Jumper Analysis with Interacting Internal

Two-phase Flow

Leonardo Chica

University of Houston
College of Technology
Mechanical Engineering Technology
March 20, 2012
 Overview

• Problem Definition
• Jumper
• Purpose
• Physics
• Multiphase Flow
• Flow Induced Turbulence
• Two-way Coupling
• Conclusions
• Future Research
• Q&A
 Problem Definition

A fluid structure interaction (FSI) problem in which the internal two-phase

flow in a jumper interacts with the structure creating stresses and pressures
that deforms the pipe, and consequently alters the flow of the fluid.

This phenomenon is important when designing a piping system since this

might induce significant vibrations (Flow Induced Vibration) that has effects
on fatigue life of the jumper.
 Jumper
Types:
• Rigid jumpers: U-shaped, M-shaped, L or Z shaped
• Flexible Jumpers

Tree

Manifold

www.oceaneering.com
 Purpose

• Couple FEA and CFD to analyze flow induced vibration in

jumper.
• Assess jumper for Flow Induced Turbulence to avoid fatigue
failure.
• Study the internal two-phase flow effects on the stress
distribution of a rigid M-shaped jumper.
• Find a relationship between the fluid frequency, structural
natural frequency, and response frequency.
 Fluid Dynamics

• Conservation of mass:
𝜕𝜌
+ 𝛻 ρV = 0
𝜕𝑡

• Conservation of momentum:
𝜕(𝜌𝑢) 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥
X Component: + 𝛻 𝜌𝑢𝑉 = − + + + + 𝜌𝑓𝑥
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕(𝜌𝜈) 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑦

Y Component: + 𝛻 𝜌𝜈𝑉 = − + + + + 𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕(𝜌𝑤) 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑧

Z Component: + 𝛻 𝜌𝑤𝑉 = − + + + + 𝜌𝑓𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 Fluid Dynamics

• Conservation of Energy:

𝜕 𝑉2 𝑉2
𝜌 𝑒+ +𝛻 𝜌 𝑒+ 𝑉
𝜕𝑡 2 2
𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
= 𝜌𝑞 + 𝑘 + 𝑘 + 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝑢𝑝 𝜕 𝜈𝑝 𝜕 𝑤𝑝 𝜕 𝑢𝜏𝑥𝑥
− − − +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝑢𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜕 𝑢𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝜕 𝜈𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜕 𝜈𝜏𝑦𝑦
+ + + +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜈𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜕 𝑤𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜕 𝑤𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝜕 𝑤𝜏𝑧𝑧
+ + + +
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
+ 𝜌𝑓𝑉
 Solid Mechanics

• Elasticity equations

𝜕𝜎𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑧

+ + + 𝑋𝑏 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝜎𝑦 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑧

+ + + 𝑌𝑏 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝜎𝑧

+ + + 𝑍𝑏 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
http://en.wikiversity.org
 Multiphase Flow
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟(𝛼) =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

• Horizontal pipes

Dispersed bubble flow Annular flow

Plug flow Slug flow

Stratified flow Wavy flow

Bratland, O. Pipe Flow 2: Multi-phase Flow Assurance

 Multiphase Flow

• Vertical Pipes

Dispersed bubble flow Slug flow Churn flow Annular flow

Bratland, O. Pipe Flow 2: Multi-phase Flow Assurance

 Slug Flow

• Terrain generated slugs

• Operationally induced surges
• Hydrodynamic slugs

– Instability in stratified flow

– Gas blocking by liquid

– Gas entrainment

http://www.feesa.net/flowassurance
 Jumper Model

Feature Value
Outer Diameter (in) 10.75
Cross section
Wall thickness (in) 1.25
Density (lb/in3) 0.284
Carbon Steel Properties Young Modulus (psi) 3x107
Poisson Ratio 0.303
 Flow Selected Parameters

• Velocity: 10 ft/s
• 50% water – 50 % air

Volk, M., Delle-Case E., and Coletta A. Investigations of Flow Behavior

Formation in Well-Head Jumpers during Restart with Gas and Liquid
 Geometry Models
• Two-bend model: Two-way coupling simulation

• Jumper model: CFD simulation

 Flow Induced Turbulence

• Formation of vortices (eddies) at the boundary layer of the wall.

• Dominant sources:
– High flow rates
– Flow discontinuities (bends)
• High levels of vibrations at the first modes
of vibration.
• Assessment for avoidance induced fatigue
failure.
 Flow Induced Turbulence Assessment

• Likelihood of failure (LOF):

𝜌𝑣 2
𝐿𝑂𝐹 = 𝐹𝑉𝐹
𝐹𝑣

Flow Section Value

ρv2 (kg/(m∙s2)) 4,649.5
FVF (Fluid Viscosity Factor) 1
Multiphase
Fv (Flow Induced Vibration Factor) 8,251.76
LOF 0.5634

• 0.5 ≤ LOF < 1 : main line should be redesigned, further analyzed, or

vibration monitored. Special techniques recommended (FEA and CFD).
 Engineering Packages

• Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

– STAR-CCM+ 6.04

• Finite Element Analysis (FEA)

– Abaqus 6.11-2
 Two-way Coupling

• CFD and FEM codes run simultaneously.

• Exchange information while iterating.
• Work for one-way coupled or loosely-coupled problems.

CFD flow
solution

Exporting Exporting
displacements and Fluctuating
stresses Pressures

FEA structural
solution
 Finite Element Analysis (FEA)

Two-bend case parameters

Linear elastic stress
Element type
hexahedral
No. of elements 9,618
Time step 0.003 s
Minimum Time
1.0x10e-9 s
step:
 Modal Analysis: Two-bend Model

Determine the structural natural frequencies

Mode No. Frequency (Hz) Period (s)

1 1.079 0.927
2 2.320 0.431
3 3.289 0.304
4 5.366 0.186

Top view (1st mode)

Isometric view (1st mode)

 Modal Analysis: Jumper Model

Mode Frequency Period

No. (Hz) (s)
1 0.20485 4.882
2 0.34836 2.871
3 0.46962 2.129
4 0.52721 1.897

Isometric view (1st mode)

Top view (1st mode)

 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

Two-bend case parameters

Polyhedral +
Element type
Generalized Cylinder
No. of elements 295,000
Time step (s) 0.003
Total physical time (s) 20

Physics Models
Time Implicit Unsteady
Reynolds-Averaged
Turbulence
Navier-Stokes (RANS)
RANS Turbulence SST K-Omega
Multiphase Flow Volume of Fluid (VOF)
Two-bend Case: Volume Fraction

Volume fraction of water after 7.4 s

Two-bend Case: Slug Frequency

Two-bend case
Slug Period (s) 0.96
Slug Frequency (Hz) 1.0417
Natural Frequency 1st
1.079
mode (Hz)
 Jumper Simulation

• Similar flow patterns in first half of jumper as one-bend and two-bend

cases
• Mesh: 640159 cells
• Time step: 0.01 s
• Total Physical time: 30 s
 Jumper Simulation: Volume Fraction

Volume Fraction of Water

0.7

0.6

0.5
Volume
0.4
Fraction Plane B
0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Plane A
Time (s)

Plane A Plane B

Volume fraction of water after 22.5 s

 Jumper Simulation: Pressure Fluctuations
8

Pressure (psi) 2
3rd bend
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

-2

-4
Time (s)

1st bend 3rd bend 4rd bend 2nd bend

4th bend
Section Max. Pressure (psi)
3rd bend 7.2
4th bend 7.1
 Displacements

Maximum displacement: 0.0725 in after 8.28 s

 Von Mises Stress

2 2 2 2
𝜎𝑉𝑀 = 𝜎2 − 𝜎1 + 𝜎3 − 𝜎1 + 𝜎3 − 𝜎2
2

𝜎1 , 𝜎2 , and 𝜎3 : principal stresses in the x,

y, and z direction

Maximum von mises stress: 404 psi < Yield strength: 65000 psi
 Stress vs. Time
Von Mises Stress vs Time
40

35

30

25

Stress (psi) 20

15

10

0
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0
Time (s)

Time History in 2nd bend

Period between peaks (s) 6
Response frequency (Hz) 0.167
 Conclusions

• For Flow Induced Turbulence assessment, modal analysis and CFD is

required to check stability and likelihood of failure.
• Slug frequency falls close by the structural natural frequency for the two-
bend model.
• A sinusoidal pattern was found for the response frequency.
• Two-way coupling is a feasible technique for fluid structure interaction
problems.
 Future Research
• Further FSI analysis for the entire jumper.
• Apply a S-N approach to predict the fatigue life of the two-bend model
and the entire jumper.
• Include different Reynolds numbers, free stream turbulence intensity
levels, and volume fractions.
• Couple Flow-Induced Vibration (FIV) and Vortex-Induced Vibration (VIV).
 Thank You

• University of Houston:
– Raresh Pascali: Associate Professor
– Marcus Gamino: Graduate student
• CD-adapco:
– Rafael Izarra, Application Support Engineer
– Tammy de Boer, Global Academic Program Coordinator
• MCS Kenny:
– Burak Ozturk, Component Design Lead
• SIMULIA:
– Support Engineers
 References
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<http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/File:ElementStress.png>
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<http://www.drbratland.com/index.html >
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Print
• Energy Institute. Guidelines for the avoidance of vibration induced fatigue failure in
process pipework. London: Energy Institute, 2008. Electronic.
• Feesa Ltd, Hydrodynamic Slug Size in Multiphase Flowlines. 2003.
<http://www.feesa.net/flowassurance>
• Izarra, Rafael. Second Moment Modeling for the Numerical Simulation of Passive Scalar
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Print
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Print.
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Well-Head Jumpers during Restart with Gas and Liquid”. Office of Research and
Sponsored Programs: The University of Tulsa. (2010): 10-41.
Questions?