CHAPTER 15

Spread Footing Design

QUESTIONS AND PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Section 15.1 Bearing Stress

15.1 A 5 ft square, 3 ft deep footing supports a column load of 110 k. The groundwater table
is at a depth greater than 3 ft. Compute the bearing pressure.

Solution

P
q= + γ cD − u
A
=
110,000lb
( )
+ 150 lb/ft 3 (3 ft ) − 0
(5 ft ) 2

= 3950 lb/ft 2

15.2 An 800 mm wide, 400 mm deep continuous footing supports a wall load of 120 kN/m.
The groundwater table is at a great depth. Compute the bearing pressure.

Solution

P/b
q= + γ cD − u
B
=
120 kN/m
0.800 m
( )
+ 23.6 kN/m 3 (0.400 m ) − 0

= 159 kPa

15.3 A rectangular footing 8 ft by 12 ft founded at a depth of 5 feet supports two columns each
bearing a load of 135 k. The groundwater is currently at a depth of 7 feet, but the historic
high water table is at a depth of 2 feet. Compute the bearing pressure under the current
groundwater conditions and if the groundwater reaches its historic high level.

15-1

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 15-2 Spread Footing Design Chap. 15

Solution
At current water table level

P
q= + γ cD − u
A
2(135,000 lb )
=
(8 × 12)
( )
+ 150 lb/ft 3 (5 ft ) − 0

= 3563 lb/ft 2

At the historic high water table level

P
q= + γ cD − u
A
2(135,000 lb )
=
(8 × 12)
( ) (
+ 150 lb/ft 3 (5 ft ) − 62.4 lb/ft 3 (3 ft ) )
= 3375 lb/ft 2

Section 15.2 Bearing Capacity

15.4 The bearing wall of a structure is to be supported on a 3-ft wide continuous footing
founded at a depth of 2.5 ft in a clayey sand with c′ = 100 lb/ft2, φ′ = 27°, and
γ = 118 lb/ft3. Compute allowable wall load if a factor of safety of 2.5 is required.

Solution
Assume groundwater table is very deep.

γ ' = γ = 118 lb/ft 3

From Table 15.1 w/φ′ = 27°

Nc = 29.2
Nq = 15.9
Nγ = 12.5

Using Equation 15.5

qult = c' N c + σ D′ N q + 0.5γ ' BN γ

( ) ( ) ( )
= 100 lb/ft 2 (29.2 ) + 118 lb/ft 3 (2.5 ft )(15.9 ) + 0.5 118 lb/ft 3 (3 ft )(12.5)
= 9823 lb/ft 2

qult 9823 lb/ft 2

qa = = = 3929 lb/ft 2
F 2.5

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 Chap. 15 Spread Footing Design 15-3

15.5 A proposed column is to be supported by a 1.5 m wide, 0.5 m deep square footing. The
soil beneath this footing is a silty sand with c′ = 0, φ′ = 29°, and γ = 18.0 kN/m3. The
groundwater table is at a depth of 10 m below the ground surface. The factor of safety
against a bearing capacity failure must be at least 2.75. Compute the maximum allowable
column load.

Solution
Check groundwater

D = 0.5m
B = 1.5m
Dw = 10m

D + B ≤ Dw∴ Case 3 – no groundwater correction is necessary (see Figure 15.8)

Use Equation 15.6 to compute ultimate bearing capacity.

σ D′ = γD − u = (18.0 kN/m 3 )(0.5 m ) − 0 = 9.0 kPa

qult = 1.3c' N c + σ D′ N q + 0.4γ ' BN γ

( )
= 0 + (9.0 kPa )(20.0) + 0.4 18.0 kN/m 3 (1.5 m )(17.1)
= 365 kPa

qult 365 kPa

qa = = = 133 kPa
F 2.75

P
q= + γ cD − u
A
133 kPa =
P
(
+ 23.6 kN/m 3 (0.5 m ) − 0)
(1.5 m )2

P = 273 kN

15.6 You are reviewing the footing design for a hospital founded on clay soils. The
controlling column load is 130 k. The proposed footing is square with a width of 7 ft. It
is founded at a depth of 3 ft in a medium to stiff clay with su = 1100 lb/ft2 and
γ = 127 lb/ft3. The groundwater table is at a depth of 2 ft. Is this design acceptable?
Explain.

Solution
This is case where a total stress analysis with φ = 0 is appropriate

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 15-4 Spread Footing Design Chap. 15

qult = 1.3cT N c + σ D′ N q + 0.4γ ' BN γ

( ) ( )
= 1.3 1100 lb/ft 2 (5.7 ) + 127 lb/ft 3 (3 ft )(1.0)
= 8532 lb/ft 2

P
q= + γ cD − u
A
=
130,000lb
( )
+ 150 lb/ft 3 (3 ft )
(7 ft )2

= 3103 lb/ft 2

qult 8532 lb/ft 2

FS = = = 2.75
q 3103 lb/ft 2

While the factor of safety is greater than 2.0, this footing will be support a hospital which
is a critical structure. A factor of safety of 3.0 would be more appropriate. The footing
size should be increased.

15.7 Write a spreadsheet program that will compute the ultimate and allowable bearing
capacity for both continuous and square footings using Terzaghi’s bearing capacity
theory. The program must allow users to input column or wall load, footing dimensions,
footing depth, depth to groundwater table, factor of safety, and the cohesion, friction
angle, and unit weight of the soil. It should accept either SI or English units.

Solution
There are various solutions. See spreadsheet Bearing_Capacity.xlsx for an example.

15.8 A 39 inch wide, 24 inch deep continuous footing supports a wall load of 12 k/ft. This
footing is underlain by a fine-to-medium sand with c′ = 0, φ′ = 31°, and γ = 122 lb/ft3.
The groundwater table is currently at a depth of 10 ft below the ground surface, but could
rise to 4 ft below the ground surface during the life of the project. The factor of safety
against a bearing capacity failure must be at least 3.0. Is the design acceptable? Provide
computations to justify your answer. Comment on any special considerations.

Solution
Check groundwater

D = 2 ft
B = 3.25 ft
Dw = 4 ft

D < Dw< D+B∴Case 2

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 Chap. 15 Spread Footing Design 15-5

⎛ ⎛ Dw − D ⎞ ⎞
γ ' = γ − γ w ⎜⎜1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ B ⎠⎠
⎛ ⎛ 4 ft − 2 ft ⎞ ⎞
= 122 lb/ft 3 − 62.4 lb/ft 3 ⎜⎜1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ 3.25 ft ⎠ ⎠
= 98 lb/ft 3

σ D′ = γD − u = (122 lb/ft 3 )(2 ft ) − 0 = 244 lb/ft 2

q ult = c' N c + σ D′ N q + 0.5γ ′ BN γ

= 0 + (244 lb/ft 2 )(25.3) + 0.5(98 lb/ft 3 )(3.25 ft )(23.7 )
= 9947 lb/ft 2

qult 9947 lb/ft 2

qa = = = 3316 lb/ft 2
F 3.0

P/b
q= +γ cD −u
B
+ (150 lb/ft 3 )(2 ft ) − 0
12,000 lb/ft
=
(3.25 ft )
= 3992 lb/ft 2

q>qa, so this design is not acceptable.

Comment
The analysis must be based on a groundwater depth of 4 ft, because this is the worst-case
condition. The design can be made acceptable by increasing B.

15.9 A 949-kN column load is to be supported on a square spread footing that will be
underlain by a clayey silt with su = 125 kPa. The bottom of this footing will be 1.0 m
below the ground surface, and the groundwater table is more than 30 m below the ground
surface. Using a factor of safety of 3.0, compute the required footing width.

Solution
This is a case for total stress analysis with φ = 0

q ult = 1.3c ' N c + σ D′ N q + 0.4γ ' BN γ

= 1.3(125 kPa )(5.7 ) + (18 kPa )(1.0 ) + 0
= 944 kPa

q ult 944kPa
qa = = = 315kPa
F 3.0

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 15-6 Spread Footing Design Chap. 15

P
q= + γ cD − u
A
+ (23.6 kN/m 3 )(1.0 m ) − 0
949 kN
315 kPa = 2
B
B = 1.8 m

15.10 You are designing a continuous footing to support the walls of a tilt up structure. The
wall loads will be 25 k/ft. The footing will be founded at a depth of 3 ft on a medium
dense sand with c′ = 0, φ′ = 33°, and γ = 124 lb/ft3. The groundwater is at a depth of 4 ft.
Using a factor of safety of 2.75, compute the required footing width.

Solution
Check groundwater
Assume D < Dw< D+B∴ Case 2

⎛ ⎛ Dw − D ⎞ ⎞
γ ' = γ − γ w ⎜⎜1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ B ⎠⎠
⎛ ⎛ 4 ft − 3 ft ⎞ ⎞
= 124 lb/ft 3 − 62.4 lb/ft 3 ⎜⎜1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ B ⎠⎠
62.4 lb/ft 3
= 61.6 lb/ft 3 +
B

σ D′ = γD − u = (124 lb/ft 3 )(3 ft ) − 0 = 372 lb/ft 2

qult = c' N c + σ D' N q + 0.5γ ' BN γ

⎛ 62.4lb / ft 3 ⎞
( 2
)
= 0 + 372 lb/ft (32.2) + 0.5⎜ 61.6 lb/ft +
⎜ 3

B
⎟⎟(B )(33.3)
⎝ ⎠
= 13017 lb/ft + 1027 B
2

qult 13017 lb/ft 2 + 1027 B

qa = = = 4733.5 lb/ft 2 + 373.5B
F 2.75

P/b
q= + γ cD − u
B
=
25,000 lb/ft
B
( )
+ 150 lb/ft 3 (3 ft ) − 0

25,000 lb/ft
= + 450 lb/ft 3
B

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 Chap. 15 Spread Footing Design 15-7

qa = q
25,000 lb/ft
4733.5 lb/ft 2 + 373.5 B = + 450 lb/ft 3
B

Solve for B

B=4.25 ft

15.11 A proposed cylindrical steel water tank is to be built on a medium clay that has an
undrained shear strength, su, of 31 kPa. The tank diameter will be 35.0 m, and it will
contain 10.0 m of water. Its empty mass will be 253,000 kg. Assuming both the weight
of the empty tank and that of the water are spread evenly along the bottom, compute the
factor of safety against a bearing capacity failure. Is this factor of safety acceptable? If
not, how could the design be modified to provide an acceptable F?

Note: Although a ring footing would be present along the perimeter of this tank
to support the weight of the walls, the live load (i.e., the weight of the water) is spread
evenly across the bottom of the tank. This live load is a large fraction of the total load, so
the bearing capacity analysis should be based on a circular load with a diameter equal to
the diameter of the tank.

Solution

qult = 1.3c' N c + σ D′ N q + 0.3γ ' BN γ

qult = 1.3(31 kPa )(5.7) + 0 + 0
qult = 230 kPa

Empty tank

W = Mg =
(253,000 kg )(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 2479 kN
1000 N/kN
2
⎛ 35 m ⎞
A = π⎜ ⎟ = 962 m
2

⎝ 2 ⎠

P 2479 kN
q= +γ cD −u = + 0 − 0 = 3 kPa
A 962 m 2

Water

( )
q = γ w H w = 9.8 kN/m 3 (10 m ) = 98 kPa

Total

q = 3 kPa + 98 kPa = 101 kPa

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 15-8 Spread Footing Design Chap. 15

230 kPa
F= = 2.3
101 kPa

Section 15.3 Settlement

15.12 The footing described in Example 15.6 has been redesigned so B now equals 2.50 m.
The column load and depth of embedment remain the same. Compute the new settlement,
δ. Does this new design satisfy the allowable settlement criteria described in Example
15.6?

Solution

σ ′z 0, sample = ∑ γH − u = (18.3 kN/m 3 )(2.5 m ) − (9.8 kN/m 3 )(0.5 m ) = 41 kPa

σ m′ = σ c′ − σ ′z 0 = 300 kPa − 41 kPa = 259 kPa

σ D′ = γD − u = (18.3 kN/m 3 )(0.5 m ) − 0 = 9 kPa

q=
P
+ γ cD − u =
220 kN
( )
+ 23.6 kN/m 3 (0.5 m ) − 0 = 47 kPa
A (2.5 m ) 2

( )
q ' = q − γD = 47 kPa − 18.3 kN/m 3 (0.5) = 38 kPa

At Midpoint of Layer
H zf σ'z0 σ'c Δσz σ'zf δc,ult
Layer (m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) Cc/(1+e0) Cr/(1+e0) Case (mm)
1 1.3 0.6 20.6 279.6 35.7 56.3 0.10 0.05 OC-I 27
2 1.3 1.9 34.9 293.9 18.1 53.0 0.10 0.05 OC-I 11
3 2.5 3.8 50.8 309.8 6.4 57.2 0.10 0.05 OC-I 6
4 2.5 6.3 72.1 331.1 2.5 74.6 0.10 0.05 OC-I 2
Σ= 46
Rigidity factor = × 0.85
Total Settlement = 39

The computed settlement of 39 mm is still greater than the allowable total settlement of
20 mm. Therefore, the footing width, B, needs to be increased even further.

15.13 The proposed footing shown in Figure 15.20 has an allowable total settlement of 1.0 in.
Compute the settlement and determine if it meets this criterion.

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 Chap. 15 Spread Footing Design 15-9

Figure 15.20 Proposed square footing for Problem 15.13.

Solution

σ ′z 0,sample = ∑ γH − u = (123 lb/ft 3 )(13 ft ) − (62.4 lb/ft 3 )(4ft ) = 1349 lb/ft 2

σ m′ = σ c′ − σ ′z 0 = 6000 lb/ft 2 − 1349 lb/ft 2 = 4651 lb/ft 2

σ D′ = γD − u = (123 lb/ft 3 )(2.5 ft ) − 0 = 307 lb/ft 2

q=
P
+ γcD − u =
72,000 lb
( )
+ 150 lb/ft 3 (2.5 ft ) − 0 = 2375 lb/ft 2
A (6 ft ) 2

q ' = q − σ D′ = 2375 − 307 = 2068 lb/ft 2

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 15-10 Spread Footing Design Chap. 15

At Midpoint of Layer

H zf σz0 σ'c Δσz σ'zf δc,ult

Layer (ft) (ft) (psf) (psf) (psf) (psf) Cc/(1+e0) Cr/(1+e0) Case (in)
1 3.0 1.5 492.0 5143.0 1943.9 2435.9 0.076 0.029 OC-I 0.73
2 3.0 4.5 861.0 5512.0 984.4 1845.4 0.076 0.029 OC-I 0.35
3 6.0 9.0 1258.5 5909.5 349.5 1608.0 0.076 0.029 OC-I 0.22
4 6.0 15.0 1622.1 6273.1 136.5 1758.6 0.076 0.029 OC-I 0.07
Σ= 1.37
Rigidity factor = × 0.85
Total Settlement = 1.16

The computed settlement of 1.2 in. is greater than the allowable settlement of 1.0 in, so
the footing design is not acceptable.

15.14 Write a spreadsheet program that will compute the settlement of square or continuous
footings founded on clay soil. The program must allow users to input column or wall
load, footing dimensions, footing depth, Cc, Cr, σ′c, and unit weight of the soil. It should
divide the soil into at least 30 layers and should accept either SI or English units.

Solution
There are various solutions. See spreadsheet Settlement.xlsx for one example.

15.15 A proposed 3'6" wide continuous footing is to be built at the site described in Problem
15.12. The depth, D, the bearing pressure, q, and the allowable settlement, δa , are the
same as before. Compute the predicted settlement and determine if it meets the
settlement criteria.

Solution

At Midpoint of Layer
H zf σz0 σ'c Δσz σ'zf
Layer (ft) (ft) (psf) (psf) (psf) (psf) Cc/(1+e0) Cr/(1+e0) Case δc,ult (in)
1 3.5 1.8 522.8 5173.8 1654.4 2177.2 0.076 0.029 OC-I 0.76
2 3.5 5.3 953.3 5604.3 827.2 1780.5 0.076 0.029 OC-I 0.33
3 7 10.5 1349.4 6000.4 434.3 1783.7 0.076 0.029 OC-I 0.30
4 7 17.5 1773.6 6424.6 289.5 2063.1 0.076 0.029 OC-I 0.16
Σ= 1.54
Rigidity factor = × 0.85
Total Settlement = 1.31

The computed settlement is 1.3 in.

The computed settlement of 1.3 in is greater than the allowable settlement of 1.0 in, so
the footing design is not acceptable.

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 Chap. 15 Spread Footing Design 15-11

15.16 Compute the settlement of the proposed footing shown in Figure 15.21 using the CPT log
shown.

Solution

1
0.767

0.716

0.256
3

Es=2.5qc (Equation 15.22 for clean sand)

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 15-12 Spread Footing Design Chap. 15

Layer Depth qc Es
No. (m) (kg/cm2) (kPa)
1 0-2.0 20 4902
2 2.0-3.5 40 9804
3 3.5-4.8 60 14,706

q=
P
+ γ cD − u =
1000 kN
( )
+ 23.6 kN/m 3 (0.8 m ) − 0 = 268.9 kPa
A (2.0m ) 2

σ D = γD − u = (19.7 kN/m 3 )(0.8 m ) − 0 = 15.76 kPa

σ zp = γ (D +B / 2) = (19.7 kN/m 3 )(0.8 m + 2.0 m/2) = 35.5 kPa

q −σ D
I εp = 0.5 + 0.1
σ ′zp'
268.9 − 15.76
= 0.5 + 0.1
35.5
= 0.767

zf
Layer Es at center H
No. (kPa) (m) Iε (m) Iε(H)/Es
1 4902 0.6 0.443 1.2 108.4 ×10-6
2 9804 1.95 0.486 1.5 74.4×10-6
3 14,706 3.35 0.128 1.3 11.3×10-6
Σ= 194.1×10-6

⎛ σ D′ ⎞
⎟⎟ = 1 − 0.5⎛⎜ ⎞
15.76
C1 = 1 − 0.5⎜⎜ ⎟ = 1.03
⎝ q − σ D′ ⎠ ⎝ 268.9 − 15.76 ⎠

Assume settlement is computed immediately after footing placement.

C2 = 1

C3 = 1

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 Chap. 15 Spread Footing Design 15-13

Iε H
δ = C1C 2C3 (q − σ D )∑
Es
(
= (1.03)(1)(1)(268.9 − 15.76 ) 194 × 10 −6 )
= 0.051 m = 51 mm

15.17 Write a spreadsheet program that will compute the settlement of square or continuous
footings founded on sand using Schmertmann’s method. The program must allow users
to input column or wall load, footing dimensions, footing depth, Es and unit weight of the
soil and time after construction. It should divide the soil into at least 30 layers and should
accept either SI or English units.

Solution
There are various solutions. See spreadsheet Settlement.xlsx for an example.

15.18 According to the structural engineer, the footing described in Problem 15.16 must not
settle more than 25 mm. Determine the required B that produces the most economical
design.

Solution
From problem 15.16
Layer Depth qc Es
No. (m) (kg/cm2) (kPa)
1 0-2.0 20 4902
2 2.0-3.5 40 9804
3 3.5-4.8 60 14,706

Through trial and error, try B=3.0 m

P
q= + γ cD − u
A
=
1000 kN
3.0 2
( )
+ 23.6 kN/m3 (0.8 m ) − 0

= 130 kPa

σ D = γD − u = (19.7 kN/m 3 )(0.8 m ) − 0 = 15.76 kPa

σ zp = γ (D +B / 2 ) = (19.7 kN/m 3 )(0.8 m + 3/2 ) = 45.3 kPa

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 15-14 Spread Footing Design Chap. 15

q −σ D
I εp = 0.5 + 0.1
σ ′zp
100.5 − 15.76
= 0.5 + 0.1
45.3
= 0.659

zf
Layer Es at center H
No. (kPa) (m) Iε (m) IεH/Es
1 4902 0.6 0.264 1.2 64.6×10-6
2 9804 1.95 0.576 1.5 88.1×10-6
3 14,706 4.35 0.242 3.3 54.3×10-6
Σ= 207.1×10-6

⎛ σ D′ ⎞ ⎛ 15.76 ⎞
C1 = 1 − 0.5⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1 − 0.5⎜ ⎟ = 0.931
⎝ q − σ D′ ⎠ ⎝ 130 − 15.76 ⎠

C2 = 1

C3 = 1

Iε H
δ = C1C2C3 (q − σ D )∑
Es
(
= (0.931)(1)(1)(130 − 15.76 ) 2.85 × 10 −4 )
= 0.022 m = 22 mm

Therefore B = 3.0 m is satisfactory

Comprehensive

15.19 A proposed 1200 mm wide, 400 mm deep footing will be built on a sandy soil with c′ = 0,
φ′ = 34°, γ = 20.1 kN/m3 and N60 = 30. The groundwater table is at a depth of 2 m below
the ground surface. Determine the maximum allowable column load that may be placed
on this footing while maintaining a factor of safety of at least 2.5 against a bearing
capacity failure and a total settlement of no more than 15 mm. Which controls this
design, bearing capacity or settlement?

Solution
Settlement
B = 1.2 m
D = 0.4 m

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 Chap. 15 Spread Footing Design 15-15

Es = 10 N 60 Pa
= 10(30 )(101 kPa )
= 30,300 kPa

Using spreadsheet Settlement.xlsx we find for P = 550 kN, settlement

immediately after construction is 14.5 mm.

Check bearing capacity

D+B < ∴ Case 3

γ '= γ

qult = 1.3c' N c + σ D′ N q + 0.4γ ' BN γ

= 0 + (20.1)(0.4 m )(36.5) + 0.4(20.1)(1.2 )(39.6 )
= 675 kPa

qult 675 kPa

qa = = = 270 kPa
FS 2.5

P = 270(1.2) = 389 kN
2

Therefore the allowable column load is 390 kN and bearing capacity controls.

15.20 A 103-k column load is to be supported on a square footing embedded 2.5 ft into the
ground. The underlying soil is a silty clay with Cc/(1+e0) = 0.11, Cr/(1+e0) = 0.03,
σm′ = 5000 lb/ft2, γ = 119 lb/ft3, and su = 2000 lb/ft2. The groundwater table is at a depth
of 40 ft below the ground surface. The factor of safety against a bearing capacity failure
must be at least 3, and the total settlement must not exceed 1 inch. Find the design
footing width, B.

Solution
Settlement
Using the spreadsheet Settlement.xlsx we find a footing width of 11 ft generates a
settlement of 1.0 in.

Bearing Capacity
Assume D+B < Dw∴ Case 3

γ '= γ

qult = 1.3cT N c + σ D′ N q + 0.4γ ' BN γ

( ) ( )
= 1.3 2000 lb/ft 2 (5.7 ) + 119 lb/ft 3 (2.5 ft )(1.0 ) + 0
= 15,117.5 lb/ft 2

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained
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 15-16 Spread Footing Design Chap. 15

qult 15,117.5 lb/ft 2

qa = = = 5039 kPa
FS 3 .0

Pa = 5039(11) − 2.5(150 ) = 609 k

2

Therefore B = 11 ft and settlement controls.

15.21 A proposed building is to be built on the soil profile shown in Figure 15.21. The column
loads are 1500 kN, and will be supported on a 0.8-m deep square footings. The allowable
total settlement is 25 mm, and the factor of safety against a bearing capacity failure must
be at least 2.0. Determine the design footing width, B. Is the design controlled by
settlement or bearing capacity?

Figure 15.21 Proposed square footing for Problems 15.16 and 15.21.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained
from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
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 Chap. 15 Spread Footing Design 15-17

Solution
Settlement
Using the spreadsheet Settlement.xlsx we find a footing width of 3.8 m generates
a settlement of 24.5 mm immediately after construction.

Bearing Capacity

Assume c = 0, φ = 36°

qult = 1.3c' N c + σ D′ N q + 0.4γ ' BN γ

(
= 0 + (15.76 kPa )(47.2) + 0.4 19.7 kN/m3 (3.8)(56.7 ) )
= 2442 kPa

qult 2442 kPa

qa = = = 1221 kPa
FS 2.0

Pa = 1221(3.8) − 0.8(23.5) = 17,600 kN

2

Therefore B = 3.8 m and settlement controls the footing dimension.

15.22 A proposed bent for a bridge will impart a vertical load of 3100 k onto a spread footing
foundation that will be embedded 6 ft into the ground. The underlying soils are dense
well-graded sands with c′ = 0, φ′ = 37°, γ = 128 lb/ft3, and N60 = 36. The groundwater
table is at a depth of 12 ft below the ground surface. This footing must have a factor of
safety of at least 2.75 against a bearing capacity failure and a total settlement of no more
than 1.5 inches. Determine the design footing width, B. Is the design controlled by
settlement or bearing capacity?

Solution
Settlement
Using the spreadsheet Settlement.xlsx we find a footing width of 22.5 ft generates
a settlement of 1.5 in immediately after construction.

Bearing Capacity
D < Dw < D+B ∴ Case 2

⎡ ⎛ Dw − D ⎞⎤
γ ' = γ − γ w ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ B ⎠⎦
⎡ ⎛ 12.0 − 6.0 ⎞⎤
= 128 − (62.4 )⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ 22.5 ⎠⎦
= 82.2 lb/ft 3

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from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
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 15-18 Spread Footing Design Chap. 15

qult = 1.3c ' N c + σ D′ N q + 0.4γ ' BN γ

( )
= 0 + (6 ft ) 128 lb/ft 2 (53.8) + 0.4(82.2 )(22.5)(68.1)
= 91,700 lb/ft 3

qult 91,700 lb/ft 2

qa = = = 33,300 lb/ft 2
FS 2.75

Pa = (33,300)(22.5) − 150(6) = 19.6 k

2

Therefore B = 22.5 ft and settlement controls.

15.23 A proposed building is to be supported on a series of spread footing foundations resting

on the underlying sandy clay. These foundations will be embedded to a depth of 500 mm
below the ground surface. The column loads are 900 kN. The allowable total settlement
is 25 mm, and the factor of safety against a bearing capacity failure must be at least 3.0.
The sandy clay has the following engineering properties: Cc/(1+e0) = 0.12,
Cr/(1+e0 ) = 0.03, γ = 19.5 kN/m3, σm′ = 300 kPa, and su = 200 kPa. The groundwater
table is at a depth of 5 m. Determine the design footing width, B. Is the design
controlled by settlement or bearing capacity?

Solution
Settlement
Using the spreadsheet Settlement.xlsx we find a footing width of 6.2 m generates
a settlement of 25 mm.

Check Bearing Capacity

This is a case for φ = 0° undrained total stress analysis

qult = 1.3cT N c + σ D′ N q + 0.4γ ' BN γ

( )
= 1.3(200 kPa )(5.7 ) + 19.5 kN/m 2 (0.5 m )(1.0) + 0
= 1490 kPa

qult 1490 kPa

qa = = = 500 kPa
FS 3.0

Therefore B = 6.2 m and settlement controls. This footing is unreasonably large. This
building would most likely be designed for a mat foundation or a deep foundation.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained
from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.