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Object
Demonstration of induced current
in a coil as bar magnet is moved
inside the coil.

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 Principle
1. Whenever magnetic flux linked
S with coil be changed the e.m.f. is
Bar Magnet
N induced in coil.
2. Induced e.m.f. is directly
proportional to rate of change of
G magnetic flux.
Clamp 3. Direction of induced current
Coil of about
250 turns
always oppose the cause by which
it is produced.
Wooden Stand

A bar magnet moved in & out of

a coil produces induced current
in the coil in both the cases. The
galvanometer shows deflection.

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 Observation
• When a bar magnet is placed near the coil no deflection is observed in
galvanometer.

S N

• When North pole of magnet is moved rapidly towards the coil, the
galvanometer shows deflection. When magnet is stopped the deflection
in galvanometer becomes zero. When speed of magnet is increased the
deflection is increased.

S N

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• When North pole of magnet is taken away from the coil rapidly, the
galvanometer shows deflection but in opposite direction. When magnet is
stopped the deflection in galvanometer becomes zero. When speed of
magnet is increased the deflection is increased.

S N
G

• When Southpole of magnet faces the coil & the magnet is moved towards
or away from the coil, the galvanometer again shows deflection but in
opposite direction.

S N
N S

G G

• When magnet is kept stationary & coil is moved towards or away from
magnet, then there is a deflection in the galvanometer.
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 Explanation
When there is no relative motion between the magnet & the coil, the
magnetic lines of force passing through the coil is definite i.e. the
magnetic flux linked with coil is constant.
When there is relative motion between the magnet & coil & magnet is
moved towards the coil the magnetic lines passing through coil
increases.
When magnet moves away magnetic field lines passing through coil
decreases.
According to Faraday Laws e.m.f. induced when magnetic flux linked
with coil be changed. When magnetic flux linked with coil increases
then galvanometer shows deflection in one direction when it decreases it
shows deflection in opposite direction.

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 Conclusion

• Whenever there is change in Magnetic Flux linked

with the coil current is induced in coil.

• Direction of induced current always opposes the

cause by which it is produced.

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vAIBHAv 8
 Object
Demonstration of working of light
dependent resistor using simple
circuit like automatic car parking
light / automatic switches.

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 Principle
The light dependent resistor is a resistor whose
resistance value depends upon the intensity of
light falling on it. LDR resistance decreases
with increasing light level.

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 Circuit Diagram & Component Used

Components : - 6V
0.06A
R 10kΩ

1. A transistor(n-p-n) BC 108 or 6V
ZTX 300
2. A LED 1kΩ
3. Battery
ORP 12
4. Resistor 10kΩ, 1kΩ
5. Light Dependent
Resistor

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 Observations
• When light falls on the LDR the LED will not
glow.

• When light doesn’t fall on the LDR the LED

will glow.

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 Explanation
• Construction Of LDR :-
It is made up of high resistance semiconductor. The light sensitive part of
the LDR is a wavy track of cadmium sulphide. CdS cells rely on the
materials ability to vary its resistance according to the amount of light
striking the cell.

Cadmium
sulphide
track

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• Working : -
• If the light falling on the devices is of high enough frequency,
Photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electorns
enough energy to jump into conduction band. The resulting
free electron conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.
• Suppose the LDR has a resistance of .5kΩ in bright light &
200kΩ in the shade
Vin = 9V
Rtop
10 kΩ

Vout
LDR
Low in
the light

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When the LDR is in the light Vout will be
Vout = Rbottom
Rbottom + Rtop

Vout = 0.5 x 9 = 0.43 V

0.5 + 10

In the shade Vout will be

Vout = 200 x 9 = 8.57 V

200 + 10
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 Conclusion
• This circuit gives a low voltage when the LDR
is in the light & a high voltage when the LDR
is in the Shade.

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