TOPIC 1 : REAL FLUID FLOW

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. To apply Hagen Poisseuille equation on laminar flows in
bounded system
2. To apply Darcy Weisbach equation on laminar and
turbulent flows in bounded system
3. To determine the flow friction factor, f using Moody chart
4. To determine head losses in pipe flow due to friction,
separation (sudden contraction & expansion) and pipe
fittings

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 CHAPTER 1
2
STEADY FLOW IN PIPES

1.1 Laminar Flow through Circular Pipes

1.2 Turbulent Flow in Bounded Conditions
1.3 Determining Friction Factor, f
using Moody Chart
1.4 Different forms of the Darcy Equation
1.5 Pipe Problems
1.6 Separation losses in pipe flow
1.7 Equivalent Length

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 LECTURE 1.2
STEADY FLOW IN PIPES
3

Turbulent flow through Circular Pipes

under Steady and Uniform conditions

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INTRODUCTION
 In most engineering applications, flow
conditions are usually turbulent in nature
 Here, expression will be derive for losses due

to friction in a conduit when the flow is steady

and uniform under turbulent condition
 Applicable for pipe and open channel flow

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 Consider a small element of fluid within a conduit

 Cross sectional, A
 Steady flow the sum of all forces in flow direction
is zero 9/9/2014
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 Forces acting on the control volume include

– Static pressures  p1 and p p2 (opposite direction)
– Shear stress  opposite direction
– Weight  downwards 9/9/2014
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 Shear force =
shear stress,  X area contact with the fluid, A

 Area = length, L X wetted perimeter, P

 Wetted perimeter, P  perimeter contact with the

fluid

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 Summing up the forces in the pipe axis

 The weight given by while

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 Dividing through by AL and rearranging the

expression,

 This expression can be further simplified by

substituting the first term with dp*/dx which is the
piezometric pressure loss over distance L

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 HYDRAULIC MEAN DEPTH, m
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Hydraulic mean depth, m

 Ratio of area of flow , A divided by the wetted

perimeter, P

 Substituting m=A/P into the yields

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 FLOW FRICTION FACTOR, f
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 Shear stress is a function of the type surface that

the wall of conduit made of
– Eg. ; Smooth pipe, roughen pipe
 Stress dependent on the resistance offered by the
surface of the wall of conduit
– Measured by dimensionless flow friction factor, f
– f is the measure of the roughness of the surface

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 FRICTIONAL HEADLOSS, hf
12

Where v = average velocity in the conduit

Let the frictional head loss over the length, L be hf where,

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Substituting dx =L and

Rearranging the expression, yield to:

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 Used to describe the head loss for turbulent flow in

bounded conduit
 Applicable to flow in both closed and open conduits

 It can be used for

– Flow in pipes flowing full (Chapter 1)

– Open channels (rivers, canals, drains, culverts,
sewers, etc) (Chapter 3) 9/9/2014
 CHEZY EQUATION
15

 Rearranging gives

but hf/L = hydraulic gradient, i

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 Letting

 Thus, the Chezy Formula is obtained

 Chezy Equation
- Employed for open channel flow
- Applicable also in pipes
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 DARCY WEISBACH EQUATION
17

 Case of turbulent flow in a circular pipe which is

running full (pressure pipes)

 Hence substituting into equation

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 This is call the Darcy Weisbach equation

 Can be used for laminar flow but with slight
difference in obtaining friction factor, f
 Gives head loss in a circular pipe running full

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Using Darcy Weisbach to find
dimensionless friction factor, f for
Laminar flow
 Derivation of dimensionless friction factor,f for
laminar flow
 The derivation was taken from Hagen Poiseuille
equation

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Equating the eqn. above to Darcy Weisbach eqn.

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 Example 1.4
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 Solution example 1.4
23

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