2017 FY13CE Chemistry Detailed Solution

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
FIJI YEAR 13 CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION 2017
CHEMISTRY
QUESTIONS
AND
DETAILED SOLUTIONS
WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES
COPYRIGHT: MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI, 2017.

2.
SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS [20 marks]

The multiple-choice questions are all compulsory. Each question is worth 1 mark.
Circle the letter of the best answer in the Answer Booklet.
1. An electron has one of its quantum numbers as +½. This is its _________ quantum number.
A. spin
B. magnetic
C. principal
D. azimuthal
Answer: A
Additional Notes
 A set of four quantum numbers describe the location and characteristic of an atom.
 The four quantum numbers are: principal, azimuthal, magnetic and spin.
 Principal quantum number (n) – any positive integer starting at 1.
 Azimuthal quantum number (l) – starts from a value of zero to a positive integer one less than
the principal quantum number (l = 0 to (n-1).
 Magnetic quantum number (ml) – the value depends on the azimuthal quantum number (l) and
ranges from -l to +l.
 Spin quantum number (ms) – has a value +½ or -½ depending on the direction in which the
electron is spinning. +½ indicates electron is spinning upwards and -½ indicates electron is
spinning downwards.
2. Which of the following compounds will have inter-molecular hydrogen bonding?
A. HF
B. HCl
C. HBr
D. HI
Answer: A
Additional Notes
 Hydrogen bond is an inter-molecular attraction and is a special type of dipole-dipole
interaction that exists in compounds in which hydrogen is bonded to a highly electronegative
element. These elements are fluorine, oxygen and nitrogen.
 From the given hydrohalogens, hydrogen bonds exist only between one hydrogen fluoride and
another. The diagram below shows this.
 HCl, HBr and HI has inter-molecular dipole-dipole interaction.
© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE DETAILED SOLUTION - 2017: CHEMISTRY.

3.
3. Which of the following is a correct statement about atomic radii of elements?
A. Atomic radii decreases down the Group.
B. Atomic radii only depend on nuclear charge.
C. Addition of electron shells leads to a decrease in atomic radii.
D. As the electronegativity of elements increases, the atomic radii decreases.
Answer: D
Additional Notes
 Atomic radius describes the size of an atom.
 Atomic radii decreases across the period – the nuclear charge increases since electrons are
added to the same energy level and hence electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus.
 Atomic radii increases down the group – even though the nuclear charge increases, electrons
are added to the new energy levels (number of shells increases), resulting in increased
shielding effect.
 Atomic radii does not only depend on nuclear charge. This is evident from the group trend.
Down the group, nuclear charge increases, but the dominating factor is the addition of new
shells.
 Electronegativity is the measure of how strongly electrons are held to the nucleus. High
electronegativity of elements results in smaller atomic radius.
4. Which of the following law states that volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature
at constant pressure?
A. Boyle’s Law
B. Charles’ Law
C. Dalton’s Law
D. Gay-Lussac’s Law
Answer: B
Additional Notes
 Boyle’s Law – states that the pressure of a fixed quantity of gas is inversely proportional to the
volume it occupies at a constant temperature (Pressure – Volume Relationship)
 Daltons Law – states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of non-reacting gases is the
sum of their individual partial pressure.
 Gay-Lussac’s Law – states that when gases combine chemically, their volumes bear simple
ratios to one another and to the volumes of the product if the product is a gas.
 Charle’s Law – states that volume of a sample of gas is directly proportional to its temperature
at constant pressure. Charle’s Law is demonstrated in the diagram below.
Source: https://astrocampsummer.org

4.
5. Which of the following chlorides is a conductor of electricity in molten form?
A. PCl3
B. SCl2
C. SiCl4
D. MgCl2
Answer: D
Additional Notes
 To answer this question, students should first find out about the nature of the chlorides given.
Once this is correctly done, it becomes easy to determine which chloride conducts electricity.
 An ionic chloride – is made up of a metal and a non-metal/polyatomic ion, and is a conductor of
electricity in molten form. From the options given, MgCl2 is the only ionic chloride, therefore is
the correct answer.
 A covalent chloride - is made up of two non-metals and is a non-conductor of electricity.
PCl3, SCl2 and SiCl4 are examples of covalent chlorides, therefore they are non-conductors.
6. The best description of silicon dioxide (SiO2) in terms of structure and bonding is
A. giant structure of ions.
B. giant covalent structure.
C. widely spaced atoms.
D. widely spaced molecules.
Answer: B
Additional Notes
 This question required students to identify the type of structure and bonding present in SiO2.
 SiO2 is a three dimensional network solid with giant covalent structure. Each silicon is bonded
to four oxygen atoms and each oxygen is bonded to two silicon atoms. It has a very high
melting and boiling point. The structure of SiO2 is shown below.
Silicon atom
Oxygen atom
Silicon dioxide (SiO2)
Source: http://www.cram.com
 Giant structure of ions is the type of structure present in ionic solids (eg; NaCl, MgCl2) while
molecular solids are made up of widely spaced molecules (eg; CO2, I2).

5.
7. Which of the following species is a potential ligand?

A. Ammonia (NH3)
B. Sodium ion (Na+)
C. Magnesium ion (Mg2+)
D. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
Answer: A
Additional Notes
 A ligand is a molecule or an anion that has lone pair of electrons.
 From the options given, ammonia (NH3) is the only ligand since nitrogen has a lone pair of
electron that can be actively used in bonding.
 Sodium (Na+) and magnesium (Mg2+) are cations therefore, they cannot act as ligands.
 Even though, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a neutral molecule, the central carbon atom does
not have any lone pair of electrons for bond formation. The lone pair of electrons in chlorine is
not involved in bonding.
8. The temperature at which standard formation of compounds occur is

A. C
B. C
C. C
D. 29 C
Answer: B
Additional Notes
 Standard formation occurs at a particular temperature and pressure.
 Temperature for standard formation is C or 9 K.
 Pressure for standard formation is 1 atm or 101.33 kPa or 760 mmHg.
9. According to Hess’s law, which of the following is not allowed for thermochemical equations?
A. Equations can be added.

B. Equations can be reversed.
C. States of reactants and products can be ignored.
D. Standard enthalpy (∆H value of equations can be added.
Answer: C
Additional Notes
 Hess’s Law states that the change in enthalpy for any particular reaction depends only on the
nature of the reactants and products and is independent of the number of steps or the pathway
taken.
 According to Hess’s Law:
 Equations can be added.
 Equations can be reversed.
 Standard enthalpy (∆H ̊ ) value of equations can be added.
 States of reactants and products cannot be ignored.

6.
10. Which of the following alcohols can be oxidised to a carboxylic acid?
A. C.
B. D.
Answer: A
Additional Notes
 This question required students to identify a primary alcohol since it can be oxidised to a
carboxylic acid.

Type of Alcohol Reason Final Oxidation Product
A. Primary  One alkyl group attached Carboxylic acid
to the carbon which is
attached to the OH group.
B. Tertiary  Three alkyl groups Cannot be oxidised
attached to the carbon
which is attached to the
OH group.
C. Secondary  Two alkyl groups attached Ketone
to the carbon which is
attached to the OH group.
D. Secondary  Same as C. Same as C
11. In an esterification reaction an
A. ester reacts with water.

B. ester reacts with an amine.
C. alcohol reacts with sodium metal.
D. alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid.
Answer: D
Additional Notes
 A. Ester reacts with water – hydrolysis
 B. Ester reacts with an amine – nucleophilic substitution
 C. Alcohol reacts with sodium metal – substitution
 D. Alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid – esterification reaction

7.
12. The following compound is an example of an
A. amine.
B. alkane.
C. aldehyde.
D. alky halide.
Answer: D
Additional Notes
 This question required students to relate their knowledge on different classes of organic
compounds.
 The compound given is an alkyl halide. An alkyl halide is a derivative of an alkane with one of
the hydrogen being substituted by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I).
13. Cis-but-2-ene and trans-but-2-ene are examples of

A. enantiomers.
B. structural isomers.
C. geometrical isomers.
D. constitutional isomers.
Answer: C
Additional Notes
 Cis-but-2-ene and trans-but-2-ene are examples of geometrical isomers.
 This type of isomerism most frequently involves carbon-to-carbon double bonds. Rotation of
these bonds is restricted, compared to single bonds, which can rotate freely. This means that, if
there are two different atoms, or groups of atoms, attached to each carbon of the double bond,
they can be arranged in different ways to give different molecules.
 These atoms or groups can be given ‘priorities’, with atoms with higher atomic numbers given
higher priorities. If the highest priority groups for each carbon are on the same side of the
molecule, that molecule is denoted as the ‘cis’ isomer. If they are on opposite sides, it is
denoted as the ‘trans’ isomer.
 Given below is a flow diagram showing different types of isomerism in carbon compounds:
Covered at Tertiary Level
Source: http://padakshep.org

8.
14. Which of the following is an asymmetrical alkene?

A. H2C=CH2
B. H2C=CH–CH3
C. H3C–CH=CH–CH3
D. H3C–CH2–CH=CH–CH2–CH3
Answer: B
Additional Notes
 Symmetrical alkenes have the same atoms on both sides of the double bond.
 Asymmetrical alkenes have different atoms on each side of the double bond.
 Options A, C and D are examples of symmetrical alkenes while option B is an example of an
asymmetrical alkene.
 Students have to know how to differentiate between symmetrical and asymmetrical alkenes in
order to determine whether an alkene will undergo Markovnikov’s addition or not.
 Asymmetrical alkenes undergo Markovnikov’s addition reaction and form major and minor
products.
 Symmetrical alkenes do not undergo Markovnikov’s addition so form a single product.
15. A strong acid will have a

A. large Ka value and a large pKa value.
B. large Ka value and a small pKa value.
C. small Ka value and a large pKa value.
D. small Ka value and a small pKa value.
Answer: B
Additional Notes
Acids
 The Ka (acid dissociation constant) is a measure of the strength of an acid. The higher the Ka the
stronger the acid and vice-versa. It also indicates that the acid will dissociate readily.
 pKa is an alternative to Ka to compare the strength of an acid.
 If the Ka value of an acid is large, the pKa value would be small.
 A strong acid has a large Ka value and a small pKa value.
 A weak acid has a small Ka value and a large pKa value.
Bases
 The Kb (base dissociation constant) is a measure of the strength of a base. The higher the Kb the
stronger the base and vice-versa. It also indicates that the base will dissociate readily.
 pKb is an alternative to Kb to compare the strength of a base.
 If the Kb value of a base is large, the pKb value would be small.
 A strong base has a large Kb value and a small pKb value.
 A weak base has a small Kb value and a large pKb value.

9.
Use the graph of an acid-base titration given below to answer Question 16.
Equivalence point
(between pH 8 – pH 9)
pH
Volume of base used (mL)
Adapted from: http:// www.chemguide.co.uk

16. The titration curve shown above is typical of a
A. weak acid – weak base titration.
B. weak acid – strong base titration.
C. strong acid – weak base titration.
D. strong acid – strong base titration.
Answer: B
Additional Notes
 To answer a question like this, students need to know what to look for in the titration curve.
 The pH at equivalence point is used to determine the nature of the acid and the base.
 Strong acid – strong base titration: has a pH of 7 at equivalence point since both acid and base
are equivalent in strength.
 Strong acid – weak base titration: has a pH less than 7 at equivalence point since acid is strong.
 Weak acid – strong base titration: has a pH greater than 7 at equivalence point base is strong.
 Weak acid – weak base titration: has a pH around 7 at equivalence point. However, the
equivalence point is not as clear and evident as with strong acid-strong base titration.
pH at
pH at
equivalence
equivalence
point = 7
point < 7
pH at
Not clear
equivalence
point > 7 pH at
equivalence
point = 7

10.
17. Which of the following is an example of a weak electrolyte?
A. NaCl
B. CaCl2
C. C6H12
D. CH3COOH
Answer: D
Additional Notes
 An electrolyte is a substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when dissolved
in a polar solvent, such as water. It can also be a fused (melt) form which can conduct
electricity.
 Strong electrolyte - is solute or solution that completely dissociates in solution. The solution
will contain only ions and no molecules of the electrolyte. Strong electrolytes are good
conductors of electricity, but only in aqueous solutions or in molten form. Ionic compounds are
good examples of strong electrolytes; NaCl, CaCl2.
 Weak electrolyte - is an electrolyte that does not completely dissociate in aqueous solution. The
solution will contain both ions and molecules of the electrolyte. Weak acids (ethanoic acid -
CH3COOH) are good examples as they partially ionise. These compounds conduct electricity
but not as good as strong electrolytes.
Non-electrolytes - do not dissociate into ions in solution. These compounds do not conduct
electricity. Non-polar compounds are non-electrolytes (cyclohexane - C6H12).
Use the balanced redox reaction equation to answer Question 18.
Fe2+(aq) + Zn(s) Fe(s) + Zn2+(aq)
18. The reducing agent for the above reaction is
A. Fe2+
B. Zn
C. Fe
D. Zn2+
Answer: B
Additional Notes
 Reducing agent – is a substance which enhances reduction to take place but itself gets oxidised.
 Oxidising agent – is a substance which enhances oxidation to take place but itself gets reduced.
 From the equation students need to identify the substance that gets oxidised (increase in
oxidation number). This will be the reducing agent. Zn becomes the reducing agent since its
oxidation number increases (0 to +2).
 Fe2+ becomes the oxidising agent (decrease in oxidation number) since its oxidation number
decreases (+2 to 0).

11.
19. Which of the following is not a component of a galvanic cell?
A. Battery
B. Electrodes
C. Salt bridge
D. Electrolyte
Answer: A
Additional Notes
 To answer this question, students should first know the difference between galvanic
(electrochemical) cells and electrolytic cells.
Differences Between Electrolytic and Galvanic Cells
Electrolytic Cell Galvanic Cell
Cathode is negative (reduction) Cathode is positive (reduction)
Anode is positive (oxidation) Anode is negative (oxidation)
Electrical energy is supplied using Electrical energy is produced through
battery spontaneous reaction
Converts electrical energy into chemical Converts chemical energy into electrical
energy energy
Redox reaction is not spontaneous and Redox reaction is spontaneous and is
electrical energy has to be supplied to responsible for the production of
initiate the reaction electrical energy
Both the electrodes are placed in the same The two half cells are set-up in different
beaker in the solution of molten beakers being connected through the salt
electrolyte bridge or porous partition
Absence of salt bridge Presence of salt bridge
 A galvanic cell does not require a battery as an external energy source since it can convert
chemical energy into electrical energy.
20. The redox couple which will be most easily reduced is
Redox Couple Standard Reduction Potential (SRP)
A. Al3+/Al -1.66 V
B. Fe2+/Fe -0.44 V
C. Cu2+/Cu +0.34 V
D. Ag+/Ag +0.80 V
Answer: D
Additional Notes
 The higher the standard reduction potential (SRP) value, the more readily a couple will undergo
reduction.
 Ag+/Ag has the highest SRP value (+0.80 V), so it is most easily reduced.

12.
SECTION B [60 marks]

The six questions in this section are all compulsory. Each question is worth 10 marks.
QUESTION 1 (10 marks)
(a) State the Pauli Exclusion Principle. (1 mark)
Answer and Additional Notes

 No two electrons in an atom can have the same/identical set of four quantum numbers OR
 Each electron in an atom has a unique set of four quantum numbers. (1 mark)
 The Pauli Exclusion Principle plays an important role in the understanding of the electronic
structure of atoms.
 Majority of the students in their answer did not mention ‘in an atom’. This was very important
as electrons in different atoms can have the same set of four quantum numbers.
(b) An unknown element X has two isotopes, 69X and 71X. The percentage
abundance of 69X and 71X are 60 % and 40 % respectively.
Calculative its relative atomic mass and identify the symbol of the unknown
element X. (2 marks)
Answer
Symbol of Element X – Ga (½ mark)
(c) Use the electron configuration of Boron to answer the question that follows.
1s2 2s2 2p1
5th electron located in 2p orbital

Write all the four quantum numbers for the 5th electron of Boron. (2 marks)
Answer
 Principle quantum number (n) = 2 (½ mark)
 Azimuthal/Secondary quantum number (l) = 1 (½ mark)
 Magnetic quantum number (ml) = -1 (½ mark)
 Spin quantum number (ms) = +½ (½ mark)

13.
Additional Notes
 For the 5th electron:
 Principle quantum number (n) = 2, since this electron is placed in the 2nd shell/energy level.
 Azimuthal quantum number (l) = 1: l = 0 to (n – 1)
l = 0 to (2 – 1)
l = 0 to 2; therefore; 0, 1, 2
l value assigned to each orbital: s = 0, p = 1, d = 2 (there are 3 sub-shells/orbitals in the 3rd shell)
Since 5th electron is placed in the p-orbital, it has a value of 1
 Magnetic quantum number (ml) = -1: ml = 2l + 1
ml = 2(1) + 1
ml = 3 values from -l to +l
ml = -1, 0, +1 (3 values)
The 5th electron is placed in the p-orbital, so what we need to determine is in which of the p-
orbital it is placed. This can be determined by looking at the orbital diagram for the p-orbital.
-1 0 +1
The 5th electron is placed in the 1st of the p-orbitals so gets a value of -1. Since all of the three
p-orbitals are of equal energy, the electron can be placed in any of those orbitals. For learning
purpose and uniformity we will generalize that the first electron is placed in the 1st p-orbital
and gets a value of -1.
 Spin quantum number (ms) = +½
An electron can spin either upwards (+½) or downwards (-½). The spin is not fixed, so can get
a value of +½ or -½. Again for learning purpose and uniformity, we will generalize and assign
the value of +½.
(d) Draw the Lewis structure of sulphate ion (SO42-). (2 marks)
Answer
Additional Notes
 Important Steps
 Calculate total number of valence electrons.
 Obtain skeletal structure.
 Place a pair of electrons between all the atoms to form a
bond.
 Distribute electrons to atoms attached to central atom to
satisfy octet.
 ½ mark – correct skeletal  Place braces and state the charge ( Since all electrons already
structure
used and central atom already satisfies the octet, double or
 1 mark – correct placement
of electrons
tripple bond is not formed)
 ½ mark – correct charge

14.
(e) Use the structure of diamond given below to answer the question that follows.
Carbon atom
Source: http://chemistry.stackexchange.com
In terms of structure and bonding explain why diamond is extremely hard and
has a high melting point. (2 marks)
Answer
 Each carbon is tetrahedrally/covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms (1 mark)
resulting in a giant 3-dimensional network structure of covalent bonds. (1 mark)
(f) Identify one property typical of all ionic solids. (1 mark)
Answer
 Have high melting and boiling point (1 mark) OR
 Conductors of heat and electricity in molten/aqueous/fused/solution form (1 mark) OR
 Soluble in polar solvents (1 mark) OR
 Brittle (1 mark)
(a) A Year 13 student made a solution by dissolving 20 g of sucrose (M = 342 g mol-1)

in 2 L of water.
Calculate the molality of this solution. (2 marks)
Answer

15.
(b) Arrange the following Period 3 chlorides from least to most acidic.
Al2Cl6 PCl3 SCl2 MgCl2

(2 marks)
Answer
MgCl2 < Al2Cl6 < PCl3 < SCl2 OR MgCl2, Al2Cl6, PCl3, SCl2
Additional Notes
 To answer this question, students need to know the nature of the chloride and the placement
in the periodic table.
 Ionic chlorides (metallic chloride - Al2Cl6, MgCl2) are less acidic than covalent chlorides
(non-metallic chloride – PCl3, SCl2).
 Acidity of respective chlorides increases across the period: Al, Mg, P, S so the order from
least to most acidic is : MgCl2, Al2Cl6, PCl3, SCl2
(c) Use the graph below on boiling points of Group IV and VI hydrides to
answer the questions that follow.
100 H2O
0 H2Te Group VI hydrides

Boiling point (◦C)
H2S H2Se
H2S
SnH4 Group IV hydrides
-100 GeH4
SiH4
CH4
-200
2 3 4 5
Period
Adapted from: http://archive.cnx.org

(i) Describe the trend for boiling points of Group IV hydrides down the
Group. (1 mark)
Answer
 Boiling point increases. (1 mark)
Additional Notes
 The appearance of Group IV elements down the group is: C, Si, Ge and Sn, so from the graph
it is evident that the boiling point of their respective hydride increases.

16.
(ii) State a reason for the trend described in (i) above. (1 mark)
Answer
 The molar mass of the hydrides increases. (1 mark) OR
 The nature of hydride changes from covalent to ionic. (1 mark)
Additional Notes
 Boiling point of compounds is largely affected by the molar mass and the nature (type of
bonding) of compound.
 The higher the molar mass, the stronger will be the intermolecular forces (London forces for
covalent hydrides). Small and light-weight molecules boils easily compared to large and
heavy substances.
 Boiling point is a property influenced by inter-molecular force/attraction.
 Many students, however, elaborated on intra-molecular bonding such as bond length and
bond strength. These properties do not influence physical properties.
(iii) Explain why water has exceptionally high boiling point as shown in the
graph above. (1 mark)
Answer
 A lot of energy is required to break the intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the
water molecules (1 mark) OR
 Due to the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. (1 mark)
(d) Use the complex ion given below to answer the following questions.
[Cu(Cl)4]2-
(i) Identify the:
I. ligand
II. coordination number (2 marks)

 I. Ligand: Cl- OR chloride ion (1 mark)
 Ligand (Cl-) is the species attached to the central metal ion (Cu2+).
 II. Coordination number: 4 OR four (1 mark)

 Coordination number is the number of ligands attached to the central metal ion.
(ii) Name the complex ion given above. (1 mark)

 Tetrachlorocuprate(II) ion (1 mark)
 [Cu(Cl)4]2- is an anionic complex ion (carries an overall charge of -2). Names of anionic
complex ions ends with ‘ate’.
 Names of cationic complex ions ends with the name of the central metal ion.
Example: [Cu(NH3)6]2+ : Tetraamminecopper (II) ion

17.
(a) Transition metals have unique properties.

State any two properties typical of transition metals. (2 marks)
Answer
 Form coloured compounds (1 mark) OR;
 Exhibit multiple/variable oxidation states (1 mark) OR;
 Most are effective catalysts (1 mark) OR;
 Most are paramagnetic (1 mark) OR;
 Form complex ions (1 mark)
(b) Define calorimetry. (1 mark)
 Is the science of using calorimeters and obtaining heats of reaction (1 mark) OR;
 A method used to obtain heat of reaction (1 mark)
 Calorimetry, derived from the Latin word ‘calor’ meaning heat, and the Greek word ‘metry’
meaning to measure. Therefore, calorimetry is the science of measuring the amount of heat.
 By knowing the change in heat, it can be determined whether or not a reaction is exothermic
or endothermic.
 Many students defined it as heat lost or heat gained in a chemical reaction. A few students
defined it as a coffee-cup calorimeter or a bomb calorimeter. This shows that they have
defined knowledge on it and could only recall some of the concepts learned under
thermochemistry.

18.
(c) The standard enthalpy changes for the formation of aluminium(III) oxide and
iron(III) oxide is given below.
I. 2Al(s) + O2(g) Al2O3(s)   = -1676 kJ
II. 2Fe(s) + O2(s) Fe2O3(s)   = -824 kJ
Use Hess’s Law and the thermochemical equations above to calculate the
Heat of Reaction ( ) for the following reaction:
Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) Al2O3(s) + 2Fe(s)   = ?
(3 marks)
Equation I - remains
unchanged
Equation II - reversed
+
 This question required students knowledge on Hess’s Law to calculate heat of reaction.
 According to Hess’s Law the change of enthalpy in a chemical reaction (i.e. the heat of reaction
at constant pressure) is independent of the pathway between the initial and final states.
 For students to answer this question, equations and energy values need to be manipulated to
obtain the final equation and heat of reaction.
 This question had an error. The state of oxygen in equation I was incorrect (solid instead of
gas). However, majority (approximately 75 %) of the students assumed it to be gas and
performed the calculation correctly. Due to the error, mark was also adjusted for those students
who did not attempt this question or attempted but stopped where they could not cancel due to
difference in states.
(d) Consider the reaction given below.
H2(g) + F2(g) 2HF(g)
Calculate the enthalpy change ( ) for the above reaction using the following
bond energy values.
Bond H–H F–F H–F
Energy (kJ mol-1) 432 154 565 2 marks

 To answer this question students need to
use the bond energy values to :
o Add the energy for bonds broken
(reactants bonds are broken: H2 and F2)
o Add the energy for bonds formed
(products bonds are formed: 2HF)
o Use the equation to get the final energy
value.

19.
(e) Use the IUPAC system of nomenclature to name the organic compound shown
below.
(2 marks)

Steps Involved
 Identify functional group: alkene
 Identify parent chain: 5 carbon: pent
 Identify position of functional group: 2nd carbon: pent-2-ene
 Identify substituent and its position: chloro – 2nd carbon
: ethyl – 3rd carbon
(Number from end where functional group gets lowest value –
left to right for this compound)
 Name the compound: 2-chloro written first as alphabetical
order is followed.

(a) Write the formula of the major product and the minor product for the
following reaction.
HBr
H2C=CH – CH2 – CH3 major product + minor product
(2 marks)
Answer and Additional Notes I II
Major Product Minor Product
HBr
H2C=CH – CH2 – CH3 H3C-CHBr – CH2 – CH3 + H2CBr-CH2 – CH2 – CH
 The reaction shown above is an example of an addition reaction. Since the alkene, butene is
asymmetrical, it will undergo Markovnikov’s addition.
 In a Markovnikov’s addition, hydrogen adds to the carbon having the double bond which
already has more hydrogen atoms. This leads to the formation of major and minor products.
 Major product – hydrogen (H) adds to hydrogen rich carbon: Structure I.
 Minor product – halogen (Br) adds to the hydrogen rich carbon: Structure II.
 Approximately 50 % students were not able to identify major and minor products correctly.

20.
(b) Use the Key List to identify the type of reaction represented by each of the
equation.
Hydrogenation Substitution Hydration
Oxidation Reduction
LiAlH4
(i) CH3COOH CH3CH2OH (1 mark)

 Reduction (1 mark)
 LiAlH4 is reducing agent – it reduces the carboxylic acid (ethanoic acid) to an alcohol
(ethanol) as shown in the equation.
 Students could also use their knowledge that a carboxylic acid undergoes reduction to produce
an alcohol.
(ii)
+ Cl2 + HCl
(1 mark)
 Substitution (1 mark)
 Chlorine (Cl2) undergoes substitution reaction with benzene. The benzene ring is highly
stable, therefore, does not undergo addition reaction with chlorine.
 Students could also make out from the diagram, that the hydrogen from the benzene ring is
substituted by chlorine. The product also shows the three double bonds do not take part in the
reaction.
(iii) Cr2O72-, H+
CH3CH(OH)CH3 CH3COCH3 (1 mark)
Heat

 Oxidation (1 mark)
 Cr2O72- is an oxidising agent – it oxidises the secondary alcohol [CH3CH(OH)CH3] to a
ketone [CH3COCH3].
 If students did not have the knowledge about Cr2O72-, they could have also identified the
reactant (secondary alcohol) and product (ketone) and used their knowledge that secondary
alcohols are oxidised to a ketone.

21.
(c) Draw the structural formula of 2,3-dimethylbutanoic acid. (2 marks)

 To draw a structural formula from the name:
Construct parent chain with functional group: butanoic acid
Identify substituents and position: two methyl groups (CH3)
at carbon number 2 and 3.
Once structure is drawn, name it to confirm if correct
structure is draw (does not need to be included in the answer).
(d) Use the structure of the amines given below to answer the questions that follow.
Primary amine Secondary amine
(i) Identify the amine that is more basic. (1 mark)

 Secondary/ 2 ̊ amine (1 mark)
 To answer this question, students should know the order of basicity of amines.
 Primary amines < Secondary Amines < Tertiary Amines
 Primary amine (1 - has one alkyl group attached the carbon attached to nitrogen atom.
 Secondary amine ( - has two alkyl groups attached the carbon attached to nitrogen atom.
 Tertiary amine ( - has three alkyl groups attached the carbon attached to nitrogen atom.
(ii) Provide an explanation for your answer in part (i) above. (2 marks)

 The greater the number of alkyl groups attached, the more basic the amine. (2 marks) OR
 A secondary amine has greater number of alky groups. (2 marks) OR
 Alkyl groups have the ability to inductively donate electrons to the nitrogen atom (1 mark)
making it electron rich. (1 mark)
 (Strength of basicity is determined by the number of alkyl groups attached to the
nitrogen atom accepted for 1 mark)
 Amine is a Lewis base (able to donate electron pair). So the more electron rich the N centre,
the more basic the amine. Alkyl groups have the ability to inductively push electrons to the
nitrogen atom making it electron rich.
 Since secondary amines have 2 alkyl groups, there is a greater electron density build-up on
nitrogen due to increased inductive donation of electrons, making them more basic.
 Majority of the students stated that secondary amine has more hydrogens. Students should
realise that the hydrogen atom on nitrogen does not have an influence the basicity of amines

22.
(a) The reaction sequence below shows some common reactions of important classes
of organic molecules. Use the information to answer the questions that follow.
CH3CH3
Process X
HCl
CH2CH2 CH3CH2Cl
H2O NH3
Compound A Compound C
con. H2SO4, heat
Compound B Reagent Y
H2O, heat
Process Z
CH3COOH
(i) Name the Process X. (1 mark)

 Dehydrogenation OR Elimination (1 mark)
 Process X involves the conversion of an alkane (CH3CH3) to an alkene (CH2CH2). Two
hydrogen atoms are eliminated so the process can be elimination or specifically
dehydrogenation.
(ii) Write the formula for Compound A. (1 mark)

CH3CH2OH  Compound A is a product of an addition reaction.
OR  Alkenes (ethene: CH2CH2) reacts with water to

produce an alcohol (ethanol: CH3CH2OH).
C2H5OH
(iii) Identify Reagent Y. (1 mark)

 Acidified KMnO4/ K2CrO7/ Any other oxidising agent (1 mark)
 Compound A (alcohol) gets oxidised to a carboxylic acid by reagent Y. Reagent Y can be any
oxidising agent.

23.
(iv) Name the Process Z (forms Compound A and CH3COOH) (1 mark)

 Hydrolysis/ desterification (1 mark)
 Reaction Z produces two products: ethanol (Compound A) and carboxylic acid (ethanoic
acid; CH3COOH). These two products can be produced by the process of hydrolysis/
desterification.
 The reagents (H2O and heat) are the reagents used for hydrolysis/ desterification.
(v) Write the formula for organic Compound B (formed by reacting

Compound A and CH3COOH) and Compound C. (2 marks)
 Compound B is an ester as it is a
product of an esterification reaction.
When an alcohol and a carboxylic
acid reacts in the presence of conc.
H2SO4 and heat, an ester is produced.
 The reaction between ammonia

(NH3) and alkyl halide (CH3CH2Cl)
is a substitution reaction and
produces an amine (CH3CH2NH2).
(b) Define Bronsted-Lowry acid, using hydrochloric acid (HCl) as an example. (1 mark)

 An acid is a proton/ hydrogen ion/ H+ donor. (1 mark) OR
 HCl is able to donate a H+/ hydrogen ion. (1 mark) OR
 HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl- (1 mark)
Definition of Acid and Bases
Acid Base
Bronsted Lowry Is a proton/ hydrogen ion/ H+ donor. Is a proton/ hydrogen ion/ H+ acceptor.
NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

(Base) (Acid)
Lewis Is a substance that can accept an electron Is a substance that can donate an electron
pair. pair.
NH3(g) + BCl3(g) H3N – BCl3(l)
(Base) (Acid)

24.
(c) The Haber Process involves the production of ammonia from nitrogen and
hydrogen. The equation for this reaction is given below.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Write the equilibrium constant expression (Kc) for the Haber Process. (2 marks)

Important Note
 Numerator – products, Denominator – reactants
 Reactants and products are written in square brackets (represent
concentration).
 Coefficient (number in front of reactant) – raised to the power.
 Only gaseous reactants and products are included.
(d) Calculate the pKa of an acid if its Ka value is 2.8 × 10-6. (1 mark)
Answer
pKa = -log Ka
= -log (2.8 × 10-6)
= 5.55 (½ mark)

(a) Equal volumes of 0.02 mol L-1 calcium chloride (CaCl2) and 0.04 mol L-1
sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) solutions are added together.
The net-ionic equation for this reaction is shown below.
Ca2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) CaSO4(s)
(i) Calculate the concentration of calcium ions (Ca2+) and sulphate

ions (SO42-) in the mixture. (3 marks)
 This question was a bit different from past year questions on precipitation. The actual value
for volume of each solution was not given. The question stated that equal volumes were
mixed. This means the volume doubles up and the concentration is halved (divide by 2)

25.
 Another way to do this calculation: students could have used an arbitrary value for volume
(assumed a particular value for volume) for each solution and determined the correct total
volume after mixing.
For Concentration of calcium ions [Ca2+] For Concentration of calcium ions [SO42-]
Student uses 50 mL Student uses 50 mL
n = cv n = cv
= (0.02 molL-1) (0.05 L) = (0.04 molL-1) (0.05 L)
= 0.001 mol = 0.002 mol
c = n/v c = n/v
= 0.001 mol = 0.002 mol
0.1 L 0.1 L
= 0.01 mol L-1 = 0.02 mol L-1
Note: Total volume after mixing = 50 mL + 50 mL = 100 mL = 0.1 L
(ii) Calculate the ionic product of calcium sulphate (CaSO4) in the mixture. (1 mark)
Answer
(iii) Determine whether a precipitate of calcium sulphate (CaSO4) will form

or not, if the solubility product (Ksp) of CaSO4 is 2.4 × 10-5 at 25 °C. (1 mark)
 Precipitate forms if: Ionic Product > Solubility Product
 Precipitate does not form if: Ionic Product < or = Solubility Product
(b) Define oxidising agent. (1 mark)

 Is a substance which enhances/causes oxidation to take place but itself gets reduced.
 It is very important to emphasize in the definition that it is a substance which enhance/causes

oxidation to take place but itself gets reduced.
 Giving the definition of reduction (substance which gains electrons) is incorrect to define
oxidising agent. Many students had this answer so lost marks.
 Definition of reducing agent is given as additional notes under multiple choice question 18

26.
(c) Use the unbalanced oxidation-reduction equation given below to answer the
questions that follow.
MnO4-(aq) + Cu(s) Mn2+(aq) + Cu2+(aq)
(i) Write the balanced oxidation half equation. (1 mark)

 Oxidation half equation determined
by calculation of oxidation number.
 Increase in O.N. is oxidation.
 O.N. for Cu increases from 0 to +2.
 Recap on calculation of oxidation number
(ii) Write the balanced reduction half equation. (1 mark)

 Reduction half equation determined
by calculation of oxidation number.
 Decrease in O.N. is reduction.
 O.N. for Cu decreases from +7 to +2.
(iii) Obtain the overall balanced equation in an acidic medium. (2 marks)
Answer
 Multiply by LCD
to have equal
number of
electrons on both
sides.
 Cancel like terms

27.
SECTION C [20 marks]

The five practical based questions in this section are all compulsory.
Each question is worth 4 marks.
(a) The glassware shown below was used to transfer 25 mL of methylated spirit
into a measuring cylinder.
Source: http://www.capitolscientific.com
Describe how this glassware is rinsed before transferring methylated spirit to
the measuring cylinder. (2 marks)

 Rinse with water (1 mark) followed by methylated spirit (1 mark) OR
 Rinse with water (1 mark) followed by solution it contains (1 mark).
 It is very important to know how to rinse any glassware used in experiments. If glasswares are
not properly rinsed, the result of an experiment can be greatly affected.
 Two general procedure while rinsing glasswares:

- If a glassware is supposed to be filled with water, then it should be rinsed with water only:
water rinses away dirt particles.
- If a glassware is supposed to be filled with a particular solution, first it should be rinsed

with water, then with the solution it is to contain: water rinses away dirt particles and the
solution rinses away water particles. This is very important in titration experiments where
concentration value is very critical. If the glassware is not rinsed with the solution it
contains, the concentration gets affected.
 For this question, since the pipette will contain methylated spirit, it has to be rinsed by
methylated spirit after rinsing with water.
 Note that when it is mentioned rinsing with water, better results can be obtained if it rinsed
with distilled water. If your school has distilled water for experiments, it is recommended
that it is used in experiments instead of water especially for titration experiments.

28.
(b) Equal volumes of water and methylated spirit was transferred into a measuring
cylinder and the final volume was noted.
(i) Will the final volume observed be more or less than the total volume? (1 mark)
Answer
 Less than the total volume (1 mark)
(ii) Give a reason for the observation in part (i) above. (1 mark)

 The molecules of methylated spirit slips between the molecules of water forming hydrogen
bond (1 mark) OR
 Formation of hydrogen bonds makes the liquids more compacted (1 mark)
 Water is a highly polar liquid with the presence of hydrogen bond. The hydrogen bonds create
space within the liquid. Methylated spirit contains methanol. When methylated spirit is mixed,
the molecules move and occupy space between the water molecules.
 Methanol is also polar so leads to the formation of hydrogen bonds between the molecules of
water and methanol. This makes the two liquids compacted and thus occupies less space.
During the experiment on Determination of the Value of the Gas Constant, the
following experimental steps were taken.
Step 1 Weigh the test tube and its contents (approximately 2 g of

potassium permanganate) and attach it to the empty syringe.
Step 2 Gently heat the tube to start the decomposition of the potassium
permanganate.
Step 3 Continue the gentle heating until just over 80 mL of oxygen gas
have been evolved.
Step 4 Stop heating and cool the apparatus, rotating the plunger during
the cooling process until it no longer moves in.
Step 5 Record all measurements.
(i) Identify a precaution that was taken during this experiment. (1 mark)

 Gentle heating to be done (1 mark)
 Students should take note that when the verb identify is used in any question, the answer
should be obtained from the given information. The only precaution that could be identified
from the abstract is: gentle heating to be done.
 However, there are some general precautions as well which the students stated such as:
- Glass wool to be placed in the test-tube to avoid splattering of potassium permanganate.
- Apply grease to all quick-fit joints- avoid leakage and breakage.

29.
(ii) State the purpose of rotating the plunger during the cooling process. (1 mark)

 To ensure correct/exact volume of gas/ O2 is measured (1 mark) OR
 To obtain equilibrium volume of gas/ O2 (1 mark)
 The correct value for the volume of oxygen is very important for the determination of the
value of the gas constant (R). In the syringe, the oxygen molecules (gas) are occupying the
total volume of the syringe. This is not the correct volume of oxygen.
 To obtain the exact volume of oxygen, the plunger needs to be rotated and pressed.
(iii) Apart from the mass of potassium permanganate, identify two

measurements taken by students. (1 mark)
Answer
(iv) Write an expression that is used to calculate the value of the gas
constant (R). (1 mark)
Answer
PV = nRT OR R = PV/nT OR R = MrPV/mT
(a) Name two chemicals used to prepare tetraamminecopper(II) sulphate,
Cu(NH3)4SO4.H2O. (1 mark)
Answer
I. Copper sulphate/CuSO4
II. Ammonia/NH3 (½ mark each)
(b) The experiment on Measurement of Heat of Reaction required students to weigh

and transfer chemicals in the styrofoam calorimeter, stir the reaction mixture and
record the temperature of the solution.
Identify one possible source of error in this experiment. (1 mark)
Answer
 Weighing of sample/ chemical. (1 mark) OR
 Loss of sample/ chemical during transfer. (1 mark) OR
 Error in recording of temperature/volume. (1 mark) OR
 Gain of heat from the surrounding. (1 mark) OR
 Loss of heat to the surrounding. (1 mark

30.
(c) A group of Year 13 students carried out an experiment on Dissociation Constant

of an Acid from pH Measurements. The acid sample recorded a pH value of 3.2.
(i) State one important laboratory safety rule that students need to follow
while conducting this experiment. (1 mark)
Answer
 Use hand gloves/ face mask (1 mark) OR;
 Conduct experiment in fume cup board (1 mark) OR;
 Wear closed footwear/ safety glasses (1 mark) OR;
(Or any other rule related to this experiment)
(ii) Calculate the hydronium ion (H3O+) concentration of this sample. (1 mark)
 pH = -log [H+]
[H+] = antilog (-pH)
The reflux set-up shown below was used during an experiment on Hydrolysis of an
Ester (methyl salicylate). Use it to answer the questions that follow.
thermometer
fractionating
column
water
round out
bottom glassware X
flask water
in
ester
boiling
chips conical flask
bunsen
burner distillate
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org
(i) Name the glassware X. (1 mark)
 Liebig’s condenser/ condenser (1 mark)
 A condenser is a glass column with a second column surrounding it through which cool water
flows.
 As vapour from the boiling solvent rises inside the column of the condenser, it is cooled by
the jacket of water on the outside and condenses. A condenser prevents the solvent from
boiling away.

31.
(ii) State the purpose of adding a few pieces of boiling chips to the reaction
mixture. (1 mark)
Answer
 Ensures smooth boiling occurs. (1 mark) OR
 Prevents large bubble formation. (1 mark) OR
 Prevents the mixture from frothing. (1 mark)
Product A and Product B shown below are the products of the hydrolysis
of the ester (methyl salicylate).
CH3OH
Product A Product B
(salicylic acid) (methanol)
(iii) Identify the Product (A or B) that would make up the distillate. (1 mark)

 Product B/methanol/structure of methanol (1 mark)
 To answer this question, students should know which product will boil first. The product with
a lower boiling point will boil first and would make up the distillate.
 Looking at the structural formula of the two products, Product B is has a smaller molecular
mass, thus will boil first and would make up the distillate.
(iv) Deduce the structure of the ester (methyl salicylate), using

Products A and B. (1 mark)

How to deduce the structure of the ester?
 An ester is a product of the reaction between an alcohol and a
carboxylic acid.
 The carbonyl carbon (C=O) of the carboxylic acid combines
with the oxygen (O) of the OH group from the alcohol.
 During the formation, OH group from the carboxylic acid and
the hydrogen from the OH group of alcohol is removed
forming a water molecule.

32.
(a) During the standardisation of potassium permanganate (KMnO4), 20 mL of
0.02 molL-1 of iron(II) ammonium sulphate (FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O) required
18.50 mL of potassium permanganate.
(i) Calculate the amount (in moles) of iron(II) ammonium sulphate that has
reacted. (1 mark)

 To calculate moles, the formula:
n = c x v is used since
concentration and volume is
given.
KMnO4 and FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O reacted in the following ratio:
MnO4- : Fe2+
1:5
(ii) Using the ratio above, calculate the amount (in moles) of potassium
permanganate required for the titration. (1 mark)

 To answer this question, students
need to use the mole ratio. 1 mol
of MnO4- reacts with 5 moles of
Fe2+.
 There is no formula to calculate

the moles of MnO4- since the
volume (18.50 mL) is given only.
(iii) Calculate the concentration of potassium permanganate. (1 mark)
Answer
(b) Name the equipment used to measure the cell potential for a galvanic cell. (1 mark)
Answer
 Voltmeter/Galvanometer/Multimeter (1 mark)
THE END
______________________
COPYRIGHT: MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI, 2017.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

FIJI YEAR 13 CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION 2017

WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES

COPYRIGHT: MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI, 2017.

SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS [20 marks]

2. Which of the following compounds will have inter-molecular hydrogen bonding?

 HCl, HBr and HI has inter-molecular dipole-dipole interaction.

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE DETAILED SOLUTION - 2017: CHEMISTRY.

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE DETAILED SOLUTION - 2017: CHEMISTRY.

Silicon dioxide (SiO2)

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE DETAILED SOLUTION - 2017: CHEMISTRY.

7. Which of the following species is a potential ligand?

8. The temperature at which standard formation of compounds occur is

A. Equations can be added.

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE DETAILED SOLUTION - 2017: CHEMISTRY.

11. In an esterification reaction an

A. ester reacts with water.

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE DETAILED SOLUTION - 2017: CHEMISTRY.

13. Cis-but-2-ene and trans-but-2-ene are examples of

Covered at Tertiary Level

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE DETAILED SOLUTION - 2017: CHEMISTRY.

14. Which of the following is an asymmetrical alkene?

15. A strong acid will have a

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE DETAILED SOLUTION - 2017: CHEMISTRY.

Volume of base used (mL)

Adapted from: http:// www.chemguide.co.uk

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE DETAILED SOLUTION - 2017: CHEMISTRY.

17. Which of the following is an example of a weak electrolyte?

Use the balanced redox reaction equation to answer Question 18.

Fe2+(aq) + Zn(s) Fe(s) + Zn2+(aq)

18. The reducing agent for the above reaction is

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE DETAILED SOLUTION - 2017: CHEMISTRY.

20. The redox couple which will be most easily reduced is

Redox Couple Standard Reduction Potential (SRP)

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE DETAILED SOLUTION - 2017: CHEMISTRY.

SECTION B [60 marks]

(a) State the Pauli Exclusion Principle. (1 mark)

Answer and Additional Notes

Symbol of Element X – Ga (½ mark)

5th electron located in 2p orbital

 Azimuthal/Secondary quantum number (l) = 1 (½ mark)

 Magnetic quantum number (ml) = -1 (½ mark)

 Spin quantum number (ms) = +½ (½ mark)

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE DETAILED SOLUTION - 2017: CHEMISTRY.

(d) Draw the Lewis structure of sulphate ion (SO42-). (2 marks)

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE DETAILED SOLUTION - 2017: CHEMISTRY.

(f) Identify one property typical of all ionic solids. (1 mark)

QUESTION 2 (10 marks)

(a) A Year 13 student made a solution by dissolving 20 g of sucrose (M = 342 g mol-1)

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE DETAILED SOLUTION - 2017: CHEMISTRY.

Al2Cl6 PCl3 SCl2 MgCl2

0 H2Te Group VI hydrides

Adapted from: http://archive.cnx.org

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE DETAILED SOLUTION - 2017: CHEMISTRY.

Answer and Additional Notes

 II. Coordination number: 4 OR four (1 mark)

(ii) Name the complex ion given above. (1 mark)

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE DETAILED SOLUTION - 2017: CHEMISTRY.

QUESTION 3 (10 marks)

(a) Transition metals have unique properties.

 Exhibit multiple/variable oxidation states (1 mark) OR;

 Most are effective catalysts (1 mark) OR;

 Most are paramagnetic (1 mark) OR;

 Form complex ions (1 mark)