Geometry Symbols

Table of symbols in geometry:

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

∠ angle formed by two rays ∠ABC = 30º

∡ measured angle ∡ABC = 30º
∢ spherical angle ∢AOB = 30º
∟ right angle = 90º α = 90º
º degree 1 turn = 360º α = 60º
´ arcminute 1º = 60´ α = 60º59'
´´ arcsecond 1´ = 60´´ α = 60º59'59''
AB line line from point A to point B
ray line that start from point A
| perpendicular perpendicular lines (90º angle) AC |BC
|| parallel parallel lines AB || CD
equivalence of geometric
≅ congruent to
shapes and size ∆ABC ≅ ∆XYZ
~ similarity same shapes, not same size ∆ABC ~ ∆XYZ
Δ triangle triangle shape ΔABC ≅ ΔBCD
| x-y | distance distance between points x and y | x-y | = 5
π = 3.141592654...
π pi constant c = π·d = 2·π·r
is the ratio between the circumference
and diameter of a circle
rad radians radians angle unit 360º = 2π rad
grad grads grads angle unit 360º = 400 grad
Algebra Symbols
List of mathematical algebra symbols and signs.

Algebra math symbols table

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

x x variable unknown value to find when 2x = 4, then x = 2
≡ equivalence identical to
≜ equal by definition equal by definition
:= equal by definition equal by definition
~ approximately equal weak approximation 11 ~ 10
≈ approximately equal approximation sin(0.01) ≈ 0.01
∝ proportional to proportional to f(x) ∝ g(x)
∞ lemniscate infinity symbol
≪ much less than much less than 1 ≪ 1000000
≫ much greater than much greater than 1000000 ≫ 1
() parentheses calculate expression inside first 2 * (3+5) = 16
[] brackets calculate expression inside first [(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18
{} braces set
⌊x⌋ floor brackets rounds number to lower integer ⌊4.3⌋4
⌈x⌉ ceiling brackets rounds number to upper integer ⌈4.3⌉5
x! exclamation mark factorial 4! = 1*2*3*4 = 24
|x| single vertical bar absolute value | -5 | = 5
f (x) function of x maps values of x to f(x) f (x) = 3x+5
(f ∘g) function composition (f ∘g) (x) = f (g(x)) f (x)=3x, g(x)=x-1 ⇒(f ∘g)(x)=3(x-1)
(a,b) open interval (a,b) ≜ {x | a < x < b} x ∈ (2,6)
[a,b] closed interval [a,b] ≜ {x | a ≤ x ≤ b} x ∈ [2,6]
∆ delta change / difference ∆t = t1 - t0
∆ discriminant Δ = b2 - 4ac
summation - sum of all values in
∑ sigma ∑ xi= x1+x2+...+xn
range of series

∑∑ sigma double summation

product - product of all values in

∏ capital pi ∏ xi=x1∙x2∙...∙xn
range of series
e constant / Euler's
e e = 2.718281828... e = lim (1+1/x)x , x→∞
number
Euler-Mascheroni
γ γ = 0.527721566...
constant
φ golden ratio golden ratio constant
π pi constant π = 3.141592654... c = π·d = 2·π·r
 is the ratio between the circumference and
diameter of a circle

Linear Algebra Symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

∙ dot scalar product a∙b
× cross vector product a×b
A⊗B tensor product tensor product of A and B A⊗B
inner product
[] brackets matrix of numbers
() parentheses matrix of numbers
|A| determinant determinant of matrix A
det(A) determinant determinant of matrix A
|| x || double vertical bars norm
AT transpose matrix transpose (AT)ij = (A)ji
A† Hermitian matrix matrix conjugate transpose (A†)ij = (A)ji
A* Hermitian matrix matrix conjugate transpose (A*)ij = (A)ji
A -1 inverse matrix A A-1 = I
rank(A) matrix rank rank of matrix A rank(A) = 3
dim(U) dimension dimension of matrix A rank(U) = 3
Statistical Symbols
Probability and statistics symbols table and definitions.

Probability and statistics symbols table

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

P(A) probability function probability of event A P(A) = 0.5
probability of events probability that of events A and
P(A ∩ B) P(A∩B) = 0.5
intersection B
probability of events
P(A ∪ B) union
probability that of events A or B P(A∪B) = 0.5
conditional probability of event A given
P(A | B) P(A | B) = 0.3
probability function event B occured
probability density
f (x) P(a ≤ x ≤ b) = ∫ f (x) dx
function (pdf)
cumulative
F(x) distribution function F(x) = P(X ≤ x)
(cdf)
μ population mean mean of population values μ = 10
expected value of random
E(X) expectation value E(X) = 10
variable X
conditional expected value of random
E(X | Y) E(X | Y=2) = 5
expectation variable X given Y
var(X) variance variance of random variable X var(X) = 4
σ2 variance variance of population values σ2 = 4
standard deviation of random
std(X) standard deviation std(X) = 2
variable X
standard deviation value of
σX standard deviation σX = 2
random variable X
middle value of random variable
median
x
covariance of random variables
cov(X,Y) covariance cov(X,Y) = 4
X and Y
correlation of random variables
corr(X,Y) correlation corr(X,Y) = 0.6
X and Y
correlation of random variables
ρX,Y correlation ρX,Y = 0.6
X and Y
summation - sum of all values in
∑ summation
range of series

∑∑ double summation double summation

value that occurs most

Mo mode
frequently in population
MR mid-range MR = (xmax+xmin)/2
Md sample median half the population is below this
 value
25% of population are below
Q1 lower / first quartile
this value
median / second 50% of population are below
Q2
quartile this value = median of samples
75% of population are below
Q3 upper / third quartile
this value
x sample mean average / arithmetic mean x = (2+5+9) / 3 = 5.333
population samples variance
s2 sample variance s2 = 4
estimator
sample standard population samples standard
s s=2
deviation deviation estimator
zx standard score zx = (x-x) / sx
distribution of random variable
X~ distribution of X X ~ N(0,3)
X
N(μ,σ2) normal distribution gaussian distribution X ~ N(0,3)
U(a,b) uniform distribution equal probability in range a,b X ~ U(0,3)
exponential
exp(λ) f (x) = λe-λx , x≥0
distribution
gamma(c, λ) gamma distribution f (x) = λ c xc-1e-λx / Γ(c), x≥0
chi-square
χ 2(k) f (x) = xk/2-1e-x/2 / ( 2k/2 Γ(k/2) )
distribution
F (k1, k2) F distribution
binomial
Bin(n,p) f (k) = nCk pk(1-p)n-k
distribution
Poisson(λ) Poisson distribution f (k) = λke-λ / k!
geometric
Geom(p) f (k) = p (1-p) k
distribution
hyper-geometric
HG(N,K,n)
distribution
Bernoulli
Bern(p)
distribution

Combinatorics Symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

n! factorial n! = 1·2·3·...·n 5! = 1·2·3·4·5 = 120

nPk permutation 5P3 = 5! / (5-3)! = 60

n Ck

combination 5C3 = 5!/[3!(5-3)!]=10

Set Theory Symbols
List of set symbols of set theory and probability.

Table of set theory symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

{} set a collection of elements A={3,7,9,14}, B={9,14,28}
objects that belong to set A
A∩B intersection
and set B A ∩ B = {9,14}
objects that belong to set A
A∪B union
or set B A ∪ B = {3,7,9,14,28}
subset has less elements or
A⊆B subset
equal to the set {9,14,28} ⊆ {9,14,28}
proper subset / strict subset has less elements than
A⊂B subset the set {9,14} ⊂ {9,14,28}
left set not a subset of right
A⊄B not subset
set {9,66} ⊄ {9,14,28}
set A has more elements or
A⊇B superset
equal to the set B {9,14,28} ⊇ {9,14,28}
proper superset / set A has more elements than
A⊃B strict superset set B {9,14,28} ⊃ {9,14}
set A is not a superset of set
A⊅B not superset
B {9,14,28} ⊅ {9,66}
2A power set all subsets of A
Ƥ (A) power set all subsets of A
both sets have the same
A=B equality A={3,9,14}, B={3,9,14}, A=B
members
all the objects that do not
Ac complement
belong to set A
objects that belong to A and A={3,9,14}, B={1,2,3}, A-
A\B relative complement
not to B B={9,14}
objects that belong to A and A={3,9,14}, B={1,2,3}, A-
A-B relative complement
not to B B={9,14}
objects that belong to A or B A={3,9,14}, B={1,2,3}, A ∆
A∆B symmetric difference
but not to their intersection B={1,2,9,14}
objects that belong to A or B A={3,9,14}, B={1,2,3}, A ⊖
A⊖B symmetric difference
but not to their intersection B={1,2,9,14}
a∈A element of set membership A={3,9,14}, 3 ∈ A
x∉A not element of no set membership A={3,9,14}, 1 ∉ A
(a,b) ordered pair collection of 2 elements
set of all ordered pairs from
A×B cartesian product
A and B
the number of elements of set
|A| cardinality A={3,9,14}, |A|=3
A
 the number of elements of set
#A cardinality A={3,9,14}, #A=3
A
‫א‬ aleph infinite cardinality
Ø empty set Ø={} C = {Ø}
U universal set set of all possible values
natural numbers /
ℕ0 whole numbers set ℕ0 = {0,1,2,3,4,...} 0 ∈ ℕ0
(with zero)
natural numbers /
ℕ1 whole numbers set ℕ1 = {1,2,3,4,5,...} 6 ∈ ℕ1
(without zero)
ℤ integer numbers set ℤ = {...-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,...} -6 ∈ ℤ
ℚ rational numbers set ℚ = {x | x=a/b, a,b∈ℕ} 2/6 ∈ ℚ
ℝ real numbers set ℝ = {x | -∞ < x <∞} 6.343434 ∈ ℝ

ℂ complex numbers set ℂ = {z | z=a+bi, -∞<a<∞, 6+2i ∈ ℂ

-∞<b<∞}
Logic Symbols

Logic math symbols table

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

· and and x·y
^ caret / circumflex and x^y
& ampersand and x&y
+ plus or x+y
∨ reversed caret or x∨y
| vertical line or x|y
x' single quote not - negation x'
x bar not - negation x
¬ not not - negation ¬x
! exclamation mark not - negation !x
circled plus /
⊕ oplus
exclusive or - xor x⊕y
~ tilde negation ~x
⇒ implies
⇔ equivalent if and only if
∀ for all
∃ there exists
there does not
∄ exists
∴ therefore
∵ because / since
Calculus Symbols
Calculus and analysis math symbols and definitions.

Calculus & analysis math symbols table

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

limit limit value of a function
represents a very small
ε epsilon ε→0
number, near zero
e constant / Euler's
e e = 2.718281828... e = lim (1+1/x)x , x→∞
number
derivative - Leibniz's
y' derivative (3x3)' = 9x2
notation
y '' second derivative derivative of derivative (3x3)'' = 18x
y(n) nth derivative n times derivation (3x3)(3) = 18
derivative - Lagrange's
derivative d(3x3)/dx = 9x2
notation

second derivative derivative of derivative d2(3x3)/dx2 = 18x

nth derivative n times derivation

derivative by time - Newton

time derivative
notation
time second
derivative of derivative
derivative

partial derivative ∂(x2+y2)/∂x = 2x

∫ integral opposite to derivation

integration of function of 2
∬ double integral
variables
integration of function of 3
∭ triple integral
variables
closed contour / line
∮ integral
closed surface
∯ integral
closed volume
∰ integral
[a,b] closed interval [a,b] = {x | a ≤ x ≤ b}
(a,b) open interval (a,b) = {x | a < x < b}
i imaginary unit i ≡ √-1 z = 3 + 2i
z* complex conjugate z = a+bi → z*=a-bi z* = 3 + 2i
z complex conjugate z = a+bi → z = a-bi z = 3 + 2i
 gradient / divergence
∇ nabla / del
operator ∇f (x,y,z)

vector
unit vector
x*y convolution y(t) = x(t) * h(t)
ℒ Laplace transform F(s) = ℒ{f (t)}
ℱ Fourier transform X(ω) = ℱ{f (t)}
δ delta function