©6SB0Sl oÔnDJo
(D&itejIcnnolceojafDj. 'Giijoocnn nrujoôJo' nânD gaJGej6U(ft)(0Ta)1cD North prone
dynasty of onanadu (ig)crD Gtft)OGgoejfij(oia)l6)(D) nJooa^c/Dlceo^fTD 'fiJOaj2(Dos'
nq)cm Gej6Ucft)(OTO)1(T5' North prone district South of Calicut

193
r»âfD(3(0)D(UlaJO6TDo CDeJcftD 'oJOoj^CDOS OOSiOCiil nJOaJ(D63I30Sl ODICTD^
aj(3(OT5)fflO(Do (Bfl9j§2' nS)Crn (0)GJG(J§(Dl G06U6)(3Q) 2 3 0 a D O l ^ C ( / D f i 3 d o nDOSloog
aroailGaonad(0) nJOdsôm^. its prince, also called the Veypur Raja O^CTDÔ
with 3000 Nayars a®arn Ccft)OGgoejaJ(OTO)1(X2)l(o3 CDICTDJO (B^§\CQ) aSlmaio
Gsij(A(m), is one of the five Kshathriya Kings of Malabar Country O^CTDJO
= gjggljjoaao^ (aJOajjoj(3) n^cTDô 'c<ft)fflgaDOScft)'(ora)1(o8 njoom^c/oo
(DejceDjcTT)].
ooeaeosTDceooejajô SJOGOO ODOsôos^êaBgôs cro(ijlGc/Doad(0)QQ)2o
djlaDraaoesojcTD rulcD(OTa)1ejo6n) QOGOO CDO§2(T)0(2) GejeucOidjô (ni6re^§
6)6)tft)cej0(0Ô 6)iiJ(li)(0)1§Jgg(6). nJQSM '(3Td(DlC2)1§2 OJOiPiij' a^CTD GeJ61Jce3(0T0)l(T)
coronation og)arD2 GCDol6)§offl(3(0)Oo CDeueaH (.6TIIOC96)^1(O3 by pouring fiJ«>CD)(Dl
o n t h e head ng)aT)^(aino (BOC(0)O (T)ejtft>lQQ)1(Dlc90jaDj. croocuoosm
GeJ6Ucft)6gBgl(03 (3Td(0)2fflO(I})l 6niCnjD6)aj§ (ft)O(0^63ra(^ QJ1aD3lea>(Dlc96)0O3g9GaJ0a8
'(OOggOOjIOd^ (niCOCDOCOOnDSTDo' n^CTD (319(3(0)00 nJ(0Offl(3c/0l^1§Tl^.
(3T9C(0)CaJ06)ej (0)6)CTD ' aJgOelCnUcejo' n^CTD aJ3(U2o (nJ§o) COronation,
instalation, oJgoelGnadcBDO (ft.«plce6), (DS(oia);cja) nq)cmimoi(S)o ruoeTOio)^
0)1^(010)1(12)1 (olteo^cn)].
'©oJojCTUSry' 6)(0)ce6)a3 (.nJCôofflocD) OCQJOÎ (ooe2_âo6)6n)aDjo 6)aJ(02
( T U S r y ^ (TOJOôJOiaCTDJo aJO6T010)GaDollo 'CcfijOGg0ej(iJ(0T0)T6)(D) S X U ^ O c & O S T i e
^ O ^ 1 n a f l { 0 8 CD&itfc^CrD (3ra^m(0T0)1(03 (gW) CnJ(D2a]aT)6)(0)63B6)CT)6)(I»CTD06m nSOWl
Cmd). g2CD63T3(^ (0)l6SBlaJO(3<66)2(TD ^SfflO(D)(0)1aD06n) ^ 1 ) CnJ(0 eJe1^6)(0)Cn)

194
Ccft)a)(B§0eJaJ(aT0)l6)QQ) aJOfflO(3aDl^(BC/OnadlO 6)cft)0§O(D«5Ta)l(03 (DlcmjfflOOJOo ^T>
CTDJ. ( 0 ) G ^ 0 g 1 a j a § l ( 0 8 CDlonD '6)nJOlCTUSC<e6)OQQ)1«^ OJ06TD (OTCTU^QOOlB' (i^CTD^
cnois^ '6njej^«jra)^6)a^ cft)1«no3 ODO&irucaTrolosnB^ cft)Oa^«96)0^ QonDcoejdMdCffio
m^cTD] ejteiSdGffio fj§ogc86)0(3' o ^ c m Ccft)(0Ggo&ifiJcora)lcD)l«j3 ODICTDJO ODejtejIoo)
GOOnado '©oJojcnjSnjlQej oJSGfJooej' nq)cm njtpoeiajo^jo oDejcejIoonolteo^
cman ^ T ? fflos2j)6)(OTa)<e6)ôl^ croofflocn^fflocDn ojlruoo eangjcn) LnJoft>ooi206m.
' Q c n s l d y l o l a j ' oôcDosloa^ (3T5)Cmrioa)6)fflarD2o oroodÔTncoloffijos Ocfeogoo
(OTDlaej cft.2§lce3gj6)s scacniDejo ^(ijl6)S6)QQ)aT)2o oJocxyjanD^- ©(Dsloonalry^
CrOJO^nJOfflCTDCd) Gtft>0<PlGc96)0S OOaeOSTDOCJJTO) ojaOfficSoolceO^nnD GnJOOOSTDOrO]
cftj^sl a);6ng(3| (Btft)CDCgo£JaJ(aTa)l ©oj^joeBjOsng oflc/OGiziOteojaD^.
ODOgôoseosmo 6)6)ce3QQ)ogncx»l(ojcrD ooKOceonaoojo raraojcoâs
'ccft)(acQoeLiciJ(OTg)TGfiJO£jjgg ce3^(0)1tft)6)g o o j ^ o aj)6)q^ cncojnadSTDocora) o o j ^
6)cft)06TiB2o CDj6n§(3| o j l o j o o (D&icejjarn;. croailGODrtad ojoofflôoo orgjojc/ojîaj
g g g j cneiJoBj^cTDGaDoosonjo oosaoceoaaooôs (felyloej rJscD)o§l(ft.g26)s (maoo)
croosu^ cgraojoâs Gcnccn^KDJoOT>JS63B1CD)cft.oo^63T3c/3 cftijsl ojoom^c/alceojomj.
'eoemnjoo' oônD aileocnoTixnajS OaJsôD Gej6iJc6363Bg1«j8 B^PI^]
nnn(3ajTa)0(T)0OLio«jTi3)ajcD)06rn oDlcfc^flJ)!, (sraoilt&ooo, oracUflSjoaoo fi^cmlajocD)
crooSTUcnDlceojarD OJ363T3(^. ^ O J GtejOgajTroloq^ crooarucaTrolcej ^SnJOs^dBDOg
63Bgl(o8 cnlcTT) (3Taa51tft)C)(o1<ft)a3 cruocDoosTD s2CD6gT32l(a8 ODsaBg^^s OTdailcfcOffleMoro)

195
gT[)§lcD)2Oryic06)^crD26)ajanD;o c n o g j o o s e o e m a j j o nSlolsQOQims) ienilglc^Si
cnjoDlcojo croocuosm KcnesBCBgos n ^ o o D ^ o o olRnlcnnroS ^soojgla^fTD]
oojomjo ffiOL(5>ffi^, ^ 6 ) 0 ) ^ 0 0 crncft>j«rn (grascteosreoj^cBO (gracnjeojoajgloj
anD6)aj)63B6)aD6)(D)arD2 cejjsl ajô9(0)(20<e6)oai3 ^na (Dlcajjco)! croo6rijaru)aJ363B
gj6)s (3Td(3iriajlajo6mo 6)cft)06Tie oruocDôotajjonD^sni. cruocDoosmcBooa^QScmô
flftiglaej graOfiorasmeaBgoem tej^s^KDejooajo o^ênecai cD&idaj1cQn§2g2(b). rardnj
LcniDlajjcBoJOteajGcnjoc/S caTdteooejocata) cnGâlccrncxDjo cruocDoosTDceoocDjCTS
ajo6)(20<p1 aj(D6)ffl05Pl Ge3(i3Ta)l6)(i^ croajlcoooaiRDcxDô ^ K D l o i j a s aj^«M5)fflOte32
(TDjsne. fflO(,(0)ffl^ ^(ijKDOo (.cncnoeaBgjos (3raaJcc/)mcDaJocDi206rD (m<BS)OQio
ojexocxDêneooono^CTT) crooarodBD^KDOccDlLfLJcroooranK^ CDIGHD ajâj)j>cro{0)i20QQ)l
CDlfêJ6n§2aJ3CaDQJ©6TDai2o aJ(0l(.«»0aJG6TU0(JD(Uô C/)26n§(3§l(03 (.nJda)SfflOoft>Oa3
^SQQ)Oc96)lcX2)(a).
cnlcejjanl, oraailcejooo, (3T9ajcft,oaDo nânDlrusxH) croîiJlojlteoârD nq)i(iS)QQa>o
aJ365Ba3 GejGUc&egBgoGciDo goJGej6Ucjft)ce©gOGQQ)o a)26n§(3| CDlf^GJsne^^lej^sne.
{3T9SlCD)0(3oJ6TDo (gra)Cr)OC3Q)«5TO)1§ ^ ( D ^ (D0eJl(03aJ0§O Ôt96)OOOCr»ffl, gODlfflcftiJ
OIG^SO, 26TiefflJ(5)laJ0§o, BajJcfijOeTDo, n^§J6)ce6)OnnDJ a j o J O , 63^1d96)06TDo,
6iajJtft)06TDOo, 63^ce6)^«nce6)06TDo, Q ^ I L ^ C U ^ O , cft)§c06)O6rDo, OcejOiPâJôajOSTDo,
OcejOtpâjSTDo, 6)fl9>0tf'^C3TdaJt930a0o, cft)06TDo, *ft)06moaJ0§o, aJ6TDQQ)oJO§o, dBj^Sl
o i l e j , t&jslsjoao, cSj^slajooo, c)9j^«plceo2o, cejâHflBoosmo, c&lfpdSooeTDo, (SJ^Î
e96)06Tr)O, 6)6)cft)c66)06T7)aJ0§o, OaJOJgÔao, 82020, KOarySTDCSDo, a»eJaJ6TT)o,
«j)l63Ba3ry6mo, KDIO^CIJOI, oDs^teooemo, cns^ryogo. cnlc&âDl, c n l c e j ^ s D l ^ l ,

196
CPlcfe^CWlailcard), CnlcajJClDlaolnadSo, CDl(3(66)06n)o, nJ6TT)QQ)aJO§0, oJOXUOOo, nJO§o,
aJOOTÎOJOao, 6)aJ0ej1cBS)06mo, fflOJnJOgo, ffiOCDJnado, ffilÔJOOo, ffiOajOSnT)!, ffi^rij
(jjsTDo, ia2eJnj§cQ)o, S)ffl(x»ca(o3te6)06n)o, Gfflar)lajo§o, eiaejoasmo, tfc^sacDl^,
GffiroSteooo, GQKoSceoosrDo, cacoSaJOOo, ooaDlryemo, ail(3T0);oJ0§o, oilcoTOTôJOOT)!,
ailejGQQ)oejo96)ffl6mo, oajgjcejoemo 6)ai6n3cijo§o, oojojaruogo, nroOteAilceoosTDo
^63B6)CT) ag)C(a)GQQ)0 GeJ61Jo9j63BgJ6Tie. ÔJ6)QQ) ffl0(.«»O nJ(Q\QCJOOuS\nÔa^
eoeTDOiô (feocSoadlcft. - crooaruorailcft) GLC/oerDldajOSTDOjô lagô oajgloajgôaHgô.
'(3T9slQQ)0(3aJ6nr)o' o^cTDCiD an old tax, paid to j e n m i s . n§)aT>Amo
a)(o3te3T '(3T9S1QQ)0(3 OJGTDO moiSiOms) (OTIQQ)©© (5)SJC06)QQ)Ô {0)da)(3ce6)'cD)2o
nS)cm (tnejGogol GOGUOQQ) gsoonol^lolceo^cTD^. ©(0)1RJ8 CDlcm (nlcej^«nl30(D)
eft)(3teo OTdCDjeojlGceosTiel ajcm nJlciDcneaBaS ajooono^sjceoocnoajô. 'carajcno
QQ)(0T3)1§' n^mr) QQi6iiSiO Gce3OGg0&iaJ(0Ta)l(D)1«^ ornoanDsjcord) GaJ(3(0Tz«, The
d o c u m e n t by w h i c h Brahmans appointed kings for a peviod of 12 years
e a c h fi^crn(3mo oilajol^Goooiio ceruoceo^lajS derived from (gT9)(DO(D)(3, Since
the oôosliziO(3, or c o w h e r d s are as the ancestors of the kolikodau dynasty.
ÔJIOS CDlcm Gcft)0«nGceoos inJQSuoam CBlejcDlcTDlco^cTT) COIODICXDÔ carduil
tflioco eisriicjDlQffijofflcmj cu^cocijô.
'cft)06nDo' nq)cm Gej6Uc9jo ca)al<p oejcrDogo C&CTDCID n^cTDlcucDnoej
crofflocn c^GOffiocociooeTDcmjo '.Sjoem^cft)' O^CTDCJDICOS cnlcn)^ cnlnâJcaTOTlomô
cn(D3c6j1cD)G(/0rtado acTDOfflcSiDo 'possession, g o o d s n^cmi cnejcftncDno^cTD^.
'cft)06TDo oeBjOccolceo, ceDOSTDo gggcudS, rich fi^crDc8mo. Siêêm cnouDCToHcaS
cnlcTD^ 'cft)06n)6gT3c/8 culenD^GoJOGOffiocS' O^CTD] CDejeftH oracSiDo Bankrupts

197
nq)cmio '(feosTDo ^s^cft)' to take possesson of oônDô (gTa(3mo cndis^.
ODeJGagOl GC06Ucft)g1«^ ODlaDô 'C3Td(5)lar)2 nilslajKD^ oSjOGrDo OcQjOS^fOTD)
ojocnJ2cft)a3 OJoesBl oôrDô parchasing a janmam; 80 onJOoS CBJOSTDO
OcBjOSjajTOTj pointed the price. «j)1(3«5T3)oft)06TT)o The real value of some,
piece of workmanship. n^mnneaBocn (.aJCQQ)oa)63t3g2o (MxAmemîo cnols^
QoHaldaojomj. a>6n§offl(3mo mortage, valuable consideration; used of various
tenures & fees, as sîêicoio, aT)°\(As6)06mo, Sii<p\<BS)06rr>o, cnsisQoemo etc.
'g2a2lGCD)OS2 tft)06TT)o aJOcSOTO)! (U063T31QQ) (315)0)0(00' oÔrD] ffleJ6TUO(3 OldJD
dlocT) graOfiDol^lgjfflêre. ora) colejo eft)06n)G(20 n^s2a-|1ce6)02(3) fi^cm^ &6fS)oco
ryocnoffiô 'oft)06TDo (gT9)U)0Oo' a kind of deed ; the tenent pays a certain rent
(ajo§o) after deducting the interst on the advance' oraj aJO(TU(0T!n ng)cn1ceo2
1000 nJ6TDo daj06TDCllô ^ § 2 63^lQQ)Ocft) nîpJOilOTOXTD^' aÔfDJ (O)eJC(^(DlC(0
6U6)QQ) 230aO(ol^' tejosmo ssHsTOTD^ GnJOcfijô ag)CTD(iy)laD2 the lease will be
taken from him. (I^CTDÔ cft>1<pc96)06TDo subomortgage n^nmô cmAino cnejcSjI.
ffl2(Tr)Offl(3i£io the weight of 3 s^femii or 11/2 nJSTDo nônD] 'SiSrOfBQi
aroo(o'(OTO)l(j^ mlcmio (DejcantDnojam^. ^(jDlcDjaJôoo 'cDl<ftn(a)l & (T)1te32(0)T
fiôm; cej6Ucej(aTa)1(o aomomsxoro) (3Ta(3mo payment of taxes in money, not
in kind fi^cm^ OD&IOSJI (nlc9>2(0>l (0)1(3(66) to pay, ar>ldft>2(0)l6)tft.§2flaj collect, also
'(r)lcft)2(0)1aJ6rDo oJlolSTOTO)^ (U(02(UO(T3' ci^CTD^ (0)GJG(^(01G(06U6)(X»CD)2O 2 3 0 a O ( O l ^ .
cBj^soexo) Introduced by haider A l i , chiefly as land tax. ng)anD2 aJolLODarD^
siJVT) CD&itejl ailaD3lcft)(o1jj2. ^(jnloi) (HQIQSDOÔ OIOJDOIOS (r)l(TD 'nJ2^(y(T20(3
CfiJolroS i2)OfiiDej(oro)1aD2(Dlt0jj(O)l gsneooT oânD g30nr)o1^1(o1ce6)2CTD2.

198
(osneofflOcoTD) cgracSino what is due CI^CTDÔ (3T9«J) cnlcrolceo (roêjôacTDj mois^
(gTdar>1cnj30rtr)(06mcQO(i»l. 'STOOCC^QJÔ oDlo&jajilcxpolajjo CDcoSa&RnoT ag)cnD aoojl
grijo§l6)Qj oioloajC^ OcejOs^csiOTlolteoônDj. 'cDlt&jco)!^!' <I^(TD gaJGejsucejo
a document given by the collector stating the amount of each decnandable
from each propriter nârn ailoSaroexn^ vocabulary of Indian terms: west
(region) ag)omOT) g f i u a n ^ l o l a o j o D j 'orn^jarH oilcoK^ money assesment
according to the value of the seed required for a field n^mDô 'cnleBjjKDl
oolti^so' the rent paid by the tenent to the Janmi after paying the taxes
nQ)<Tr>lo (3td(3UDo aD«j3ce3lCDn§J6Tie. ^ a J l 6 ) S aJ6TD(20QQ)ô OCDÔCIDô g g g (1)109)^(0)1
arOCnU30(3Q)6)(aKJ) aj1(/D3(20te6)1(D)lo'lce6)1(X»l(0^CTT)j'fiJ(5)(lJ0(0o, G<ft>0(vJ(0)CU0Oo'
n^cnoldi (rololQQ)CT3 co6u<ja)glGej6)(0)anD^ CSJOSTDI^ king's portion, also
'fiJ(0)tft)0(Do' nq)Cmi OJOOaJ^tp CnlfêJ6n3^c86)6)§ g f S D O l ^ fiJ(0)OOo t i t h e s nÔD]
CD&itfijT 63(0 oJCtSiii 'nJCSTO) ng)(TD(0)1(a3 (DICTD a)loMaJ(OT5)1ar)eicfi)1cD)GaDoaio the
10'^ stone given from a quarry to its owner; a fee of 71/2 percent from the
amount of a marriage settlement n^cmô isniosQqldi ^(d) (DLcrDoerDlffio
(Qias n§)(Tni e2oaj)1cru2nJCD(X2)2fflj6ne. face paid to Raja on transfer of land
n^cm (ijl(oro6n3 orn<^Gi6rej gojDol^lolceojorDj. 'n^gjOtBoooDj ajryo' rate of
tax levied in Travancore n§)rm 019(8100 (Dejceil (ijl(arD©(i^ cDlf^GjengjciiloScnl
CTDjSQ oj\a03lS3O6mo LsruodSogloS (D&Jtftncnxb) 3 in 10 out of rice land &
upon produce of garden land n^cwoem. ^culosocmôo njsmialsajosô
CDOCD^ffllSfiJOSÔ OTa(0)l6>(T^ CDleJOJOOdJJo 6)(Ugl6)aJ§Jcftn§J0nDJ. 'OcQjOipj' n^Cm
(0)l6)(i^ O6rT§0i2i6)(aT0) (3T9(3mo a tenure of rice grounds for 5 years etc. f^cTD^
199
6)te30«pj6)ce6)S2(0)l O^CTDT Lo-icBoffiocnegBgjo (nejcftn 'cnlejo cmaerajj 6)cft>o^c(OTO>teo
Qojojo 6)cft)0«>jaJl(D2fuo63t3T simplest tenure. nq)cm\6sa6>m osrsi a^cm ^ 3 0
of)(0611)0631303 CDejcftH to give possession of a field o^cm ailao3lcft.o1^
'6)<ft)0<P2(66)06mo' m2a3nJ06TOTDOT)2(m6)(TD6)QQ)CTD2 CDeJtfel 100 aJ6TDo 6)dft)0<PJ
(eoo6mo 6)<BiOSi(smi' aôD^ fflej6njo(3 o1aDol6)cn ^30nr)(ii\s6)icmi. 'QSÔ'PI
ailOc©6)ôJ6mQQ)o' (ZiejQQ)ogo oInjDoloej ^ ' D (.OJCODOCDO cuogfpâjnnlej^ggccDO
Qsmcm eiloJlcrojaJCDomô CD&jtftncDngjene. 'eaj^sloilej' n^cTD Gej6Utft)«Jta)l6)ag
(06n§(3i£i6gra§l6)ejoanii Government price paid for monopoloy articles nônoô
aiQqd) common country price a^cTD20O6m. 'ce32slQQno2ajl6)oi^ 05neoi26)(DTO)
(3T9(3mo fees paid by the tenent for his house on onam or vishu ng)anr)2o
i22CTT)om6)«JT(3) c3Tc)(3ino lease of ground for building o^cmô CDoejoi26)(aTa)
(3T9(3i£)o s tenure 2 fanams give by the tenent to the propriter of the land, on
w h i c h his house is built n^cTD^ffloem ^ a j l 6 ) s cft);slQQ)oa3ffloo26)S QJISÔ
(0)012(TO(aro)1aDjgg onnsmcnjDCDc&gjo <ijj^te(0)i20cft)2(TD;. 'eft)2sl(i»loj(5nj)jceD' to
make in habit fi©CTD(3iDo cnejtftn '6KJ)63t36)2 CDO§I(O3 ce32sl(x»l(02(aTa)oa3
cft)GJnJCT)QQ)Oeft)6TD6TDo, '6ro)63I36)g tej2Sl(3Qn(D2(3T5)06)(0) nJ6TD(aTa)1CDJl20(.(0)o ffl^§l
^0(T3' nq)cm g30(iDO6TD63T3gla53 CDl6njcru)cnce3C/3ce6)fy2O(0Kj) ea)2slQQ)oci2O(026)s
cft)n^SaJOS2tft)g2o (gTaSQQ)Og6)ajS2(aTO)2CTD2.
^(010)00 GeJ6Utft)63t3g^6)S (3ra(3lCiajlaj(D6TD(aTa)1CT) G(Dffl1§ ô^lrfld
ajlaD3lcft)O5TDffi06n) CDJ6Tie(3| (DaicSj^fTDO). ajlC/03lce3(0lc96)6TD6)ffl(TD2 C(D)0(TDânD
'êj§(aro)1o3 laejciDogo o1aDol6)CT)(3Q)2o (0)ejc(^(o1e(06u<ft)2l6)ejcn)2o 230aO(06TT)63T3(^

200
CDGJceD^CTDJ. ^(OTOTOo g30ar)(05m63T3C^ (OOfflarUo, t9j^r»ail(0)2S63T3lQQ)(UCX2)2fflOQQ)l
6Tiiau)6)aj| orauilceaool, gâalcxiJteojo c6Tiil§1rt3d cft)CnjcT)1 amcTTnajqQ)j(23qQ)jg0
fijemfflocxDjo u)0(D^fflocx»2o g g g CtQjcmailLtejCXDeaBgjo (TOOJCIKJOS (axooODlolaij
SJÎO (.oJceaSfflOcQaJODJ 'eft)JSJ 120)1(3' t9j2Slfflm1(3' aârD(0)1(08 7/8 eOCDo OTdOJ
cft)Oc«)o Qjej>ffiO(ft>2CTD cft)2slQQ)0CD06m. (3racQ)0(/3ceo 6)cft)0^coran(o3 (06n§l(o3 (QDOJI
cD)0(ara)nJ6TDoffiOL(5)ogsfficniDODjoD&iteilcxDOoSffi(a)l6)(ii)onr)jffiO(.(a)ca^(aw) cruDejo
OOtajfflOOOODJfflJgg OT9(Uo930(/Ol2;6n§. ^(0)10)2 nJÔGffl g20(a)1(X))(20(3Q) GO^ ^ S
njosoem '6)ffl(i»(Bffl((^ce6)06TDo' gpi[)yQj(Oj6)S(pnsoQnej^gg(g)06TDl(g). ^(O) CUCDJ
OJIOCI^ rJI((3)0C)J QJOOfl^ CrUGaOOGOltefl (DeLlflBaJCTTXOOSrn. (319)3^0 fflJCrD^nJSTD
(aTa)l6)a^c(x»o (graKDlcn^ffl^cejglcejo lajejj^ffljgg ffljceo^fUsnefflooonoâDôfucTDô
^ C o J O C ^ ^ 1 ) aJ3o n^6)aO)©j1eJ2o (TOJ(36mCD06TDQQ)o (T)&icft>JCTD(a)1cr)06rD gOnJO
(3Q)Crn«90^(n)6)(a)(TDÔ CD;6n§(3§ nJOCS^âT)^. (3Ta(0)1aO 2aJGQQ)0C/)1ce6)^CTD (.oJCiQQ)0
cDcujo orecgfiOo CDejcejj(TT)j6n§. 'cBiOSTDo 6)cft>os^(e6)§G^' & received w i t h
'flBiOGTDo njlslte6)§(2ej' n^CTT) ^(lOlCDJ CrOfflOCOfflOSrD '6)aJ6n3aJ6TDo' ng)frr) oJ3
offlCTDô «ft.2§lG^(8ce6)2aD2. ^ ( c r o o o (3ra)nJOOfiJ36gT3gneJ2©s aruoanKannltejOCDl
cft)0Oo fflO(.(0)ffi^ eiloc/)ou)1n^dl(0)mocD) (TOCDICSJOOO, GicjoGfrfltOiOemo o c u g l
oajs^CTDêne.
'(5)ejaj6rDo' o^cTD cej6Ucft)0 ccP0ce6)2c95- ^(5)l6)n^ (3T9(3LD(ijlaja)6rr)o
^63T3O(DQQ)06rD Poll-tax n^cTDi CDejoftn(X2)(0)1cD; ojjooffl 3 6 0 f a n a m p a i d for
k i l l i n g a l o w caste' n^nnr) Odajocgoejajrorrolocn) ojooffl(3(/oljy2 ail(JD3lcft)(ol
(60(10)^0 6)aJ(X»(5)1(Ol(e6)2(TD2. (OÔCDJo Ot&OÔaDô OTdUJldSDOOffiJgg eOSTDlOQ)
(0^6)5 (3T5)UilnJ(0)^LnJfU6TD(0)6)ciQ) ^ c i i l o s oj^cecofflOdajj^^^ 'oog2dft)(0o' a royal

201
hand or taxes nq)cmo6rn. '©njoamoaexars) OJISÔ ojcejcmô ooScejOcaTOTlffljoS
(gTasegralooncDlteojcTDj' n^cm '(JDejGc^colGrosu'ooQ) 2f3JD(ol^ belongs now to
the king (I^CTD(3LDO (DejoaHconolceoâT)].
(3Td6TD, (0)^1, KnjgJOô-pcft), iiJ(.cft)0 ODOSTDICIDO, OOaJCTU, gOôjIcft) ng)(TDl
63T36)CD (D06TDQQ) (TOîiJCDcejgô C3TdajQQ)^©S fflêJÔDleJOJOOajÔ C026Tie(3§ OOJgl
OfysjcoTO^CTDêns. caraem i/ie Rupee fi^cmjo '(0)2§2' a copper coin orajCTerDcmô
(3Ta«n ^(OôJan^cfljoao (atdo^BDlroS 1/2 oonjaruaDoosrDarnô aD&itft)lQQn§j6Tie.
'aj)^§j go^fylcfe' fi^cTT) gnJGej6Uda)«5TO)1cn ODejcejIoonolcBOânr) ailajcDSTDo ts^âs)^
ffioc3Q) te>oejcro2ajon(scx2)os2<ft)2s1 onejcc^dl coeuc&og ojooffiâolôteioereosm
'a Rupee, north 360 Reas in 1799' aôno. ':iJCtft)'«5Ta)lcD a Travancore coin
from 1/28 to 1/28.5 Rupee (^cmjo anaoGiaoce6)lQQ)l§26rr§. cardsm, cj)^|, nAiSiO
f i 0 ( T D l a j ^ G ( D ) ffl2GJiCr02aJCnGCX»06)SQQ)^ ^ ( T D ; (T)0O gfiJGCD)OC/)l<e6)2(TD6)(a)(TD2
(03O5TDOO ^(OTOXDo aJ363B2lR^ nJtPQQ) OTUJaJCDcejC^ceOJnJdQjOo oJ^COloy aJlej OTd^lD
CTDjajmcejgoerD^ggco). cnlcejârnceDglcoS OÔICD) OJBJÔ cft)^r»ailaruo6TU(TU)ffl06m
o^cTD^ aoLR55<2^, (0082^(010)16)0^ aj(02fflO(Do a^suîaoasô ce3^nafl(D)l(o3 nDlamooGTDODjo
OajglOaJS^CTD^.
ffl(0)oj(0o fi^rrr) cijleocr)(OTO)1(o36)aJS2(TD cejeuteiesBC^ fig)6pj^(aTO)1(o8
n®6)OQQ)06rD. (giaOJ nJeJGnjO«P2o flJlaj^(aTO)(D(eAlffi63T3§Ocej2aDl^. '(3TdaO)1(aTO)1oT
fig)CTD GGJ6U<flj(aiO)1(o3 the evening light r>^CTD(3(0)Do cnaidajl nrvjomo inJQQD)0(j)o
Cndken (^1(/D3lce3(Bl^1(Ol<66)JCTT)(0)l63T36)Cr>QQ>06TT). '(3Tas1^(0)glte6)Jo (3Tda0)1(0ID)l(0lc96)Jo
QO^ ffl2§^(UCTTn^' marks of a well ordered household, however poor. The
ancestors require the light o^cmosm. ^ o i l a s o r a s l ^ ^ ^ g l , (3T3(TO)1(oran(Dl

202
Ctft>og(aTa)1(o3 cDlojcnlcrDlo^nnD OKDeaBogayô sôaDloDcousoQa)
6gT36)gC3Q)2o Cr02-a-nfy1o96)20nD GeJ6Ucft>6gB6)g g)U86)c96)Ogg1.aj[ (3TdOJCD)26)S
aj(3(^1<e306mo aocdDia^ oraojoôs g2lajl(a)(o1«n1, (grajjjJooocDjnôocnesBoa,
(3T5)C''»GJOnad63i3a3, eceAi6rDra1(D)1ea>a3, a)^(iocDl(3cffl06TDo KDjseaBl cmojlcc/afiadKn
cQjjggojQCPcQO (3raajQQ)(3arflce6)2onD (.n-iocDOCD^GOSKnoos da>js2«n(o8 ailaioeTD
63T3gl(03 CBJ^SI Ojla03(20d96)0Cl^ O^JSTIgcBf Câ2)1^1 §2STB. g30aOO6rD120QQ)1
'(r)0(Q>(3' (n)ffl23ocD)(0T0)l(o36)rJS2anD(U(3 (TOSIGCIDOSI, g^pjp, gTôogl, c9jizraa3,
ce3l(0lcD)(aro)1(a3 ODOQQ)^, <ft)2(o1ce6>a3, c(D)oa)l, «nej^6TjâDOQQ)(3, cncTiJlQQ)0(3, CDOQQ)(3,
njggl-ajoo^, o J l g g , a6rDlQQ)osrDl, G2iccT)0ce6)l, aj§ce6)osa3, cesG^yol cr)ocD)(3
(3Td6raT5)2ôa3, (ardcrocrolteoôl^l, c3Ta)(Ta)2(3 CDOQQ)(8 nâmlajciyoteooocfio A class
of Nayers n ^ c m (DeidBjl iiJlejoonscord) LojoGraoolcft) orojaJCDCD)]© a ^ j o cnejdBjônr)].
CsruooiasTT) aileowcoTjnlajS oêriSoaJojcQoaS, ( l o w class Brahman) n^ccnJonS,
nff>yjanr)gg1c(a)S(oro)020(3. (ig)glGQQ)S(aro)a20(3, cfeo^cejcncnjlsl ( l o w class)
aJotoTO)!© CDcnj^co^lal, jxA0S3\^D<A (half Brahman) cncnil (mcnilsl, CDcniloffisI)
( l o w e r class, N o r t h p r o n e ) cnoujonlcol, ((ncrujol), aDcmjcnlolajos, aj§(3 (e§ciS),
«ft)2§1nj§c3, nJ§aJT0)lo1 ((§§(5)1(01), aJ<P(TO)2g2^Cl3, GnJO^l, LaJeOcft)(Da20(3, O0QQ)(3
n^(7Tn63T36)m rxJGJ QjleOCDOOSTO) a)26n3(5§ CrOJaJlajIceO^fTDJ- (3Ta(3(5iD(UlaJ06nr)
(aro)1(o3 aru(U(36Tj[;ô(jLnaJ(0)j>ce6)o<PiijQQ)26)s gOfyi<e6)6)ej<TD Gnjooej l o w class,
h i g h class (o^searalcsK GCoosTDlcejoerDiaoeTD a)26ng(3§ cnscmsyicmd).

203
2ice6)a5ro)OQQncja)6)gQQ)2o ffloj2)ce6){oto)OQQ)ldaj6)gcx»jo 30QQ) ajâjcmnoQa)
(3TdSlcra£10CT)fflOc96)l, aJgloft) K D I O I ^ C/)26n5(3| ( r ) e j ( f t > 2 ^ 6 r e . 12c96)(a3)(0TOT0(D)o
fi^cTT) oej6U(ft)a5TO)lcD 3000)0 (i^cTDsnloa^ (U)«5ig(U6)ffl(TD2 o r o j u j l a j l ^ the right
o f sons t o i n h e r i t , as d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m fflO^fflceocarroocxKo, nânDô
g30ftD(06TT)ffiOQQ)1 fflejCD)Ogo OlODOlcoS (T)lcm ' 6Ta)63T3g26>S 120^0)0 i2c96)CaTD)0QQ)
ffi(0^03 OT^jc&jaDj' tiôHDj g 3 0 n n o l ^ a mussalman ng)cm ojceGDoailooi^
KoarncrDjuJODOffijo (DejcftD. (grdcoloD^GOOoaio aceofOKDOoffiteoooooo) socrolcSjC^
^ o ^ l o i i l o S CDGJoanQQ)l(olc96)jcTDaj) a j § ^ , nq)icmoc&,ffl^nij^cOTj,^gQQ)(0);, (oearac^,
cocnilsl, CcQjOfflgl, oaajooâS, CDcnjIyooS, aJOtfeôca, mdcwlSiUi, aJ1so(Da3,
OoJOKDÔJOC/S, aJlgc96)eCC0)O(lS, OnÔOÔcftjOÎ, ffijaJKJ) OiiJ§lQQ)0(3, «ft)2ffiOg(3,
«j)6TieoaS, @(02aj(3, oaJojacS nôrn ^ o ^ a j o n ^ Koanlceooaroomosno. iiJlej
iiJoeilcD)c3, cg2njD(3, 6)6)cft)Go96)og(3, e9)6rT)lQQ)oaS, (a)1cx2)(3 nânr)1aj(3 cBaScorcDjaj
CDOSleXTgODô (0)l(0^(ljl(0)Oocft)20l6)(lgQa>^2nSQQ)l«j3 cftjJSl I2KD2fflce6)a3ro)OQQ)1tft)6)gaT)2
(BJJSI GiiJcSdSQjcTD^.fflojffldBQCOTnocxxoa^cTT) eejeudBiajiTOloD inheritance in the
female line O^CTDJ (DGJCSJI. ô^1rfld1(o8(oro)6)(TT) ^(OTJ nJlaa)2S(0ânr)KD njc^^cmjcol
g J j S g nJKDlCOD^ LSTUOnfflSTD ^ ^ e S R g J o cfti^SOOOJ) (0AlL«nlQQ)(3, «J)1(0^l2^&lnJ0S,
CD0QQ)(3, g i ) o o g l , (3T9GCT0)O(3, a j g g l ^ o o ^ , cft>âDaja3, CBôenjool, Gcft)OejQQ)aS,
Oajccnjogl, njlfôcosl, ajo(olcD)ciS, cDcnfl, 6)«D(âniosl, mooonS, OoJOKnâjoc/S,
tfeJgJCDCTUl, (319(010)1(66)^01^1, §611)1(010)101, f»®O0Sl, (UCggOSi, 6)(T)SJ63t30Sl,
6)(ug^G(0T0)S(iS, aJoeilQQ)(T3, (0)1QQ)(T3 (2(ara)(0G3(/D(0Ta)ô (0)1o2(u1(0)Oo(ft)2o1eJ2o)
nq)CW ^(02fiJ(OTO)6Taj 62 0(0)1(96)06)0 02) Jo (/)26n§^§ C 0 6 U 6) a j 5^(010)2(11)2.
âwloDjaJjocm si0(5)1 crojaJdajffiocQ) (m&CTO)^g3ai3, (srasioTOjôafi, (siacmejcuocrol,

204
fifl>yjaD0gl6)ca)SCTa)aao(3, oôogjcfflccDoaa, O O ^ B J ^ S I , 6islQQ)aa, (DCTUISI,
ng)annn63T36)(T) f i ^ o o (sej6iJcft)6gi3C^ gsne.
cej6)Jce3(OTJ)laD A christian n^crnjiaocaDo ordcScoiDo cnels^. a^niolo nôT)
GejsucejRjrmlm raraosrul nJ3aru2aJ(T) ODejoajIco Goonado ajcpêifflooS O^CTDJO
oraoDlcD A mussalman, A M u h a m m e d a n OÔDJO ordcScoiDajTajosTDo
OdajOsâJKncoooado oraOTnoa^ 6TUar>2(UiiJCD02aJo ojcroejlBgaC^, fflOojlgiao^ f»fl)ô
C3raaj(3 cnoejj aileocr)mj6)6n§anr)jo oJ06Taro)1§j6n§. caraaj crocg^lra, OOOOGIJ, nJôerrn,
(roffiO(DLnJccD)oconro2^fT) aDGJcSjl 63arDO(2i(3«nco A bride groom, son-in-law
n^cm aj©oaj2* CDlêjsnBâilooD graonnalteojcTD]. '©ajsnelceoj ffioojlg' o^cm
6JO^ nJtPOSKuo^jo GiiJ(3a3Ta)l§26TiB. O6rB0ffl(3(a)Do honouring title given to the
colonists from the west nq)(mo6rn. Perhaps at first only to their representa-
tives o^cTDô oraGgoOo CDlcnfflcno CDsajTOTôDêne.raracolcDCDLCTOOSTDI fflOryig,
K^RnfflOojlg, GaJOCDeajmOojlg (i^Cm CnJCQQ)0(/)63T3g2o aDeJeftnQQ)l(0l(fi6)JCTT)^.
(grdODlocD ajl6TiB2° ô^lfiadlK^ Christian, jew, Muhammadean fiôD;
ajla03lo9j(Ol^. 'fflOojIg GnJO^lOQ) CcQjOipT n^SXTDOOJ oJÔSiaJO^Jo 'nÔO^
(Z)0fij1gQQ)^6)S OTdODLORnaJClS' ^0)01)2 GDeJCagffllCOSUO nJOOfficSaOdJô
cnejcejlaycaDoUo (3Ta«J)l6)q^ go^loailoS ailojosTDo My husband's heir, say a
Mapplichi or g c o fig)m)jo cnejc&jl. QJISTTBÔ Mapplichi Mappilacaâs

205
ci^crulo aileoc/) cro^nJCDODoem CDejcfejorDO).
'(3ra)eliiJ0(ao' nôD cejsuceso crooarotft)^(0) CDlojceaDlomô (orael)
envhantment, sorcery ng)CTD(3mo ODa^cftH C6TU0(©6)^1«58 oa)^rfld6TT)a)omQQn«53
cnlonf) gi(a6TDgioQQ)j6)g90(ooe|jjo(Do or^jajolceo' oôno (TDi2omLnJGQQ)oa)o CDoSdaH,
looking for omens to accomplish a sinister acts f ^ c m j ojlsnsjo ÔÎOMIRSS
Blojcroo cft)«nfijocDOQQ)T oônD] 'ffijcôooceAiaroo' n^cm tejâDlcDHa^ CDIOD^BO
f i D o l ^ , {gra)eliijoace6)0(oa^ sorceren o^nmô ODoSflanoongjene. ^ O J I Q S 'orajel
ajooo' nârT)OT)l6)qg cej^KDj^mooo) crooonDteooocrooCcejfflSTDo CDSCTDlsloârDj Siosmoo.
'ffloosmo' ng)6>onr)ocDj (BejsiJcft)a5ro>1cn croocrocOi^co) COIOJCBCOI njosronw oraaynon^
orayo^fiDcoôJoffl(.Ofa)OJoarDong)crDô ODOSOSDI in cantation, sorcery with <&,ô,
nJ6iauaj(36p;ô etc. n^nrnj aJt&joDl (2ejOQ)OgcaT3)l(o3 ailajol^lolteojonDj.
'ffiCOOTOJOBTdBS) magician, conjaror,, chiefly of the Arya Patter class (Keralam
has 12fficcTa)(e6)0(3,six for CT\)a2(.CT0)o to win the good Gods, 6 for fl^âmcnwo
to CO the 32(3egajaDcft)a3 n^cm GcfeOGgoejaJCOTmloQQ) njoofflôol^ oJcfe^snT
ô^loailejô aJcjft)2(0)1 i2ejci»og(aTa)1ejô masis^'SDQUQcô 'acaoaJlB^' their
arts nôDjo oilooBlol^lolceoâDj. 'gnJcncmcDo' nq)cm cejsucftjajTwIcD
croocrotfc^KD CDloâaDl CDcoSdSjl L6njo«e6)^1«j8 bringing to the teacher O^CTDJ
(T)(o3(ftn investiture with the Brahman string (8 th -16 th year) o^cmô
'goJCDQffio' fi^cm ffioô©^ o^fiJfiJô cr)aj3cft>1cQnra1c96)jcTD2. graoorxosmajranoD
«»ejc(^(DlG(06Uce3g1a58 ODlcm 'ooizmôs da)j6T5T5>lc90 is osS gfiJooccDcnajrtynoDj

206
iZ)2nD2(3(ota)o cnlc/ajoon^lolceoâro^ n^cmjo crxoScftH. gnjcrilryiceo O^SXTDOOJ
eeJ6Ucft)(0T0)l(D Gcft)(0(BgOEJaJ(0TO)l(D)l(a3 CDIOTD '2nJCnlQQ)0(0) 2Sp;^l6)CX» grJODlajldBO'
oônD^ (.nJ(BQQ)0(/)o CTXsbs^ royal custom of paying for the investiture of poor
youths ag)crD(3i£i(u1(uo6mcuô (TxoStftil oJloosTcejol^lolceaânD]. CUO6)I20<P1
CnJ(BCD)0(/)63B6)§ CejQJcft)63T320(e6)lCDno1ce6)(X2)06nr)lajl6)S. OTdCTUdl (T0l2(3(ij6rT)o
(3ra6)^©j1(j^ '(ardcraiil BV^CBS)' o^cro (sej6Ucft)(0T0)l(T^ commit the bones of the
dead to the Ganges or the sea. c6TUOce6)(^1(o3 in a laenS sôio' nâm^ ffiOL(0)o
CD(o3cftn(x»l(o1c06)2arD2. 2 ' ^ (3Td(3i£icijl(iio6rDo (gtejO§(0T0)l6)ej fflosTDOcnaro)©
aJS63T32<ft)6)g Gcuene (IJ1U)(OTO)1(O3 goSoceooggjonnn^. 'Ô(OTO)O' iuoodDmêiC^
(0)(OT§(U6)fflcm2 C&OSTDI^ 63anr)Offi(3in2io(X2n, funeral ceremony for deseased
relations & ancestors (11 days or 41 for people of distinction) oJl(D)^cft)îzmo
ag)6)(TDôo (D(a3c63l(X»1o1cB6)2crDj. (0STTi012(3IDo anniversary of the same
n^cTDOsm. '(gT3)6nB2^0(aTO)o aD06)go(OTO) (0)1631303 aJO(OTO)o, a monthly repetition
in the first year (I^CTD^ (D(o3cft>1 aDLcruo6TT)1tft)(;3 nq)(wi (L^croinjcn ar)(o3t0DlQQ)1
§;6n§. aJO(OTO)o g'Dgj'^, (fetplcee) o^cml inAQ^SDOcn&mubsQ to perform the
ceremony nq)crn iJO(OTO)o gep^^tSj to assist at it oônDjo (3i9(3i£io (D(o8c03l(X2)1
(olceo^^TT);. 'eruejT n^cm GQisiiSiCmiloc^ aar7)Offl(3LDo strong nq)<mi cn(o3cft)1
aj1(/03lcft)(Dl^G(/Dr>ado 061160(2(31012000)1 offering, sacrifice (ig)arD2o cn(o3cft)lQQ)1
o1te6)j(T7)2.ffl(ir)oeoo(0)(OTO)1(o3CDlcm 'e2(0)(DOLD(T)j 6njejl (O)2ce3lar)0(o3 Cajoo
6)cft)06n§' nÔDô 'cft)<P2(0T0)O(0T0)^ 6TUeJl 6)tft)OS2te6)' fiÔTD 'C(U(D)Og Ôl(0)'(0T0)1(08
cnlcTDjo LnJ(BQQ)0(/)63i3(;3 CT)(o3da3l(3Q)caDnado chiefly obsequies performed by
heirs, offering to crows on account of the deseased n^(TDlo^1f^1(o3 ora^m

207
S2«Jrd)' fig)CTD2o caj(0)ogiij(ol(0)05^)1(03 cnlnrDjo '6)(U§1 6rueil6>(ft.os2(oiO)0«an(o3'
n^cTDjo Cf^(B(x»oc/)63T3(^ (D(o3c93l. 'sTuejl gtplcft)' (ânr)(0)1cn to wave a basket
of flowers round a possessed person; (IQ)(TD2O 'enieilcDlceo^da)' 'snjeil'cxDâs
ffl2(TDOffl(3i£i(2iOQQ)l North prone a king of daityas n^CTD^ cna^xB^ 'fflnO06Tii£jT
'6njeil<e6)(^' 'enjeilceogo', ' s r u G i l n J j ^ ' ^ ^ ' ' 'oerueilooffiolôej' ng)(TDl g r j
Gej6)Jcft)63T3(;3 cT)(o3ce5l ajl(/D3loft)(o1^2. (3TdajcD)l(o3 6TueJltej(3ia2(OTO)1cD 'ojâjfino
(Offloej'00)1(03 CDICTD 'e(3(OTO)oajlcD2 enioilSiâsio, oJlsmcuDraocDo ffl2(0)eJOQQ)(0)2
cQjylteooo' o^CTDj '6njeilcft)gocD)QjT(T) effering a cock for the sick, to remove
a 60100), fiâDlo^1oai1(o3 ru1(j03lcejO6TD(0T0)1(Dl6)S mej(x»og nJ3o 'STUOO)'
oÔDj (D(o3oft)1(X2)l(o1ce6)2CTD2. cej2S06)(0) also 'sruofldajgcft.' OÔDÔ 6)cft.osj(ora)1
olteo^nnD^. 'enjeilceo^^T an altar fig)CTD;o (iilc«)3l<ft)(06TDmoQQn 'cfQii3db LsruooJa
6TD6)(l^ 6TUeilc96)2^1ce6)(a3 cft)2S e r u e i l o o n s S T D o ' tig)nnD Gcft)OCg09JaJ(0T0)l6)CD)
230ar)(ol^1(olceo2(TD2. '6TueJlc66)(o3, 6)fuejlfl96)^ oônnn(iiQC»c9© 'an altar in or
before the temples' n^cmjo (0)2ejâJ36gT3gO(X})l enjeJlfUooo, G(U3l, (0)o <IQ)CTDJO
nD(03cft)1(3Qn(0lce6)2CTD2. ^ ( U l 6 ) S 6 ) C D ) ^ O o {3Td)iiJO(0 O 1 ( 0 ) 1 C 9 J 6 ) § ajJj<e(0)fflOce6)OCT3 a J 3
(S(aTa)06)S0(ijo Cr)(03cft)2aD LnJGQQ)OC/)6gBC^c96)2o g30aDO6TD63BC/3c86)2o te3<Pl6TOTO)1
g j e n g . aJGoBAf aJ36SBC^<eO (0)2ej^(0)dan§0(OTO)1S(Old) a e J O D O g a J 3 o (0)6)CTD6)oft)0
5^(010) ô^1nadl(c^ ciJl(/03le93O6rDo OD(o3dajjfl93(i2)06n) offering a cock for the
sick to remove a 'sniou)' O^CTD^ Cojooej. 'eniou)' nônr) cej6Ucjft)(DT0)1cn
Qcmo2)(3iDo pashing, pressing, affiction fiôarDÔfflosrn Co9>og cu(32iZ)O0i20
CQ)6TD(OTO)1(03 CD1(TO ' 6 ) 6 ) n J 3 0 a O ( 0 T 0 ) 0 e j J g g 6TUOtDtft)(/3 <ft)gCU0CT3' n^CTDJo CrO(3ry

208
6TU0a), C3TaaT>l6TUOCJL) g6n§0tft) fig)6)(TD^0o inAGQOiOCneSGUi CDOSCBJI C3T3(/T)l6TU0
OD<so cgrdc/DlecxBo conflagration. (oereomcSmo a n n o y a n a or oppression from
invisible c a u s e s n^cmjo cn(o3tjanQQ)l§26rr§. 'g^nJSTUOO)' - by manthram o^cmj
(DCOSCBJI g3ajl^1§2 tft)Cn)02crD sruoo) ng)cm (.sruotea^lcoS (Daican. cft>2§26^3tDceo
Possession by spirts fi^cmô 'cft.2S2o6TUOU)co)l(olajoa3 csrajuiltfejô Si6rn\(n>o
ODGLKn' nq)cm GcejoegoejnJOTrolcxDloa cnlcrn aD«j8cftn (.snjOceo^lfljS the m e a n s
6TueJlce3gcD)(o3 and lao^coS o^nnDjo GiiJ(3«5TO)1ffllce6)2CTD2. 'STUOCD oJlsleeo' nôD
anlcD t o b e possessed, to remove possession O^CTDÔ 'STUOOU 63<plajlt96)'
ag)CTT)aj)laD to excercise o^mDô Otfeosjcorols^sn^. 6)6)3010, ©osxoou aâDlaj
dK^fflOCDfl 6njarU)6)ajS^(OTJ)l CrOo(rOO(Dlo96)2C(TUO<P2nJCQQ)OCr)lce6)2nrD (3T5)iiJ0afiJ3
63Ba3 o^«no6)6n§ôo anexm GeJ6iJcej63T3gocD)1 'arfloj' nâm cej6Ucft)(0T3)l6)(r)0
fijffiOCD)! aJO6T0T0)l§^6ne. «5)l02«96)fnl, (0)l(D^<B6)0(PiiJ, RnlOÔOeSO, (OlOÔDOaOJOlPlda),
(olojoDOfflo, anIojcDooS, co^lojcniejo, (olojooo^l, ( o l o j o j o s , (dlojacrx^j^,
aj)1(0^(2(38ce6)o*PiiJ, (olojGfflcnl, KOIO^CUOSI, onloâjaogl, ctnlojcudscij!^, ODIOÔJO
6)iao<pl6TOTO)2, arTlroâjos, (olrajoioeoerDo, ODlo^fiJ^scnjj, RDlo^dJ^scoS, arnajcu
Q 9 o . (g)l(0jQjg9g(96)S. nq)aT)]6S36)Cn ©OSOOiloq^ ffiOeTDGODnaiffiJgg (3ra)finO{0
ffiosm KDlajcuajngl a c e r e m o n y 7 to 12 days after kings death O^CTDÔ (.eruoceo
^1(03 '(0)g1<jft)' n^cmio (DoScftHQongjens. 'KDglao' fi^cn) nJGcorcnlcn To sprinkle
o^cmô (D«53<ftn 'ffl2L3O(0OcedJcro'{0Ta)l(a8 nrnonD^ CDC38C9J1(D) g30aD©6mo 'nJ03o
(ft.«P2(en^ CD1(3GC9JOOI eooj^moexD Koglôa3' o^cTDOsm CTOLCWIOOQ), eooôcxi)
CaJoaD>aj(a8<e6)(Dl^1a1c66)2aT)aj)l(Dô G<e>©glQQ)ffl^6)s oroocroceooKxoroflajS njpôgaoa^

209
croocjo^ffioeni.
C<ftn(TO(D)âS, fflJCrolo aaDeSBg^fflOOOn 6njarU)6)aj§ nJ363T3C^ 0)26118^1
CGJ6Uc9j63T3gOce6)1(n)l(0lfl96)^(TT)«D ffilteOOJOOJo 6)6)aJC3C/Dlcft) nJGeSBgô (3TaaJ(X»26)S
KJXOISOJ fiJ363T3g2ffl06m. (gTaOJOOflroa gÔOSrD6)6)ajeJc9A1^6TD_^6gT3a3 aJeJODl
6)CnC3Q)2o (.nJGODj^cft) Gei6Lk&£SB^0<B6)\ a)^6n§(3§ GaJ(3caT0)«»0(D)l {ejOSTDJCTDJ. C3T&05njl,
caJO(8§ja)1aro, fiDlcBjcmDocnl, aroldlQQ)a3 aJ363B206rD n^6)0(D)jo eSjOsmjonDan.
(graojocD) Qei6ii<&,6m^D<aoi(scruoai nJ363T3a3 cBj^ccD^^mooo)! eonado (T)ln^nJ«JKJ)l
croîxJlajl^ GOOnadiaoem (3Td(3majlajro6mo cnscsmicmd). tfejsoooj) (grdOJODôs
izi«j)aJOffiOQQ) croailcBaDnaiao aj^cecjxaodaoocifi OTdGgano iUQ<^siJli%i6r&. 'csragg'
( i ^ o D CQJ6Uce3(OTa)lcn raraosrul cdBexLcm croinAcn cn(u6s^<XDQUiir&io A l l a h , G o d
fi^cTDlo^lnailajS oilojolceo^cm^. ffloojlg t^(TD^ izxmcroîiJCD cr)«j8cft)1 C(IJGQQ)OC/)O
'(graggosm. ocnailoffiosn)' aôm^ (DcoSceDlQCjnolceojaD^. ^ i ) (.nJ(BQQ)oco«3Ta)l(a3
'CTODCUT LoJciioaJcft.ar)OQQ) 'oDeruTomosno; by G o d ag)anDlo^1fiail(a3 CDcoSoancD)
QCfdcMo ( o e j c c ^ o l eo6ijcx2)l(o3 cnlcTD] (roo6TiicTU)lo93 ailete(a)lcjiJ(3(TD o^nJo
' o r a g g o q g ' n^cmjo cD(o3<fljlQQ)l(ol<e6)2onD^. 'a^LeSjl' O^CTD^ CGjeutejcmcDlm caraosnil
2&ifU(aTa)lQQ)ô A reader r»^(TT)lo^1riail(a3 oracSmajjo (D«^dft)lQQ)CBaDnado ' r u g g l
CDHCOS ffl^(.tft>T nq)cm ffl^c«9jlQQ)^6)s CTUOOCT) crDjaJOD (DoSdaH his w o r k fiÔD
ô^lnailcoS (DC33<ftn ajoffl3^6)<ft)OS2<e6)2'65, ajasro) aj1§lca8 cftnajtmoenj 6io«D2tft> &
cft.2§lcft>6)g ojolryites)' f i ^ n m l csaoeJlc&ogceaiol^rLjociffiôrDj. ô^1oadl«j3 Imam
f i ^ c m (wejGogGilcoeuoQQ) gf3JD(olceoôft)CD)ô 'o^LoanooJôs .feooô ccD0t96)T ng)cm
crncx2)(2)ca6ij<ft)6>gcr»jo g30ar)(o1ce6)jcTDj. 'ffijcnêil' fiâDCGJ6iJcBD(aro)laD = ajonejl

210
nôDj (D(c3(ftn exjDej^cDjculeJjo mejoDogcoTjnlejjo An elder 2)^(ruejQQ)lQQ)0(3
fiônD(3majjo cnd&td^, osnsofflcSinmocDil also = fflôn^lo as pi. ffljoroeJlBjoS,
(LOajlgmo(3 Muslims oôrDjo cncoScfelQQngjsni. tfe^soQco) 'mjonilo' OÔTD moôoj
QQiGuSiCiiicLiGre. (3Tda«1(n oraoenil CDlnadnJOTO)! cndis^ muslim & ffl^rnêjaooS
n^cmio ojlereô raraosrul CDlfjâJcora)! SiOsni\j^ ôc^lnaflo^ Mussalman, A
muhammaden ag)CTDjo snjnojojajcno mjcroeilBjoS (Doejjafleoaô Sayid,
sheikh, pattani, Moghal O^CTDÔ CDroSdanoongjenl. ^ o a j g o o S tiôoDoco^
GejeucejOJjo oTdonlcD (graosnil cnln^rJCDTtS)! ODK^dan Ramzan, the fasting
month nânrno^loadlojS c3K)(3i£iaJlQj(D6TDo nDK^dBjIcmlroldBO^fTT)^' ' ^ ^ e J ^ o ' f»^fTD
GeJ6iJcft)(OTJ)lao (3T906T1J1 islam n^cTDj ODCOSCBJI 63anDOffl(3mo Islam n^cmjo
' ^ q ^ e j o o (Z)0(3ce6)raTO)l(a3 g g g IZKOÔB' nfi)CTD2 (OGJcsogol GO6UCQ)1(O3 CDlom
CfiJGcmocnajô (DroStftnoonojam^. oersooiîno the mussulamans oôDosm '^np^
ejoaoQ) gSojloojlanD OdBocoô c/^^sTDesBc^ceooeTDô' ng)anDô 'ry^Knloo)
^quêjoffl20(3' oômô (0)ejG(^(o1 GosiJtft)©^ gf^Dolajl^ylolteojcm^. 'aJjaDloQ)
^cUêjoffiO(3 oânDODlocT) converts ehiefly from the mukkuvas' n^cm; ofloo
ralcejOSTDOJô CDcoScftnoongjene. p o l i o sffl(a)nJffllaj(3«JT0)CDoCDsanDODloa^dyô
OTdOJoloS RJiroocTD ffljceojojoo 21(0)0fflo^1cD)(0)l6)a^c3Q)joOTDjiijaD eje^ffloern.
'fijggiT nq)cmQQi6LiS30 GCDOtOo^cej. oraeRLij (rofflocneooaicejC^ceoôfflOajo
(TVo(roo9j^(CD(ara)lej;o LfiJGQQ)oc/)izi^6)6n§aD^ ojosTotololdBO^crD^. crooarvdBj^KDOJTiDlcaS
cavity, hole fiânr)(3i£io sjCTDOCi^LDCiocDn A hut, small settlement of jaugle -
tribes GtajOryggl, CDGôjggl, oêjcyggl nâmT iniQocDocn&miA CTxaScejloalo^nrDj.
raengoacSino a public building 'g)i[)(8ajggl6>g)3ajo' fig)anD cc93(0G§oei(ijajTD)l6)QQ)

211
graOfinol^]. cfe^soexjy) tutelar God in a Brahman Village fig)nrD^ oilaoralc&o
GTDOJô B o j o ffiOoJggl, o^tf'JfOTOTJaJggl, S i g l i ^ J g S l , g ' D C ^ o J g g l , C c g ^ O D o a j g g l
fi^6)aDôo oJOdDjcTDjere. fi5)onD2o cn«^cftn(D)l§26TT§ a school, aâmoffiCJDOQQ)!
CT)«j3cft)janr) (gT9(3iDo a place of worship for Buddists o^cmosm. (graan 'ailooooo'
n^CTDaj)laD2ca)2î6)fflam]o nJOOffi^^THDj. foreigners, as chapel, synagogue church
ag)anD2o crolonoglaro Landse palliya =Dutch chureh nÔDjo iemossx^^
(Da53(0DlQQn§j6ne. ^(olcDjcaDnado Mosque (ffloojlgnjggl) nômjo 'ocugglomo^PaJ
o ^ ^ O O J O ^ o nJ33lQQ)l(g8 cfij^SJCCnJOC^, a J g g l Q Q ) l R ^ cejQffiOO^KJ)' nÔnD «5)eJGCJgal
G(06U6)QQ) grajDoljjlolceo^cm]. ocugglgyoyaj aJg^loonQej LnJe(o^cft>(0) ng)ô
OJOÔ aJgglQQ)1(03 (BoJO<632aD 3lCT)6)l2(m aj^c9(a)ffiO<0jJ(TT)2. ÔTnCDJoJJOGfflQQ)Jg2
cgn)(3mo a royal dormitor or coach; whater is connected with the king n j g g i
6)cft>og3jtft> to retire or rest, sleep (ig)(TD(8LDo cnroScejl Lsruoceo^lcoS, hononing
nq)cmi (DKôancxincDlceoâmj. eoc/)aj(0)(aKJ)l(o3 cnlonD 'ailoêTDâJoejosncDnK^
oJg2l6)cft)06Tie' oônDô 'ooffliij(ol(a)'(mo)lco3 ODlcm 'C3ra)«n(e6)^ offlejosmoroj n j g g l
Od9>06n§(0]gjo' ng)cmjo Cce>(Ogaj(3i2ffi(ooffiOQQ)6ma5ro>1«5S onflonD '(/)0QQ)tft)aB0(3
fuggfl gerD^coTO)!' OÔDÔ aDroSdanQonoldBoôcm^. csTdOJoroocno rJOSTOTZDaDlcn
awakened by the king by music o^crDlo^loadlroS (gTa(3irio OcejOS^coiOTlolces);
(TD(0)1«53ffiocKDfflosmoosoojâooon 6nj(nD6)ajSjg9 (3T9c3u3o. OTdaolcDOcoS cnoej
ffl(3LD(OTa)l(D3 king ag)CTD cej6Ucft)«5TO)1cn ajoooj^cTD n ^ ^ o (3ra(3maj]o co^^^^^S
(D«j8eft.2<TT)26rB. CcôDfijgl 'ctôOfijggT fig)(TD Hospital efloD 0 g g (aracSuDo
^ c m oJl(roffl^«oi20cD)l§26rE. 'ojggToQQXTD cej6U(ft.(3T0)lm 6)nJO«D^6)aj aos?ajo<pjij
(3Td(.nJ(0>^ceAl(20QQ) a J ^ ^ ^ ' ^ O G S O S J t f e J S l L«ft>loro(0)^03, ffl^Hl^lo CBOJOeJCXDeaBgÔS

212
G o J ( 0 l G e j f l 9 « 6i(D)26gBlQQ)(0)OCDn cSjOeTDOo. OJl3ÔGJ00)010)1 GO ' n J ^ l c Q j J S o ' 0^)01)
(.nJCQQ)0(/)o 63(0^ eortadOGe3«JTa)1(o3 crooeofai6TD(0)ej(or5)laj3 ffloc«5)o eBonjeaBl
(DiroSceojcTDj.
(.cftn(rD(0)aja3, CtftlfTiJccDioaS nq)cm cej6iJ<Sj(0T0)1(D A christian O^CTD]
ffiO(.(0)o (gra^LDo oJO6T0T0)2CDl(3(aT0)lQQ)1(0l<eO0Q)06m. 'flBDOnj'ceO CrololQQ)a3 CDloSdnJ
(OT3)1QQ)2O o u t w a r d r e s t m e n t o f a N a s r a n i priest nâmjffiOL(0)o (gracSiDo.
'cD(.croo6TDT cîBQ (ruldloo)a3 CDlo^rJcoTO)! (D(o3(ejl A Nazarene, Syrian or syro
- r o m a n christian fiânr)(3irio ô(^1nadl(o3 ruoeroro) G3ajGcroaj(eDaoQQ) cnLcroo
6rDlaJ(ennaiQO)1(03 nÔnD inJQCa>0(f)o GnJcScOTO) 'CDCCTOOSTDT OÔDO) CJ9J0O_|,(.OJ
GQQ)0C/)6)fflCTD^ cft)06TDl^ a l s O (D(.Cr006TDl fflOojIg (^CTDÔ (3T3c3l£iajlaj(D6TDo
6)cft>osj(aTO)1§26Tie. 'c&ôjeTuonS' fig)CTD GejeucBjCOTOTloDô syr.aJ36)acTD2o sacrifice,
mars n^cm ffiO(.(0)o ô«yoToa4l(o3 (T)(33<ftnQQ)1o1tBojcTDj. CDJSPBÎ mlcAicno]
QQ)OQO)(0)26)c9306Tie Oi\Q3(j6]Si(^cB6) ÔJOOQ) CSJ^SJCOCOS OilODGlcejOlGceoengO)!^
ag)anD(0)1(D0ej^ffl0fU0o a ^ ] ffiRDrUOfflOOO) oJ363T3a3 (Ulc/a3°lcft)(0l^(CT)jGfLJOS)£jqQ)jQ9
(3Id^LD(lJl(UO6TT)6)(a0(TD2o ^ « 5 t a ) ( 0 o nJ363T3a3c06) aD(03cft)O(0TO)«D! 'GQQXJO^', 'nJICOTOOLl',
(20(0)0(11, ^ 1 x ^ ^ ( 3 , L«Q5lcro(0)2(2(ro ng)aDl GejsucejsaBGgo CtSjlnru(0)2ffl(0)iijlarD
aro2aJCDG0D)o fig)(iil6)SQQ)2o CD(o3(03lQQ)l§l^. (i^cTDOoS cjDO(Oogo aroldlc3Q)(o8, e j o ^ M
CeJ6)Jcft)63t3a3 Cr)(05daj1(X2)l§26T1B (a)0aDÔ. ' a O O l o O ' n^CTD GeJ6)Jcft)(DTa)1(D CrololQQ)(T3
CDlrj^nJ(aia)1 cft)06TDl^ (iDlL6nJ2CT)1(02<fl(0)o nJoeTOTO) The messiah GQQ)ao^(2laa1nr)
fi^(TD^ffloi.(0)Cffl (D(o8cftnoQ)1§j633j. 'i20^(^c96)Ooa3' a Raman c a t h o l i c , henve
63(02 ^ ? ? 210(3^(x|2OCQ)2o 63(0; (0)100)rij^(000)^0 nÔnD (a)eJG(^(Ol G(06U6)OQ) g B O f i O
(o1^ I2io(3(^fy2(oc©ceo A Roman catholics house ag)(TD(aiDo a)(oSce3lc©1(o1ce5)jcTT)2.

213
'izio(3(ô' o^nnD cej6Ucft.(0TO)1m fflâmoa^moocxDl religion nÔDô eocnojon
nJ2(ft)2'* t o j o i n oômô 'ffiO(3(ô tej^s^tft)' t o a d m i t in t o a religion o^cmjo
(3Td(3i£io OcBjOsâjTolgjere. (3Td)6)g a J l o n J l s l ^ j 120(3^0 6)iija»(OT ônôfflOdSoT
n§)(TC) sioj](ft)in00)1 (53 CDICTD] CD(53<ftj1 (3Ta(0)1cD c i r c u m c i s e d aânD^nJoeroTO^
'cao^Cjf^teQejôsTDo' a o r y l g KO(a)1ceoo(Oj6)S6)QQ)aD2o c i r c u m c i s i o n t93«n(e6)
ng)CTD2o aJ06T5T5)1§26n§. ijJÔJceSXCTJDlcoS Lcft>1orO(0)^(T3 aCOClilOOJOCrDCUJiaOQQ)! 6TUCrU)
6)fij§ Gej6U(ft)6i3T3a3 ajjo^ceodjô a ^ ( m o a ^ 2 § 2 < ^ (OTOCTD CCUSTBOJICDO ni\ao(i°\
<B3(6\<BQ0<m\(6\<BS>lS3(S)iai0Sm a);6Tie(3| OîJCXKCOTlolceO^fTDCW. ^0^1r»3dl(53 ÔJCiffitBQ
(3Td(3u3aj1aj(06m(DT5)1CD (.oJnrUce{WlQQ)l6)âfT)(0)1(D0eJ0(ll0o ^(5). STU^fSDOOSCn
ffl(5)63T3§j6)S aejeucft) nJ(OOffl(3aD(Uô cftjôojoen^ cft)06rD2aD(o^.
(ft)ejoaj(Dmoc3Q) Gej6Uoa)6SBg1(53 (3Tacr);nôocncft)ejcft)g2fflOQQ)1 snicnjDOajg
C<ft.O(53dB6)g1, SioJCD, (5)2gg(03, 6)(5)(§jio, {5)l0, (0)1(515)10, (5)1(D)C§o, G(5)0^, S)6)3(UC§0,
cft)^(T5)(iJ0§, (ft.2(5T5), tBD^Slcmogo, oJOOtftjO, cft)mcejg1 (5)2S6gT3l n®6)0(3Q);6ne.
'(ft)2s1cD)OS2cft)' (i^CTD Gej6Ucft)(5r5)l6)cr)0ajo to dance together, speak face t o
f a c e e9j2SlQQ)0§o f i ^ C m ^ o L6TUOfl96)^1(53 ao1(UfxJ^(006TD(5TO>1(53 (DIOHD '(UOODOO
GcfcOancmjo G(5)0<PlcaO(DJo (5)6gBg1(53 cejjglcmogo' ag)CTDJo ffiOL(a)o CT)(53«ft>lQQ)1(0l
teojoTDj. '<ft)2(5T5)' (5)i2ltpffiej(n)0263T3g1(53croffloorxDjoJooanD^ cft)0§1 ejomooKSiDffiocDil
D a n c e , amusement n^cTDô (06niOia(3mmo(3Q)1 drama, c o m e d y afl)crDô CD(53daj1
(D)1o1(e6)2fTT)^ '6)nJO(53(e32(5T5) (BorxSam^' fi^nmjo LfiJG®)0(no (DoSflancmlg^sne.
'(ej2(OT5)(Tuejo' nq)cm gaJGejsueajo '(/0lcunJ2O06TD'(5T5)1(53cn1(TD^ (D(53(ft)1 Play
house oânrxdLDcuô (ft)2(0T5>ffl63r3 n^cTD(5)1ai theatre fig)(TT)ô cn(58(ft)1cx»1(o1ce6)2(TD2.

214
'tejiD<ajgT n^cTDco) goJcejQJeBjffiOQon cDR^c&l, drama, O^CTD SJIDSJ^SQO^
actors o^cTDô (3T9(3LDO (D(o3(ftll cnl(3«5Ta)l(i})1(olce6)CD)06rn. tfe^s^KDroS aJloDGlcft)©
nônr) Gej6Ucft>(aTa)l6)a^ (ajarDOfflcamiaocxin demoniac possession; ag)anD2o gn^gg
ceooooS '(OTjggoS' nôTxailcD^ (jn^^jyOoaDjo ajoeroro) a religious dance (ia)aD(3i£io
aD(o8ce3l. '(0)^^R53aJo|' o^(TDOT>lcD songs with dance & mimics o^cm c&jsl
(lJla03l<ft>(0l^1§^6Tie '(TOIO' aÔD CGJ6iJcft)0 cfeÔ^^teaJSl ajla03ffl06m. ODffll
tp-l2ejQQ)Og63T3§l(08 (TOfflOCDOiaCTDô da>aDnjD(D)leJô (OTJgOjlQJJo 6)(0)(Dl6)(/) fi^CTDô
'«D1O^' O^(TT) 0)003)2 oil CD to Open a way oârocSmojô nJoerorcDoaonado
'KD1O'QQ)J6)S aanDOfflînaooon Tribute, taxes O^CTDJ cnoScejl, csruniaosmaDnJj
(006TDO 'SOOH^JCIDIO ajo63Bl' n^cTD^ graOfiool^lffllceo^CTD^. (06Tieoffl(3icio an
offering; an inferior feast O^CTDÔ L6TUO(06){^1«^ 'after CDn^scoKnloD nânojo
ODCoStftn, in which malayar, vannan, Mannan etc derss like Gods & demons
o^crn ô^1rtadl«53 ailao3lcejOl^1(ol(e6)2onD2. 'oiloodgigjcfij' ODIOTOTIO a dance
in burning dress to the honour of Bhagavathi' a^cmjo cnajStajIcjonolteoônDd)
fi£ieJCfiJ32)ocx» (3Td(3u3ajlaj(06TDfflO6rn. (0)o<panD KoonldBoocoôs cejejooôJOfficmô
igc/)aj(g)1c96)jgg aj«plfiJ0S06)6TDcrDjo (3Ta(U6)tft)§janD gjoonlceooajos oilojoeaB
gÔ^Ôo 820(0)1 QQ) (20(30) C OJ (3 (0)1 O l OJ cQjeJO (DJ nJ 6313 g 1 QJ]
fflôsngcTDô cajjsldgjgg culojoo ^ m l o s eje^fflosm. '(0)1(X2)o§' fiâm GOieusi
(OTDIOD ceremony of jumbing though fire before temples; also '(0)1cx2)0§ S3'p\s6)'
n^cmio Performed by a low Brahman (0)lQQ)0§26p;^1 or (0)1(3Q)OS1 nôDô

215
CDcoScftncolffllceQjarD]. 'ccfeoejslceogT play with small stick' aDO]6TT)lffiO(3 QSiOOi
sloBogl cft)glc96)2arn (DOScft.aooej' aôm^ c<jft)Ogaj(3(2m (oofflooffismacaiwcffijo
e(ft)0(S3te6)gl = Gcft.0eJSl<e6)g1 O ^ O D J O rJO6T0T0)1§J6Tie 'GKDOgo' n^CTD Cej6U(Jft)
(oro)l6)a^ O6neoi2(3mfflocx2n a show, spectacle, festivity nq)(m cnroStftTI GGDOÔ
cft)<p1ce6) gsrsoteoGajsneôffloo^ GKOOÔ nôm oofflajra1(a)(aTO)l«53 CDICTD^ gBOfiO
o 1 ^ a hymn honour of Bhagavathi' O^CTDÔ oJoetOTnlgjeng. '6)6)3(U0§o' n^cro
(5)16)0^ (a)(CT§ajo 6)(OT(ô§o n^mr^ô a ceremony in which a person clothed in
the attributs of a lower deity acts the chief part, also 6)6)3((u) moqio nq)cmio
aJla03lcft.Ol^1olce6)^(TD2. 'oCCnc^ô' n^CTD QQlGlitBiO '6)6)3(U'{0ro)l6)a^ KnOTSaJfflO
osTDCTDjo O God ! (5)1QQ)CT3 mjcsiooajS 6)(0)ô' nôcmooj oJtf>6)6iKajo^jo CD(o3daj1
KOcaflceoooooDCTDjo (staajQCT^ 2QQ)(3^ ooncô Otft>§lQQ)os«58aj6)(06)QQ)ajro)j<ft>QQ)j
(QOSQACA) 6)(a>G(§fO(T3 ti^cTDT (ojnjegBgjo OTdOJCffijos (roL«5^1ejloc/)o 'oaDt^c^J^'
n^cTDjo (North prone) fiÔTDjo cnlnejengâflcoS ccoeuoajs^KjTtnlQQng^snl
'ooDôgj' 'oca)(ô§o' an offering to Bhagavathi performed by 6)««(§j>osl or
«D1QQ)0S1 nÔTDJ ajlaDGlc&Ol^GaOnado 3ffiCI2)aO)l(DOSc9j«JTa)l«^ 'CKOOJOST o^CTDô
LfiJGcn)Ocno nq)cmi dajOsrnljylroloBO^fTDj. 'exmogcnjosT North prone, a caste of
temple musicians, like i20©c3Q)oa3 fiômô Eight in Taliparamba O^CTDÔ
'6)«5)(§/CnJOSltft.(lgOS2 nJlsl^JoJOl^j' n^CTT) (OeJCOgCDl COQJtejOgCXKô in
Thamarasseri also called cft)g(OT3)ê90^02fij ng)onD2° njosrmtnlg^sre. 'cfeôoôjol'
a song at marriages a5)CTD^ cnoStftil iniOGBCfolSio nâmjo also «ncôg1ajo§

216
ng)(TT)2o fflOL«J)o Cr)«^cftnCD)lffllce6);(TD^. ' a J O O t S i o ' fi^CTD GejeUcQjCOTnlcni a
lecture, the part in a play nârDînajlaJosTDo cndis^. nJOOe9D6)6)o96) attitude
in lecturing or acting. r»ânr)ô aJOOt&nS a lecturing or acting, o^cmjo nJOO
(BiCA a lecture, doctor, techer nônr) oracSiDSSBgjo 'rajoocfijnaocojos iijooôjo
c&êsBgô' nârn cngaJolancoKDlcoS crncTDô cnroSoBjl also nJoosicBQOocA f^f^Dj
ffiOL«J>o nJOCXSJODJ. 'SinLJOD' ffiOnjIg fÔDJ 820(0)1 (TOJaJCD Orxoacfel (OXZl^lcoS
a(Tj6)6TD adorning oôrDcSinajô cnroSdanoffiGc/Onado QryoD (2^§^cft) aJOS^cSj in
aajaDo-|o§, Sung by Mapplichis at (i5)l(0§j(ft)ej^06TDo etc (ig)orD06m cn(D3cft)lQQ)l
(olceo2fTT)«n. 'niomsQicm)' n^cm ojooryîPCDlf^GJsnejajloej cej6Utft)0 CDro3ca.1
6)QQ)CTD^06)a» (3Ta(3inailaio6TD(2l^.
aJlojolQ^SjIejô (2g2S2^^26)s oTacSmojIajosTDOTOTlcaS crooocruceooolcejOo
ao6)«5TO) gcâc96)oggj(TT)1a£jcmj tejoemoo. iiJOjIsjcDOStfeo, ©OCSJ 6)c0DO§1<e6)§l,
moâ)o cft)gl, ajfloôjoooloceagl oânol GOjeucfeesBoS Gijj(3(0T0)l§l^. 'teiintejgT
a drama fiâm mglcoS OOJOJOOD OJOSTOTDJ Gojocujcft) ffioc^nciffi ©ajt^^jornjggj.
LcftncrUKD^fflCOT i i J l n m S S G O g d D J o tQjejOO^nJSSBOgCIDÔ GaJ6n§(.(0) 0 a 8 6 ) c 9 Q O g g 1 . a j 1
§l6)^cm(a)l(D2cft)0(06TDo Ctej(ogcma)l6)ag croocrodBooocoKDleeJceo^^S crooocroceoo
olda) oroo(.cft)ffl5mo, ejocsoDo aJjâjrancoooonglo^cmcoDO fflloadmol tej^slcmooon
oôm c/)26Tie^§ oraajociQ)raraonlaJolaJlKDOfflanr)mglcoS gnggltiBogsTOKncgno md)Q^
(OlceOSTDo. ffl^ClTalo ffi(tOiiJl(ifD63BgOQQ) OeJ6Udft)63T3(^<eO (i®OlcX» a J S j ^ O CareOSTlil
CDlnMnJ(OTJ)lQQ)06TD2gg«D. CrOOo(TUd96)0(0l<a) (TOJuJCnCXDJgg 6)6>OiQ3(j6]Sicii363BUi
(3T5) eonadtBjgjo croocroteoofflojô GcejOgcroocroceoooajTOTlejô eooadoonejô nîcs)

217
cn)Oo(TDce6)0(olcft) arDoCtejaemajTwIoa^ cft,oejfêj§6)(OT(3)ce6)2ol^2o aJ©lL(3)croa3(3(§
eaBglGejcSojo ©cuglô O J I O O ^ ^ ^ - CS^JS^®®^' ©(^J^ÔO cejoJceDSSBgjQS
(3Td(3iDajlaJ06TD(OTO)lcDocx2n gfiJcqQ)ocr)1.aj1§]g9 gaJ030CD6sraa5 ruejonjo ora^m
QJlQj(06TD(0T0)1cnfijjOCTg)jgg aroooorodBOocoltej ^(oiias) ODlcSiaznanlteojancejjaDjsni.
âil6)S ^ ( D o «551(ol^ aJ(ooffldaQlcB6)6)ry§ aJ(o1ffi1aj)fflocQ) Gej6iJcej63Bgl6)ej raracBiD
ajlcuo6n)C(anj)06)S0ajo 6)ajgl6)fy§^cft)1§j(TD. (roooarDteooo1<ja>oo(/063Bgl(o3
njejcoô cft.^s2aj)(o3 (Uj,o6iJj,Qcr)croocjDj,(g)qQ)jg9gno6m. fflO(.co)ffl^, aoGooaJleo
cnamiloilo 6)nJ§ o^ôGejsuceDesraogcroô p o l i o s rJoofflcSc/ol^lgjcil^. ôj
GC3Q)06)SOajO 6TUaU)Cr02iiJtft)aJ36SBa3, OTdCPJt&aSTD aD6nJ36gT3a3, OJleJteOJnJB
63t3a3 n^crnlcu (&,is\ ajralGaoocDlcceosnecro^sne. ÔJ lacoajoajô car^jiijoofuo
OJJffiOQQ) (T\)ailGaDrAl(0>tft)6)2 OaJglOajSjaStOJOfDCO^tejOeTDOo.
6Tuar\D(ro2aJoa)aJ363i3glc53 'oTdiaa' nâm Gej6Uoft.«jTa)lcn (grderaj^CnJCJuocD
(.raoQjlajD eoniifl93gl6)ejQQ)ô aro2iocr)«D nAoem^Quor&io mother fiôDlo^lnad
K»(3©Kffl6)<ft>06n§2 CDI^COTOOOOJ)raracaaoffiôs& (mamocucA n^cm aroo6mau)lcjft)0
ajle<e(0)1 CiUcSaDo^nJaijo 'ffi^cDTOxzm', ^g(n)2i2, IJIOQIB o^cTDlojcmcee) ô^1naJ1(o8
636)00^ (aTa(3inajlaj06TDo Mother's sister n^cTD] CDcoSt&loonolceojfTDJ- eSjisooan
'(3Tc)ffl2'(D)^6)S O6T1B0(2(3LCO h o n o u r i n g g o d e s s , expecially kali' nôDjo CD(O3C9>1
CDnffllteo^cTD^. (STaomcoTOTcnjjoogl, (grdcazKOT^narujooaS n^CTTXtnlcD q u e e n d o w a g e r
nâD06TD(3ino OcSjOs^coTOTKn. 'cDoejôjIglajS oraiaa cmnocDo ODOÔ' nôrn
CflSjfflcgoeJnJajTroloQQ) graooDol^lolceoânD]. (3T9i2iacx2)0(3 motron, pattar female.
^KDIOCDOOJO 'nq)cm raracazi' n^cn) ajôcc0iadaJtft)(aTa)lcD 1 really d o n ' t k n o w

218
oônDc3ii3o cDcaScftnoonolceojnrDj. ^ a n ajo6)fflo*p1 injQQa)o<D(Losm. 'oramaciao'
lamentation & doubt or perplexity also (aracom (like oranjo) nârDô
©daiOSjajTOTanlcD^nJÔGa '(araaffiôS' mother's father, cmomam her mother
n^cmjo {3Tdi2i2oa3 = OTdfflfflOfflcrS. otaciaooDrijaiB also (3Td2]mocQ)rija3 fiâmlojceo
father in law , father's brother aâTno^loiflcoa (3T3(3ino cnajStftnoonolceojaD^.
(319012002)1, c3Tdfflmoail nôTDKnlor) QCTDOfflîDo maternal aunt oômjo ©eneo
aoccTO) (3T9(3LDO uncle's wife (also rarafflaooml) n^cmitLoern. tuicmoiLQGm)
ratddiDo mother in law, w h o is called (mdcmoaflofficm or (3Tdi2mocD)lQQ)i22
(Cr»JOC3C/0lcft)o) (i^Cmjo f D « ^ c f t n ( D ) l § ^ 6 r E . (3192120(2103, (319(2200103, (3190212003,
(3T9G2i202i(i^ fiârDlcu(ii)d90 QOT)02i(3i£io maternal uncle oÔDOsm. also (3T92120
(D)ô3, (ft)O(06TDaj(3, fiôDô a)(53daj1cx2no1(e6)ÔT)2. cejjsooan '(319212j2i2(gio)Q9
210(3' f»^6)OT)0O2 Gejsucfijo (0)6)07) cDcs^s^ Grand mothers OÔDJO o)(t^ce3l
(3T9ail6)S (3T9212, g 2 1 2 , ( 0 ) 0 0 "^(TDJ (.SnJOdBOÎoS 0)(03cQj1CDn(Olo96)20D2. ^ 2 1 2
f i ^ O D f i J r a 2 i a i l 6 ) S ( X » l ^ (3ra212+(3T9212 - (3T9212212QQ)06m. (3T9(0)06m (3I92122212CI»0(X2)«n.
ÔJIOS Cn26Tie(3§l6)Og a J 3 C l j l e S 2 0 ) o O D O I Q Q ) ^ . '(319(22120^(10' n ^ O D CaJSUtfeo
(3T9G21202)(T3 nÔD(0)lO) (OjejjÔOiarDô (3T9G212O(10- (3T92120(UaS (5)6)OD. aJ^ffl]
<e6)«JI0)1(08 '(3T9212' GeJ6)Jcft)(aT0)l6)O)0njo (319212(10)221000)1 6 n J O \ D O a j § STUOXDOliJ
nJeSj n J 3 6 3 T 3 6 ) g ^ 0 o (0)6)OD GaJ(3ceO2fU0ClS a)J6ne(3§ iUddUlq^. ^ ( I J l O S C10((3)^
30C3Q)(.cft>216)(aTO)QO)2o 21(0221<e6)(aTD)0(D)6)(aTO)(X»2o ( B i J O l ^ ajlaJ(063T3C^ ej(§j,210cft.2o.
(3i9G(0)GrJ06)ej (319^03 (iôD Gej6Ucft)(onj)l(T) 65OD02i6)(aT0) (3T9(3LCO father,
lord, used chiefly honouring ng)OD2o (3r9(3)1o) (DgaJ(al(D)(aTa)1(o3cT)1oT)2o
' ( 3 T 9 ^ 6 ) 0 ^ n J J O o ' r i ^ O T ^ gBOnLOOSTDCiJJo a)(O8c83lCQ)1(0l(e6>2(TT)2. (a6n§0216)(aTa)QQ)(3irio

219
Title of males in Royal families O^CTDJO OTdcrolcn gsoaOOsmeiSBgô cnroScftn
QoflolceojaDj. 'otdôS' O^CTD Gej6Ut)93R5TO)l(a8 '(313^03' fiâmco) modern
(.oJGQQ)oc/)o a®cm2(a,o§l 6ianDOffl6)«3Ti3)QQ)îDo Father n^cmj (DoScan 'croaaôor)
GcnonJoej'(onj)l«^ crncm 'oraâS n^nrn g6p;^1cft)a3 nq)S)CW o i l g l ^ l s ^ o ' O^CTD^
CDfoSean (D6n§0(2(3iDo mother's brother O^CTDJOffi^mDOfflcSmosir O^CTDÔ OtOiOSj
(OTjnlffllceoânD]. C3ra^â3, (ard^Qia fig)anD(D>l(D fathers parents fiôno (ardcSmojô
fjo6T5KJ)l§^6re. 'fi®§a3 Gs^rtadOCD] (cnêjôaonDô ajocmjcmj. GSôôaS ng)(TD
GGJ6Li(ft>(aTrolcn aomofflcSirio superior n^cTDô ©eneoffl^mo elder brother n^cmjo
CDR^daH. G^§a3, n^§a3 fiôDloj OTdODjriDOâjeaBoganDô OceDOSjcortnls^sne.
also elder sisiters husband nômjo nJ06t3Kj)l§^6n§. GSJ^rtWoasro)! elder sister
n^cTDô also elder brother's wife O^CTDÔ OtejOS^fOTOTlsjsns. '(gracD^83a3' -
n^cm Gejeucftio orac/o^fjDojnJfflOQQ)! 'oTdODlc/DCi^', (3T9aDlQQ)aS n^cnD2° nrucKoleiloCDo
caracDjegajTO)! after born, younger child, younger brother and sister n§)cm
(gTd(3(0icailajo6TDo CD(o3cft.ânD2. 'raracDloffioS' n^nroGnJoaGJ '(3T9cn1cD)«jnj)T fiôno
(.aJGCX2)0C/)o fiJO6T0T0)l§l^. (3TdG(0)GfiJO6)eJ 'OaJOldDOm' n^CTD^ nJ06T5KJ)l§l^
aJlôjoS, nSlqam, ^gQQ)ôS, ^gcD)2ia fi^crol Gej6iJcft)63Ba3ceo fatehr's younger
brother, mother's younger sister (ig)cm2o inJ0Q3Ui)\Si inAQOODOcno 'caraglooxniS'
ag)cm^6)6n§anD2o ojosTmailoôrD^.
(n)o(/OQQ)o LnJcft.slaj1^GaOf>ado cn(o3cft)2CTD raraîDo i20ajlgsoaj)lQQ)1«^ uncle =

220
ILl(Sm (T0QnO03(QCA n^(TD^lD(aT0)1eJ2o 6TUfir)2fflO(T)Cr02^cft>l20QQ)1 Cr0GaO03(0O
ô(onj)aj6)(0 (TOoG6njou)(D6)iiJôar)2o grJGcxDocnlceo^cTD^sni. (gTdG(0)CnJ06)ej
'^(OTO)' n^cTD Gej6iJ(aTa)1cn slaver = ^ i x o t o ) ag)CTD (.o-iOGraaalt&oîrimosm
cn26TiB(3| a)(53flft)1(Dn(Dlce6)2(TD(b). nâDO(o8 g(d) ^ o r o i2ân^1cft)(^ ajfOTO) cruGtioo
30l6)CD) (rOoG6rUOa)(D6)iiJ(^0(T3 goJGaXOCnleQOJCTD^. (3T9G(0) (3T3(3in(OTO)1(03
2aJG(x»oa)1(e6)2CTD '(0)0(OTO)' n^(TD oJ3(U2o ODl^Gjenejcifleil^.
6nj(TU)Cr02aJda) nJ363T3a3 CD(08(ft)2anD (TDOCrUdBOOOloft) GSrUOCJDo ^(010)00
aJ363T3g1ej26)S ej(§j)ffl06n). (D1 fi^cTD Gej6Utft)(0Ta)1(T) ' t h o u ' (ig)(TD(3mo aD(o3cft>1
a)(03cft.2fTDg30nf)O6TDo GCDOceOJeBj.'CDl, ( D 1 fiÔD^ ( D I C B I ^ ' , 'cnjO^f^l©^ ^"^
c\g)6)cmocoj ©(2IO<PI ©aJoomooS c/)jQjaiCDo Qajomco) ooejQ aiQjo' a^crn ainao
eo(D(0)(aTa)l(o3 CDICTDÔ sruanôjiiJCDo^fiJo 'cnleataaS' n^cmi fiJO6T0T0)1(0lte6)2(TD^.
aJGcBAI ^ ( I J l O S '(Dl63t3a3' n^CTD oJl&iSiGninDlCllrLiCn COlnJGXmS) aJfflDl2(3(/0l^1
§ 1 ^ . fiJGceAl, 0)1 n ^ O D CrOoGSrUOCDGD 6rUaD2O0CDlG<e6)6n§aJ6)O (rOoG6TUOU)(D
6)AJÔO3 n j o s l ^ f^fTD] Gje^cu^ffiosm. 'o)l6gBc^' fiônr)] Gej6Uce3(aTa)1(o8 ' y o u '
(iÔDJl201.(0)o (3Td(3lDo O)(08d93l 0)l63T3(^ f^^TDJ (.nJOGf3ao1teD CnJGOKOCOo O)(03c&1
00)1 o1 (06)2fTD^. ^ O J I O S mcu^ffifijjojf^ cn)oG6njou)(DQQ)j6)s (roaj1c(/anad(0)6)QQ)
GaJ6TiB(u1u)o a)j6nB(3§ (Uj^ce(0)ffiOte6)1(Dn§1^. iZ)ej(x»og(uro)l6)ej o)1, o)l63B(^ fônr)
(.aJGCX2)0(/)63T3(^ceO 'yOU' o^CTD ^ o ^ l o ^ (5)^©K21 6)d9305re aOLCOo (319(0)16)0^
an)Oooroe96)0(o1ce3 aorulGoooadOT) Lf^cft)Si20c96)oo)oaj1^. 'oraesR' fig)OD cejeutft)
(0T0)1O) (06n§Oa6)(OrO) (3Td(3ljD2)OQQn ' y o u ' O0OD2 (T)(O8C0J1 (3Td(0)l6)(T^ (ljlnJ(0l(a)O
' ^ 6 3 1 3 ' nÔTDô O)(03cft)1(3Q)1ffl1c96)2CTD2. (3T9(Ul6)S (Z)ej(X»Og(aTa)1(03 '(SraG63T3CD)(e6),
(3TaG63t3(0)^6)6)ce6)' 0^)01)1 C(ft.0GgO&JnJ(OrO)1 LnJGQQ)0(/)63T3C/3 O)(03cft)1 O6nB0m6)(ara)

221
(.(iJGQQ)0(/)«5T5)lcn ô^1oadl(o8 cgrdcSinailojosTDo your higness hand ng)(m a)di<B^
QQ)(OTfficrolQffiOoBDôailcDffloern.(fejsoao) onejGc^col coeudSjag gBOoOol^
"6T0)63T3C^ (3T963T3G^0 Gfl9j(^fyiGce6)6n§^' nÔD^cejJSl CDOSceDjaT)]. '(araeTOJCTT)]'
a^cTDlsrord) '(DICTDJ' fiôD; (.sruotBOÎroS croaaroannJB ail(.coaDo ODcoSdail thense,
there oârxSmajô '(3T9G6SI3(^J20O' ng)CTT)«j)lcD eruao^fflOGDaroj-aJtSjo nôm]
(.6Tiio<e6)^1aj8 s)<ft>osj«5Kn SDejGogcol G06u<ft>6)g g30c\O(al^ '(atassBjoDj stinegB
e g o s ces&injl^^' f^^^^Jo ODcoScejIoonolceojaT)]. otacolcn your majesty n^cm
^ o ^ l n a d l o ^ (aracSmajjo '(3Td63BO^gl6)^QQ)a5)^' also his majesty nâmjo eBajgl
G^(3(OTO)l§26ni. âjl6)S6)QQ)^0o (rDoGsnjocDcjffijos ajlaj(3«jKJ)aD Kojejôn OJOJ
«JKJ)0(r)OQQ)1§26Tie-
(zi(0)njoajjo (3Tdôa5Ta)(0);iaoQQ) enjcnDOTDjaJcft. fiJ363t3g1eJ2o a^jffljgg
ajÔD^croo) arvj^cDeBaOg ô^1rtadlco3 ejej^fflôcaroflsajro) oilaoBlcftjOSTDeaBgjo
230aDra6TD6SBgô aD(a3cfelaJlaD3fflOce6)oa3 a}26n§(3§ L^cil^lgôenisanejô îjlejoj)
ail§2GfiJO(X})l§2(a;6rB f»fl)cm ^ i ) cgrdGcnjnadsrDesrac^ aj^ceGooodgojanDêni.
5 : 5 (gi5)o(/)1«a» (s^n^sa>gô ciTDjeoajsgBgjo
63(0^ eooaioaroo(roce6)oo(OT3)1(o3 eoniierDajTolacDOajajô oraôodDOQ)]
(2000)1 (.f»Jcft)S(20ce6)2nnDrara)ocr)1tft>GaJo^Scajgô orojtsoajesBg^fflêne. cgrdcoroxoo
aDlej63Bc^ (§Onad(x»«96) CBJ^S^CWOJS aJlcr)l(aQQ)crooa)^«j) GDO^cTD^Gre. 6i(0j ajj^dscnl
ccxDos fflêuo <ft)Cnfy1^2o nJ^SRulol^ô 2ô1<fi6)2^^®^ ®®® (§0nii6TDaacft.ej
ffloasTDBjIejô eoajaOoajo3l<ejg1eJ26>s ailcT)lfflOQ)o oaJf^^*^ <u^«5)^(ro(0)0(3(cnD
i20QQ)1(0l<96)2o. cnlfêjenej nDltStaaoanodi a-DnJaJooltejOJô oracD'DaJaJocolcft.ajjfflOOQ)

222
«5)1(3(OTJj)2o (n)Offl2f>^Ttia>f^2° cn)Ooarote6)OGn(ft.aJ2fflocx2) croojlcaartaiantejOg
(.nJcesSfflOceo^cTDj. cnjsnscSg mlfêjsngj ^coroxoo ojaesBOg tejâDj^mooafl
G(06U6)ajs2(aTO)l OTdcucojos arooo(rU(e6)0(Dlc9j (roailGaonaiaj)c0j6)g aJlaD3fflOc96)on3
LODffll^lgêns. nroOfinl«p^cft.4«Dlcft)S)2CQQ)0 (.nJccn)oc/)63T3CgeQQ)o njipoeraio^j
(BiQô Gi6)SS) g r 3 D o 1 ^ Oc&osTiBjgg (3Td(3(0iDaJl(UO6rD63BglG53 aroooCTOceoool
<ft)Ooao63B6)§ (roo(OteAflajl§j6)6n§©3lej2o ô^lnnlaej cgraojcmjos (3ra(3Kno
oJlojosTDo (gaj6n3L«J> izi(a)lcD)ocD)l§l^.
LnJ(BCQ)Ocn6>monDjo cn&icBjl ô^lrtadlosS T o b o w d o w n , prostrate oneself, worship
n^(TD(3«nDajl(U(D6TDo COGJcftn. 'eBj^CffilsJ OJl^PJcft.' fig)(TD; LnJCCmoCDo (DELltftn
(3T9(0)lcD(3«nDo ^ o ^ l n a i l o S CDGLiceDlQQ)l(olce6)^(TD«D t o fall o n the face n^cTDOsm
a medical inJQosDocno nq)cmi cnekajl '(gracorcnos'o gsnecx^ tft>2sl^ (fljjcnilgj (B^SSQ'
nq)cmio fflfiOoeooajxaTOTloej LnJ(BQQ)oc/)i2iocx»l '(3r9)(T)CDo cej^cnilg^ ojIcScarroj
ojoooOcfegj (i^cTDô (nejeftil. b o w e d t h e head fiâmlo^lrftjlajS (3Ta(3coiD
ailaj(D6TDo (D&itftnQQ)caonado arocft)(32ffic0jC(ej1a»3»ocQ) 'c&jcnjlsjda)' oôrDaDlcn
eoa)aj(0)(OTO)1«53 CDlnnD g r a o n n o s m o cDejeanoonolceo^crD^. 'oJLcecnegBgjo
tfe^cnJls^caTOT^' n^fTD] (naidftn w e r e ashamed o ^ c m oodSjcej^cnilsjKJTWj ajo(0êa>
n®CTD(5)1(n in o r d e r t o take a h a n d f u l nômô (atdônDo CDejcftnoDnoldBoâDj.
(roce3(3Qmcft)Lc9jlQQ's»c96)^ (oocro ceD^cnJlsjcoTOT^cft) = teiffil'pcOTD^cej nônDô njocco)o

223
nôDKn cruocrocft)â3) njraoffiCTDjo g r e e t i n g n^cTDô oraôjiDo aDejcft)1.
c3T3el(U03o, (3T9elajo3(Do, (graelojOGô o^nrnlajdKceoô croocrocejânaJGOfflorD]
oroâJlryl^ salutation, accosting oômô (3ra(3anDo OD&icejIcDncolceojarn^. ^ s n l c n
'eoc/)aj(0)'coTO)l«j8 CDlcrn 'oooo oSiOers (M)e\oi03ô O^JJQQJCO^ cnjoê^Knoaoc^ceo'
nJj06)aj§2' f^^TDô OD&icftnciDcaooado t o o k farewsl f r o m his mother, n^mDô
'nJl(0)0ajl6)CT) CUCBI^ {araelOJaQCDo QSIAQ^SJ' OÔTD GcejOgOJÔia (0OfflOCQ)6TT)
(010)1(08 CDldD] cn&icajl C6TUOC96)^1(O3 (to o n e deacJ) fiômjo cr)&)cftn(Dn§26n§.
{.oJ (BCD) 0 0 0 6 3 1 3 ^ 2 ° Ora(UQQ)26)S (3Td(3(01DCU2o g30nr)(D5rD63T3g1(08 CDlorOô
GJe^fflOtfejanD^STIB. 'aJSTDSaBJtft)' n^Cm aJ3o (OffiliP 2iejCX2)Og63B§l(08 CrUfflOCD
OffiCTDô 6)(0)ejJ(r)^(lJl(?^ 63S263132<ft) n^CTDJo CnJ(SQQ)0(/)6)l2CTD^ fiJO6T0T5)(0)l(T)2Ca0nado
acTDOffl^(oiDo T o b e n d , b o w O^CTDJO cuemesBl cnl&iteojtft) nôm injQQa)0(j)
amilcn t o stand w i t h the head bent n^cm CixJo^sdDô ail(jo3lceD(ol^1§]6Tie.
©6n§oia(3(OiDo t o r e v e r e n c e , salute r e s p e c t f u l l y nq)cm (3Ta(3(OiDo (Dejdgji
(Scej(Dg(U(3ffl2 (ooffiocD)6TD(OTO)l(o3 CDIOTD 2cg(/olcft>ocu1e(e(o>lQQn(o3 'dflCfiJ(3o96)^
(U6TD63T3lS2o ceAJ(.(0)lCD)(3' nÔTDJo (aT^jCJDOOlcfeO aflece(0)ld9O '(0)(03nJ3 (0)glra1©3(03
oismegBlcDoaS' c^cmô 'crnej(0T0)jaj6m6gT3T ciônDjo c&ôM6TD(nomQQ)1(o3 ODIODJO
LaJ(0)lLC/)0no1d9. aj1e«e(0)1cs2)1(o8 'cDlonrD 6T5)oa3 ajsTDeaRjcarDoa' (ia)onDjo
f»j6Kaj(o>(.cTO)(OTO)l(o3 anflamô LnJ(SQQ)0(/)63Bc^ (D&idancDnoldBO^nnDj. also of mental
a d o r a t i o n n^(n)1o^1n9dl(o8 ciiluQslSiOemo cnejdan c<ft)0§(uîzi2 ooaodDSTD
(010)1(08 ( D I O T D '3l(D(.nfU(0)1 OOfflOS 83(T)(DlfflO(3 a J 0 3 o CU6rD63I3lQQn026)aD(rD2 o J O '
fig)onD2 (DGJcejl (3ra(0)l6>CT^QQ)(3(0iDo ô^1nad1(o8 (T)&ic&)1cD)(ro tell t h e m , I d a i l y

224
m a k e obeisance t o t h e m nâr>06rn. a^cTDCJopomeaBglroa i i j ( 3 ^ ©ajomo) (grdcScoiD
ailciio6m63T3gloej aJl(U(3«5ro)CT) {.nJoocnsaBCTg c/)j6ne(3§ e(T)(Dl§6)(CD6SB6)CD6)(D)cm
6J(moffl(3«nDo obeisance O^CTDÔ oeneooKSoiDo reverence, h u m i l i t y (iômjo
cnaicftn. 'oolrtSdâa (usTDteoroTolcoS aj&i<e6)ej Oc&osjajTO)]' f»g)anD Gcft)Ogaj(3(2a
00(2lOQQ)6TT)o gGOnOOl^lg^fflJSng. aJO((X») 6)nJOC0TO)Jcft) n^CTD (BeJ6Ucft)«jra>1aD tO
shut & cover the m o u t h fiânD(3(oiDo cD&icftncQnolteo^cTT)]. ^ o i l o s ajOnJôcS
(0iDffl^06)(cr> (3Tc)co)l6)(i^ (3ra)iiJOOrLJoaocx2) (gT9(3anDo (/)26n§(3§ aJl§2eft>26T3ro)l(Dl
(QojarD^. sruoojiaocno, (3ra)30cij cejOsmlceoâjoaS ano6)<pce6)lsQQilej2ggaj^
'cDffiCDo' n^cm G&i6Ucft)(aTa)lcn a\)oarO(ft)âDoJ66)i2)mr) oro^^cn cneicftn.
B o w i n g , adoration o^cTD^Knocujo CDOJtejI. 'cDffloglajOQQ)' a d o r a t i o n to Siva,
t h e famous aJsisajOceAKOo f i ^ c m aolajajôosTDcaTOTlcoS CDICTDÔ c6Tuoe96)^1ca3 (or
- w i t h 6i0o CDffloglajocD) o ^ c m rfldODceAioo, (Dac^lajoomcTD cooao '(3Td6Tb)g2eiT
ng)cm tft)ajlaj)QQ)l(a8 crricTDô 'cnmaolajocxDo OKDO^'^KDJ' nôna carac^lejo csrao^
saHroS (gTac/ojfJDCnJCQffiocoofficrD graonoal^lolteoâD]. 'oDmcroceooltes)' nôD
gfiJGejsuflBjOTKnIcaS t o w o r s h i p n^nnr)(3anDo cnejjftn c&oejceocoS, t&oeiceo],
cQjoejlanD] cnfflcrocesKolces) oôrDj aroaanooDaJGearagô CDejcsilaDcaDnado OTcWDlcrxSoiOo
t o prostrate oneself ng)anD]fflOL«»ffl06m CDejcejIoons^ggcg). ^ a f l 6 ) S (sra^KJiD
ailajosTDo GajenBaJlcDaooongloânD] (QJOSTDOO. ^ crxzcriStBsxolseiiQcmcA cDlsTDteo]'
nq)(wi Gcft)(ogaj(32i2i ooffiOQffismajTolcDS cDlmDjo oaDoipjo)] cnffloruesoolfijoaS
ceioejffiOQon n§)cmi 'Gai(inogiiJolL(a>'«JTa>l«^ crncTDjo gGOanol^lgjosngBilGJjo

225
CDi2aro<e6)0(oa1{0)1<ft.6)2, GaJoadSc&og ojlajoTceoocDociDl^. (r)fficroceji|(0)j^
n®(TD(0)1oq^ QjÔcfeoeTT) orujaJGD (DBJ (fe^înD^sne. cnfficrocBOOcDo oônr)
cej6Udft)«5Ta)laD 6innDO(2)(3«nDfflO(i»1 reverence, u t t e r i n g axL: o ^ o m j (DOJcftTI
(.6ruoce6)^1«j8 ffiOajlgaoojos 'anncroceoooo' n^nm nJOSTorwIffllcea^fTD^. 'cro^siJGffl
ffl^ceanlojo^(510)2ajoa3 'B3Qi\<B6)i (DoarodBOOoo' n^nnD^ ©6T5)ocDajo(DCD)1(58
ODICTDÔ (3raca)lcD(3(5iDo thanks t o K and I pray K nôrpô mdis^. '3lajocDlg2l
(3rdCiilASiU?>S6)l CD12(r0c66)0(0o' n^CTDJ (a)eJG(^(Ol G06U<ft)2l(53 CDTOTDJO
(3T9(0)1cD^(5iDo h u m b l e greeting f r o m N to D aônojo OceDOSjcoKnloloBOjonr)].
'aDmcru<e6)0(o'(5r5)l6)a|^ (DsreomânDo adoration oônDô 'cfeocxso (naaroceoora
oJOL(5)ffiOQQ)n(BS6TDo' o^Cmj eO(/)CU(5)(5T5)1(03 (DlorDô gBOnrXOSTDdJJo CDeJcftH
'36n^(U)CDfflcrod96)ooo' ag)6)(TDOonr)2ce32s1 CDEJcej^cTDj. (3ra(5)1cD(3(5iDo prostration
o^crDô 2)6)^0(02 gfijeej6Uce3(20QQ)l rasTDdDCDacruceoooo cnQJeftTI (3Td(3(jnD
ciJla03lcft)O6mo (DejcftncD)l§2'226n3. f a l l i n g d o w n l i k e a stick, p r o s t a t i o n ,
adoration oânDleaBOOD. te^jsooco) croon^sooc/) cniacroceoocoo ag)6)anDoanD2 ce^jsl
(DejoftTI p r o s t r a t i o n w i t h 8 m e m b e r s a ^ c m j o CDejcftD. ^ ( o ^ j o cciJ6n3C«5>
cijl(/a3(20ce6)1cDn§1^. (fijjsooo) cnacroG(0) oâonDoco] cejeucfeo CSJJSI cnejcftTI
Q(rDOffl(3(0iDffiOQQ)1 w o r s h i p t o t h e e nônDô gGOnOcosTDo (nGJcftH. used
p r o v e r b i a l l y for a b e g i n n i n g r»Q)(TT)3 Lf»J(scD)0(/)o1(a)lQQ)2o oeBjOSjceo^crDêne.
(.eruoceogfltoS (3TariJ(T3 ^GOJOC/S CDmcruGco) n^cm^ (5)2S63B2anD2 a fresh nônDô
& for the end fiômô OJOQQJ^CTDJ. 'oDOoroGcs) o^CTDOOoncnjocnn (5)1(3anD2(BfiJOCD)T
'(Dffilceo' (ig)(TD 2fiJGej6Uce3(0T0)lcD t o b o w , w h e n c e orxoo cncoj reverence
og)aT)jo cD&ic&l 230nO(osnr)6gBa3 OdajOsjconnlcolceojarDj.

226
(3ra)(oo(jDCD, (3ra)C/Docro fiôrolajooQ) crojiiJlajloBojmr) COISDI aronDnMSfflOdQOoaS
OTdCUCSyjOS (3Td)oC/)lce3GiiJnadS6)CD) G OJ 6n§ o f l (JO o l.o-lt9jSffl0ce6)0Cr)0CQ)1§1^
^GOOnMo GCno1§ ^ o ^ l r f l d l o S ^63T36)CD (3rd(3«nDail(U06n)o CneJoBilCDnolteOJCTDJ.
The cavity formed by putting the hollowed palms of both hands side by
side (= 6)KOO«>26)6)ce6)) chiefly for adoration oraerroKejl c&jfijjtSj,

nJ^r^rJOSTJnSêJl r»^mr)T (.f^GQQ)OCn63T3g2o CDGJceDl. ^ O J cejOOJêOnadCXDOCTSTDCTT)]
C6njOd96)^1«53 croj-aJCD (Dejcftnooflolceo^cTDj. GcejOg(u^2ffi (oo(aocn)6rD(OTO)l(o3 cnlcm
'C3Ta6TCOS2eil GaJcSfOTO)^ (Dffl(T\J<e6)(0l^]' oÔDô Q30nO(!>6rr>6SB(^ gfSDOl^J
G^(3 (010)1(01 ceOJOD^.
'{3T9cnjLCDfiOo' nq)cw Gej6Utft)(DTO)la7 cn)oarocft>^(0) CD1(02<MJ)1 cneicftn care^m
ailaj(06TDG(oro)06)SOryo (3ra(0)l6)ai^ (gr^jocnldajGiiJoi^seajgjo fu^t9(0)ffiOce6)lQQn§26Ti^-
ô^1r)adl(o3 Favor, propitiouses nÔD^ fT)&itft.1 (3Td(0)l6)Ci^ ajlfUo1(D)LoJGcn)0(/)o
'CDILCOODO' (D&jflftncDn§26Tie. 'ffl^Lô O0c9diarv)'(aTa)l(08 CDlcm '^nDUQmocniiCDnOo
Oeajosne^ aJOoajoeioioxtn n^crn g 3 0 a O ( o 1 ^ . ^(oilcn^Gc/OfAio (osngoosxoio) (3Td(3LDo
Blessing nq)cmo6m. unonJocniia^noaosancA n^cmiffinr>oeo(0(0){OTO)1o3cnlcTDô
CnJG(3Q)0(/)o (n(o3eaj1. able t o bless and curse effectually n^CTDleoROCT) (gTd(3iD
aflOJOSTDdJô CDeJeeil. '6TUOej(OOffiC»Q)6T7)'(aTO)l(03 OrnCTDô '(3K)(nii(nnDC110S6)l

227
OÔ^Î, (3TdaJ(3ceO (3TdaD^L(/)rino OiiJCli)«D2 fiÔTDJo C(ft.Ogajîa2(00ffi0CQ)6TD
OTOTICOS CDlonD' fiônDô aj(3faDlc96)cn(TDO(r» n ^ c m (m<r)ii(j)nOo OUJCDJODJ oônDô
CnJCCD)oa)o6)cfcos2«jro) ôc^lfflilroS a blessing described 'rardajoag c/Dl©a[^1aj8
te3jnro2fflaJCBODOo9Ai«o6SBc^ sî^l ce306i3Ba3 (Dsnejo © o j ^ oraelojoracDo
6)ajcr»(0)0c^' o^nnD cardKnloo^ c3ra)oa51(ft> GaJn^S6)CD) Gt)ft)(Dgaj(3i2i2) oofflocxysm
(010)1(03 ODlnnD g30(in(oljy2. ^ o ^ 1 r i i i l ( o 3 ^ T D QSIAC^SS^&Q cu1ao3lce3(Dl^1§l^.
'(3T5)aoT oâno cej6Licft)(0TO)l5)ag (u^(0)^nnj(0)oî£i6gT3gl(o3 (oeneoaKWOoon prayer,
b l e s s i n g n0OrD(8LDo OD&icftncX}) QOQcQio '(0Offl:iJ(0l(O)'(OTa)l(O3 (Diem '3lce6)0C/0lQQ)2o
tfeplcT)^' ng)crnô ffifiDoeo(0(0)(OTO)1(a3 (nlarDjo 'Q3cj6\SyC& cneitftnocnoooc/ol
fiJJSTIBj' nq)Cm «9j^fi^6TDCnOlD(D)ô' 'CUOfPcft. (i©anDO(/ol S)aJO^T nQ)Cm OTaCDÔOra
oo(20CQ)6TD(ujo '2(0T0)2i(UiiJCT)63B(/3 (3ra)aJl(ft.2ol' ag)cm (ooaaJ(o1(0)(OTa)1(o3 cnlcmjo
230ftO(o1^Gaonado (3ra)(/al(p^ & (3T5)Cro1(]^ a/:p(TDjgg(0)1cn ' (3Td(iicgoso(/Dl(|^2
o J ( 0 \ c / ) r t D l ^ ' fi0(Tl^ 12an0eC)O(0X0T0)l(08 (T)](TT)^30fin(Olc96)(20(.(0)o 6)aJ(X»(0)loTte6)2(TDJ.
Ô^1riadl(03 (3Ta(3m(inaJ06TT)(2il^. '(3T5)C/O1(3 CU03O' nQ)(m CGJ6iJcft)(0T0)l(Dô
blessing fi^(TT)lo^1nadl(03 (3Ta(3l£l(lJl(U(06TDo CnOlS^; (3T5)aJOO^GaDOS (315)001(3
(U03o ojoggBl 3teiail6TD 6)aJ(xi)(0)2' f^cTD; i2fiDoeoo(m(aiO)1(?^ ai\cmi30nD(6\ji^.
G(ft>O § OJ(3212 OOfflO CD) 6TD (010)1(08 Cn1(m; '(rU(aTO)2c66)g^6)S (3T5)(/0l(3(11030
©OdBiOceooenij' O^CTDÔ their t h a n b O^CTDÔ ô^1oad1(o8 6)(ft)OS2(aTa)1o1<e6)^CTD2.
thanks nq)cm OJ3O (3T9)C/D1^CUO3(OTO)1(D^ (0)2ej^nJ3fflOcft>2onnn6)ôrD2o Sioemoo.
'(graGCT)<ft)0 (gra)cra1(3ajo3o' n ^ c m j (a)ejG(y§(0l GOSUOCD) ^ f J i ^ o l ^ 'croejoo' nQ)cm
nJ3(0T0)1ar)2 (0)2ej^©ffl(TD2 aJ06TaTa)1o1(eoânr)2. '(3raciJg1(o3 © © c f c o d j ^ (3ra)(/o1(3(uo3o
O i i J O ^ T nÔDJ Oj1ej^nJ2O06TD6)(0T0)(3Q)2o g 3 0 f i r ) O l j y (319(0)16)0^ (.cej1CD)Offl2nJffiOCD)

228
'(gT5)Cro1(3(U3lc96)' (i^(nnD(D) ODlnadfiJOTa)! njoefum Peace, greeting, thanks n®cm
(319(8i£)63t3(/3 cnejtSjl, (313(3) fflOojIgciooôs LoJ(BCD)0(/)6)ffiarT)2 oDGJcejIainralceoânDj.
'QSjceoexoKJ) croejoo OaJo^lqjloloDô' o^crn gBOaOosmojô 'oraajGCDOS^
croejoo 6)XLICI»(0)2' o^cmj (3rd(/Dj(3DLnJGCQ)0(/)cujo (ncLiai1(3Qn§j6TiB. ^(iil6)s lajagjio
ffl(0)(?JKJ)l6)n^ (ro(u1(sc/onaj(ro(i2)0(3Qn. ^no QOienSi&mj) (0)l(Dlô1(X2)ocnoaJ2(TD26n§.
oJOCMJOOT)^ crooaroce6)oo(aTa)1(o3 cnlom^ cu^(0)icro(JofflO(D)l ooceadajôjl
ODCiaroceoooo oJocxDjonD O°1(0)IQQ)Ô (3ra(a)l6)ej njj,(a)âro(a) eocu culoDlfflcooocro
63T3g2o ^1) GeJ6Uc9363Bg;6)S (3Td(3(aiO(lilCU(06rD(OTO)l(03 CDlorDJ fiJ2(86TJ^fflOQQ)2o
6)ajgl6)aj§2 <e.1§2aTn^.
' tB3icL^lt&,' nq)(rr) (OTizil'p aejooog croiaocD cej6Ucft)aJ3{aT0)l(T5 = (ejônilcee)
nq)cmi cruffiooD injQ(S)0(no CDOJcan QcmocxaoiDo To close as flower O^CTDJ
nDercft)lQQ)1(o1ce6)2f'nD^. (DgiiJo1(0)(OTO)1(o8 cn1(TDl«j)1cT) graoaooemfujo
Cr)&ic6j1cX2)l§J6Tie. '<e32fijl(tBD2Cnj1)(Or5)JS63T32CTD aJ(OTZlO(ft)Oo GnJOOej' (iÔnD.
O6n30i2(3(aiDo To salute by joining both hanci ng)(TD(3(0iDo ô^1rtadl(o3 (D&itftn
c&jajlcnlejteo, QÔÎS^, to w o r s h i p o^nrpjo (.nJ(BCD)oa)0(8(cnDo ODejcftTI.
'(iilLfiJ6)CT), aJ06mcft)ô(D tft)2fyi' nq)(Tr>i (22L30fflO(j&iad(ru(3Ta)l(o3 ODICTDÔ '(graosnilcft)
(0)6)(TD <ft>2n-|T a^CTDô '(DIODJOS GaJCUSl6)(010)^16)00 cfcJnj^Ôfl^' «9)<^2o
<ft)^c^6TD(J>OlDCQn(58 Or>lCTT>Jo '(5)©J<P(D8 ca.2ryi6>(i5ro)O*P2(0)2' og)OrDJ IIili(iO(JbO<&^
cn)(aK5)1(o3 (nlcroô gGOoOol^ 6)6)cft)<ft.a8 caj^fyl^tSOOsrE^nJOcft) fig)CTD2 orac/ojfaD
(.oJGCSyOCOfflOdDô aJO6T0Ta)1(0lce6)^(rD^. tfijjSOSXO) 'cft)2fy(08' n^6)(TT)0O2fiJGeJ6IJd93O
6)cejOS2(aTO) o6n§offi(3(aiD(ijlcuffl6TD(OTO)1(a3 'cOjiryjootft)' salutation n^cTDô
'eôJCDJo (3Ta(0)1(TT)0Cnn lBilaL^S)6)S3QQ0<^^ CDICTDJ' fig)CrT)2 (Sea>OgClJ(3lZffl (OOfflO(3Q)6TD

229
(OKTHOS (DICTDÔ g r a o a n a l ^ raracSoiDo t h a n k i n g f i ^ c m j ODejcejlQQnolceQjanDj.
C/)26n§(3§ (BC06U6)aJS2a5T3)lQQ)1§26rB.
^(.«»CQ)2o GeJ6U<jft)63Bg2o OTaOJOffiJOS C3Td(3«nDaj1aJ06TD(U2o Ol'P]
STUdOjfflOCDo (3T5)Ooa)CD, (gT^jooocrx) n^cTDlajocD) crujiiJliyiceoîiJoaS coBjOglcxsojos
aJ3{.fiJGCD)0C/)63BgJO (3T&(UQQ)26)S (315)00)1(63 CaJo^ScfcOgOffiJO CrOaJf^SfflOt96)Oa3
C D j s n i ^ l Lc/ai2il^1§26n§. nJGteAi, ruejcryoa'jo gPooglnaJloj^gg (3Ta(3c5iDajlajo
nJOoajoKDj, croocroflBOOoajiOTlajS ODlcm; cuj>aj)j,cro(3>fflOci»l aocSjcfij^fyi cmaanoceoocDo
oJOdD^cn) O1((3)1QQ)2O (araonloej ajjân^croKJ) eoojoflcnlfflcxyooaoegBgô ^ T 3
Gej6Uc636st3g26)s faTdcScaiDajlajosTDOJô fflejcn)og(aTD)l«j8 crooJrfldsexaBjIejô
^ o ^ l o a d l e j j g g ajlojosmeroglcoS Gaj6TigL«n (i£ieJi.fiJ3ffl^.
'(3T9)aoT o ^ o D Gej6iJcft>«5T5)l6)ag ajj,(a)^cro{0)0(3anoi20cD)l osriBOfflaDOcxj)!
orascDJOgoajs^fOTCJ)!. prayer, blessing fig)arD(3ajiDo (D&icft)lQQ)Gaorfldo ramoajolaj)
(010)1(08 CDIOTD '3lc96)oaDlcejg;o CSJJOICD^' fi^cm^ '(arajODlcmjo OiUO^T fi^cm^
i2nr)oeo(0(0)(OTa)1(o3 CDIODÔ 'QB(j6\SiC& (Dejcft)l6)CDO(ooaolQQ)2o aJjene^'nônD^
<e3^nM6TDC/)OlDQQ)2o 'cU0<Pt6j o^CTDOOOl 6 ) i i J 0 ^ T o ^ C m (319(1)jjO(DXafflO(20QQ)6TD(UJo
'2(0TO)ffl (UiiJCD6SB(/3 (3T5)aJldft)2oT nôTT) (ulsneô (ooffiaJ(ol(0)(aTa)1(o3 (DICTDÔ
230(in(ol^Gaooado (3ra)aol(|;^ & (3r^(/o1cp^ a^(TDjQQ(0)1(D ' (sracuGgosooDlap^j
oJOlCCDnOl^]' fi^CTT)^ (Z)(inoeOO(0)(atO)l(03 (DIOTD g3OaDOlce6)0OC(O)o 6)AJQQ)(0)1O1
teQjfTD^- '(3ra)ao1(3dio3o' (ig)cn) cejeLicft)(aT0)1aD blessing f»^(TD(3(aiDo cDejdan.

230
ffljeau c n j o o e j oiaooeocoKWo, Gcft)(ogaj(3affi (aoaocmeTDo, (oejGoôl Goeutfec^
(0)2S63T3lQQ)aJ gGOaDOl^JOaJCTDÔexa) ô^lfAfloeJ (3Td(3(CnD(UlaJ06TDo
nJ2(36Tji;^(2^. fflejci»ogeOfiadQQ)1ej^gg gGOaorasmesBglGJjosa^ôsxo)
(3T5)ao1(3ajo3f5t5)loa^ croajlGaooadKDoomoaDô ^ o ^ 1 r f l i l « j 3 ajêaGDOOceolcDngl^.
' (macD^L^fôo/ 'oJoaoDo' nânDl GOjeutejCOKnlojô ^caDGnJooej dDocrrxsDOGm
âil6)S6)QQ)ôo ô^1fjadl(o3 ajOiiJjô(3(cnDo CDGJcSsjcejCojo oejcujog crooanlco)^
cejâj)lcft)6)g gGOciOOl^ Lf^GQQ)0CD63T3C^ ajj,(e<0)(20<e6)^(TD(0)^06)(0) (3raaJCX2)^6)S
(roooaro<e6)0(olcft) cruajlGc/OnadaDcxy^gg ajraearagjos ajlaj(6(oro)(Dlc3Q)(toQQ)26)s
LaJODODo aD6)rmQQ)06rD.
aJ06)ffiO«'1 GeJ6Ucft)63B6)g CDOOOgo n^S^fOTO)] G i i J (3 c96) J oft) QQ) J O
(3Tc)ajcx»6)c66)0n-jo ajG(06Tie ajGueocuesRuS, (3T5)o(/)ô fiôrnojocD) caj6n§a§1a33
aj^<MDffio«es)o«rndl(e6)jdft>QQ)jo OuJc^/jGcruoc^ eoraiocDjaJcoTailcD (gra^«nD(ata)1cft)
ajj6niO(eDQQ)1^. (UOceojc&c^ceo^gglcoS ar)lffl(uu)1 (STd^KnDcrojaJcncejg^gg,
CDleft)(3ia)36)fflOtfn(ft)C^ (fillers) g g g OJOOOOIPI nJGLrUGcxDOcneaBc^ crufflcruo)
cLi36imai oânDloj graonDOsmesBgoomjo onejccôl GoeucfljC^ cr)lQQ)(2G06Uda)a3
CnJoej^ggajciDlR^ CDloarns^roro)^ Qaj^soiQcmoai c/)^6TiB(3§1aD (gracScoiDailajosiDo
Cr»jao<D63T3g^6rieoce6)2(TT)2©6riBaro2 CSJOSTDOO.
231
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(gra)L(Jo1(0)(5 ag)anDl(ii6)(x»c86)jo1^(e32s1 aj1c/03fflOce6)O(T3 (BGJ6UcejaJ(ooffl(3(J063T3c^ce6)2
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CaJnadScft)g2o ffl^ô ^(0)(o (roocrod96)0(0(Oio)1(o3 CDICTD^ elarxLoern, Cda>(og
croo(rO(ft.o(Oo fi^crr) aj^c9(0)25O(e6)oa3 Gojoanr) QQSQA<B3emôem ggg(0).
fiJejQQ)1S(OrO)2o (3Ta^(01D(Ulaj(06TD(OTO)1(03 oJOgl^ciBjC/S g6n§OQQ)1§^6)6n§fi9j1eJ2o

234
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(0)GQQ)Os c&jsl GO6iJ6)ajS2(0TOT0a3 cD26n@(3§lani croou)1^1§26n§. rulGraaol,
aj^co^croKJ) cruocrodSOOGJLdJKnlnDlcjDl O^CTDI cnlejooo) ©ru^jGcnoceo^Gcnjoaa
ffieiCXDOgOSTOTlcoS 'eOnad' nÔD aJ3o GnJOejJo (r00oCr0c66)0(0l 1^)21000)1
oj1ejQQ)1(02Ga5Ti3)6rie«y)06m. ejlGJO(a)1ejcft>(aiO)1(53 'eonad' GceDOgeonadOoo)
crojiJlajlceoocDoem gaJGayocol^co). cgrdojlos (graejoJo ffiocnôDceojoajjo,
(3T9nJ(fij^nadSCa)QQ)^0 cftj^SlceOeJcSCTT) (3ra(3(aiDffl06m 'eOrfld' ag)CTD (.fiJGQffiOCnCOTDlCD
g g g o n . Gcft)(Dgaj(32i2 (oofflOdDsmosTOTlcoS cn^srecSI (nlcm gBOoodlteo^^TDco)!
63T36)(ncn)06m "©oajralcej ailcDloffi^Gsneo eonadooHcoS © a j o ^ l s o o j ^ . " ^coj
i20C(0)ffl^ 'eonaio GcejOOGgoejaJcaro)!' (^©arnooD^dgjjsl a);6n§(3§ aroâJlajl
<9Qj(TDj6n§. ' e o o i i ' ng)(TT) Gej6iJ«ft>«5ro)1cn ojaJcruTDCBOô (0)0)0)2 C3ra)«ft>^«nl,
QlnJo n^nnoT (3T9(3(0)D(aTa)1eJ2o (.^JGOocnaêni. a country dialect o p p . Sanskrit
o^(TD(3anDo (D9Jfl9jT OjlODBltfeOlceO^GCnJOOS eOnadOCIDdBOÔl^Jg^g ^1)
OGCDoeoojo oajglQajs^cTD;. 'eooadQQ>lôcoKJ)(ii(^' rather ugly n^cTDjo 'OJSTDO
eoniicD)Oc06)lQQ)QQ)(66)Oo n^cTDcolo) arrange n^cmio, eortSd oj(o1<ft.QQn^, n o
i m p r o v e m e n t , n^cTDô 'eonad aja^caro^dBD' to reform n^cTDjo (2^2° S3f>aJ^2^s
ajâj)^nroR5)0(8a3)D LfiJGQQ)oa)63B(;3 a)26TiB(3| CD&JceDjoDjsnB. cnlf^Gjerejojlcn A
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235
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ffloidl a ^ o r n a j ffiodloQ) ce3oej«ej§«5TO)l6)a^ (rojaJOD (OO^CTD ojrassBgosm. a e j c o o g
eooadooHoej croo(rDc934(0)6njOfi02ejj^6)ajK5) cnjenscaf KolcoliôleTaTwIfflj^TDj.
6)(20snajoe96)oa3 c/);6ne(3§ (.t/offll^lojcrDflDooon (gra)ffl26U(aTO)l(a3 nJociDjcTDjsne.
ffl6TDlCraJajOgdft)^(a)1c&C/3 GnJOej^ggOJ gGaJcSiadl^lolteOOo. nJGceiM ffl(.nO)o,
o)L<TO)o, cg?ô(0)1oiio, Gaj3oao)o, ooojGlteDOJô cnocSaoleajOJjaoQQ) aJsesB^cSDOg
cn)o6Tuaru51ce6)2CTD iincnnesBub a^cTDlajooncoS Oar)(ropcgTa(ft>o)(D)jQQ(U6)ca)oaDjo
CD26Tie(3§lm eje^ffiOQQn§l^. aj1e<B(f3)1CaJ(5)iQQ)63B22o L«93l3»3LnJK5)^CQ) eSBgJo
ffiejc3Q)ogeooaiQQ)jGS(0)jnJGcn)0(/)1^0(53 a®(i5)j crooaoc93^(a)ajOc96)jo caejcQ)o§
CDOcft)janD(0) cfijOSTDOo. ffiSTDlcaJOJOgoTtDloa^ 6TiJO<e6)1fdC(0)aocnn ojlecMDâs)
CT\)oarO()ft)^(cy)aJ363t3(^ ^(TDô (feôoocoôo i2ejcD)ogo gaJGcmocnlceo^cTD^fflêns.
fiJB(a)ej(ota)1ejô (aTgjODQQXOTejOTwIejjo cruonnjc&^Kno i23£jqQ)0QgiSc96)i2jg9
L30(u1njueor»adt9j6)g crucnjnnDfflOceojarDôsneBjIejô «ejsoDOnJOffiocnn t,f3oailajDo
Gajol§^ cnlejc06)2CTDj6n§. oejomogeooiitisjo ^ T 3 (JDcnla (Dlejcnn^caroârD^sne.
croocrucejâD (DlnôJ(oro)1 nJênslceoosml^Ôdajoene a)j6rE(3§ cneicej^nro GejeucSD
63T36)g aJOlGC/D0an^0(05 ÔT)J GSTUOCDÔrySJo. aJGdMi (TOoCrOcft.^(a) aJ36SB(^
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cft)âDlteja3 OJOIGC/OOCJOI^ (3T9aj6)CD)ôo t9jiplQQ)janr)L«n g(^6)ajsj(0T0)oci^

236
(.ODffil^lgjo r u e j r»J363Bgô (/)26ne(3§ (Dlfêjsng^ciildsS ^ ^ 0 6 ) ( 0 ) Gojocnn. ^(0)1(T)2
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oft)iPl61015)1^. (315)§(.nJ<&>0063«^5 ttft>2lf3laJlcft>(63a3, (0)^2<^^^Lî.^^^^^63BC^,
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ajl3^(X2)^0S CC/)<TlI]63I3gO(D)(0)1a)0(03 (3136(300(010)10)2 eSjOSml^^flcejOS]
(010)1 o l c f t o l ^ . g22(0)c/DO(roo)(ii2o (O)(o1o\)Oaj09l c/oocroo)(ujo (/)26ne(8§2
tft)6Tne1§26)6n§©3leJ2o CcBAiL(0>6SRg1&jjo ffl^jajgg aD0O\)O)63Rc^ cft)6n§l§1^ -
(feOeiDljJl^ f^fTD] nJOQQ)2OD(0)0dft)2o C/DOl. 'ffieiDlLoJfUOg Ol(0)102)1 (08 SOoilO
ffllcaosTDia^gg oJO§2cej(/3, o0tf';(oio)ô3 oJO§2tft>c/3 G o j o a j ^ g g c u oracgooo
cfeenilO^fTDJ. goJGQQ)OCDld96)(X»2o 6)ijJ(I» (O)^. o^(TT)0(08 (313(0)10120 oJtf>QQ)
fflSTDlcoJOJOg o1(0)1tft)a3 (3i3Gr5or)(Oia)1o)2 eft)1§1(i})1^. cft>6ij^(^(n^ tej^(0)1d93<^
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237
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croffiocroorijsocDoajooaD «j)6)a^ nJoSiiio cn^sns^l aajglaajS^carrolGfijoaj^cmca);
cft)06TD0o. (iSTdCDOiiJOOo, CSTdaUXUlaOJOCrOo, nJlfOTOT/CD^ fiÔTDT GdJâDlcOlaj^dajgÔ
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2)^2 croocroflBOoooOTO) ajlejQQ)lo2«jro)la»(0)1aDô ociDglajoem ^ O D .
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(.nJGKD^cft) CeJ6Ueft>63T3§0CDn (3^)01(3(015)1(96)201)26116.
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other linguals are hardly found as initials in Mai. w o r d s , ' Q D ' occurs only
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3 gnUOODCnjJRnlCDlajOS. 1994 CTOOOilnDlSy Q0(^0Qi\&6m0Cno,
4 QOfflCD, n j l . a i l . 1990 aDlf»eJ6rr§;(e6)a3 -fflejQQ)og«5Ta)l(o3(OJOCDO) (Bfl9jO§QQ)o
: cfeoqg" STUôebcru
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ODlQâjcDCTWaJôo : aj(o\cno aJsigylCceOfâSaro
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CC9D0§CQ)O : r»g)a3.6ru1.ng)oro
7 cfljêroTiSXlâJIgg, OQlOiCnOS 1984 ' ( D I fiGJ STB 2 ^ ^ ^ " 2 2 1 0 6 0 ) 0 - O i l e l O D
fflOaDêSjcejC^' eOoadOGrtJOnadleml O J O e j ^ o 8, QISQO -. 3 a J 2 - 9 3 - 9 8 .
8 tejjornQQ)(sao)o§ajiro, 6)aJdlQQ)oa3. 1997ffiejcQ)ogeonadCD)joCOJDO. 6>nr><&asic&
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10 (DICOIO^, nJl.nô. 1993 'aejQQ)ogeortadQQ)2o ejlocpasruocDOJô', nJli^fflocrolcft)
fflO(3^ ejceoo 1
11 a 5 l 0 l n ^ , nJl.nÔ. 1995 'aJ06)fflO<Pl(Dn6)ej (3T5)iiJOOeOfAl', CrDoCn)teO0ffl(Scft,(0go,
nJ^. 9. ej.1
12 CD^6ne(3|, 6)niD(3ffiai3. (1872) 1995 l2ejQQ)0go-Ô^1nM ODlf^GJSnS^, CteDO§QQ)o
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13 cnj6n§(3§, Onr)(3ffia3.1996 GC©>(0§ aJS'ia, GcejO*lG<e6)os : moawêjal LOJICTÔC^
(srajOj^" (ijsigylf^loco ceDcnicnl eilrnl^cuD.
14 cnj6n§(3|, 6)fin(3ffla3. (i85i) 1991ffie]QQ)ogeonaioajj|,Oce3(06TDo,Ccft)0§QQ)o -.
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17 CC/)0nJ0ej(ft)^n^6TDaS, (DSJOJgo 1997 'ar)l«GJ6n§2Crn^2IZ)06TT>o GcfeOgOTOTlroS'
ajle6nno(D6)6)da)02l 28:7 oj^. 524-534
18 GcnociflcBojIgg, njl. 2010 Gtft)(og CDGOJOOMOcno ffljomoocrosKailcft),
QQ)â)(roa?j)(5)1tft>c^ oaâx/DlejaJlcejaS. (tnloâjcDOOToJôo: njloo) nJsigylGoajfpcn).
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34 Zgusta, Ladislav. 2006. Lexicography then and now : Selected essays,
Federic S.F. Dolezal and Thomas B.I creamer (eds.) Tubingen : Max
Niemeya verlag.
258
(gidODjfinjanjuo
{3Td(jL)lcft)0OC(.c/05TDlcft)(06TDo - power Stratification
(graao>(3(Bqao°lcQ) crooaro<B6)ocDo - transnational culture
(gTdf»Jcr)l(3(2mo6TDo - Deconstruction
caraânoffloô - Transference of meaning
md^(mciOi\&6moa)o - Semantics
OTdaJcc/onado - Trace
(3T5)fl9jOoceAiOfiJcoo - Syntagmatic
{3T5)3oaDaJ3o - loan word
(3ra)ao)0l<ft) e(.3(a) - Internal stability
(3ra)ao>(o1cft)0(3KnDo - Implicit meaning
csra)|.aDl(a)(02fiJlfflo - Bound morpheme
goJolcroocrudBOooo - Super Calture
gejnJ03cncei9dfflo - Productive
o^ce3aJ3o/Q^(x|3o - Monoward
ce>2aDGJLoJaocD63Ba3 - Phatic Communication problems

259
iijlnmaooGnDi.(roo - Semiotics
iijja20c90*P2(SKn crojiijltft) - abbreviation
dDiQiâno croofflocDô - tertium comparations
GJloJGo - Bi vôrd
3Jl(§oriadocDlfêj6re2 - Bilingual dictionary
3i\sDcô cmeuGJ - bilingual Area
CJDOCO)^ - Stem
cn(oaJoc/D(/oo(ro(.«no - Anthropology
ODOsoS CD1(02O9(0)1 - Folk etimology
annf»ej6Tie2 (Tflc3(2znaDl - lexicography
<T)\^êi6rsioi\&s(!T>0(r)o - lexicology
CDl(3(BgaDoJ{Do - denotational
crnf^LtftjlcQ) oocDnJêml - passive
oJ3(T06T?ajQQ)o - lexicon
fiJ3ar)l(3i2ffi06TDo - Morphological derivation
aJ3(02nJlcejO6mcnlQQ)i2o - lexical rule
aJ(olaj(3«jTO)CDaJcoo - conversion
fiJ(OÔ(SQQ)Oc0«j)l - Euphemism
ojooo - Text
fijoo(§0ouoaoocro(.(5)o - Text linguistics
nJi(S)iiLi^cn\^(2s^(!iy)\ - Root creation
(.nJ{5)^QQ)GQQ)0CDo - Derivation
260
(.oJC]Q)j(6(0)eOffldoaDoan5LGJ>o - Applied linguistics
6TU(TU)cr02iiJcft)aJ363T3a3- Kinship terms
6TiiaO2(ft)0ejlcft)O - Diachronic
6TUa02oJ3cr)lfêj6ni2C3T9oaoo - Multiword lexical items
STUoOêonado cnlnGJsnB^ - Multiword dictionary
sojonjeotAio GCBSuej - Multi lingual area
6njoaDô(3a3¥3o - Explicit meaning
eocnltft) (S)iQi^(S) - Partial equivalence
eooMO (3ra)Gfdo9aflcft)«D - linguistic relativity
eOfAJOfflCCDoeoojo- Language attitude
(20(Dcft.eofiad - Standard language
2)oaDi«no«ejScft)0 - Prestige factor
ffi26iJâJ3o/ffij6U^Gej6iJcft)0 - Head word
6)fflO«pli2og«53 - Code switching
(Dlaj)1aDOcroc(0)o - Methodology
ffl2aJli2o - Morpheme
ejeSiMêooaj - Target language
ejceAi^0(3ancnJ3o - Connotative
Gej6U<ft.(02rLJo - lemma form
(sej6Ufflo/CQJ6U<ft)0 - lexeme
ajnroan2f^03o - Positivism
ojOces^êjscD - Syntax
261
ojÔD^QQ) eoraioaoocroL«J)o - Constrastive linguistics
ojôioDOCDo - Discourse
oilojceoj ciJ363T3a3 - taboos
aj1aj(05rDce6)2o1aj2cft)a3 - Explanatory notes
aj1aj(3(aT(3)CD(eiad(2(0) - translatability
ao2fT)j)«nêJica) - Non equivalence
croLeanoQ) osxDojêml - Active skill
croGBj(0)CDo - Encoding
croGffi3(0)CP6)6)ce6)i20ô - Transcoding
crocOT^cmDloDl - Truth condition
cn)3^(/o cro^n^sl - Anology
cromffl^GJ^co) - Equivalence
cromocroo - Composition
oroffi1cft)(06TT)o - Assimilation
croailcaDrt3dnJ3o - Syntangm
croaDa\)o6TU(njDo - Collocations
crooa)j)fiJ3o - Potential word
crooffl^nnlcBj soc&iOGS3o - Registers
(roo(22ao1c03 GLc/D6TDl(ftj06TDo - Social Stratification
aruOfiDôÔ(3«nDo - Contextual meaning
cro2aJo930 - Signifier
crojîJlaDo - Signified
262
nrooCBC3Q)OS2cno - Amalgamation
crooejcQXDo - Accuistration
crooaJla)ocD(.cft>i2o - Directionality
crooorocB6)0(ocroîiJdft)0 - Culture specific
croooaroce6)0(olc6j ei)(0)1cft)aj03o - Cultural materialism
crooocroce6)oralt03ffl2eja)(Do - Cultural Capital
arurfloDKDêjâj) - Static equivalence
cruj(0)(.0Ky)O2f>Jl2io - Free morpheme
crojoDGQJSiJcr) olcol - phonetic transcription
croj1cft)(D6rDceiadffl(0) - Receptive
GLcruooneooai - Source language

Sujatha P - Cultural Signs in Bilingual Dictionaries Study Based On Gunderts Nighantu

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