-CIAL/ -TIAL

-cial & -tial endings usually sound the same "shul"

special, confidential, initial, official

If you're wondering why we have these two when one would do! It's all about
the French and Latin origins of these words and the t or c in the original word:

potential - from late Latin potentialis, from potentia 'power', from potent- 'being
able'

facial - from medieval Latin facialis, from facies

initial - from Latin initialis, from initium 'beginning'

(You don't need to know French and Latin but it's always good to know why
spellings and words are the way they are.)

There's a rule about which one to use but like all rules there are exceptions.

What's the letter before these -cial words: social, special, beneficial?

What's the letter before these -tial words: essential, substantial, partial?

Rule:

Use -cial after a vowel, like after the vowel 'o' in social, 'e' in special, 'i' in
beneficial

Use -tial after a consonant, especially, after 'n' in substantial, essential, and 'r'
in partial

***

vowel + cial =

social, special, official, crucial, judicial, artificial, racial, beneficial, superficial,

unofficial, facial, glacial, especially, specially, sacrificial, prejudicial, antisocial,
multiracial.

especially and specially are very common usage words. They mean the same
thing but especially is used more in writing and formally. To remember the
spellings try breaking them down e + special + ly = especially, special +
ly = specially

exceptions - consonant + cial:

financial commercial provincial

because the root words end in -ce (finance - financial, commerce - commercial,
province - provincial)

***
-tial n + tial =

potential, essential, substantial, residential, presidential, influential, differential,

confidential, sequential, preferential, consequential, celestial, existential,
circumstantial, prudential, torrential, referential, exponential, inconsequential,
insubstantial, experiential, quintessential, evidential, deferential, credential

r + tial = martial, impartial, partial

p + tial = nuptial, prenuptial

exceptions - vowels + tial

initial, spatial, palatial

***

The word “controversial” is controversial because it contradicts all the rules and
is spelled with “s.”

***

Memorise these seven exceptions:

financial, commercial, provincial, initial, spatial,
palatial, controversial