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Training report
On
“HEAVY FABRICATION”
At
BHEL HARIDWAR
Bachelor of Technology
In
Mechanical Engineering
“Inspiration and motivation have always played a key role in the success of any
venture.”
[i]
INDEX
1. BHEL 2 – 17
1.1.OVERVIEW 2
1.2.WORKING AREAS 3
1.2.3 INDUSTRIES 4
1.2.4 TRANSPORTATION 5
1.2.5 TELECOMMUNICATION 5
1.6.1LOCATION 13
1.6.2ADDRESS 13
1.6.3 AREA 13
1.6.4 UNITS 14
[ii]
1.6.5 HEEP PRODUCT PROFILE 16
2. HEAVY FABRICATION 18 – 19
2.1 DEFINATION 18
2.2 PROCESSES 18
2.3 APPLICATIONS 18
2.4 RAW MATERIAL 18
3. METAL CUTTING 20 – 22
3.1SHEARING MACHINE 20
3.2 PLASMA CUTTING 21
4. BENDING 23 – 25
4.1 HYDRAULIC PRESS 23
4.2 ROLLING MACHINE 24
5. WELDING 26 – 29
5.1 TIG WELDING 26
5.2 MIG WELDING 27
5.2.1. CARBON DIOXIDE WELDING 28
5.3 GOUGING 28
6. INSPECTION 30 – 31
6.1 VISUAL INSPECTION 30
6.2 RADIOGRAPHY 30
6.3 PENETRATE TEST 30
6.4 ULTRASONIC FAULT DETECTOR 30
7. MACHINING 32 – 37
7.1 VERTICAL BORING MACHINE 32
7.2 PLANER MACHINE 33
7.3 MANIPULATOR MACHINE 34
[iii]
7.3.1PURPOSE 34
7.3.2 SPECIFICATIONS 34
7.4 COPY MILLING MACHINE 35
7.5 CENTRAL LATHE WITH THREE & FOUR JAWS 36
8. SHOT BLASTING 38 – 39
8.1 PURPOSE 38
8.2 SCOPE 38
8.3 SHOT DIRECTION 38
8.4 SETTING PARAMETER 38
9. BLOCK DESCRIPTION 40 – 42
9.1 PREPARATION, BAY-1 41
9.2 ASSEMBLY & WELDING SECTION,BAY-2 41
9.3 BAY -3 41
9.4 BAY- 4 41
11. CONCLUSION 46
[iv]
FIGURE INDEX
[v]
TABLE INDEX
[vi]
INTRODUCTION
BHEL caters to core sectors of the Indian Economy viz., Power Generation's &
Transmission, Industry, Transportation, Telecommunication, Renewable Energy,
Defense, etc. The wide network of BHEL's 14 manufacturing division, four power Sector
regional centers, over 150 project sites, eight service centers and 18 regional offices,
enables the Company to promptly serve its customers and provide them with suitable
products, systems and services – efficiently and at competitive prices. BHEL has already
attained ISO 9000 certification for quality management, and ISO 14001 certification for
environment management.
The company’s inherent potential coupled with its strong performance make this
one of the “MAHARATNA”, which is supported by the government in their endeavor
to become future global players.
1
1. BHEL
1.1. OVERVIEW
Established in 1960s under the Indo-Soviet Agreements of 1959 and 1960 in the area
of Scientific, Technical and Industrial Cooperation.
BHEL has its setup spread all over India namely New Delhi, Gurgaon, Haridwar,Rudrapur,
Jhansi, Bhopal, Hyderabad, Jagdishpur, Tiruchirapalli, Bangalore.
BHEL's Investment in R&D is amongst the largest in the corporate sector in India.
Net Profit of the company in the year 2011-2012 was recorded as 6868 crore having
a high of 21.2% in comparison to last year.
BHEL has already attained ISO 9000 certification for quality management, and ISO
14001 certification for environment management.
It is one of India's nine largest Public Sector Undertakings or PSUs, known as the
“MAHARATNA”.
The wide network of BHEL's 14 manufacturing divisions, four Power Sector regional
centre, over 100 project sites, eight service centre and 18 regional office.
2
1.2. WORKING AREAS
Power generation sector comprises thermal, gas, hydro and nuclear power plant
business as of 31.03.2001, BHEL supplied sets account for nearly 64737 MW or 65% of
the total installed capacity of 99,146 MW in the country, as against nil till 1969-70.
BHEL has proven turnkey capabilities for executing power projects from concept
to commissioning, it possesses the technology and capability to produce thermal sets with
super critical parameters up to 1000 MW unit rating and gas turbine generator sets of up
to 240 MW unit rating. Co-generation and combined-cycle plants have been introduced
to achieve higher plant efficiencies. to make efficient use of the high-ash-content coal
available in India, BHEL supplies circulating fluidized bed combustion boilers to both
thermal and combined cycle power plants.
The company manufactures 235 MW nuclear turbine generator sets and has
commenced production of 500 MW nuclear turbine generator sets.
Custom made hydro sets of Francis, Pelton and Kaplan types for different head
discharge combination are also engineering and manufactured by BHEL.
In all, orders for more than 700 utility sets of thermal, hydro, gas and nuclear have
been placed on the Company as on date. The power plant equipment manufactured by
BHEL is based on contemporary technology comparable to the best in the world and is
also internationally competitive.
BHEL offer wide ranging products and systems for T & D applications. Products
manufactured include power transformers, instrument transformers, dry type
3
transformers, series – and stunt reactor, capacitor tanks, vacuum – and SF circuit breakers
gas insulated switch gears and insulators.
1.2.3. INDUSTRIES
4
The Company has commenced manufacture of large desalination plants to help
augment the supply of drinking water to people.
1.2.4. TRANSPORTATION
1.2.5. TELECOMMUNICATION
5
1.2.7. INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS
BHEL has, over the years, established its references in around 60 countries of the
world, ranging for the United States in the west to New Zealand in the far east. these
references encompass almost the entire product range of BHEL, covering turnkey power
projects of thermal, hydro and gas-based types, substation projects, rehabilitation
projects, besides a wide variety of products, like transformers, insulators, switchgears,
heat exchangers, castings and forgings, valves, well-head equipment, centrifugal
compressors, photo-voltaic equipment etc. apart from over 1110mw of boiler capacity
contributed in Malaysia, and execution of four prestigious power projects in Oman, some
of the other major successes achieved by the company have been in Australia, Saudi
Arabia, Libya, Greece, Cyprus, Malta, Egypt, Bangladesh, Azerbaijan, Sri Lanka, Iraq
etc.
The success in the area of rehabilitation and life extension of power projects has
established BHEL as a comparable alternative to the original equipment manufacturers
(OEM’S) for such plants.
6
1.3. TECHNOLOGY UPGRADATION AND RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
The Corporate R&D Division at Hyderabad, spread over a 140 acre complex,
leads BHEL's research efforts in a number of areas of importance to BHEL's product
range. Research and product development centers at each of the manufacturing divisions
play a complementary role.
Some of the on-going development & demonstration projects include: Smart wall
blowing system for cleaning boiler soot deposits, and micro-controller based governor for
diesel-electric locomotives. The company is also engaged in research in futuristic areas,
such as application of super conducting materials in power generations and industry, and
fuel cells for distributed, environment-friendly power generation.
The most prized asset of BHEL is its employees. The Human Resource
Development Institute and other HRD centers of the Company help in not only keeping
their skills updated and finely honed but also in adding new skills, whenever required.
Continuous training and retraining, positive, a positive work culture and participative
7
style of management, have engendered development of a committed and motivated work
force leading to enhanced productivity and higher levels of quality.
8
Formulation and maintenance of OH&S Management programmes for continual
improvement;
Periodic review of OH&S Management System to ensure its continuing
suitability, adequacy and effectiveness;
Communication of OH&S Policy to all employees and interested parties.
The major units of BHEL have already acquired ISO 14001 Environmental
Management System Certification, and other units are in advanced stages of acquiring the
same. Action plan has been prepared to acquire OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and
Safety Management System certification for all BHEL units.
The "Global Compact" is a partnership between the United Nations, the business
community, international labor and NGOs. It provides a forum for them to work together
and improve corporate practices through co-operation rather than confrontation.
BHEL has joined the "Global Compact" of United Nations and has committed to
support it and the set of core values enshrined in its nine principles:
9
LABOUR STANDARDS
3. Business should uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition
of the right to collective bargaining;
6. Eliminate discrimination.
ENVIRONMENT
By joining the "Global Compact", BHEL would get a unique opportunity of networking
with corporate and sharing experience relating to social responsibility on global basis.
10
1.5. BHEL UNITS
TABLE 1
UNIT TYPE PRODUCT
2. Haridwar
3.Hyderabad
4.Tiruchi
HPBP High Pressure Boiling Steam less steel tubes, Spiral fin welded
Plant tubes.
SSTP
5.Jhansi
Transformers, Diesel shunt less AC locos
TP Transformer Plant
and AC EMU
11
6.Banglore
7.Ranipet
Electrostatic precipitator, Air pre-heater,
BAP Boiler Auxiliaries Plant
Fans, Wind electric generators, Desalination
plants.
8.Goindwal Industrial Valves Plant Industrial valves and Fabrication
9.Jagdishpur
12
1.6. BHEL HARIDWAR
1.6.1. LOCATION
1.6.2. ADDRESS
Ranipur, Haridwar
PIN:- 249403
1.6.3. AREA
The Heavy Electricals Equipment Plant (HEEP) located in Haridwar, is one of the
major manufacturing plants of BHEL. The core business of HEEP includes design and
manufacture of large steam and gas turbines, turbo generators, hydro turbines and
generators, large AC/DC motors and so on.
1.6.4. UNITS
13
THERE ARE 8 BLOCKS IN HEEP
TABLE 2
I. Electrical Machine Turbo generator, generator exciter , motor (ac and dc)
III. Turbine & Auxiliary Steam ,hydro ,gas turbines, turbine blade , special tooling
VI. Fabrication Fabricated oil tanks, hollow guide blades, Rings, stator frames
and rotor spindle, all dies, stamping for generators and motors
Stamping and die
manufacturing
14
VII. Wood working Wooden packing, spacers.
VIII. Heaters & coolers LP heaters, ejectors, glands, steam and oil coolers,
TABLE 3
15
1. HEEP PRODUCT PROFILE
1. THERMAL SETS:
Steam turbines and generators up to 500 MW capacity for utility and combined
cycle applications
Capability to manufacture up to 1000 MW unit cycle.
2. GAS TURBINES:
Gas turbines for industry and utility application; range-3 to 200 MW (ISO).
Gas turbines based co-generation and combined cycle system.
3. HYDRO SETS:
Custom– built conventional hydro turbine of Kaplan, Francis and Pelton with
matching generators up to 250 MW unit size.
Pump turbines with matching motor-generators
.Mini / micro hydro sets.
Spherical butterfly and rotary valves and auxiliaries for hydro station.
16
6. CONTROL PANEL:
Control panel for voltage up to 400KW and control desks for generating stations
and EMV sub–stations.
8. DEFENCE:
Naval guns with collaboration of Italy.
17
2. HEAVY FABRICATION
2.1. DEFINATION:-
2.2. PROCESS:-
2.3. APPLICATIONS:-
Plate metal
Formed and expanded metal
18
Tube stock
Square stock
Sectional metals ( I beams, W beams, C-channel )
Welding wire
Casting
Fittings
19
3. METAL CUTTING
A shearing machine is hydraulic machine used to cut metal work-pieces with help of
Shearing mechanism. In this machine the metal work-piece are passed through the
machine through roller transmitters called guides which moves too-and fro and then
stopped with help brake stops which works hydraulically which operates by pressing foot
pedal provided at the foot of machine setup. These stops hold the work-piece tightly so
that it doesn’t disturb due to high impact of shearing cutters. Then valve is operated
which causes the fluid to pressurize and further moving the cutter down which strikes the
work-piece and causing cutting action of work-piece. Metals that can be cut are mild
steel, stainless steel etc. Maximum thickness that can be cut is 10mm. Main component
of Shearing machine is as follow:-
20
3.2 PLASMA CUTTING:-
Plasma cutting is a process that is used to cut steel and other metals (or sometimes
other materials) using a plasma torch. In this process, an inert gas (in some units,
compressed air) is blown at high speed out of a nozzle; at the same time an electrical arc
is formed through that gas from the nozzle to the surface being cut, turning some of that
gas to plasma. The plasma is sufficiently hot to melt the metal being cut and moves
sufficiently fast to blow molten metal away from the cut.
Plasma cutters have also been used in CNC machinery. Manufacturers build
CNC cutting tables, some with the cutter built in to the table. The idea behind CNC tables
is to allow a computer to control the torch head making clean sharp cuts. Modern CNC
plasma equipment is capable of multi-axis cutting of thick material, allowing
opportunities for complex welding seams on CNC welding equipment that is not possible
otherwise. Welding torch used has outer torch made up of brass and inner one made of
copper. Minimum gap between torch and work-piece is 5mm.
This machine can be used to cut the work-piece of mild steel and stainless steel.
The differences between the cutting methods for both of these metals are the use of
nozzles & the pressure of gases applied to pass through nozzles so that cutting action is
done easily. Work-piece of thickness 100mm to 210mm can be cut from this type
machine. For e.g. For a mild steel job of thickness 100mm the cutting speed is
131.55mm/min.
Gases used in this type of machine are oxygen and Bharat Metal Cutting Gas
(BMCG). Oxy-acetylene is avoided due to less purity& heavier as compared to BMCG. It
is less pure which causes repeated cleaning of burner.
The gap between Nozzle & plate is 5mm. If gap is increased sensor adjust the
pressure according to it. Large diameter Nozzle is used for thick metal sheet & higher
pressure and vice versa for thin metal sheet.
21
FIG.3 CNC PLASMA CUTTING MACHINE
Oxy-fuel cutting is the most widely applied process for cutting mild steels and
low alloyed steels. The process covers the entire thickness range from 1 mm to 2500 mm
(0.04-100 inches), it gives an excellent cut quality and the investment costs are low.
Furthermore the process can easily be mechanized. Oxy-fuel cutting is a combustion
process. An oxygen jet burns the metal in a narrow section to make a cut and removes the
combustion products (slag) from the kerfs. The purity of the cutting oxygen is of great
importance for the cutting speed that can be achieved. A higher purity level means a
higher cutting speed. Oxy-fuel cutting are processes that use fuel gases and oxygen to
either weld or cut metals.
sized) gas cylinders worn on the user's back in a backpack harness, for rescue work.
22
4. BENDING
Bending is a process by which metal can be deformed by plastically deforming
the material and changing its shape. The material is stressed beyond the yield strength but
below the ultimate tensile strength. The surface area of the material does not change
much. Bending usually refers to deformation about one axis.
The hydraulic press depends on Pascal's principle: the pressure throughout closed
system is constant. At one end of the system is a piston with a small cross-sectional area
driven by a lever to increase the force. Small-diameter tubing leads to the other end of the
system. A fluid, such as oil, is displaced when either piston is pushed inward.
The small piston, for a given distance of movement, displaces a smaller amount
of volume than the large piston, which is proportional to the ratio of areas of the heads of
the pistons. Therefore, the small piston must be moved a large distance to get the large
piston to move significantly. The distance the large piston will move is the distance that
the small piston is moved divided by the ratio of the areas of the heads of the pistons.
There were two hydraulic presses at present which are:
23
FIG.4 CNC BACK PRESS MACHINE
THREE ROLL BENDING MACHINE: Roll benders use three rolls (typically) to bend
solids, extrusions and tube and pipe to various diameters by adjusting one or two rolls.
The pyramid style roll benders have one moving roll, usually the top roll. Double pinch
type roll benders have two adjustable rolls, usually the bottom rolls, and a fixed top roll.
Large arcs, circles and spirals are typical applications for roll benders.
TABLE 4
24
5. LOWER ROLL DIAMETER 680 MM
6. SPEED OF FORMING 5 M/MINUTE
7. SPEED OF LOWERING UPPER ROLL 60 MM/MINUTE
8. SPEED OF RAISING UPPER ROLL 120 MM/MINUTE
25
5. WELDING
Welding section is the most important section of this block as all the main parts of
Steam Turbine from generator to casing or from shafts to blades requires welding to join
their surfaces. Mainly the welding methods used are Shielded Metal Arc Welding (MIG),
Carbon Di-oxide welding (MIG welding) and TIG welding etc.
Air Products' shielding gases are commonly used in several welding processes,
mostly MIG and TIG welding. The selection of a suitable welding gas is essential for the
welding process. The welding gas not only protects the weld metal from the surrounding
air, it can also contribute to higher productivity and to better mechanical properties of the
weld. Air Products offers a full range of standard shielding gas mixtures for MIG welding
for all common material types.
TIG welding is a high-quality welding technique with a low fusion rate. The arc
burns between a tungsten electrode and the work piece; the electrode does not melt, so it
acts only as a current conductor and arc carrier.
The shielding gases protect the weld area from atmospheric gases, such as
oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. Depending on the materials being
welded, these atmospheric gases can reduce the quality of the weld or make the welding
process more difficult to use.
The strength of TIG welding is more than any other type of welding. The
temperature of flame is varied by adjusting voltage/ current as per requirement. This type
of welding is used mainly for welding pipes. Defects occur mainly in this type of
Welding is porosity caused by stopping the flow of argon gas.
26
FIG.6 TIG WELDING
In MIG welding, the metal electrode is used to produce spark. The current is
allowed to flow through filler metal which passes through welding holder & a blow of
gases is passed through holes provided on holder which provide safeguard to welding
area from atmospheric gases. Voltage can be adjusted according the speed of filler
material, feeding is adjusted as per requirement.
27
5.2.1. CARBON DIOXIDE WELDING:- In this type of welding, copper coated wire is
made in contact with metal to be weld and then high current is allowed to flow through
wire which causes spark of very high intensity. Then carbon dioxide & argon gas is
blown to welding area which helps in maintaining the inert atmosphere nearby welding
area and free from oxygen. Composition of carbon dioxide & argon gas is 80:20(%).
Temperature is maintained at 3600 to 4000 ºC.
5.3. GOUGING:-
28
Manual metal arc Gouging is a process in which a process a electrical arc is
generated to melt the material. Other techniques like special electrodes or a jet of
compressed air are used to blow away the molten material. No specific high purity or
compressed gases are needed in these processes.
29
6. INSPECTION
Usually in BHEL Nondestructive testing (NDT) is performed. It is defined as
comprising those test methods which are used to examine an object, material or system
without impairing its future usefulness. The term is generally applied to non medical
investigations of material integrity. The main NDT processes at the fabrication block are
as follows:-
It is the simplest, cheapest and most widely used method amongst the entire
NDT’s. A simple visual test reveals gross surface defects easily and quickly.
However for detection of final defects, device/equipments having high degree of
precision and illumination are required.
6.2. RADIOGRAPHY
In this test the X-rays and gamma rays are used to detect deep seated internal
defects. The short wavelengths of X-ray permitted to penetrate through the
opaque material. Gamma rays are the electro-magnetic radiations that are emitted
from an unstable nucleus.
In this process job is painted with oil and then high frequency sound waves is
passed through the job. Then the echo is recorded on detector. If the echo is
recorded with disturbance earlier than the other end then the job is defective.
30
FIG.10 DEFECT DETECTED BY ULTRA SONIC FAULT DETECTOR
31
7. MACHINING
Machining can be defined as the process of removing material from a work piece
in the form of chips .The term metal cutting is used when the material is metallic. Most
machining has very low set-up cost compared to forming, molding, and casting
processes. However, machining is much more expensive for high volumes. Machining is
necessary where tight tolerances on dimensions and finishes are required.
32
7.2. PLANNER MACHINE
a) Vertical planning.
b) Horizontal planning.
c) Angular Planning.
d) Slot Cutting.
33
FIG.12 PLANNER MACHINE
Parts that cannot be welded easily by ordinary welding, especially internal curved
parts are welded using manipulators. In manipulator machine parts to be welded is fixed
with the help of fixture attached to the table of the manipulator machine. Table can be
rotate through 0º-360º and tilting of table is 0º-135º
7.3.1 PURPOSE:- Metal parts which are heavier in weight and difficult to change their
position can be weld by the use of manipulator machine which can change the position of
parts according to our requirement. Guide blade carriage blade is weld by the use of
manipulator machine. Carriage or ring is mounted on the table with the help of fixture
and then guide blade carrier blade is weld to the inner ring to both side of curved surface
by tilting the table
34
c) Table diameter = 3500mm (without extension), 4500mm (with
extension).
d) Rotation of table = 00 to 3600 (clockwise or anti clock)
e) Tilting of table = 00 to 1350.
f) Table rotation speed = 0.012-0.5 rpm.
35
The servomechanism acts on an amplifying device on the one hand and, on the
other hand, on an actuating device. Hydraulic, electromagnetic, or electro-optical relays
are used in the amplifying devices of such machines. The actuating member may be a
screw, a slide valve, an electromagnetic coupling, a solenoid, a differential, or some other
device, and it may be driven by an electric motor or a hydraulic power cylinder.
A metal lathe is generic description for a rigid machine tool designed to remove
material from a work piece, through the action of a cutting tool. They were originally
designed to machine metals; however, with the advent of plastics and other materials, and
with their inherent versatility, they are used in a wide range of applications, and a broad
range of materials.
A center lathe is a dual head machine where the work remains fixed and the heads
move towards the work piece and machine a center drill hole into each end. The resulting
36
work piece may then be used "between centers" in another operation. The usage of the
term metal lathe may also be considered somewhat outdated these days, plastics and other
composite materials are in wide use and with appropriate modifications, the same
principles and techniques may be applied to their machining as that used for metal.
A center lathe or engine lathe may be considered the basis for the metal lathe and
is the type most often used by the general machinist or hobbyist. The center lathe may be
considered a useful starting point. The engine lathe is the name applied to a traditional
20th century lathe. It is assumed that the 'engine' was added to the description to separate
them from the 'foot lathes' (lathes turned by pedals) or other hand rotated pieces of
machinery. Early engine lathes were generally 'cone heads', in that the spindle usually
had attached to it a multi-step pulley designed to accept a flat belt.
37
8. SHOT BLASTING
8.1. PURPOSE
Used for hardening the root of the low pressure rotor turbine blade in fatigue load.
Shot blasting is carried out to introduce compressive stress to depth of blade. In blades,
fatigue strength and improvement in resistance to stress omission is checked along with
corrosion removal.
Blasting process consists of bombarding exposed surface of fir tree root with
steam of hardened spherical metallic dots from robotics controlled nozzle by applied air
pressure.
8.2. SCOPE
Shot blasting of steam turbine blade roots with cast steel shots type S280 to S390
in blasting intensity of range 0.3 to 0.35.
Notch radii should be blasted in average normal direction. This blasts that steel
shots have to hit the radius in perpendicular direction since blasting is most effective
under this condition. Nozzle has to be point to centre of root curve.
a) Air pressure
b) Shot size
c) Nozzle diameter
d) Shot flow
e) Distance between blasted surface and nozzle.
f) Blasting time
g) Reservoir pressure
38
FIG.16 SHOT BLASTING MACHINE
39
9. BLOCK DESCRIPTION
40
9.1 PREPARATION, BAY -1
It has the following sections:
9.3 BAY -3
9.4 BAY -4
41
c) COOLERS SECTION: In this section tubes of coolers are cut to the required
size, then turned and thereafter winding and soldering of spirals on tubes is
carried out by automatic machines. These are then assembled to form coolers
which are then assembled and hydraulically tested.
42
10. MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
Manufacturing starts with Preparation of individual parts before assembly, in Bay -1.
- Guillotine Shearing machine for cutting and trimming steel sheets and plates up
- A unique Flame cutting machine is used for cutting steel plates by CNC
programming.
- CNC Plasma cutting M/c for cutting S.S & higher alloys.
- Combination punch, shear and bar cutters, circular saws and bar shears are used
b) Straightening Rollers are used for straightening plates and large sized blanks and a
160 ton friction press for straightening small sized blanks. A roll bending machine
c) Hydraulic bending press of 800 ton and 400 ton and a 250 ton friction press are
used for cold and hot bending from rolled sheets and shapes. Parts to bend are pre
43
After Preparation is complete the next step is Assembly and Welding in Bay -2 and 3 is
as follows:
a) Components of units are assembled and tack welded for subsequent welding as
per drawing and instructions on process cards.
b) Manual arc welding is employed in restricted and inaccessible places or where
semi-automatic or automatic welding is not possible or has not been established.
c) Semi-Automatic submerged arc welding, GTAW and Argon Carbon-dioxide
Shielded arc welding are also used for increased productivity and better quality.
All assembly work is carried out on bed plates. Small size structures are welded with
the help of manipulators. Welding of high pressure cylinders of steam turbines is carried
out after preliminary heating up to 250° C. Heat treatment is carried out in electric
furnaces of bogie hearth, bell and pit types after welding is completed. In multi layer
welding, the roots of seams are gouged and then cleaned by mechanical means.
All assembly and welding sections have connections for compressed air, oxygen &
acetylene as well Argon carbon-dioxide mixture and water for semi automatic welding.
Weld quality inspection is adopted in accordance with the relevant specifications.
Inspection of weld quality and flaw detection is carried out by means of X-ray machines,
gamma-grapy machines of cobalt and iridium isotopes and ultrasonic flaw detectors.
Pressure vessels that are boilers, heaters, condensers and coolers undergo hydraulic
tests on special test beds meant for hydraulic testing. Kerosene leakage test is also done
in case of thin walled vessels.
a) Pipes with diameter of 10-60 mm and 38-108 mm are cut on pipe cutting
machines and oxy-acetylene cutters.
b) Cold bending of pipes is carried out on a pipe bending machine. Bending of
carbon and alloy steel pipes of 114 mm dia. and above is performed by heating
them in electric furnaces and then by hot bending.
44
c) Facing of pipes and beveling for welding is carried out on a horizontal boring
machine with portable type pipe chamfering machine.
d) For assembly and welding of pipes bed plates and manipulators are used.
e) Heat treatment of pipes is done in electric furnace mentioned earlier.
f) Surface cleaning is done manually or by shot blasting.
Pipe assemblies are dimensionally checked and quality of welds is tested by X-
ray and Gamma grapy.
45
11. CONCLUSION
Gone through rigorous one month training under the guidance of capable
engineers and workers of BHEL Haridwar in Block-2 “HEAVY FABRICATION”
headed by Senior Engineer of department MR. SUSHIL KUMAR RAWAT situated
in Ranipur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand.
The training was specified under the Heavy Fabrication Department. I came to
know about the basic grinding, scaling and machining processes which were shown on
heavy to medium machines. Duty lathes were planted in the same line where the
specified work was undertaken.
46