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This Report prepared by ANKIT CHATTERJEE, AANCHAL VERMA AND AKANSHA
SRIVASTAVA contains information about telecommunication technologies in
which we will emphasize more on computer network’s type i.e. wireless
networks which narrows down to mobile device services.
Contents:
• Definition & Explanation about Telecommunication Technologies
• Categories of Telecommunication Technologies
1. Computer Networks
2. Public Switched Telephonic Network (PSTN)
3. Packet Switched Network
4. Radio Networks
5. Television Networks
• Definition of computer network and its classification
a. Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPANET)
b. Ethernet
c. Internet
d. Wireless networks
• Definition of Wireless Network and explanation of its types
a. Wireless PAN
b. Wireless LAN
c. Wireless MAN
d. Wireless WAN
e. Mobile device networks
• Application of Telecommunication Technologies
• Conclusion
Body of this report
Telecommunication is the transmission of messages, over significant distances, for the
purpose of communication. In earlier times, telecommunications involved the use of
visual signals, such as smoke, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and optical
heliographs, or audio messages via coded drumbeats, lung‐blown horns, or sent by loud
whistles,
for example. In the modern age of electricity and electronics, telecommunications has
typically involved the use of electric means such as the telegraph, the telephone, and
the teletype, the use of microwave communications, the use of fiber optics and their
associated electronics, and/or the use of the Internet. The first breakthrough into
modern electrical telecommunications came with the development of the telegraph
during the 1830s and 1840s. The use of these electrical means of communications
exploded into use on all of the continents of the world during the 19th century, and
these also connected the continents via cables on the floors of the ocean. These three
systems of communications all required the use of conducting metal wires.
KEY CONCEPTS
A number of key concepts reoccur throughout the literature on modern
telecommunication systems. Some of these concepts are discussed below.
¾ Basic elements
A basic telecommunication system consists of three primary units that are always
present in some form:
• A transmitter that takes information and converts it to a signal.
• A transmission medium, also called the "physical channel" that carries the signal.
An example of this is the "free space channel".
• A receiver that takes the signal from the channel and converts it back into usable
information.
For example, in a radio broadcasting station the station's large power amplifier is the
transmitter; and the broadcasting antenna is the interface between the power amplifier
and the "free space channel". The free space channel is the transmission medium; and
the receiver's antenna is the interface between the free space channel and the receiver
¾ Analog or digital communications
Communications signals can be either by analog signals or digital signals. There are
analog communication systems and digital communication systems. For an analog
signal, the signal is varied continuously with respect to the information. In a digital
signal, the information is encoded as a set of discrete values (for example, a set of ones
and zeros). During the propagation and reception, the information contained in analog
signals will inevitably be degraded by undesirable physical noise
¾ Communications networks
¾ Communication channels
The term "channel" has two different meanings. In one meaning, a channel is the
physical medium that carries a signal between the transmitter and the receiver.
Examples of this include the atmosphere for sound communications, glass optical fibers
for some kinds of optical communications, coaxial cables for communications by way of
the voltages and electric currents in them, and free space for communications using
visible light, infrared waves, ultraviolet light, and radio waves. This last channel is called
the "free space channel"
The other meaning of the term "channel" in telecommunications is seen in the phrase
communications channel, which is a subdivision of a transmission medium so that it can
be used to send multiple streams of information simultaneously.
¾ Modulation
The shaping of a signal to convey information is known as modulation. Modulation can
be used to represent a digital message as an analog waveform. This is commonly called
"keying" ‐ a term derived from the older use of Morse Code in telecommunications ‐ and
several keying techniques exist (these include phase‐shift keying, frequency‐shift keying,
and amplitude‐shift keying). The "Bluetooth" system, for example, uses phase‐shift
keying to exchange information between various devices. In addition, there are
combinations of phase‐shift keying and amplitude‐shift keying which is called (in the
jargon of the field) "quadrature amplitude modulation" (QAM) that are used in high‐
capacity digital radio communication systems.
CATEGORIES OF TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
We can categorise Telecommunication Technologies into five Categories as
follows:
TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
COMPUTER PSTN PACKET RADIO TELEVISION
NETWORKS
SWITCHED NETWORK NETWORK
NETWORK
COMPUTER NETWORKS
A computer network is a collection of computers or devices that are connected by
channels that facilitate communication and allow users to share resources with other
users.
Purpose
Computer networks can be used for several purposes:
Classification of Computer Network
1. Advanced Research Projects Agency Networks (ARPANET)
2. Ethernet
3. Internet
4. Wireless Networks
ARPANET
It stands for Advanced Research Projects Agency Networks created by a small research
team at the head of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of the United States Department of
Defense, was the world's first operational packet switching network, and one of the
networks that came to compose the global Internet. The packet switching of the
ARPANET was based on designs by Lawrence Roberts, of the Lincoln Laboratory.
The initial ARPANET consisted of four IMPs installed at:
1. University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where Leonard Kleinrock had
established a Network Measurement Center, with an SDS Sigma 7 being
the first computer attached to it;
2. The Stanford Research Institute's Augmentation Research Center, where
Douglas Engelbart had created the ground‐breaking NLS system, a very
important early hypertext system (with the SDS 940 that ran NLS, named
"Genie", being the first host attached);
3. University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), with the Culler‐Fried
Interactive Mathematics Centre's IBM 360/75, running OS/MVT being the
machine attached;
4. The University of Utah's Computer Science Department, where Ivan
Sutherland had moved, running a DEC PDP‐10 running TENEX.
The first message transmitted over the ARPANET was sent by UCLA student programmer
Charley Kline, at 10:30 p.m, on October 29, 1969. Supervised by Prof. Leonard Kleinrock,
Kline transmitted from the university's SDS Sigma 7 Host computer to the Stanford
Research Institute's SDS 940 Host computer. The message text was the word "login"; the
"l" and the "o" letters were transmitted, but the system then crashed. Hence, the literal
first message over the ARPANET was "lo". About an hour later, having recovered from
the crash, the SDS Sigma 7 computer effected a full "login".
Ethernet
Ethernet is a family of frame‐based computer networking technologies for local area
networks (LANs). The name came from the physical concept of the ether. It defines a
number of wiring and signaling standards for the Physical Layer of the OSI networking
model as well as a common addressing format and Media Access Control
Standardization
Ethernet is standardized as IEEE 802.3. The combination of the twisted pair versions of
Ethernet for connecting end systems to the network, along with the fiber optic versions
for site backbones, is the most widespread wired LAN technology. It has been used from
around 1980[1] to the present, largely replacing competing LAN standards such as token
ring, FDDI, and ARCNET.
Evolution
Ethernet is an evolving technology. Evolutions have included higher bandwidth,
improved media access control methods and changes to the physical medium. Ethernet
evolved into the complex networking technology that today underlies most LANs. The
coaxial cable was replaced with point‐to‐point links connected by Ethernet hubs or
switches to reduce installation costs, increase reliability, and enable point‐to‐point
management and troubleshooting. There are many variants of Ethernet in common use.
Ethernet stations communicate by sending each other data packets, blocks of data that
are individually sent and delivered. As with other IEEE 802 LANs, each Ethernet station is
given a single 48‐bit MAC address, which is used to specify both the destination and the
source of each data packet. Network interface cards (NICs) or chips normally do not
accept packets addressed to other Ethernet stations. Adapters generally come
programmed with a globally unique address.
Varieties of Ethernet
The Ethernet physical layer evolved over a considerable time span and encompasses
quite a few physical media interfaces and several magnitudes of speed. The most
common forms used are 10BASE‐T, 100BASE‐TX, and 1000BASE‐T. All three utilize
Category 5 cables and 8P8C modular connectors. They run at 10 Mbit/s, 100 Mbit/s, and
1 Gbit/s, respectively. Fiber optic variants of Ethernet offer high performance, electrical
isolation and distance (up to tens of kilometers with some versions).
Internet
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a
network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and
government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of
electronic and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of
information resources and services, such as the inter‐linked hypertext documents of the
World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail.
Terminology
The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used in everyday speech without
much distinction. However, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not one and the
same. The Internet is a global data communications system. It is a hardware and
software infrastructure that provides connectivity between computers. In contrast, the
Web is one of the services communicated via the Internet. It is a collection of
interconnected documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs
Technology
Protocols
The complex communications infrastructure of the Internet consists of its hardware
components and a system of software layers that control various aspects of the
architecture. While the hardware can often be used to support other software systems,
it is the design and the rigorous standardization process of the software architecture
that characterizes the Internet and provides the foundation for its scalability and
success. The responsibility for the architectural design of the Internet software systems
has been delegated to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The IETF conducts
standard‐setting work groups, open to any individual, about the various aspects of
Internet architecture. Resulting discussions and final standards are published in a series
of publications, each called a Request for Comments (RFC), freely available on the IETF
web site.
Services
Information
Many people use the terms Internet and World Wide Web, or just the Web,
interchangeably, but the two terms are not synonymous. The World Wide Web is a
global set of documents, images and other resources, logically interrelated by hyperlinks
and referenced with Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs). URIs allow providers to
symbolically identify services and clients to locate and address web servers, file servers,
and other databases that store documents and provide resources and access them using
the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the primary carrier protocol of the Web. HTTP is
only one of the hundreds of communication protocols used on the Internet. Web
services may also use HTTP to allow software systems to communicate in order to share
and exchange business logic and data.
Wireless Networks
Wireless network refers to any type of computer network that is wireless, and is
commonly associated with a telecommunications network whose interconnections
between nodes are implemented without the use of wires. Wireless
telecommunications networks are generally implemented with some type of remote
information transmission system that uses electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves,
for the carrier and this implementation usually takes place at the physical level or
"layer" of the network.
Five types of wireless connections are available as follows:
1. Wireless PAN
2. Wireless LAN
3. Wireless MAN
4. Wireless WAN
5. Mobile Device Services
Uses
Wireless networks have continued to develop and their uses have grown significantly
Cellular phones are part of huge wireless network systems. People use these
phones daily to communicate with one another.
Sending information overseas is possible through wireless network systems using
satellites and other signals to communicate across the world.
Emergency services such as the police department utilize wireless networks to
communicate important information quickly.
Another important use for wireless networks is as an inexpensive and rapid way
to be connected to the Internet in countries and regions where the telecom
infrastructure is poor or there is a lack of resources, as in most developing
countries.
People and businesses use wireless networks to send and share data quickly
whether it be in a small office building or across the world.
MOBILE DEVICE NETWORKS
With the development of smart phones, cellular telephone networks routinely carry
data in addition to telephone conversations:
• Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM): The GSM network is divided
into three major systems: the switching system, the base station system, and the
operation and support system. The cell phone connects to the base system
station which then connects to the operation and support station; it then
connects to the switching station where the call is transferred to where it needs
to go. GSM is the most common standard and is used for a majority of cell
phones.
• Personal Communications Service (PCS): PCS is a radio band that can be used by
mobile phones in North America and South Asia. Sprint happened to be the first
service to set up a PCS.
• D‐AMPS: Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service, an upgraded version of AMPS,
is being phased out due to advancement in technology. The newer GSM networks
are replacing the older system.
Uses
On a numerical basis, India is the largest growth market, adding about 6 million
mobile phones every month.] With 256.55 million total landline and mobile
phones, market penetration in the country is still low at 22.52%. India expects to
reach 500 million subscribers by the end of 2010. Simultaneously, landline phone
ownership is decreasing gradually and accounts for approximately 40 million
connections.
Law enforcement have used mobile phone evidence in a number of different
ways. Evidence about the physical location of an individual at a given time can be
obtained by triangulating the individual's cellphone between several cellphone
towers. This triangulation technique can be used to show that an individual's
cellphone was at a certain location at a certain time
Most mobile phone networks operate close to capacity during normal times and
spikes in call volumes caused by widespread emergencies often overload the
system just when it is needed the most. Examples reported in the media where
this have occurred include the September 11, 2001 attacks, the 2003 Northeast
blackouts, the 2005 London Tube bombings, Hurricane Katrina, the 2006 Hawaii
earthquake, and the 2007 Minnesota bridge collapse.
GSM Network
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications: originally from Groupe Spécial
Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile telephony systems in the world. The
GSM Association, its promoting industry trade organization of mobile phone carriers and
manufacturers, estimates that 80% of the global mobile market uses the standard.] GSM
is used by over 1.5 billion people] across more than 212 countries and territories. Its
ubiquity enables international roaming arrangements between mobile phone operators,
providing subscribers the use of their phones in many parts of the world. GSM differs
from its predecessor technologies in that both signaling and speech channels are digital,
and thus GSM is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. This also
facilitates the wide‐spread implementation of data communication applications into the
system.
Technical details
GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by searching
for cells in the immediate vicinity. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network—
macro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies
according to the implementation environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells
where the base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof
top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level;
they are typically used in urban areas. Picocells are small cells whose coverage diameter
is a few dozen metres; they are mainly used indoors. Femtocells are cells designed for
use in residential or small business environments and connect to the service provider’s
network via a broadband internet connection. Umbrella cells are used to cover
shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells.
Indoor coverage is also supported by GSM and may be achieved by using an indoor
picocell base station, or an indoor repeater with distributed indoor antennas fed
through power splitters, to deliver the radio signals from an antenna outdoors to the
separate indoor distributed antenna system. These are typically deployed when a lot of
call capacity is needed indoors; for example, in shopping centers or airports. However,
this is not a prerequisite, since indoor coverage is also provided by in‐building
penetration of the radio signals from any nearby cell.
1 G Network
1G (or 1‐G) refers to the first‐generation of wireless telephone technology, mobile
telecommunications. These are the analog telecommunications standards that were introduced
in the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. The main
difference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio
signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are digital. Although both systems
use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the
telephone system, the voice itself during a call is encoded to digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is
only modulated to higher frequency, typically 150 MHz and up
2 G Network
2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second generation 2G
cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by
Radiolinja in 1991. Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were that
phone conversations were digitally encrypted; 2G systems were significantly more efficient on
the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data
services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages.
After 2G was launched, the previous mobile telephone systems were retrospectively dubbed 1G.
While radio signals on 1G networks are analog, and on 2G networks are digital, both systems use
digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the
telephone system.
Advantages
Disadvantages
• In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient to reach a cell
tower. This tends to be a particular problem on 2G systems deployed on higher
frequencies, but is mostly not a problem on 2G systems deployed on lower frequencies.
National regulations differ greatly among countries which dictate where 2G can be
deployed.
• Analog has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged steppy one. This can be both an
advantage and a disadvantage. Under good conditions, digital will sound better. Under
slightly worse conditions, analog will experience static, while digital has occasional
dropouts. As conditions worsen, though, digital will start to completely fail, by dropping
calls or being unintelligible, while analog slowly gets worse, generally holding a call
longer and allowing at least a few words to get through.
• While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise, the lossy compression
used by the codecs takes a toll; the range of sound that they convey is reduced. You'll
hear less of the tonality of someone's voice talking on a digital cellphone, but you will
hear it more clearly.
3G Network
3 G is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunications services
fulfilling specifications by the International Telecommunication Union.Application services
include wide-area wireless voice telephone, mobile Internet access, video calls and mobile TV,
all in a mobile environment. Compared to the older 2G and 2.5G standards, a 3G system must
allow simultaneous use of speech and data services, and provide peak data rates of at least 200
kbits/sec according to the IMT-2000 specification. Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and
3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several mbit/sec to laptop computers and smart
phones.
3G networks offer greater security than their 2G predecessors. By allowing the UE (User
Equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is the
intended one and not an impersonator.
APPLICATIONS:
The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not
previously available to mobile phone users. Some of the applications are: