Anghelle Wealth Mendoza Josephine Buhisan Abbegail Soriano BSN – 1 ALASKA

GROUP 5: ENDOCRINE SYTEM (Endo; within, Krino; to secrete)

Composed of endocrine glands and specialized endocrine cells located all throughout the body. These endocrine glands
and cells secrete minute amounts of chemical messengers called hormones into the bloodstream rather than into the duct.
The functions of the endocrine system include: metabolism, control of food intake and digestion, tissue development, ion
regulation, water balance, heart rate and blood pressure regulation, control of blood glucose and other nutrients, control of
reproductive functions, uterine contractions and milk release and immune system regulation.
HORMONES (hormone > GK; to set in motion)
Hypothalamus: This organ connects your endocrine system with your nervous system. Its main job is to tell your pituitary
gland to start or stop making hormones.

 Satiety Center – area of the hypothalamus that controls appetite

Pituitary: This is the "master" gland of your endocrine system. It uses information it gets from your brain to "tell" other
glands in your body what to do. It makes many different important hormones, including growth hormone; prolactin, which
helps breastfeeding moms make milk; and luteinizing hormone, which manages estrogen in women and testosterone in
men.
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

 Growth Hormone (GH) – increases gene expression, breakdown of lipids, and release of fatty acids from cells
 Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) – increases thyroid hormone secretion (thyroxine, triiodothyronine)
 Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) – increases secretion of glucocorticoid hormones
 Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) – increases melanin production in melanocytes to make skin darker
 Luteinizing Hormone (LH) / Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) - ovulation and progesterone
production in ovaries; testosterone synthesis and support for sperm cell production in testes
 Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Follicle maturation and estrogen secretion in ovaries; sperm cell
production in testes
 Prolactin - Milk production in lactating women; increased response of follicle to LH and FSH; unclear function in
males

POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

 Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) – conserves water, constrict blood vessels in kidney

 Oxytocin – increases uterine contraction in uterus and milk letdown from mammary glands
Pineal: This gland makes a chemical called melatonin. It helps your body get ready to go to sleep.

Thyroid: This gland makes thyroid hormone, which controls your metabolism. If this gland doesn't make enough (a
condition called hypothyroidism), everything happens more slowly. Your heart rate might slow down. You could
get constipated. And you might gain weight. If it makes too much (hyperthyroidism), everything speeds up. Your heart
might race. You could have diarrhea. And you might lose weight without trying.
 Goiter – enlargement of the thyroid
 Hypothyroidism -lack of thyroid hormones
 Cretinism – mental retardation, short stature and abnormally formed skeletal structures
 Myxedema – accumulation of fluid and other molecules in the subcutaneous tissue of the skin
 Exophthalmia – bulging of the eyes

Parathyroid: This is a set of four small glands behind your thyroid. They are important for bone health. The glands control
your levels of calcium and phosphorus.
 Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) – regulation of blood calcium levels
 Hyperparathyroidism – abnormally high rate of PTH secretion
 Hypoparathyroidism - abnormally low rate of PTH secretion
Thymus: This gland makes white blood cells called T-lymphocytes that fight infection and are crucial as a child's immune
system develops. The thymus starts to shrink after puberty.

Adrenals: Best known for making the "fight or flight" hormone adrenaline (epinephrine), these two glands also make
corticosteroids. These are hormones that affect your metabolism and sexual function, among other things.

Pancreas: The pancreas is part of both your digestive and endocrine systems. It makes digestive enzymes that break down
food. It also makes the hormones insulin and glucagon. These helps ensure you have the right amount of sugar in your
bloodstream and your cells.

If you don't make any insulin, which is the case for people with type 1 diabetes, your blood sugar levels can get
dangerously high. In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas usually makes some insulin but not enough.

 Diabetes Mellitus – body’s inability to regulate blood glucose levels within normal range
 Hyperglycemia – high blood glucose levels

Ovaries: In women, these organs make estrogen and progesterone. These hormones help develop breasts at puberty,
regulate the menstrual cycle, and support a pregnancy.

Testes: In men, the testes make testosterone. It helps them grow facial and body hair at puberty. It also tells the penis to
grow larger and plays a role in making sperm

QUESTIONS:
1. This organ’s main job is to tell your pituitary gland to start or stop making hormones. – HYPOTHALAMUS
2. This is the "master" gland of your endocrine system – PITUITARY GLAND
3. HYPERGLYCEMIA – It refers to high blood glucose levels
4. DIABETES MELLITUS – It refers to the body’s inability to regulate blood glucose levels within normal range
5. This gland is best known for making the "fight or flight" hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) – ADRENAL GLAND
6. HYPERPARATHYROIDISM – It is the abnormally high rate of PTH secretion
7. PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) – A hormone that regulates blood calcium levels
8. HYPOTHYROIDISM - Lack of thyroid hormones
9. ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) – This hormone’s job is to conserve water and constrict blood vessels in kidney
10. LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) / INTERSTITIAL CELL STIMULATING HORMONE (ICSH) – Involve in
ovulation and progesterone production in ovaries; testosterone synthesis and support for sperm cell production in testes
* 11. MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE (MSH) – This hormone increases melanin production in
melanocytes to make skin darker
* 12. GROWTH HORMONE (GH) – This hormone increases gene expression, breakdown of lipids, and release of fatty
acids from cells