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Pedestrian loads and dynamic performances of lively footbridges: an overview
Fiammetta Venuti
Luca Bruno
Objective
Pedestrian loads and dynamic performances of lively footbridges: an overview
Summary
Comfort criteria
Experimental tests
laboratory tests
field tests
Pedestrian loads and dynamic performances of lively footbridges: an overview
6
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F. Venuti,, L. Bruno, CSHM-2, 28 Sept. – 1 Oct.2008, Taormina
PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
7 Pedestrian walking on a rigid surface
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Pedestrian loads and dynamic performances of lively footbridges: an overview
Exp.
100
Number of people Theor.
FL lp FH
F. Venuti,, L. Bruno, CSHM-2, 28 Sept. – 1 Oct.2008, Taormina
FV FV
50
FV
1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 fV
FH Matsumoto et al. (1978)
fV = v / l p ≅ 2 Hz
Walking frequency
f H = fV / 2 ≅ 1 Hz
Andriacchi et al. (1997)
Walking frequency rangesFfor
L
different activities after Bachmann (2002)
FL
8 Pedestrians walking on a vibrating surface
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Human-structure interaction
Pedestrian loads and dynamic performances of lively footbridges: an overview
“[..] the phenomenom could occour on any bridge with a lateral frequency below
about 1.3 Hz loaded with a sufficient number of pedestrians.” (Dallard et al., 2001)
9 Synchronous Lateral Excitation
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Pedestrian loads and dynamic performances of lively footbridges: an overview
2 kinds of synchronisation:
The deck lateral motion triggers the
synchronisation between the pedestrians and
F. Venuti,, L. Bruno, CSHM-2, 28 Sept. – 1 Oct.2008, Taormina
Self-excitation: The lateral force grows for increasing amplitude of the deck
Pedestrian loads and dynamic performances of lively footbridges: an overview
motion
F. Venuti,, L. Bruno, CSHM-2, 28 Sept. – 1 Oct.2008, Taormina
Nakamura (2003)
11
Pedestrian loads and dynamic performances of lively footbridges: an overview
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F. Venuti,, L. Bruno, CSHM-2, 28 Sept. – 1 Oct.2008, Taormina
COMFORT CRITERIA
12 Comfort requirements
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The reaction of pedestrians to vibration is very complex:
Pedestrian loads and dynamic performances of lively footbridges: an overview
Comfort requirements:
Limit values for structural the bridge natural frequencies should fall outside
frequencies the pedestrian loading frequencies
ISO 10137 (2007): Bases for design of structures – Serviceability of buildings and
Pedestrian loads and dynamic performances of lively footbridges: an overview
ah - RMS [m/s2]
av - RMS [m/s2]
f [Hz]
by the Owner.
Stage 1: determination of the footbridge class
Traffic Density d
Description
Class (P=person)
I d=1.0 P/m2 urban footbridge linking up high pedestrian density areas or that is
F. Venuti,, L. Bruno, CSHM-2, 28 Sept. – 1 Oct.2008, Taormina
II d=0.8 P/m2 urban footbridge linking up populated areas, subjected to heavy traffic
and that may occasionally be loaded throughout its bearing area
III d=0.5 P/m2 footbridge for standard use, occasionally crossed by large groups of
people but that will never be loaded throughout its bearing area
IV seldom used footbridge, built to link sparsely populated areas
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F. Venuti,, L. Bruno, CSHM-2, 28 Sept. – 1 Oct.2008, Taormina
LOAD MODELS
19 Classification of load models
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Pedestrian loads and dynamic performances of lively footbridges: an overview
i =1
n
Flong = ∑ Gα
i =1
i ,long sin(2π f p t − ϕ i ,long ) longitudinal
longitudinal
vertical
lateral
Load models in codes and guidelines usually considers only the first harmonic and
the resulting sinusoidal force is applied in resonance to the footbridge natural
mode of interest
21 Crowd load models: framework
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Pedestrian loads and dynamic performances of lively footbridges: an overview
Assumption:
the action of a group of pedestrians or a crowd is generally modelled by
multiplying the action of a single pedestrian by an effective number of
pedestrians neff
effective number
F. Venuti,, L. Bruno, CSHM-2, 28 Sept. – 1 Oct.2008, Taormina
of pedestrians
F (t ) = F0 sin( 2π ft ) ⋅ neff ⋅ψ
action of a single reduction
pedestrian coefficient
F0 = G ⋅ DLF
The action should be applied in resonance with the footbridge natural frequency
22 Effective number of pedestrians
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Pedestrian loads and dynamic performances of lively footbridges: an overview
SETRA – SYNPEX
First harm.
Second harm.
fv
24 Load distribution along the deck
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Pedestrian loads and dynamic performances of lively footbridges: an overview
Crowd:
The distributed oscillating loading should be applied in order to obtain the most
F. Venuti,, L. Bruno, CSHM-2, 28 Sept. – 1 Oct.2008, Taormina
unfavourable effect the amplitude of the load has the same sign as the mode
shape configuration
Setra (2006)
25
Pedestrian loads and dynamic performances of lively footbridges: an overview
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F. Venuti,, L. Bruno, CSHM-2, 28 Sept. – 1 Oct.2008, Taormina
EXPERIMENTAL TESTS
26 Objectives of tests
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Pedestrian loads and dynamic performances of lively footbridges: an overview
Measurement of:
done
partially done
to be done
27 Force on a rigid surface: laboratory tests
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FORCE PLATE
Pedestrian loads and dynamic performances of lively footbridges: an overview
Z
anteroposterior (Y)
X Y
and vertical (Z).
TREADMILL
INSTRUMENTED SHOES
Sole with force transducers, allows to measure vertical
forces during gait over a great number of steps
28 Force on a moving surface and lock-in: laboratory tests
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Treadmill laterally moving with different frequencies and amplitudes measure the
Pedestrian loads and dynamic performances of lively footbridges: an overview
Pizzimenti, 2005
University of Reggio Calabria
SETRA, 2006
7m-long platform to recreate the
same condition of a footbridge
29 Pedestrian-structure synchronisation: field tests
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measure the footbridge dynamic response to different crowd conditions and the
Pedestrian loads and dynamic performances of lively footbridges: an overview
Available techniques:
a given length.
Critical aspects:
Pedestrians do not walk in lanes
More than 1 pedestrian in the same deck cross-section
Need to measure the lateral force component
33 Conclusions
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Pedestrian loads and dynamic performances of lively footbridges: an overview
Crowd-to-Structure Structure-to-Crowd
FORCE MODEL
action action
CROWD
VENUTI F., BRUNO L., BELLOMO N., Crowd dynamics on a moving platform: mathematical
modelling and application to lively footbridges, Math. Comput. Model., n. 45, 2007
35 A proposal for a different approach for SLE
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VENUTI F., BRUNO L., P. NAPOLI, Pedestrian lateral excitation on lively
FORCE MODEL
Pedestrian loads and dynamic performances of lively footbridges: an overview
+ n pp = nS pp (1 − S ps )
function of the crowd density
ns = n − n ps − n pp