Presenting the Chapter 1

What is Statistics
Group Members are:
Name ID
H.M. ENAYATUR RAHMAN 41634047
MD. AKTARUL ISLAM 41839067
SUMAITA KHAN 41839063
RAJIBUL ISLAM 41839035
AZMEE KABIR 41839058
 Why Study Statistics?

1. The first reason is that numerical information is everywhere.

2. A second reason for taking statistics course is that statistical techniques
are used to make decisions that affect our daily lives. For example:
Insurance companies use statistical analysis, environmental protection
agency, and medical researchers study the cure rates etc.
3. A third reason is that the knowledge of statistical methods will help you
understand how decisions are made and give you a better understanding
of how they affect you.

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 What is Meant by Statistics?

 Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing,

and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective
decisions.

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 Definition of Statistic

Prof. Horace Secrist defined statistics as:

 By Statistics we mean aggregate of facts affected to a marked extent by
multiplicity of causes, numerically expressed, enumerated or estimated
according to reasonable standards of accuracy, collected in a systematic
manner for a pre-determined purpose and placed relation to each other.

 Croxton and Cowden have given a very simple and concise definition
of statistics. In their view, “
Statistics may be defined as a science of collection, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of numerical data

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 Characteristics of Statistics

1. Statistics are aggregate of facts

2. Statistics are affected to a marked extent by multiplicity of causes,
3. Statistics are numerically expressed,
4. Statistics are enumerated or estimated according to reasonable standards of accuracy,
5. Statistics are collected in a systematic manner
6. Statistics are collected for a pre-determined purpose
7. Statistics should be placed relation to each other.

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 Statistical Investigation Steps

There are five stages in statistical investigation:

1. Collection of data
2. Organization: Organizing a mass of data is editing(Omissions, inconsistencies,
irrelevant answers, and wrong computation)
3. Presentation (orderly manner facilities statistics analysis)
4. Analysis and
5. Interpretation

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 Types of Statistics

The study of statistics is usually divided into two categories:

 Descriptive Statistics
 Inferential Statistics

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 Descriptive Statistics

Methods of organizing, summarizing, and presenting data in an informative way.

For instance, the US government reports the population of the United States was 179,323,000 in
1960; 203,302,000 in 1970; 226,542,000 in 1980; 248,709,000 in 1990, and 265,000,000 in 2000.
This information is descriptive statistics.

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 Inferential Statistics

A decision, estimate, prediction, or generalization about a population, based on a sample. It is

also called statistical inference.
Our main concern regarding inferential statistics is finding something about a population from
a sample taken from that population.
For example: a recent survey showed only 46% of high school seniors can solve problems
involving fractions, decimals and percentages.

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 What is Population and Sample

A population(Total Universe) is a collection of enter set of ( all possible)

individuals, objects, or measurements of interest.

A sample is a portion, or part, of the population of interest.

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 What is Variable

The term, ‘variable’ refers to the characteristic that varies in amount or magnitude in a
frequency distribution.
There are two types of variables:
Qualitative variable
Quantitative variable

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 Types of Variables

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 Four Levels of Measurement
Nominal level - data that is classified into
categories and cannot be arranged in any
particular order.
EXAMPLES: eye color, gender, religious
affiliation.
Ordinal level – involves data arranged in
some order, but the differences between
data values cannot be determined or are
meaningless.
EXAMPLE: During a taste test of 4 soft
drinks, Mellow Yellow was ranked
number 1, Sprite number 2, Seven-up
number 3, and Orange Crush number 4.
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Interval level - similar to the ordinal level,
with the additional property that
meaningful amounts of differences
between data values can be determined.
There is no natural zero point.
EXAMPLE: Temperature on the Fahrenheit
scale.
Ratio level - the interval level with an
inherent zero starting point. Differences
and ratios are meaningful for this level of
measurement.
EXAMPLES: Monthly income of surgeons,
or distance traveled by manufacturer’s
representatives per month.
 Functions of Statistics

1. It presents facts in a definite form

2. It simplifies mass of figures.
3. It facilities comparison
4. It helps in formulation and testing hypothesis
5. It helps in prediction
6. It helps in the formulation of suitable policies.

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 Limitations of Statistics

1. Statistics does not deal with isolated measurements.

2. Statistics deals only with quantitative characteristics.
3. Statistical results are true only on an average.
4. Statistics is only a means.
5. Statistics can be misused.

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 Designing a questionnaire

While developing a questionnaire, the researcher has to be very clear on the following:

1.What information will be sought?

2. What type/s of questionnaire will be required?
3. How that/ those questionnaire/s will be administered?
4. What the content of the individual question will be?
5. What the form of response of each question will be?
6. How many questions will be used and how the individual questions will be sequenced?
7. Whether the questionnaire shall be disguised or undisguised?
8. Whether the questionnaire shall be structure and unstructured?

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 Structured and Unstructured Questionnaires

A questionnaire can be structure/pre-arranged or unstructured and disguised

/hidden or undisguised as can be seen from the following:

Structured Unstructured

Undisguised A B
Disguised D C

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 Structured and Unstructured Questionnaires

A. Structured undisguised questionnaire: are simple to administer and easy to tabulate and
analyze. The respondent also feels almost no difficulty in replying. The question “What is
your marital status” is more confusing than is the question Are you married, single,
widowed or divorced?

B. Unstructured undisguised questionnaire: is one in which the purposed of the study is not
concealed but the response to the question is open-ended. Thus consider the question “
how do you feel about the need for legislation for more social security measures? Such
questions provide complete freedom to the respondent. However, the responses are
difficult to tabulate and analyze.

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 Structured and Unstructured Questionnaires

C. Unstructured disguised questionnaire: The respondents are not directly told about
the purpose of study and the questions are framed in a manner that there is
complete freedom for the respondent to answer. Intention of the researcher is to
identify the emotions , needs, motivations, attitudes and values. This method is
more often used for exploratory research than for descriptive or casual research.

D. Structured disguised questionnaire: are also not very popularly used in practice.

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 Designing a Questionnaire

The following points may be kept in mind while designing a questionnaire:

1.Covering letter
2. The number of questions should be as few as possible.
3. Questions should be logical arranged.
4.Questions should be short and simple
5. Questions of sensitive nature should be avoided.
6. Instructions to the informants.
7. Footnotes
8. Questions should be capable of objective answer:

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 Designing a Questionnaire

Various types of questions that may form part of a questionnaire can be

grouped under three categories:
a. Dichotomous questions: are fixed alternative questions in which only two
alternatives are listed.
“Do you intend to purchase a colored television set this year.”
Yes/ No.
b. Multiple choice questions: the respondent is asked to select one out of a
number of alternative responses.
“ How do you normally travel to Faculty of Management?

i. By bus ii. By your own car iii. By your own scooter

iv. By taxi v. On foot vi. Any other.

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 Designing a Questionnaire

c. Open-ended questions: the respondent is asked to answer a question in

his/her own words in essay form.
“ What do you feel about the facilities offered by the faculty?

9. Answer to questions should not calculations.

10. Pre-testing the questionnaire.
11. Cross-cheeks
12. Incentives to respondents and
13. Method of tabulation to be used.

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 Thank you
for patience.