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Abstract: This paper presents an analytical model to determine the compressive response of concrete members, having a square
transverse cross section and reinforced with steel angles at the corners and steel strips connecting the steel angles. The model evaluates
the effects of transverse strips and steel angles on confinement pressures, including strength and buckling phenomena. Compressive
response was evaluated in cases of directly and indirectly loaded elements. The data produced correlate well with available experimental
data.
DOI: 10.1061/共ASCE兲EM.1943-7889.0000069
CE Database subject headings: Concrete columns; Strength; Steel; Confinement; Buckling.
Author keywords: Concrete columns; Strengthening; Steel angles; Strips; Ribbons; Confinement; Strength; Buckling.
!"
%
S2
36 · Ec · Es ·· t2
S
$&''( -./('$ f1 = ·· 共MPa兲 共1兲
S2
25 · Ec · b + 24 · Es · t2 · 共2 ⫻ + 5兲
S
冋 册冉
2 共b − 2 · L1兲2 S
冊 2
b
ke = 1 − · 2 · 1− 共2兲
3 b 2·b
unconfined stirrups
steel angles Finally, the lateral confinement pressure is determined by the
equilibrium condition of a half confined concrete section, obtain-
Fig. 2. Effectively confined core according to: 共a兲 Mander et al. ing in the hypothesis of yielding of steel plates, the following
共1988兲; 共b兲 Montuori et al. 共2002兲 relationship
expressed by #
"
01(
%&' &
*-' ,- *-' ,- *-' ,- 01)
4 · t2 · s2
s = 共4兲
b·s
(
Starting with the effective confinement pressure 共f ᐉe = ke · f ᐉ兲, it is . .(
冋 冊 册
of concrete columns with cross section reinforced with stirrups
f cc = f c0 1 + 3.7 · 冉 ␣ · s · f y
2 · f c0
0.87
共MPa兲 共6兲
and longitudinal bars. Particularly, it was assumed a plane model
referred to a quarter of the transverse cross section as shown in
Fig. 3共a兲. A further simplification consists in assuming a one-
with ␣ = effectiveness factory, equal to dimensional model as shown in Fig. 3共b兲. This model considers
two elastic beams on elastic springs placed in a series and simu-
共b − 2 · R兲2 + 共h − 2 · R兲2 lating the steel angle and the steel strip. The elastic springs simu-
␣=1− 共7兲
3·b·h late the interaction between steel reinforcement and confined
R being the radius of filled corners of the cross section and, b and core. Since the inertia of steel angle, function of the length L1,
h, being the dimensions of the rectangular cross section. thickness t1, and of pitch s between strips, compared to inertia of
It is evident that the following expression, reported in Euro- the strip, is much higher 共base s2 and thickness t2兲, it seems rea-
code 8 共2003兲, adopts the rule of the effective confinement pres- sonable to assume that the angle behaves like a rigid beam.
sure The stiffness of the springs, acting in a perpendicular direction
to the beam axis, according to Campione 共2008兲 is assumed as
1
f1 = · ␣ · s · f y 共8兲 Ec
2 kv = 共10兲
b · 共1 − v兲
According to Eurocode 8 共2003兲 the ultimate strain of confined
concrete can be estimated through The strips have flexural stiffness proportional to the quantities
EsⴱI, where I is the moment of inertia of the cross section of the
fy strip given by
cu = 0.004 + 0.5 · ␣ · s 共9兲
f cc
S2 · t32
I= 共11兲
12
Proposed Model
The equilibrium equation of the elastic beam on springs in a
The model here proposed aims to predict the compressive re- deformed configuration, in terms of lateral displacement w, is
sponse of concrete columns strengthened with steel angles and governed by the following differential equation:
strips and examines the cases of steel angles directly and indi-
rectly loaded, taking into account the strength and the second- d 4w kv
+ · 共␦ − w兲 = 0 共12兲
order effects on steel angles. The response of the columns will be dx4 Es · I
w1共x兲 = ␦1 = F · 冉 L1
+
L2
Es1 · s · t1 Es2 · ss · t2
冊 共16兲
F兲. This shear action can be assumed proportional to the confining
pressure q共x兲 and to a frictional coefficient here assumed = 0.5
关see Adam et al. 共2007兲兴.
where Es1 and Es2 = Young’s modulus of steel angle and strip, Therefore, the resultant of confining pressures is as follows:
respectively 共in case of steel Es1 = Es2 = Es兲.
For the beam of length L2 having w2共x兲 displacements, the
冕 冕 冕
L/2 s/2
following boundary conditions have to be verified: R= p共x,z兲 · dx · dz = 2 · 共1 + 兲 · q共x兲dx · A共z兲dz
冏 冏
v 0 0
dw2共x兲
w2共x兲兩x=0 = ␦1 =0
冕
L/2
dx x=0 = 2 · 共1 + 兲 · ksv · q共x兲dx 共21兲
冏 冏 冏 冏
0
d3w2共x兲 dw2共x兲
= 0; =0 共17兲 in which the ksv = same already proposed by Campione 共2008兲 in
dx3 x=0 dx x=L2
the form
By using Eq. 共17兲 the following expressions of the four constants
冕
s
A, B, C, and D are obtained in the form:
k sv = 2
A共z兲 · dz = e−共3/2兲·共s/b兲 共22兲
A = ␦1 − ␦ −
s
2
· · b · k sv
冉 冊
F= 共23兲
冦 冧
1 L1 L2 1
共1 + 兲 · · + +
Es S · t1 Ss · t2 kv
kv · L1 + · 共cosh2 L2 − cos2 L2senL2 · cos L2 + senhL2 · cosh L2兲

再 冉 冎
%
F⬵ 共24兲
冊
# #
1 L1 L2 b · 共1 − c兲 &# 2
共1 + 兲 · · + + $ $
Es s · t1 ss · t2 Ec · L1 !"# 1
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Therefore, the uniform equivalent confining pressure defined as in Fig. 4. Simplified model for steel angles
Mander et al. 共1988兲 and referred to as the F value, results
冋
f cc = f c0 1 + 3.7 · 冉 冊 册
f 1共兲
f c0
0.87
共27兲
Under the hypothesis of elastic-plastic behavior of steel angles the
strength domain M ⴱu, Nⴱu gives the failure condition of steel angles.
The ultimate axial force in steel angle is equal to
The load carried by the core is given by the product of the com-
Nu = 共2 · L1 · t1兲 · f y 共32兲
pressive strength f cc for the square of the side of the transverse
cross section 共b2兲. While the ultimate bending moment in pure flexure results
The corresponding strain according to the Mander et al. 共1988兲
model results L21 · t1
Mu = · fy 共33兲
冋 冉 冊册
4
f cc
cc = co 1 + 5 · −1 共28兲 In the presence of axial force, the ultimate moment that can be
f c0 derived form the textbook 共e.g., Massonnet and Save 1965兲 is
equal to
Strength Contribution due to Steel Angles M ⴱu = M u − M du 共34兲
For both the cases of indirectly and directly loaded angles, con-
sideration must be given to the strength contribution in the bear- with M du = Nⴱu · d 共35兲
ing capacity for the columns including second-order effects. the bending moment due to the axial force acting at yielding on a
reduced portion of depth d is equal to
Strength Contribution due to Yielding of Steel Angles Nⴱu
d= 共36兲
With regard to the strength contribution of steel angles, it must be 16 · f y · t1
considered that they are subjected to the combined effects of axial
force and bending moment 共see Fig. 4兲. The bending moment is Substituting Eqs. 共36兲 and 共35兲 in Eq. 共34兲 yields
the consequence of the lateral expansion of the concrete core. The L21 · t1 · f y 共Nⴱu兲2
axial force is due to the shortening of the column in the case of M ⴱu = − ⱕ Mu 共37兲
4 16 · f y · t1
angles directly loaded or due to the friction action occurring at
strip levels in the case of angles shorter than column 共undirected In the event that the angles are directly loaded by imposing that
angles兲. M ⴱu is equal to M d max and f l = f l max, it is possible obtain by Eq.
&#'
wh = lateral displacements; ␦v = axial shortening; and = angle de-
1 )"2)
"#%
fining the buckled position. The compatibility condition is in the
form
"#$
␦v = s − 2 · 冉冊 s
2
· cos = s · 共1 − cos 兲 共40兲
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"
" )" &"" &)" '"" ')" *""
Therefore, a further relation between wh, s, and with = ␦ / s is
+ ,-+. introduced in the form
· 冑2 · − 2
s
= 共41兲
共37兲 the maximum axial force available in steel angles, for 2
strength purpose, in the form
Finally, substituting w given by Eq. 共41兲 in Eq. 共39兲 it is possible
Nⴱu = 冑4 · f y · t1 · 共+ t1 · f y · L21 − 4 · M ⴱu兲 ⱕ Nu 共38兲 to obtain the following relationship:
Fig. 5 shows typical strength domain derived from Eq. 共37兲 for
steel angles 50⫻ 5, 50⫻ 8 e 50⫻ 10 mm of steel grade Fe 430
Nc =
1
w
冉
· 2 · M ⴱu − q ·
4
冊
s2
ⱕ Nu 共42兲
according to European Committee for Standardization 共CEN兲
共1993兲. The same graph also shows failure conditions of these Eq. 共42兲 gives critical axial load for each value of ultimate mo-
angles, when subjected to axial force and bending moment in- ment.
duced by maximum confining pressures, acting in square cross If Nc is divided by the area of steel angle and the expressions
section of side 300 mm and reinforced with steel angles and steel of q and M ⴱu are substituted, it is possible to obtain the critical
stress
再冋
strips 50⫻ 5 mm, placed at pitch 300 mm. It is interesting to
observe that in the case of directly loaded angles, the maximum
allowable axial force is significantly lower than the ultimate axial c =
1
·
1
s · L1 · t2 冑2 · − 2
· 2 ·
L21 · t1 · f y
4
−
共Nⴱu兲2
16 · f y · t1
册
冎
force. Moreover, for indirectly loaded angles the ultimate moment
significantly increases with greater thickness of steel angles, and s2
therefore the allowable confining pressure also increases. − 冑2 · f 1 · L1 · 共43兲
4
If in Eq. 共43兲 Nⴱu is assumed variable with the axial strain accord-
Buckling Verification of Steel Angle
ing to N = · 2 · L1 · t1 · Es ⱕ Nu it results the stress-strain curves of
With regard to the stability conditions of steel angles subjected to buckled angle.
the combined effects of axial force and bending moment, a sim- Finally the stress-strain curve for steel angle assumed here is
plified model already assumed by Gomes and Appleton 共1997兲 for expressed as
steel bars in RC members is considered. Fig. 6 shows schemati-
cally the model assumed that refers to a buckled condition of steel
angle fixed at supports spaced s 共steel strips兲. Two rigid bars are
再 min共Es · ;c兲 for ⱕ y
min共f y ;c兲 for ⬎ y
冎 共44兲
connected by the elastic-plastic hinges and subjected to the com-
Fig. 7 shows the variation of the stress strain curves given by Eq.
bined effect of the axial force N and the transverse distributed
共42兲 and also the elastic-plastic behavior assumed for steel angles
load induced by the confining pressures. The distributed load act-
without buckling effect. Cases examined refer to steel angles 50
ing on the steel angles is q.
⫻ 8 mm fixed at space s = b / 2, b, 2b 共for b it was assumed 300
mm兲 to steel strips of side 50 and thickness 8 mm. It is evident
that in the case of s = b and b / 2 the critical strength is higher than
"854&" the yielding value before the yielding strain; while for s = 2 b the
/12 /12
5 +7 +7
risk of buckling occurs at yielding. If the thickness of steel angles
5 is reduces 共e.g., if we assume a thickness of 3 mm兲 the buckling
",' ",' phenomena occurs in the elastic range.
"
"
",' 34
+7
;<)96" /12 Incremental Approach to Stress-Strain Curves
+7 of Confined Concrete
/12
2&67406< 6
"#% ",-
'"""
",' -
σ$ " %#
.#/0 +12-
"#(
&)""
"#$ *<;94847;9
&"""
78&65406<8;9 : *3;0 68 ;9# ,'""5.
- , ')" 000 "' ,)" 000 8' , % 000 1&,)" 00 0
"#' 8&, % 000 34 ,'5) /7;
)""
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"
" & ' * $ ) (
"
ε " ε# (a) " $ % &' &( '" '$
!"#$%&'(') +,,-
Fig. 7. Stress-strain curves for steel angle with buckling in compres-
sion
&#'
&
The starting point is the assumption of the Mander et al. 共1988兲
equation, but using a curve intertwining with several curves, each "#%
pertaining to a level of confining pressure corresponding to the
σ3 4 56
current axial and lateral strain values. In particular, the procedure "#(
is based on the following steps: an initial value of axial shortening
is assumed; the lateral displacement ␦ = · · b / 2 is computed "#$
assuming a fixed variation law of with 共Elwi and Murray,
1979 expression兲;—the effective confinement pressure f l, the "#'
("" Conclusions
*<;94847;9
$"" 78&65406<8;9 : 8:976 68 ;9# ,'""*. In the present paper an analytical model to predict the compres-
2? "4"860
sive response of confined concrete members strengthened with
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee on 04/27/18. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
'""
steel angles and steel strips or ribbons is proposed and discussed.
Cases of directly and indirectly loaded steel angles are examined.
"
" $ % &' &( '" '$ The model proposed allows one to:
(a) !"#$%&'(') +,,- • Determine the confining pressures distribution at strips levels
and in the space between two successive strips; and
&$"" • Include in the strength contribution of the concrete core the
7(%
presence of steel angles both in terms of confining pressures
&'"" and bearing capacity including the strength and the buckling
effects.
&"""
The application of the proposed model, which is in agreement
with recent experimental researches available in the literature, is
%""
.#/0 +12-
⫽ Poisson coefficient; and European Committee for Standardization 共CEN兲. 共1993兲. “Design of steel
s ⫽ geometrical ratio of transverse reinforcements. structures. Part 1: General rules and rules for buildings.” Eurocode 3,
Brussels.
Gomes, A., and Appleton, J. 共1997兲. “Nonlinear cyclic stress-strain rela-
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