RAGHU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Laboratory Manual

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-1 Lab.

For

Second Year (EEE) Students

Manual made by

Prof. S. Satyanarayana
 FORWARD

It is my great pleasure to present this laboratory manual for second year

engineering students for the subject of Electrical Machine & Applied Electronics.
Keeping in view the vast coverage required for visualization of concepts of Electrical
Machines & basic electronic components .With simple language.

As a student, many of you may be wondering with some of the questions in your
mind regarding the subject and exactly what has been tried is to answer through
this manual.

Faculty members are also advised that covering these aspects in initial stage itself,
will greatly relived them in future as much of the load will be taken care by the
enthusiasm energies of the students once they are conceptually clear.

H. O. D
 LABORATORY MANNUAL CONTENTS

This manual is intended for the second year students of Mechanical & Production
Engineering branch in the subject of Electrical Machine & Applied Electronics.
This manual typically contains practical/Lab Sessions related electrical machine &
electronics covering various aspects related the subject to enhanced
understanding.

Although, as per the syllabus, only descriptive treatment is prescribed, we have

made the efforts to cover various aspects of electrical machine & Electronics
subject covering types of different electrical machines, their operating principals,
their characteristics and different sensors, Industrial panel meters & signal
conditioning will be complete in itself to make it meaningful, elaborative
understandable concepts and conceptual visualization.

Students are advised to thoroughly go through this manual rather than only topics
mentioned in the syllabus as practical aspects are the key to understanding and
conceptual visualization of theoretical aspects covered in the books.

Good Luck for your Enjoyable Laboratory Sessions

Prof. S. Satyanarayana
 SUBJECT INDEX

1. Do’s and Don’ts

2. Lab exercise

1) To perform speed control of d. c. shunt motor.

2) To perform load test on d. c. shunt motor.

3) To study operation of single-phase induction motor.

4) To study three phase Induction motor starter.

5) To perform speed control of three phase induction motor.

6) To perform load test on three phase induction motor.

7) To study different types of sensors.

8) To study power devices.

3. Quiz on the subject

4. Conduction of Viva-Voce Examination

5. Evaluation and Marking Systems

Do’s and Don’ts

1. Understand the equipment to be tested and apparatus to be used.

2. Select proper type (i.e. A. c. or D. C.) and range of meters.

3. Do not touch the live terminals.

4. Use suitable wires (type and size).

5. All the connection should be tight.

1. Do not leave loose wires (i.e. wires not connected).

2. Get the connection checked before switching ‘ON’ the supply.

3. Never exceed the permissible values of current, voltage, and / or speed of any
machine, apparatus, wire, load, etc.

4. Switch ON or OFF the load gradually and not suddenly.

5. Strictly observe the instructions given by the teacher/Lab Instructor

Instruction for Laboratory Teachers:

1. Submission related to whatever lab work has been completed should be done
during the next lab session. The immediate arrangements for printouts related to
submission on the day of practical assignments.

2. Students should be taught for taking the observations /readings of different

measuring instruments under the able observation of lab teacher.

3. The promptness of submission should be encouraged by way of marking and

evaluation patterns that will benefit the sincere students.

Exercise No1: ( 2 Hours) – 1 Practical

Speed control of a d. c. shunt motor.

AIM: to study the speed control of a d. c. shunt motor.

a) by varying field current with armature voltage kept constant.
b) By varying armature voltage with field current kept constant.

APPARATUS:-
1) Rheostat (100Ω, 1.2 amp) --------------------- 1no
2) Rheostat (100Ω, 6.0 amp) -------------------- 1no
3) D. c. voltmeter (0-300volt) -------------------- 1no.
4) D.C. Ammeter (0-1A) --- --------------------- 1no

THEORY:-
1. What is effect of voltage on D. C. shunt motor?
2. What are different factors which affect the speed of D. C. shunt motor?

PROCEDURE: -
1) Make the connections as per circuit dia.
2) Set up the field and armature rheostat to their maximum value.
3) Switch on the D.C. Supply start the motor with the help of starter. Adjust
the field current to rated value.
4) Note the speed with the help of tachometer, the voltage across armature and
the field current.
5) Change the speed by varying the rheostat in the armature circuit. Note the
speed and armature voltage, the field current remaining constant.
6) Repeat steps 4. And 5.above, for different field currents.
7) Plot speed V/s armature voltage
8) Keep the rheostat in the armature circuit to some fixed value. Note the
voltage across armature. Note the field current and speed.
9) Vary the field current.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

a) Armature voltage variation.

1) Field current (constant) = ____amps.

Sr. no. Armature voltage Speed (r. p. m.)

( Va in volts)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
b) Variable Field current

1) Armature voltage (constant) = _____volts.

Sr. no Field current (If in amps) Speed (r. p. m.)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
GRAPH :

F
I
E
L
D
V
O C
L U
T R
S R
E
N
T

SPEED
SPEED

CONSTANT FIELD CURRENT

CONCLUSION:-
The variation of speed with armature voltage and field current has been
studied. The speed of
d. c. Shunt motor is directly proportional to the armature voltage and inversely
proportional to the field current. Thus, to increase speed above rated speed field
current should be decreased & to decrease the speed below rated speed
armature voltage should decrease.
Exercise No2: ( 2 Hours) – 1 Practical

Load test on D.C. shunt motor.

AIM- To perform load test on D.C. shunt motor

APPARATUS-
1) Rheostat (570 ohm, l Amp) ----------------------- 1 no
2) Rheostat (300 ohm, 1.7 amps) ---------------------1no.
3) D. c. voltmeter (0-10ohm) -------------------------2no.
4) D. c. voltmeter (0-300v) --------------------------2no
5) Tachometer.

THEORY:
1. What is effect of load on D. C. shunt motor?
2. What is the relation between efficiency & load of D. C. shunt motor?
3. Why current & torque increases linearly with the load?

PROCEDURE
1) Make the connection as per circuit dia.
2) Set the field rheostat of motor to zero and field rheostat of generator to
maximum.
3) Switch on D.C. supply and start the motor with the help of starter.
4) Adjust field rheostat for motor to obtain rated speed. For one set of
readings the setting of field rheostat should not be altered.
5) Adjust D.C. shunt generator voltage to it’s rated voltage with the help of
it’s field rheostat.
6) Load the generator with keeping it’s terminal voltage constant.
7) Note the reading of ammeters, voltmeters and speed.
8) Repeat (6) and (7) above to a cover the range of no load to full load of
motor.
9) Plot speed vs. output, armature current Vs output, efficiency Vs output,
torque vs. output curves

SAMPLE CALCULATION-
Efficiency of generator is assumed as 87%

Generator output – Vg Ig watts.

Generator input = generator output / 0.87

Generator input = motor output.

Motor input – Vm Im watts.

% Motor efficiency = (motor output / motor input) * 100

Motor Torque = (motor output in watts) * 60 N-M
2n
OBSERVATION TABLE :

GENERATOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR EFFI.

SPEED TORQUE
Sr.No. I/P O/P OF
Vg Ig Vm Im (rpm) (watts) (watts) MOTOR
(N.M)

5
GRAPH :

M
O
T
O
T R
O
C
R
Q U
U R
E R
E
N
T

OUTPUT
OUTPUT

MOTOR CURRENT Vs OUTPUT

TORQUE Vs OUTPUT

E
F
F
I
C
I
E
N
C
Y

OUTPUT

EFFICIENCY Vs OUTPUT

S
P
E
E
D

OUTPUT

SPEED Vs OUTPUT
CONCLUSION-
From the above graphs, the motor current increases with the load, and the
speed decreases slightly with increase in load. The efficiency initially increases
with the load, and then reaches its maximum (at about 80 to 90 % of the full
load) and then decreases.

Exercise No3: ( 2 Hours) – 1 Practical

Study of single phase induction motor.

AIM: - To study the operation of single phase induction motor.

THEORY:-
Types of single-phase motors:
The single-phase motors are manufactured in large No. of types to perform a
wide variety of services, e.g.-domestic use, industrial use etc. The motor
manufacturers have developed various types of such motors: each being
designed to meet specific demands, the single phase motors may be classified in
following groups depending upon their construction and principles of operation.

1) Single phase induction motors

2) Repulsion motors.
3) Ac series motors.
4) Unexcited synchronous motors.

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS:-

The single-phase induction motor in construction is somewhat similar to a
poly phase induction motor, except that the stator winding is supplied with a
single phase AC power. The single phase AC voltage of stator winding produces
a alternating magnetic field, but this alternating magnetic field cannot generate
induced voltage, in a standstill rotor, hence single phase Induction motor is
basically not a self starting motor. To start the motor additional starting
winding is required to be used which is disconnected by a centrifugal switch
when the rotor gathers 70 to 80% of its rated speed.
 SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

STARTING OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS:-

The various methods of starting basically employ a starting winding and a
centrifugal switch, in some cases when starting winding is required to be
disconnected while normal running of the motor. The starting and sunning or
main winding are spaced 90 electrically apart as shown in fig. 1 and are
connected in parallel across the single phase supply. It is so arranged that the
phase difference between the currents in the two-stator windings in very large
(Ideal value being 90). Hence the motor behaves like a two-phase motor. These
two currents produce a revolving flux and hence make the motor self-starting.
There are different methods by which necessary phase difference between
the two currents can be created.

1) SPLIT PHASE MOTOR:-

In the split phase machine as shown in fig.2 the main winding has low
resistance and high resistance and low reactance. The resistance of the starting
winding may be increased either by connecting a high resistance R in series
with it or by using a high resistance fine copper wire for winding purposes.
Hence as shows in fig.3 the current Is drawn by the starting winding logs
behind the applied voltage V by a small angle whereas the current I’m taken by
the main winding lags behind V by a very large angle. The phase angle between
the currents I’m and Is in made a large as possible, because the starting torque
of a split phase motor is proportional to sin. the function of the centrifugal
switch ‘S’ is to disconnect the starting winding when the motor gather 70-80%
of its normal running speed. The direction of rotation of these motors can be
reversed by reversing the connection of one of the two-stator winding (not both).
 SPLIT PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

2) CAPACITOR START MOTOR:-

In these motors the necessary phase difference between I’m and Is is produced
by connecting a capacitor in series with the starting winding as shown in fig.4.
The capacitor is generally of electrolytic type and is usually mounted on the
outside of the motor as a separate unit. The capacitor is designed for extremely
short-duty service and when the motor reaches around 79-80% of its full speed,
the centrifugal switch S opens and cuts out both the starting winding and
capacitor from the supply.
As shown in fig.5 the current main winding draws me. Lags behind the supply
voltage V by large angle whereas is leads by a certain angle. The two currents
are out of phase with each other by a large angle approaching 90. Their
resultant current is small and is almost in phase with V as shown in the figure.
 CAPACITOR START MOTOR

3) CAPACITOR START AND RUN MOTOR:-

In case of capacitor start and run motor there is no centrifugal switch and
capacitor remains permanently in the circuit. This improves the power factor.
The schematic diagram of such motor is shown in fig.
The performance not only at start but in running condition also depends on
the capacitor ‘C' hence its value is to be designed so as to compromise between
best starting and best running conditions . Hence the starting torque available
in such type of motor is about 50-100% of full load torque. The direction of
rotation can be interchanging the connection of main winding or auxiliary
winding. These motors are more costly than split phase type motor.
The capacitor value can be selected as per the required value of starting
torque. The torque can be high as 350-400% of full load torque,the torque
speed characteristics is shown in fig.

CAPACITOR START CAPACITOR RUN MOTOR

 TORQUE-SPEED CHARACTERISTICS

4) SHADED POLE MOTOR:-

In such motors the necessary phase shift is obtained by induction. These

motors have salient poles on the stator and squirrel cage type rotor. Fig shows
the four-pole motor and one pole of such motor is shows in fig. The laminated
pole has a slot cut across the lamination approximately one third distance from
one edge.
Around the small part of the pole is placed short-circuited copper coil known
as shedding coil. This part of the coil is known is shaded part and other is
unshaded part. When an alternating current passed through field winding
surrounding whole pole, the axis of the pole shifts from unshaded part “a” to
shaded part. This shifting of magnetic axis is in effect equivalent to actual
physical movement of the pole. Hence the motor starts rotating the direction of
this shift i.e for un shaded part to the shaded part.
 SHADED POLE INDUCTION MOTOR

Exercise No4: ( 2 Hours) – 1 Practical

Induction Motor Starter.

AIM: to study the Induction Motor Starter.

THEORY:

NESSCISITY OF STARTER
If normal supply voltage is applied to stationary motor then the motor
takes very large initial current. Induction Motor when direct switched takes 5 to
7 times their full load current & develops only 1.5 to 2.5 times their full load
torque. This will produce large line drop affect the operation of other electrical
equipment connected in same circuit. Starters should be used for the motors of
rating above 25 KW to 40KW.

TYPES OF STARTER
 The current of the motor can be controlled by reducing supply voltage or by
increasing the rotor resistance at start. The second method is possible only in
the case of slip ring induction motos.

For Squirrel-cage Motors:

a. Direct on line starter.

b. Stator Resistance Starter.
c. Star-Delta Starter.
d. Auto transformer Starter.

For Slip Ring Induction Motor

a. Rotor Resistance Starter.

1. DIRECT ON LINE STARTER

In case of small capacity motors having rating less than 5 h. p., the
starting current is not very high and such motors can with stand such a
starting current without any starter Thus there is a no need to reduce applied
voltage to control the starting current . Such motors use a type of starter which
is used to connect stator directly to the supply lines without any reduction in
voltage
Hence the stator is known as direct –on-line starter. Though this starter
does not reduce the applied voltage it is used because it protects the motor from
various several abnormal conditions, like over loading , low voltage, single
phasing etc.
 DIRECT ONLINE STRTER

2) STATOR RESISTANCE STARTER

In order to apply the reduced voltage to the stator of the

inductionmotor, three resistances are added in each phase of the stator
winding. Initially the resistances are kept maximum in the circuit, due to
this large voltage gets dropped across the resistances.
Hence a reduced voltage gets applied to the stator which reduces the
high starting current. When the motor starts running the resistances are
gradually cut off from the stator circuit. When the resistances are entirely
removed from the stator circuit i. e. rheostats are in run position then the
rated voltage gets applied to the stator. Motor runs with normal speed.
The starter is simple is construction and cheap. It can be used for
both star and delta connected stator, but there are large power losses due to
resistances. Also the starting torque of the motor reduces due to reduced
voltage applied to stator.
 STATOR RESISTANCE STARTER

3. STAR- DELTA STARTER

This is the cheapest starter of all hence used very commonly for the
induction motors .It uses triple pole double through (TPDT) switch. The switch
connects the stator winding in star at start. Hence the per phase voltage gets
reduced by the factor 1/√3. Due to this reduced voltage the starting current is
limited.
When the switch is thrown on the other side the winding gets connected in
delta, across the supply so it gets normal rated voltage .The windings are
connected in delta when motors gathers sufficient speed

STAR-DELTA STARTER
 4. AUTO TRANSFORMER STARTER
A three phase star connected auto transformer can be used to reduce the
voltage applied to the stator such a starter is called auto transformer starter. It
consist of a suitable change over switch
When the switch is in the start position the stator winding is supplied with
reduced voltage. This can be controlled by tapings provided with autotransformer.
When motor gathers 80% of the normal speed, the change over switch is
thrown into run position ,due to this rated voltage gets applied to stator winding.
Changing of switch is done automatically by using relays. The power loss is much
less in this type of starting.

AUTOTRANSFORMER STARTER
FOR SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTORS

1. ROTOR RESISTANCE STARTER

To limit the rotor current which consequently reduces the current drawn by the
motor from the supply. The resistance can be inserted in the motor circuit at start.
This addition of the resistance in rotor is in the form of 3 phase star connected
rheostat. The external resistance is inserted in each phase of the rotor winding
through slip ring and brush assembly initially maximum resistance is in the
circuit. As motor gathers speed the resistance is gradually cut-off the operation
may be automatic or manually.

ROTOR RESISTANCE STARTER

Exercise No5: ( 2 Hours) – 1 Practical
Aim:
To perform speed control of three phase induction motor using autotransformer by
changing supply voltage.
Apparatus:
1) Voltage (0-500v)
2) Ammeter (0-10A)
3) Auto-transformer
4) Connecting wire
5) Three phase induction motor
6) Wattmeter(0-150W)

Theory:
Three phase IM works on faradays law of electromagnetic induction. The
speed of three phase IM can changed by using three phase autotransformer. The
speed of three phase IM can be changed by the the supply voltage. The speed can
be changed by using following factors :
1 By controlling stator parameters
2 By controlling rotor parameters
The expression for actual speed of IM can be given by
N=Ns(1-S)
This shows that the actual speed depends on two factors mainly Synchronous
speed and Slip.By changing these factors we can change the speed of IM.
Another way to change the speed of three phase IM from torque equation of
motor

but R2 is constant and K is also constant .Hence This directly proportional to

SV^2
In these type of speed control of the stator supply voltage V1 is reduced from rated
voltage
Hence from the above expression we can control the speed of three phase IM by
varying the supply voltage.
 Proced

ure:
1. Make the connection as per circuit diagram
2. Connect the three ammeters in phase with proper rating
3. Connect autotransformer at starting of the supply to vary three phase supply
voltage.
4. Voltmeter should be connect between any two phases
5. Connet the two wattmeter for measuring three phase power drawn by the motor
6. Switch on the supply and note down accurate reading .
Observation Table
Sr No Voltage Current Power Power Speed
(V) W1 W2 r.p.m
I1 I2 I3
1
2
3
4
5

Conclusion:
Hence from the above experiment we have successfully observed the
variation of speed of three phase IM with varying the three phase AC input supply
by using three phase autotransformer.
Exercise No 6: ( 2 Hours) – 1 Practical

Load Test On 3-Phase Induction Motor

AIM: To perform the load test on 3-Phase induction motor.

APPARATUS:
1)Two-element wattmeter (10A, 500v) ---------------------1 No.
2) Ammeter (0-10A) ------------------------------------------1 No
3) Voltmeter (0-500v) ----------------------------------------1 No
4) Rheostat (500 ohm, 1.2A) ---------------------------------1 No
5) Ammeter D.C. (O-10A) ------------------------------------1 No
6) Voltmeter D.C. (0-300v) ----------------------------------1 No
7) Tachometer.

THEORY:
1.What is effect of load on 3 phase Induction motor ?
2.What is the relation between speed & load of 3 phase Induction motor ?
3.Why current & torque increases linearly with the load ?
4.How power factor is affected by load ?

PROCEDURE:
1) Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.
2) Put the load switches off. Set generator field rheostat to maximum start the
induction motor with the help of the start & run it to it’s normal speed.
3) Excite the dc shunt generator to it’s voltage. Note power input, to motor &
the speed, with the generator not loaded.
4) Put some load on generator & Note the D.C. generator output, motor input
and the speed.
5) Take the more readings by increasing the load gradually till the full load is
reached.
6) Calculate & plot the graphs. Output Vs speed, Output Vs Efficiency, Output
Vs motor current.
Output Vs slip, output Vs P.F.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

sr. I. M. Im in Motor input Speed Ig. I. M. %n Slip p.f.

no Vm in Amp Power in in Input
volts. watts rpm watts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
GRAPH:

E
F
S F
P I
E C
E I
D E
N
C
Y

OUTPUT OUTPUT

SPEED Vs OUTPUT EFFICIENCY Vs OUTPUT

 P
O
W C
E U
R R
F
R
A E
C N
T T
O
R

OUTPUT OUTPUT

POWER FACTOR Vs OUTPUT CURRENT Vs OUTPUT

CONCLUSION:
The speed falls, the power improves and the current increases, with as
increase in output of motor. The efficiency increases and is maximum near
full load.
Exercise No 7 : ( 2 Hours) – 1 Practical

To Study different sensors

AIM: To Study different sensors

THEORY:

QUESTIONS:

1. Definition of sensor.

2. Different types of sensor.

3. Different applications of sensors.

4. Selection criteria of sensors

5. LVDT.

6. Proximity switch.

7. Piezo sensors.

8. Airflow sensor.

9. Thermocouple.

10. Load cell

Exercise No8: ( 2 Hours) – 1 Practical

To study power devices

AIM: To study power devices

THEORY:

QUESTIONS:

1. Theory and working principle of transistor.

2. Different types of power devices.

3. Different applications of heating.

4. Light dimmer circuit.

5. Temperature controller.

6. Sequential timer circuit.

7. MOSFET.

8. DIAC.

9. TRIAC.

10. SCR.
3. Quiz on the subject:

1. Load characteristics of D.C. Compound Generator.

a. What are the different types of D.C. compound Generator?
b. What is the difference between flat compounded & over compounded
generator.
c. Why the terminal voltage drops when the generator is loaded?
d. What happens if we connect the shunt field of compound generator in
series with the armature & series field across the armature?
e. What are the applications of d. c. compound generator?
f. How to identify the series field & terminal at the terminal box?

2. Speed control of D.C. Shunt motor

a. What are the factors on which speed of D.C. Shunt motor depends?
b. Name the different speed control methods.
C. What is the disadvantage of armature rheostat method?
d. What is the advantage of Ward Leonard method?
e. Where the D.C. Shunt motor is applicable?

3 .Load test on d.c. shunt motor.

a. What is the purpose of Load test on d. c. shunt motors?
b. What is the relation between Ia and Armature Cu loss?
c. What are different losses in D.C. shunt motor.

4.Generators

a. Why speed control methods are not needed in d. c. generators?

b. What is the use of commutator & brushes in D C Generator?
c. How energy conversion takes place in D C Generator.
d. What is the effect of increasing load on terminal voltage in D C shunt
generator.

5. Motor
a. How energy conversion takes place in D C Generator.
b. D C Motor is known as constant speed motor?
c. Why starter is necessary for starting of D C motor?
d. Explain the disadvantage of 3pt. Starter.
e. How to reverse the direction of rotation of D C shunt Motor.
f. What is the use of commutator & brushes in D C Motor?
4. Conduction of Viva-Voce Examinations:

Teacher should oral exams of the students with full preparation. Normally, the
objective questions with guess are to be avoided. To make it meaningful, the
questions should be such that depth of the students in the subject is tested Oral
examinations are to be conducted in co-cordial environment amongst the teachers
taking the examination. Teachers taking such examinations should not have ill
thoughts about each other and courtesies should be offered to each other in case
of difference of opinion, which should be critically suppressed in front of the
students.

5. Evaluation and marking system:

Basic honesty in the evaluation and marking system is absolutely essential and in
the process impartial nature of the evaluator is required in the examination system
to become popular amongst the students. It is a wrong approach or concept to
award the students by way of easy marking to get cheap popularity among the
students to which they do not deserve. It is a primary responsibility of the teacher
that right students who are really putting up lot of hard work with right kind of
intelligence are correctly awarded.

The marking patterns should be justifiable to the students without any ambiguity
and teacher should see that students are faced with unjust circumstances.