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School of Transport Vehicle Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, Kyongnam 660-701, South Korea
Received 2 October 2000; accepted 4 July 2002
Abstract
This paper addresses a nonlinear finite element method for the crippling analysis of composite laminated stringers.
For the finite element modeling, a nine-node laminated shell element based on the first order shear deformation theory
is used. Failure-induced stiffness degradation is simulated by the complete unloading method. A modified arc-length
algorithm is incorporated in the nonlinear finite element method to trace the post-failure equilibrium path after a local
buckling. Finite element results show excellent agreement with those of previous experiment. A parametric study is
performed to assess the effect of the flange-width, web-height, and stacking sequence on the buckling, local buckling,
and crippling stresses of stringers.
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2168 J.-H. Kweon / Computers and Structures 80 (2002) 2167–2175
most conservative model is the complete unloading length method is introduced. The finite element method
model [7] assuming that the stress and stiffness compo- is validated via comparing with the existing experimental
nents corresponding to the failure mode are completely result [2]. A parametric study to evaluate the effects of
unloaded. Another model [8] includes a stiffness degra- the flange-width, web-height, and stacking sequence on
dation factor determined by experiment. In the method the crippling and local buckling stresses of Z-section
by Chang and Chang [9], the stiffness is degraded in stringer is also performed.
conjunction with strain. Among these, a conservative
stiffness degradation model is generally recommended.
Accordingly, the complete unloading model [7] seems to
2. Finite element formulation
be attractive for the description of stiffness degradation
because it provides the most conservative estimate of the
2.1. Finite element equation
post-failure residual stiffness.
For geometrically nonlinear analysis, the arc-length
The nine-node laminated shell element shown in Fig.
method has been most widely used. However, the
1 is used for the finite element idealization of the com-
conventional arc-length method [10,11] was introduced
posite stringers. The updated Lagrangian incremental
initially for the post-buckling analysis without consid-
description method is used for the nonlinear formula-
eration of failure, and it may not work well when the
tion. Green strain and second Piola–Kirchhoff stress
stiffness degradation is involved. Indeed, a previous
tensors are applied to the formulation. The general
study [12] on the post-failure analysis showed that the
nonlinear finite element equation for the composite
conventional arc-length method must be modified when
laminated shell structures at an arbitrary ðn þ 1Þst
the complete unloading model is employed.
equilibrium state is as follows [13]:
In this study, the crippling behavior of Z-section
graphite/epoxy composite stringer is investigated by the
ð½KL þ ½KNL ÞfDug ¼ f DP g ð1Þ
nonlinear finite element method based on the updated
Lagrangian formulation. For the finite element model,
nine-node laminated shell elements are used with the In Eq. (1), the vector fDug is the incremental displace-
first order shear deformation theory. For the stiffness ment vector. The matrices ½KL and ½KNL , and the un-
degradation after the initial failure, complete unloading balanced force vector fDP g are given as follows:
model is implemented into the finite element method. To Z Z Z
trace the equilibrium path after the abrupt relieving of ½KL ¼ ½BnL T ½Dn ½BnL dV ð2Þ
stress corresponding to the failure mode, a modified arc- Vn
where
fDunþ1 ðkn Þg ¼ ½KT 1 fDP ðkn Þg ð9Þ
where
X ¼ fuT gT fuT g
Y ¼ 2½fDt un g þ fDunþ1 ðkn ÞgT fuT g
Z ¼ ½fDt un g þ fDunþ1 ðkn ÞgT ½fDt un g þ fDunþ1 ðkn Þg
ðDlÞ2
ð14Þ
3. Problem description
Table 2
Crippling and local buckling stresses of [
45/0/90]S stringers by finite element analysis and experiment
No. Buckling stress (MPa) Crippling stress (MPa)
FEM Exp. aver. Error (%) FEM Exp. aver. Error (%)
111s 47.8 43.9 9.2 153.1 152.4 0.6
121s 69.6 61.9 13.0 177.9 175.1 1.7
131s 106.9 100.0 6.6 198.6 180.0 10.3
141s 131.7 118.6 11.2 214.4 197.9 8.4
211s 50.1 45.7 9.5 174.4 185.5 )4.6
221s 75.2 67.5 11.4 200.6 206.2 )2.6
231s 128.9 118.6 8.9 245.5 226.1 8.5
241s 219.3 202.0 8.8 262.7 251.7 4.5
2172 J.-H. Kweon / Computers and Structures 80 (2002) 2167–2175
Fig. 8. Effect of web-height on buckling stress. Fig. 10. Comparison of buckling and crippling stresses.
from the results for the buckling stress of the Z-section initial buckling stress shown in Fig. 6 has the maximum
stringer, it appears that the buckling stress is maximum value at bf =L ¼ 0:05, and decreases drastically as the
when bf =L ¼ 0:05, bw =L ¼ 0:1. The corresponding flange-width to length ratio increases or decreases.
buckling mode indicates the local/global interaction. However, the crippling stress of the stringer with bf =L
larger than 0.05 is not as sensitive as the local buckling
4.3. Crippling stress stress, and does not drop as rapidly as the flange-width
increases. On the contrary, the strength of the stringers
Effect of the flange-width on the crippling stress and with the ratio bf =L smaller than 0.05 and larger than
compression strength after buckling is shown in Fig. 9. 0.025, shows the similar results to the initial buckling
When the ratio of flange-width to length, bf =L, is larger stresses. In this region, the strength means the ultimate
than 0.05, the crippling stress distribution shows some failure stress after the local/global interaction buck-
difference from that of the initial buckling stress. The ling. The strength of a stringer, with the bf =L ratio
smaller than 0.025, is almost identical to the initial
global buckling stress. A comparison between the initial
buckling stress and crippling or post-buckling com-
pression strength is given in Fig. 10. This result shows
that even if the stringer exhibiting global buckling may
have a high initial buckling stress, the buckling directly
leads to the catastrophic failure.
This can also be shown by the load–deflection curves
in Fig. 11. In the figure, the abbreviation RMS means
root mean square. The load–deflection curves of the
stringers with small flange-width (bf =L ¼ 0:05, 0.025)
have almost zero gradient after the initial buckling point
and cannot recover the load-carrying capability after
bifurcation. On the contrary, the stringers with wide
flange-width (bf =L ¼ 0:075, 0.1, 0.125) resist additional
compression load after the local buckling. In the case of
bf =L ¼ 0:125, the crippling stress is more than three
times the local buckling stress. In the practical design of
the airframe, the stringer with wide flange exhibiting the
local buckling and the crippling is frequently used. Ac-
cordingly, it is necessary to accurately determine the
Fig. 9. Effect of flange-width on crippling stress. crippling stress of the stringers for the weight saving.
2174 J.-H. Kweon / Computers and Structures 80 (2002) 2167–2175
Fig. 11. Effect of flange-width on load–deflection curve. Fig. 13. Effect of stacking sequence on buckling and crippling
stresses.
5. Conclusions
Fig. 12. Effect of web-height on crippling stress.
A finite element method based on the progressive
Effect of the web-height on the crippling stress is gi- stiffness degradation technique was presented to char-
ven in Fig. 12. As in the case of initial buckling stress, acterize the crippling behavior of the composite string-
the crippling stress is less sensitive to the change of the ers. The finite element results were compared to the
web-height as compared with the effect of the flange- existing experimental data for the validation, and good
width. Although the effect of the web-height is depen- correlations were observed for the crippling and initial
dent on the flange-width, the stringers with bw =L ¼ 0:1 buckling stresses. The results of the parametric study
exhibit the highest crippling stresses. showed that the main factor affecting the crippling and
local buckling behavior of Z-section stringer is the
4.4. Effect of stacking sequence flange-width and not the web-height. While the stringers
with wide flange-width experience the local buckling and
The results of the parametric study to assess the effect crippling, the stringers with small flange-width experi-
of altering the stacking sequence upon the local buckling ence the global or local/global interaction buckling and
and crippling stresses are presented in Fig. 13. Local the buckling-induced collapse.
J.-H. Kweon / Computers and Structures 80 (2002) 2167–2175 2175