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CHAPTER 1:
FURTHER TRANSCENDENTAL
FUNCTIONS
(a) sinh 0 = 0.
(b) The domain is all real numbers.
(c) The curve is symmetrical about the origin,
i.e. sinh (−x) = −sinh x
(d) It is an increasing one-to-one function.
(ii) Graph of cosh x
(a) cosh 0 = 1
(b) The domain is all real numbers.
(c) The value of cosh x is never less than 1.
(d) The curve is symmetrical about the y-axis,
i.e. cosh (−x) = cosh x
(e) For any given value of cosh x, there are two
values of x.
(iii) Graph of tanh x
We see
(a) tanh 0 = 0
(b) tanh x always lies between y = −1 and y = 1.
(c) tanh (−x) = −tanh x
(d) It has horizontal asymptotes y = ±1.
1.1.3 Hyperbolic Identities
2. 1 − tanh2 𝑥𝑥 = sech2 𝑥𝑥
3. coth2 𝑥𝑥 − 1 = cosech2 𝑥𝑥
4. sinh(𝑥𝑥 ± 𝑦𝑦) = sinh x cosh y ± cosh x sinh y
sechθ = 1
coshθ
cosechθ = 1
sinhθ
cothθ = 1
tanhθ
cosh 2θ − sinh 2θ ≡ 1
1− tanh 2θ ≡ sech 2θ
coth 2θ −1 ≡ cosech 2θ
f −1 : Y → X
where the domain is Y and the range is X such that
y = f ( x) ⇔ x = f −1 ( y )
Thus, f −1 ( f ( x)) = x for all values of x in the domain f.
Note:
The graph of inverse function is reflections about the
line y = x.
1.2.1 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
π
2
π
4
π -1 1 π
−
2 2
π
−
4
π
−
2
f ( x ) = sin −1 x
f ( x ) = arcsin x
(ii) Inverse Cosine Function
Definition:
−1
y = cos x ⇔ x = cos y
where 0 ≤ y ≤ π and −1 ≤ x ≤ 1.
The graph of y = cos −1 x is shown below
π
2
π -1 1 π
−
2 2
f ( x ) = cos −1 x
f ( x ) = arccos x
Definition:
y = tan −1 x ⇔ x = tan y
π π
where − ≤ y ≤ and − ∞ ≤ x ≤ ∞ .
2 2
π
2
π -1 1 π
−
2 2
π
−
2
f ( x ) = tan −1 x
f ( x ) = arctan x
(iv) Inverse Cotangent Function
Domain:
Range:
Range:
(vi) Inverse Cosecant Function
Domain:
Range:
Table of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Functions Domain
Range
y = sin −1
x [−1, 1]
− π , π
2 2
y = cos
−1
x [−1, 1] [0, π ]
y = tan
−1
x (−∞ , ∞)
− π , π
2 2
y = csc
−1
x x ≥1
− π ,0 ∪ 0,π
2 2
y = sec
−1
x x ≥1
0,π ∪ π ,π
2 2
(sin x)−1 =
sin −1 x ≠ 1 whereas 1 .
sin x sin x
1.2.2 Inverse Trigonometric Identities
for −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
sin (sin − 1 x) = x
π π
tan − 1 (tan y) = y − < y <
2 2
Basic Relation
−1 −1 π for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
sin x + cos x=
2
−1 −1 π for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
tan x + cot x=
2
sec−1 x + csc−1 x =
π for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
2
Negative Argument Formulas
−1 −1 −1 −1
sin ( − x ) = − sin x sec ( − x ) = π − sec x
−1 −1 −1 −1
tan ( − x ) = − tan x csc ( − x ) = − csc x
−1 −1 −1 −1
cos ( − x ) = π − cos x cot ( − x ) = π − cot x
Reciprocal Identities
1
csc−1 x = sin −1 for x ≥ 1
x
1
sec−1 x = cos−1 for x ≥ 1
x
1
cot −1 𝑥𝑥 = tan−1 � � for x ≥ 1
𝑥𝑥
Examples 1.2:
−1
(i) sin (sin 0.5) (ii) sin (sin −1 2)
(i) arcsec(−2)
−1
(ii) csc ( 2)
(iii) cot − 1− 1
3
−1
y = cosh x ⇔ x = cosh y for x ≥ 1 and y ≥ 0
−1
y = tanh x ⇔ x = tanh y for −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, y ∈ ℜ
Domain: Range:
−1
(ii) y = cosh x
Domain: Range:
(iii) y = tanh −1 x
Domain: Range:
1.2.4 Log Form of the Inverse Hyperbolic
Functions
1 1+𝑥𝑥
(c) tanh−1 𝑥𝑥 = 2 ln �1−𝑥𝑥�
1 𝑥𝑥+1
(d) coth−1 𝑥𝑥 = 2 ln �𝑥𝑥−1�
−1 1+√1−𝑥𝑥 2
(e) sech 𝑥𝑥 = ln � 𝑥𝑥 �
−1 1 √1+𝑥𝑥 2
(f) cosech 𝑥𝑥 = ln �𝑥𝑥 + |𝑥𝑥|
�
Inverse Hyperbolic Cosine (Proof)
If we let 𝑦𝑦 = cosh−1 𝑥𝑥, then
𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑒𝑒 −𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥 = cosh 𝑦𝑦 = .
2
Hence,
2𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑒𝑒 −𝑦𝑦 .
On rearrangement,
(𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 )2 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 + 1 = 0
−𝑏𝑏±√𝑏𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
Hence, (using formula )
2𝑎𝑎
𝑦𝑦
2𝑥𝑥 ± √4𝑥𝑥 2 − 4
𝑒𝑒 = = 𝑥𝑥 ± �𝑥𝑥 2 − 1
2
Since 𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 > 0,
∴ 𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + �𝑥𝑥 2 − 1
𝑦𝑦 = sinh−1 𝑥𝑥
𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑒𝑒 −𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥 = sinh 𝑦𝑦 =
2
∴ 2𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑒𝑒 −𝑦𝑦 (multiply with 𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 )
2𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 2𝑦𝑦 − 1
𝑒𝑒 2𝑦𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 − 1 = 0
𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 ± �𝑥𝑥 2 + 1
Since 𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 > 0,
∴ 𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + �𝑥𝑥 2 + 1
Taking natural logarithms,
1) sinh −1 (0.5)
−1
2) cosh (0.5)
−1
3) tanh (−0.6)