FSc-II / Ex 2.

4 - 1

Exercise 2.4 (Solutions)Page 70

MathCity.org Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
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Question # 1 −1
1 −1 1 1− x  2
Find by making suitable substitution in the = u 2 =  
following functions defined as: 2 2 1+ x 
1
1− x dy 1 1+ x  2
(i) y = ⇒ =  
1+ x du 2 1− x 
(ii) y = x+ x Now by chain rule
dy dy du
a+x = ⋅
(iii) y = x dx du dx
a−x 1
6 1 1+ x  2 −2
(iv) y = ( 3x 2 − 2 x + 7 ) =   ⋅
2  1 − x  (1 + x )2
a2 + x2 1
(v) (1 + x ) 2 ⋅ −1
a2 − x2 = 1 2
Solution (1 − x ) 2 (1 + x )
(i) −1
=
1− x 1 2− 1
y = (1 − x ) (1 + x )
2 2

1+ x
−1
1− x = 3 Answer
Put u = 1 − x (1 + x ) 2
1+ x
1
So y = u ⇒ y = u2
(ii)
Now diff. u w.r.t. u
du d 1− x  y = x+ x
=   1
dx dx  1 + x  Let u = x + x = x + x2
d d 1
(1 + x ) (1 − x ) − (1 − x ) (1 + x ) ⇒ y = u = u2
= dx dx
2 Diff. u w.r.t. x
(1 + x ) d  2
du 1
(1 + x )( −1) − (1 − x )(1) =  x + x 
= 2
dx dx  
(1 + x ) 1 −2
1
1
−1 − x − 1 + x = 1+ x = 1+
= 2 2 x
2
(1 + x ) 2 x +1
du −2 =
⇒ = 2 x
2
dx (1 + x ) Now diff. y w.r.t. x
Now diff. y w.r.t. u dy d 12
= u
dy d 12 du du
= u
du du

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FSc-II / Ex 2.4 - 2

1 − 12 1 1 a−x+a+x 2a
= u = 1 = 1 = 2
= 2
2 (a − x) (a − x)
2u 2 2 x+ x ( ) 2

du
dy 1 Using value of u and in eq. (i)
⇒ = dx
du 2 x+ x −1 1
dy xa+ x 2 2a  a + x 2
Now by chain rule =   + 
dy dy du dx 2 a − x  (a − x)
2
a−x
= ⋅
dx du dx
−1 1

=
1
⋅
2 x +1
=
( a + x ) 2 ⋅ ax + ( a + x ) 2
−1 2 1
2 x+ x 2 x ( a − x) 2 (a − x) (a − x)2
2 x +1 1
= Answer
=
ax
+
(a + x)2
4 x⋅ x+ x 1 2− 1 1
(a + x) 2 (a − x) 2 (a − x)2
1
(iii) ax (a + x)2
= 1 3 + 1
a+x
y = x ( a + x ) (
2 a − x ) 2 ( a − x ) 2
a−x
ax + (a + x)(a − x)
a+x = 1 3
Put u =
a−x (a + x) 2 (a − x)2
1
So y = x u = x (u )2 dy ax + a 2 − x 2
⇒ = 1 3
Diff. w.r.t. x dx (a + x) 2 (a − x)2
dy d 1
= x (u )2
dx dx (iv)
d 1 1 d
Do yourself as above
= x (u ) 2 + (u ) 2 x
dx dx
1 − 1 du 1 (v)
= x (u ) 2 + ( u ) 2 (1)
2 dx Do yourself as above
dy x − 1 du 1
⇒ = (u ) 2 + ( u ) 2 ……. (i) Question # 2
dx 2 dx
Now diff. u w.r.t. x dy
Find if:
du d a+x dx
=   (i)3 x + 4 y + 7 = 0
dx dx  a − x 
d d (ii) xy + y 2 = 2
(a − x) (a + x) − (a + x) (a − x) (iii) x 2 − 4 xy − 5 y = 0
= dx dx
2
(a − x) (iv) 4 x 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0

=
( a − x )( 0 + 1) − ( a + x )( 0 − 1) (v) x 1 + y + y 1 + x = 0
2
(a − x) ( )
(vi) y x 2 − 1 = x x 2 + 4
=
( a − x )(1) − ( a + x )( −1)
2
(a − x)

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 FSc-II / Ex 2.4 - 3

Solution (iii)
Do yourself
(i)
3x + 4 y + 7 = 0 (iv)
Diff. w.r.t. x . 4 x 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
d d Differentiating w.r.t. x
( 3x + 4 y + 7 ) = (0) d d
dx dx
dy dy dx
( 4x 2
+ 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = ) dx
( 0)
⇒ 3(1) + 4 + 0 = 0 ⇒ 4 = − 3
dx dx d 2 d d
⇒ 4 ( x ) + 2h ( xy ) + b ( y 2 )
dy 3 dx dx dx
⇒ = −
dx 4 d d d
+2 g ( x) + 2 f ( y ) + (c ) = 0
dx dx dx
(ii) xy + y 2 = 2  dy  dy
⇒ 4(2 x) + 2h  x + y (1)  + b ⋅ 2 y
Differentiating w.r.t. x  dx  dx
d d dy
dx
( )
xy + y 2 =
dx
( 2) +2 g (1) + 2 f
dx
+0 = 0

d d dy dy
⇒ ( xy ) + y 2 = 0 ⇒ 8 x + 2hx + 2hy + 2by
dx dx dx dx
dy dx dy dy
⇒ x + y + 2y = 0 +2 g + 2 f = 0
dx dx dx dx
dy dy
⇒ ( x + 2 y ) + y (1) = 0 ⇒ 2 ( hx + by + f ) + 2 ( 4 x + hy + + g ) = 0
dx dx
dy dy
⇒ ( x + 2y) = − y ⇒ 2 ( hx + by + f ) = − 2 ( 4 x + hy + + g )
dx dx
dy dy
⇒ ( x + 2y) = − y ⇒ ( hx + by + f ) = − ( 4 x + hy + + g )
dx dx
dy −y dy 4 x + hy + + g
⇒ = ⇒ = −
dx x + 2 y dx hx + by + f

(v)
1 1
x 1+ y + y 1+ x = 0 ⇒ x (1 + y ) 2 + y (1 + x ) 2 = 0
Differentiating w.r.t. x
d  d d
x (1 + y ) 2  +  y (1 + x ) 2  =
1 1
⇒ (0)
dx   dx   dx
d 1 1 dx d 1 1 dy
⇒ x (1 + y ) 2 + (1 + y ) 2 + y (1 + x ) 2 + (1 + x ) 2 = 0
dx dx dx dx

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FSc-II / Ex 2.4 - 4

1 − 1 dy 1 1 −1 1 dy
⇒ x⋅ (1 + y ) 2 + (1 + y ) 2 (1) + y ⋅ (1 + x ) 2 (1) + (1 + x ) 2 = 0
2 dx 2 dx
x dy 1 y 1 dy
⇒ 1 + (1 + y ) 2 +
1 + (1 + x ) 2 = 0
2 (1 + y ) 2 dx 2 (1 + x ) 2 dx
 x 1  dy  1 y 
⇒  1 + (1 + x )
2  = − (1 + y ) +
2
1

 2 (1 + y ) 2  dx  2 (1 + x ) 
2
  
 x + 2 (1 + x ) 12 (1 + y ) 12  dy  2 (1 + x ) 12 (1 + y ) 12 + y 
⇒  1
 = − 1

 2 (1 + y ) 2  dx  2 (1 + x ) 2 
   
 x + 2 (1 + x)(1 + y )  dy  2 (1 + x)(1 + y ) + y 
⇒   = − 
 2 1+ y  dx  2 1+ x 
dy 2 (1 + x)(1 + y ) + y 2 1+ y
⇒ = − ⋅
dx 2 1+ x x + 2 (1 + x)(1 + y )

⇒
dy
= −
1 + y 2 (1 + x)(1 + y ) + y ( ) Answer
dx 1 + x x + 2 (1 + x)(1 + y ) ( )
(vi)
( )
y x2 − 1 = x x2 + 4
Differentiating w.r.t x
1
d d
dx
(
y x2 − 1 = x x2 + 4 2
dx
) ( )
1 1
d 2 dy d 2 dx
⇒ y
dx
(
x − 1 + x2 − 1
dx
) (
=x
dx
)
x + 4 2 + x2 + 4 2
dx
( ) ( )
1 1
dy 1 −
⇒ y ( 2 x ) + x2 − 1
dx
( ) (
= x x 2 + 4 2 (2 x) + x 2 + 4 2 (1)
2
) ( )
dy x2 1
⇒ 2 xy + x 2 − 1 (
dx
= ) 1 + x 2
+ 4 2
( )
x2 + 4 2 ( )
dy x2 1
⇒ ( 2
x −1
dx
=) 1 (
+ x2 + 4 ) 2
− 2 xy
x2 + 4 ( ) 2

dy x2 1
⇒ ( 2
x −1
dx
=) 1 (
+ x2 + 4 ) 2
− 2 xy
x2 + 4 ( ) 2

1
2
dy x + x + 4 − 2 xy x + 4
2
( 2
) 2
dy 2 x 2 + 4 − 2 xy x 2 + 4
⇒ ( 2
x −1 =) 1 ⇒ =
dx x2 + 4 2 ( ) dx ( )
x2 − 1 x2 + 4

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 FSc-II / Ex 2.4 - 5

Question # 3
dy (1 + t ) dtd (1 − t ) − (1 − t ) dtd (1 + t )
2 2 2 2

Find of the following parametric = a

dx 2 2

functions:
(1 + t )
1
(i) x = θ + and y = θ + 1 = a
(1 + t ) ( −2t ) − (1 − t ) ( 2t )
2 2

θ 2 2
(1 + t )
(ii) x =
(
a 1− t2 ),y =
2bt −2t − 2t 3 − 2t + 2t 3
1+ t2 1+ t2 = a
2 2
Solution (1 + t )
2

1 ⇒
dx
=
− 4at
⇒
dt
=
1+ t2 ( )
(i) Since x = θ + dt 2
dx − 4at
θ 1+ t2 ( )
⇒ x = θ + θ −1 2bt
Now y = y
Differentiating x w.r.t. θ 1+ t2
dx d Diff. w.r.t. t
dθ
=
dθ
(
θ + θ −1 )
1 θ 2 −1 dy d  2bt 
= 1−θ −2
= 1− = =  
θ2 θ2 dt dt  1 + t 2 
dθ θ2 d d
⇒ = 2 (
1+ t2
dt
)
2bt − 2bt
dt
1+ t2 ( )
dx θ −1 =
2 2
Now y = θ + 1 1+ t ( )
Diff. w.r.t. θ
dy d dy =
(1 + t ) 2b(1) − 2bt ( 2t )
2

= (θ + 1) ⇒ = 1 2 2
dθ dθ dθ (1 + t )
Now by chain rule 2b + 2bt 2 − 4bt 2 2b − 2bt 2
dy dy dθ = =
= ⋅ 2 2 2 2
dx dθ dx (1 + t ) (1 + t )
dy dθ θ2 2b (1 − t ) 2
= ⋅ = 1⋅ 2 =
dθ dx θ −1 2 2
(1 + t )
dy θ2
⇒ = 2 Now by chain rule
dx θ −1 dy dy dt
= ⋅
dx dt dx
(ii) Since x =
(
a 1− t2 ) (
2b 1 − t 2 ) ⋅ (1 + t )2
2

1+ t2 =
2 2
Diff. w.r.t. t (1 + t ) − 4at
dx d  1− t2  b (1 − t ) 2
= a   dy
dt dt  1 + t 2  ⇒ = −
dx 2at

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FSc-II / Ex 2.4 - 6

Question # 4 Question # 5
dy 1− t2 Differentiate
Prove that y + x = 0 if x = , 1
dx 1+ t2 (i) x 2 − 2 w.r.t. x 4
2t x
y = 2 n
1+ t2 (ii) (1 + x ) w.r.t. x 2
1− t2 x2 + 1 x −1
Solution Since x = (iii) w.r.t.
1+ t2 2
x −1 x +1
Differentiating w.r.t. t , we get (solve
ax + b ax 2 + b
yourself as above) (iv) w.r.t. 2
2 cx + d ax + d
dx
=
− 4t
⇒
dt
=
1+ t2 ( ) 2
x +1
dt 2
dx − 4t (v) w.r.t. x 3
(
1+ t2 ) 2
x −1
2t Solution
Now y = 1
1+ t2 (i) Suppose y = x 2 − 2 and u = x 4
Differentiating w.r.t. t , we get (solve x
yourself as above) Diff. y w.r.t x
(
2 1− t2 ) dy d  2 1 
dy = x − 2 
= 2 dx dx  x 
dt (
1+ t2 ) d 2
Now by chain rule =
dx
( )
x − x −2 = 2 x + 2 x −3
dy dy dt  1
= ⋅ = 2 x + 3 
dx dt dx
2
 x 
(
2 1− t2 ) ⋅ (1 + t )
2
dy  x4 + 1 
=
2 2
⇒ = 2 3 
(1 + t ) − 4t dx  x 
dy 1− t2 Now diff. u w.r.t x
⇒ = − du d 4
dx 2t
dx
=
dx
( )
x
Multiplying both sides by y
du
dy 1− t2 ⇒ = 4 x3
⇒ y = −y⋅ dx
dx 2t Now by chain rule
2t 1 − t 2 dy dy dx
= − ⋅ = ⋅
1 + t 2 2t du dx du
dy 1− t2 dy 1
⇒ y = − = ⋅
dx 1+ t2 dx du
dy 1− t2 dx
⇒ y = −x ∵ x =
dx 1+ t2 dy  x +1 1
4
⇒ = 2 3  ⋅ 3
dy du  x  4x
⇒ y +x = 0 Proved.
dx
dy x4 + 1
⇒ =
du 2 x6

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 FSc-II / Ex 2.4 - 7

dy dy dx
= ⋅
2 n
(ii) Let y = 1 + x( ) and u = x 2 du dx du
2
Differentiation y w.r.t x =
− 4x
⋅
( x + 1)
2
dy
=
d
1 + x2
n
( ) (x 2
−1 ) 2
dx dx − 2x 2
n −1 d = 2 2
⋅ ( x + 1)
( ) (
= n 1 + x2
dx
1 + x2 ) ( x − 1) ( x + 1)
2 n −1 dy − 2x
= n (1 + x ) ( 2 x ) ⇒ = 2
dx ( x − 1)
2 n −1
= 2nx (1 + x )
Now differentiating u w.r.t x ax + b ax 2 + b
du d 2 (iv) Let y = and u = 2
= x cx + d ax + d
dx dx Diff. y w.r.t. x
dx 1
= 2x ⇒ = dy d  ax + b 
du 2 x =  
dx dx  cx + d 
Now by chain rule
dy dy dx d d
= ⋅ ( cx + d ) ( ax + b ) − ( ax + b ) ( cx + d )
du dx du = dx dx
2
dy n −1 1 ( cx + d )
⇒
du
= 2nx 1 + x 2 ( ⋅
2x
) ( cx + d )( a ) − ( ax + b )( c )
= 2
dy n −1 ( cx + d )
⇒
du
(
= n 1 + x2 ) acx + ad − acx − bc
= 2
( cx + d )
x2 + 1 x −1 dy ad − bc
(iii) Let y= 2 and u = ⇒ =
x −1 x +1 2

Diff. y w.r.t x
dx ( cx + d )
Now diff. u w.r.t x
dy d  x 2 + 1 
=   du d  ax 2 + b 
dx dx  x 2 − 1  =  
dx dx  ax 2 + d 
− 4x
= Solve yourself = 2 ( ax 2 + d ) dx
d ( ax 2 + b ) − ( ax 2 + b) d ( ax 2 + d )
dx
=
(x 2
−1) ( ax 2
+d )
2

Now diff. u w.r.t x

du d  x −1 =
( ax 2
) (
+ d ( 2ax ) − ax 2 + b ( 2ax ) )
=   2
dx dx  x + 1  ( ax 2
+d )
2
= Solve yourself = 2
. (
2ax ax 2 + d − ax 2 − b )
( x + 1) = 2

dx ( x + 1) .
2 ( ax 2
+d )
⇒ = 2ax ( d − b )
du 2 = 2
Now by chain rule ( ax 2
+d )

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FSc-II / Ex 2.4 - 8

2 Now diff. u w.r.t x

⇒
dx
=
( ax 2
+d ) du d 3
du 2ax ( d − b ) = x
dx dx
Now by chain rule = 3x 2
dy dy dx dx 1
= ⋅ ⇒ = 2
du dx du du 3 x
2

=
ad − bc
⋅
( ax 2
+d ) Now by chain rule
2 dy dy dx
( cx + d ) 2ax ( d − b ) = ⋅
du dx du
2

⇒
dy
=
( ad − bc ) ax 2 + d ( ) =
− 4x
2
1
⋅ 2
dx 2
2ax ( cx + d ) ( d − b ) x 2 − 1 3x
( )
dy −4
⇒ = 2
x2 + 1 dx 3x x 2 − 1 ( )
(v) Let y = 2
and u = x3
x −1
Diff. y w.r.t x
dy d  x 2 + 1 
=   Error Analyst
dx dx  x 2 − 1  Irfan Mehmood - Fazaia Degree College,
= Solve yourself Risalpur
Asma Mussarat - Fazaia Degree College,
− 4x Risalpur
= 2 Saud (2017) -
(
x2 − 1 )

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Book: Exercise 2.4, Page 70

Calculus and Analytic Geometry Mathematic 12
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.

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