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Pancasila (pronounced [pantʃaˈsila]) is the official philosophical foundation of the Indonesian state. Pancasila
consists of two Sanskrit words, "panca" meaning five, and "sila" meaning principles. It comprises five principles
held to be inseparable and interrelated:
1. Belief in the one and only God, (in Indonesian, Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa).
2. Just and civilized humanity, (in Indonesian, Kemanusiaan Yang Adil dan Beradab).
4. Democracy guided by the inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of deliberations amongst
representatives, and (in Indonesian, Kerakyatan Yang Dipimpin oleh Hikmat Kebijaksanaan, Dalam
Permusyawaratan Perwakilan, dan)
5. Social justice for the all of the people of Indonesia (in Indonesian, Keadilan Sosial bagi
seluruh Rakyat Indonesia)
Contents
[hide]
• 1 History
o 2.4 Democracy guided by the inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of deliberations amongst
representatives
• 3 Development
• 4 Philosophies of Pancasila
• 5 Criticisms
• 6 See also
• 7 References
o 7.1 Notes
• 8 External links
[edit]History
In 1945, facing the need to pull together the diverse archipelago, the future President Sukarno promulgated
Pancasila as "Dasar Negara" (philosophical foundation/political philosophy of Indonesian state). Sukarno's
political philosophy was mainly a fuse of elements of Socialism,Nationalism and Monotheism. This is reflected
in a proposition of his version of Pancasila he proposed to the Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan
Kemerdekaan (Investigation Committee for Independence Preparation Efforts, without the word "Indonesia"
since it is enacted by XVI Japanese Army, Kaigun, for Java only), in which he originally espoused them in a
speech known as "The Birth of the Pancasila" on June 1, 1945[1]:
After several BPUPKI meetings, the five principles (sila) proposed by Sukarno in 1 June 1945, later was being
edited, rearranged and readjusted. The order of each sila is changed; such as the fifth sila concerning
religiousity was promoted to become the first sila, internationalism that contain the principe of justice and
humanity remain as the second sila. The previously first sila about nationalism become the third sila about
Indonesian unity. The third and fourth sila about democracy and social warfare become the fourth and fifth sila.
He thus helped solve the conflict between Muslims, nationalists and Christians. The 1945 Constitution then set
forth the Pancasila as the embodiment of basic principles of an independent Indonesian state.[2][3]
The Star.
The Chain.
[edit]Development
Since its inception, Pancasila has been in the center of differences of opinion. One prime area of contention
concerned the first of the five "pillars", the belief in the all-oneness of God (Ketuhanan Yang Mahaesa). During
the negotiations concerning this principle the nationalists were concerned that the formulation ought to
promote religious freedom. The Muslims wanted a formulation where the religion of Indonesia is Islam.
A historical anachronism is found in the Constitution. On August 18, 1945, the group that ratified the
Constitution unanimously agreed that the term"Allah" should be replaced by "Tuhan" (God), a more general
term which was supported by the Hindus.[6] The word 'Ketuhanan' and 'Allah' is used in the preamble to the
Constitution, but the term 'Allah' appears in Article 9, which specifies the wording of the presidential oath of
office. There is an alternative presidential 'promise' in the same article which does not mention God at all.
Indonesia's second president, Suharto, was a strong supporter of Pancasila. In his time Pancasila was made
mandatory in the constitutions of social and religious organisations. Additionally, a one– or two–week course in
Pancasila (P4) was made obligatory for all who wanted to take higher education.
[edit]Philosophies of Pancasila
The content of the philosophy has been changeably interpreted by different philosophers. Pancasila has been
an object of philosophical discourse since 1945 onwards. The Pancasila philosophers continually reinterpreted
the content, so that its meaning varied from time to time. The following are chronological analyses of the
content of philosophies of Pancasila.
[edit]Sukarno’s philosophy
The first draft of the Pancasila philosophy was formulated by Sukarno on 1 June 1945.[9] Sukarno always stated
that Pancasila was the original philosophy of Indonesian origin, which he found out of the philosophical tradition
taking roots in Indonesian history, including indigenous philosophical tradition, Indian-Hindu, Western-Christian,
and Arab-Islamic traditions. 'Ketuhanan', to him, was originally indigenous and he is true, while 'Kemanusiaan'
was inspired by Hindu concept of Tat Twam Asi, Islamic concept of fardhukifayah, and Christian concept
of Hebs U naasten lief gelijk U zelve, God boven alles. Actually the first "Sila" of Sukarno is "Negara
Kebangsaan" ("National State"/Nationalism") which later become the third "Sila","Persatuan"; The third "Sila" of
Sukarno become the fourth Sila of Jakarta Charter/Preamble of Indonesian Constitution and the fifth Sila of
Sukarno become the first Sila of Jakarta Charter and the Preamble of the Constitution. (Saafrudin Bahar et
al.,1995 and Kusuma,2004). He finally explained that 'Keadilan sosial' was inspired by Javanese concept
of Ratu Adil(The Just Lord), a messianic Javanese ruler who would set the people free from all kinds of
oppression.
[edit]Suharto’s philosophy
In Suharto’s hands, the philosophy of Pancasila underwent what is called ‘indigenization’. All Western elements
subsumed within Pancasila since 1945 were eradicated systematically by some groups of Pancasila
philosophers, sponsored by Suharto through his Culture and Education Department (Depdikbud) in order to
find out indigenous legacy (adat) which accords with Pancasila’s five basic teachings. ‘Ketuhanan’,
‘Kemanusiaan’, ‘Persatuan’, ‘Kerakyatan’, and ‘Keadilan Sosial’ were claimed by them as purely Indonesian
notions of indigenous origin. They proved the teachings as indigenous by exploring and finding out adat
legacies scattered out in provinces of Indonesia, such as adat social structure, adat literary products, adat
religious teachings, and adat ethics. They succeeded enormously and their findings were used by Suharto to
unite Indonesian people. Among the Pancasila philosophers sponsored by Suharto are Sunoto and R.
Parmono. They both are also known as the pioneers of Indonesian philosophy studies. Suharto's concept of
Pancasila was deeply ingrained in Javanesehighly feudalistic and mystical political culture, which to some
extent is incompatible with the more egalitarian and pragmatic political culture of the outer islands.[citation needed]
[edit]Criticisms
Principle 1 in particular has been criticised by some Western observers who allege it denies the rights of
believers in polytheistic religions, which are practiced by a significant minority of Indonesians. It is also
criticized by atheists and secular Indonesians who feel that their rights are violated[10]. The 1st principle of the
Pancasila is argued by some to be in opposition to the Indonesian Constitution (UUD 1945), stated as:
Chapter XI. Religion Article 29 1. The State shall be based upon the belief in the One and Only God. 2. The
State guarantees all persons the freedom of worship, each according to his/her own religion or belief[11].
However, Indonesian scholars have long argued that full spectrum of belief is explicitly allowed and no
contravention exist, yet one must be understand there is a clear definition on what exactly is State sanctioned
and protected. Additionally there is a total ban on communism and socialism in Indonesia, of which atheism is
an integral element. The complex State legal argument against atheism or agnosticism is difficult to condense-
but essentially atheism as denial of God not so much implies illegal Communist leanings, but denies the
sacrosancthumanity of Indonesians and contravenes the Preamble of the Indonesian Constitution[12]- to which
all Indonesian citizens are bound, as a condition of their citizenship and by which they are oath-bound to via
retention of citizenship[13][14][15].
In contrast, some conservative Muslims have criticized Pancasila for being too secular and inclusive, diluting
the uniqueness of Islam by placing man-made precepts at a higher level than the Qur'an. For example,
the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) terror group is the latest anti-Pancasila manifestation. JI's precursor was the Darul
Islam movement[16] which in 1948 challenged the new secularist republic through civil war that claimed some
27,000 lives.[17]
[edit]See also
Indonesia portal
[edit]References
Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia (1999) Indonesia 1999: An Official Handbook (No
ISBN)
Saafroedin Bahar et al. (eds) (1995), Risalah Sidang Badan Penyelidik Usaha-usaha Persiapan
Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI) Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI). Sekretariat Negara
Republik Indonesia ISBN 979-8300-00-9
Riklefs (1982), A History of Modern Indonesia, Macmillan Southeast Asian reprint, ISBN 0-333-24380-
3
RMAB Kusuma (2004), "Lahirnya Undang Undang Dasar 1945". Badan Penerbit Fakultas Hukum
Universitas Indonesia. ISBN 979-8972-28-7
Sukarno, Lahirnya Pancasila ("the birth of Pancasila"), Guntur, Yogyakarta, 1949 and Laboratorium
Studi Sosial Politik Indonesia, 1997
[edit]Notes
1. ^ Smith, Roger M (ed) (1974). Southeast Asia. Documents of Political Development and Change.
7. ^ Kusuma (2004), p1
10. ^ Haynes, Jeffrey, "Religion, globalization, and political culture in the Third World", 1999, pg 122
11. ^ http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/countries/indonesia/ConstIndonesia.html
12. ^
1. THE PREAMBLE TO THE CONSTITUTION Whereas freedom is the inalienable right of all nations,
colonialism must be abolished in this world as it is not in conformity with humanity and justice; And the
moment of rejoicing has arrived in the struggle of the Indonesian freedom movement to guide the people
safely and well to the threshold of the independence of the state of Indonesia which shall be free, united,
sovereign, just and prosperous; By the grace of God Almighty and impelled by the noble desire to live a free
national life, the people of Indonesia hereby declare their independence. Subsequent thereto, to form a
government of the state of Indonesia which shall protect all the people of Indonesia and their entire native
land, and in order to improve the public welfare, to advance the intellectual life of the people and to
contribute to the establishment of a world order based on freedom, abiding peace and social justice, the
national independence of Indonesia shall be formulated into a constitution of the sovereign Republic of
Indonesia which is based on the belief in the One and Only God, just and humanity, the unity of Indonesia,
democracy guided by the inner wisdom of deliberations amongst representatives and the realization of
14. ^ Soetrisno P. H.. Falsafah hidup Pancasila sebagaimana tercermin dalam falsafah hidup orang
15. ^ Deliar Noer, 1990. Mohammad Hatta: biografi politik Lembaga Penelitian, Pendidikan dan
Penerangan Ekonomi dan Sosial, 1990. Indonesia. ISBN 9789798015571. 778 pages.
16. ^ International Crisis Group (2005) RECYCLING MILITANTS IN INDONESIA:DARUL ISLAM AND
17. ^ Paul, Anthony, "Enduring the Other's Other", The Straits Times, 2003-12-04
[edit]External links