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Abstract
In order to provide mantle and crustal constraints during the evolution of the Colombian Andes, Sr and Nd isotopic studies
were performed in xenoliths from the Mercaderes region, Northern Volcanic Zone, Colombia. Xenoliths are found in the
Granatifera Tuff, a deposit of Cenozoic age, in which mantle- and crustal-derived xenoliths are present in bombs and fragments
of andesites and lamprophyres compositions. Garnet-bearing xenoliths are the most abundant mantle-derived rocks, but
websterites (garnet-free xenoliths) and spinel-bearing peridotites are also present in minor amounts. Amphibolites, pyroxenites,
granulites, and gneisses represent the lower crustal xenolith assemblage. Isotopic signatures for the mantle xenoliths, together
with field, petrographic, mineral, and whole-rock chemistry and pressure–temperature estimates, suggest three main sources for
these mantle xenoliths: garnet-free websterite xenoliths derived from a source region with low P and T (16 kbar, 1065 8C) and
MORB isotopic signature, 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7030, and 143Nd/144Nd ratio of 0.5129. Garnet-bearing peridotite and websterite
xenoliths derived from two different sources in the mantle: i) a source with intermediate P and T (29–35 kbar, 1250–1295 8C)
conditions, similar to that of sub-oceanic geotherm, with an OIB isotopic signature (87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7043 and 143Nd/144Nd
ratio of 0.5129); and ii) another source with P and T conditions similar to those of a sub-continental geotherm (N38 kbar, 1140–
1175 8C) and OIB isotopic characteristics (87Sr/86Sr ratio=0.7041 and 143Nd/144Nd ratio=0.5135).
D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Colombian Andes; Mantle xenoliths; Crustal xenoliths; Mantle diversity; Continental accretion; Subduction zone; Sr and Nd
isotopes
0024-4937/$ - see front matter D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2004.09.027
472 A. Rodriguez-Vargas et al. / Lithos 82 (2005) 471–484
1. Introduction 80 W
˚ Flat-slab segment 60 W
˚ 40 W
˚
An
de
granulites, hornblendites, pyroxenites, and gneisses,
an
Flat-slab segment
or
and represent the lower crustal rocks (e.g. Selvertsone
c
7,8 di
lle South American Platform
cm/y ra
and Stern, 1983; Weber et al., 2002). Mantle
xenoliths, representing the lower and upper litho-
AR
spheric mantle, have also been described. They are
CVZ
generally spinel-bearing peridotite xenoliths (e.g. 20 S
˚
Gobernador Gregores; Gorring and Kay, 2000; Nazca
Laurora et al., 2001), whereas garnet-bearing perido- Plate
tite xenoliths are restricted to a few localities (e.g. Pali Flat-slab segment
Aike, Stern et al., 1999; Praguaniyeu, Ntaflos et al., AR
2002) (Fig. 1).
Mineralogical and geochemical data of crustal 9 cm/y
lithologies constitute a powerful tool to the under- South American
SVZ Plate
standing of crustal growth models. Mineralogy,
b
chemistry, geophysics, and petrology of mantle 40 S
˚
lithologies, on the other hand, allow the knowledge Patagonia
Fig. 2. Main tectonic geological framework of the Colombian Andes showing the convergence of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American
Plate. Triangles represent the active volcanoes related to the Northern Volcanic Zone (NVZ) and the location of the Mercaderes region (modified
from González et al., 1988).
474 A. Rodriguez-Vargas et al. / Lithos 82 (2005) 471–484
continental growing and mantle modification were Cepeda, 1991). Overlying the Esmita and Mosquera
recognised. Formations are the pyroclastic rocks of the Galeón
To the west of the Mercaderes area (Fig. 2A and Formation (Martı́nez and Garcı́a, 1989; Murcia and
B) lies the Cauca–Almaguer Fault (Maya and Cepeda, 1991).
Gonzalez, 1995), which separates rocks of oceanic Three main subdivisions were proposed for the
affinity to the west from rocks of continental affinity Granatifera Tuff (Martı́nez and Garcı́a, 1989): i) Unit
to the east. The oceanic rocks formed by extensive A, the basal unit, 200 m thick, formed by breccias,
and continuous igneous activity during the Creta- agglomerates, and tuffs, with clasts of porphyritic
ceous, resulting in the formation of the Caribbean andesites, quartzites, schists, amphibolites, garnet
oceanic plateau (Kerr et al., 1996, 1997). This suture granulites, and eclogites; ii) Unit B, less than 45 m
possibly represents a subduction zone of continental thick, containing black and green schists, quartzites,
ocean type, which was possibly bjammedQ by the amphibolites, gneisses, hornblendites, pyroxenites,
thick, buoyant plateau, enabling it to migrate once and andesites; and iii) Unit C, at the top, 50 m thick,
more to the west. comprises pseudostratified ash material (5 m), debris
The Mercaderes region (Fig. 2A and B) is flow (40 m), and tuffs (5 m), containing clasts of
characterised by late Cenozoic to Pleistocene volcanic diabase, andesite, schists, quartzites, and pumice,
activity, where the Mercaderes Tableland comprises which are b1 m in size.
Pleistocene volcanic and volcano-sedimentary flows.
On the south-eastern part of this tableland lies the
Granatifera Tuff, which is possibly a small, partially 3. Petrography
eroded tuff cone or tuff ring, containing xenoliths of
both crustal (e.g. diorite, granulite, hornblendite) and The Granatifera Tuff in the Mercaderes region
mantle (e.g. garnet-bearing peridotites) origin (Weber hosts mantle and crustal xenoliths, with up to 20 cm in
et al., 2002). diameter (Weber, 1998). Garnet-bearing rocks, rang-
The oldest rocks in this region are metasediments ing from peridotite to websterite, are the most
from the Arquı́a Complex (Maya and Gonzalez, common mantle xenoliths. Garnet-free websterite
1995). Their metamorphic age (K/Ar dates on and spinel-bearing peridotite mantle xenoliths are
hornblende from amphibolites and the metagabbros) present in minor amounts. Lower crustal xenoliths
is Cretaceous, but two thermal events of 120 and 95 comprise a variety of amphibolites, pyroxenites,
Ma are indicated, which leads to two interpretations: granulites, and gneisses, metamorphosed into the
a) they are Mesozoic rocks that have suffered amphibolite to granulite facies. The modal composi-
subsequent metamorphism (Restrepo and Toussaint, tion of the studied mantle and crustal xenoliths is
1988); or b) they are Palaeozoic rocks that were presented in Table 1, and photomicrographs are
thermally affected in the Cretaceous (McCourt et al., shown in Fig. 3.
1984; Maya, 2001). Metavolcanic and metasedimen-
tary rocks from Diabasico Group showing Cretaceous 3.1. Host rocks
age, based on fossiliferous associations and field
relations, overlie this unit (Murcia and Cepeda, 1991; The host rocks consist of breccias, and tuffs of the
Kerr et al., 1997; Nivia et al., 1997). The thick, folded Granitifera Tuff. The xenoliths are found as clasts
sequences of marine and continental Esmita and (up to 12 cm for mantle and up to 20 cm for crustal
Mosquera formations discordantly overlie the Diaba- xenoliths) immersed in the tuffaceous matrix or
sico Group. They have, respectively, an Upper inside lamprophyre and andesite fragments and
Oligocene age and a Middle Eocene up to Lower bombs in the breccias. Lamprophyres are character-
Miocene age, defined by fossil record (Murcia and ized by porphyritic texture given by up to 0.8 mm
Cepeda, 1991; Martı́nez and Garcı́a, 1989; González amphiboles, and a groundmass composed of plagio-
et al., 1988 and references therein). Dacitic and clase, amphibole, and pyroxene. Andesites are
andesitic rocks of 13F3 Ma (whole rock, K/Ar) massive with light gray color, containing up to 0.5
intrude these Tertiary sedimentary rocks (Murcia and cm long phenocrysts of plagioclase, and up to 0.4
A. Rodriguez-Vargas et al. / Lithos 82 (2005) 471–484 475
Cpx
Amph
Spl
A) B)
Cpx
Cpx
Cpx
Pl Grt
C) D)
Fig. 3. Photomicrographs (crossed-polarized light) of host rocks, mantle, and crustal xenoliths from Mercaderes region, Colombia. (A) diorite
gneiss; (B) spinel-bearing peridotite xenolith; (C) andesite; (D) garnet-bearing peridotite xenolith. Amph=amphibole; Cpx=clinopyroxene;
Spl=spinel; Pl=plagioclase; Grt=garnet. Scale bars correspond to 0.5 mm.
Table 2
Whole-rock major (wt.%) and trace element (ppm) composition of host rocks, mantle, and crustal xenoliths from the Mercaderes region
Sample number Host rocks Mantle xenoliths Crustal xenoliths
L1 L2 XM 1 XM 2 XM 3 XM 4 XM 5 XM 6 XM 7 XM 8 XC 1 XC 3 XC 4 XC 5
SiO2 55.77 52.68 55.04 45.81 51.99 47.48 47.95 52.02 50.45 46.93 41.26
Al2O3 17.86 16.39 3.47 2.80 4.26 15.74 12.73 19.05 12.50 8.17 18.82
MnO 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.15 0.13 0.16 0.26 0.12 0.12 0.20 0.30
MgO 3.12 5.87 32.53 39.33 17.20 19.02 21.73 5.24 5.78 17.80 5.62
CaO 7.04 7.60 1.55 2.45 20.00 9.51 6.77 8.90 15.94 8.49 14.04
Na2O 3.45 2.63 0.03 0.08 0.42 0.61 0.15 4.99 2.72 1.67 1.39
K2O 1.45 0.63 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.45 0.29 0.40 0.55
TiO2 0.88 1.07 0.05 0.10 0.12 0.23 0.18 0.46 1.62 1.97 1.50
P2O5 0.28 0.25 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.16 0.35 0.34 0.11 0.60
Fe2O3 7.54 9.56 6.04 8.82 4.93 7.25 10.11 6.91 10.39 13.72 15.59
LOI 1.86 2.76 0.01 0.18 0.27 0.01 0.01 0.96 0.26 0.75 0.89
Total 99.39 99.59 98.84 99.73 99.33 100.07 99.90 99.45 100.41 100.21 100.56
Ba 669 336 8 6 6 14 86 31 63 24 287 358 58 315
Cl 360 628 b15 57 b15 b15 b15 b15 64 161 151
Co 53 59 46 30 31 69 25 31 42 27 24 54 81 59
Cr 17 183 7345 1310 2400 3033 4960 1792 2992 384 189 316 1955 62
Cu 7 23 9 26 10 19 14 16 9 16 3 13 30 7
Ga 20 20 3 4 2 2 3 8 5 13 22 17 16 39
Nb 11 8 4 3 4 4 4 4 31 15 20
Ni 8 120 631 81 980 2061 299 289 458 62 53 161 572 59
Pb 11 12 6 11 9 18 15 17 22 20 25
Rb 29.8 11.3 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.6 0.2 67.7 6.1 4.6 2.5
Sc 19 25 11 13 51 50 75 23 25 31 33
Sr 576 457 7 27 117 7 26 24 20 85 1262 568 114 713
Th 6 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 12 7 b3 19
U b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 4 5
V 173 223 44 163 35 39 133 157 105 267 173 146 326 317
Y 19 25 1 29 4 7 20 45 11 26 21 17 38
Zn 100 92 32 31 61 16 19 38 100 90 212 110 259
Zr 114 107 9 13 10 22 24 37 205 128 80 302
Hf b0.2 0.2 b0.2 0.5 b0.2 0.4 0.5 1.7
La 30 22 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.7 2.7 36 37 b14 56
Ce 40 31 0.2 1.5 1.2 0.3 1 1.3 2.2 11.3 65 56 b18 99
Pr b0.05 0.35 0.19 0.79 0.19 0.2 0.36 2.23
Nd 20.8 18.8 0.1 2.2 1.1 0.4 1.2 1.3 2.4 12.9 39.2 23.9 13.8 65.1
Sm 4.3 4.5 0.5 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.5 1.0 4.1 7.9 4.9 3.5 12.4
Eu b0.05 0.37 0.1 0.07 0.19 0.25 0.4 1.16
Gd b0.1 1.7 0.3 0.3 0.7 1 2 3.7
Tb b0.1 0.4 b0.1 b0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.6
Dy b0.1 3.9 0.2 0.4 1 2.3 4.5 2.6
Ho b0.1 1 b0.1 b0.1 0.2 0.6 1.2 0.4
Er b0.1 3.9 b0.1 0.3 0.7 2.5 4.6 1
Tm b0.05 0.66 b0.05 b0.05 0.1 0.45 0.78 0.13
Yb 0.1 4.5 b0.1 0.3 0.6 3.3 5.3 0.8
Lu b0.04 0.71 b0.04 0.05 0.09 0.56 0.86 0.11
Regular—X-ray fluorescence analysis; italics—ICP-MS analysis.
chemical groups: Group I encompasses the high- MgO-content (b32 wt.%) garnet-bearing websterite
MgO-content (N32 wt.%) garnet-bearing websterite xenoliths with low modal contents of orthopyroxene
xenoliths, with high modal contents of orthopyrox- (b40 vol.%). The garnet-free mantle xenoliths
ene (N60 vol.%), and Group II encompasses low- present moderate MgO contents c18 wt.%. The
478 A. Rodriguez-Vargas et al. / Lithos 82 (2005) 471–484
60 2.0
55
SiO2 (wt%)
1.5
K2O (wt%)
50 1.0
45 0.5
40 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
MgO (wt%) MgO (wt%)
25 2.5
20 2.0
Al2O3 (wt%)
TiO2 (wt%)
15 1.5
10 1.0
5 0.5
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
MgO (wt%) MgO (wt%)
25 0.7
0.6
20
P2O5 (wt%)
CaO (wt%)
0.5
15 0.4
10 0.3
0.2
5
0.1
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
MgO (wt%) MgO (wt%)
6 20
5
Na2O (wt%)
16
Fe2O3 (wt%)
4
12
3
8
2
1 4
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
MgO (wt%) MgO (wt%)
1600 8000
1200 6000
Sr (ppm)
Cr (ppm)
800 4000
400 2000
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
MgO (wt%) MgO (wt%)
Fig. 4. Whole-rock major and trace elements against MgO diagrams of host rocks (triangle), mantle (squares), and crustal (diamonds) xenoliths.
Fields of mantle (continuous line) and crustal xenoliths (dashed line) from the same region compiled of Weber (1998) are presented for
comparison.
A. Rodriguez-Vargas et al. / Lithos 82 (2005) 471–484 479
100
XM7
XM2
Sample/Chondrite XM6
10 XM8
XM8
XM7 XM5
XM2
XM6 XM4
XM5
1 XM3
XM3
XM4
XM1
XM1
0.1
La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Fig. 5. Chondrite-normalized (Sun and McDonough, 1989) REE diagram for the studied mantle xenoliths. Data on crustal samples from Weber
(1998) are also shown for comparison.
other major element contents are similar in all garnet/amphibole proportion seems to define the
xenoliths, except for the garnet-bearing websterite REE pattern.
xenoliths of Group I that have lower CaO contents
(b3 wt.%) compared with those for the garnet- 4.3. Crustal xenoliths
bearing websterite xenoliths Group II (CaON4 wt.%)
and the garnet-free xenoliths (CaOc20 wt.%). The lower crustal xenoliths from the Mercaderes
Trace element contents are similar in all rocks; region are characterised, when compared to mantle
most samples have low Sr (b117 ppm), Rb (b0.9 xenoliths, by lower MgO contents (b14 wt.%), and
ppm), Nb (b4 ppm), and Zr (b37 ppm) contents, higher TiO2 (N0.25 wt.%), Na2O (N1 wt.%), and P2O5
and moderate Pb contents (6–18 ppm). Some (N0.20 wt.%) contents, and similar contents for the
variations are mainly related to the presence of other major oxides. They present higher Sr (N400
certain minerals such as orthopyroxene, which ppm), Nb (N5 ppm), and Zr (N100 ppm) contents and
increases whole-rock contents of Cr. Three patterns lower Cr (b10 ppm) and Ni (b5 ppm) contents than
(Fig. 5) of chondrite-normalised REE are observed the mantle xenoliths. Chondrite-normalised REE
for the mantle xenolith samples: i) strong enrich- patterns (data from Weber, 1998) for lower crustal
ment of heavy REE related to the light REE xenoliths (Fig. 5) are variable and depend on the
(samples XM2, XM6, and XM7); ii) light enrich- lithology. Crustal xenoliths with garnet–pyroxenite
ment of heavy REE related to light REE (samples composition are expressively enriched in heavy REE
XM4 and XM5); and iii) enrichment of middle REE and display a pattern similar to some of the garnet-
related to light and heavy REE (samples XM3 and bearing mantle xenoliths. However, the light REE
XM8). These patterns partially reflect mineralogical contents of the crustal xenoliths are also expressively
composition. Enrichment of heavy REE is related to lower than the one of the mantle xenoliths. Amphib-
the presence of garnet, while the enrichment of olites and diorites display similar REE patterns;
middle REE is related to the presence of amphibole. however, amphibolites are enriched in middle REE.
These relations are not straightforward, but the Garnet gneisses show depletion of heavy REE related
480 A. Rodriguez-Vargas et al. / Lithos 82 (2005) 471–484
to light REE and a small positive anomaly of Eu, tópica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
compared to Sm. (Brazil), in static mode. Nd and Sr ratios were
normalised to 86Sr/88Sr=0.1194 and 146Nd/144Nd=
0.7219 respectively. Measurements for the Sr NIST
5. Sr–Nd isotopes standard NBS-987 gave 87 Sr/ 86 Sr=0.710260F
0.000014, and for the Nd La Jolla, standard values of
143
5.1. Analytical procedures Nd/144Nd=0.511859F0.000010. Total blanks aver-
aged b750 pg for Nd and Rb and b150 for Sm and Sr.
Sixteen whole-rock xenoliths and one mineral Standard errors percentual (1d m%) for 87Rb/86Sr and
147
(garnet) were powdered in agate mortar down to Sm/144Nd were F1% or smaller, based on inter-
b200 mesh. Before dissolution, the mineral sample active sample analysis and spike recalibration, and
was washed in warm 2.5 N HCl to remove surface b0.0057% for 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd ratios. The
contamination. Each sample was properly spiked errors are presented as standard deviation for 87Sr/86Sr
(with mixed 87Rb/84Sr and 149Sm/150Nd tracers) and ratios and in parts per million for 143Nd/144Nd ratios.
processed using standard dissolution procedures with Results are listed in Tables 3 and 4, and illustrated in
HF, HNO3, and HCl in Teflon vial, and warmed on a Fig. 6.
hot plate until complete material dissolution. Column
procedures used cationic AG50W-X8 resin (200–400 5.2. Results
mesh) in order to separate Rb, Sr, and REE,
followed by Sm and Nd separation using anionic A lower crustal xenolith sample with dioritic
LN-B50-A resin (100–150 Am). Each sample was composition shows the highest Rb (68 ppm) and Sr
dried to a solid and then loaded with 0.25 N H3PO4 (1262 ppm) contents among the analysed rocks. Sm
on appropriate filament; single Ta for Rb, Sr, and and Nd values for this xenolith are 8 and 39 ppm,
Sm; and triple Ta–Re–Ta for Nd. The samples were the 87Sr/86Sr ratio=0.749, and the 143Nd/144Nd ratio=
run in a VG Sector 54 thermal ionisation mass 0.5128. The other lower crustal xenoliths plot close
spectrometer at the Laboratório de Geologia Iso- to the garnet- and spinel-bearing mantle xenoliths
Table 3
Rb–Sr isotope data for host rocks, mantle, and crustal xenoliths from the Mercaderes area
87
Sample number Rb (ppm) Sr (ppm) Rb/Sr Rb/86Sr 87
Sr/86Sra S.D. (1r)
XM-1 0.2 6.9 0.030798 0.089675 0.704104 0.000122
XM-2 0.1 26.4 0.002228 0.006483 0.704378 0.000104
XM-3 0.1 96.1 0.001452 0.004224 0.703000 0.000137
XM-4 0.3 6.7 0.037683 0.109726 0.704104 0.000122
XM-5 0.9 25.8 0.035638 0.103725 0.705342 0.000106
XM-6 0.6 23.6 0.026321 0.076603 0.704227 0.000128
XM-7 0.2 19.9 0.008089 0.023541 0.704320 0.000131
XM-8 0.4 81.4 0.005180 0.015075 0.704458 0.000097
L1 29.8 576.4 0.051677 0.150367 0.704346 0.000174
L2 11.3 456.7 0.024834 0.072272 0.705904 0.000551
L3 18.6 562.0 0.033063 0.096208 0.704553 0.000173
XC-1 67.7 1262.2 0.053603 0.155979 0.704872 0.000149
XC-2 2.3 186.9 0.000000 0.012521 0.704471 0.000155
XC-3 6.1 567.6 0.010824 0.031500 0.705402 0.000099
XC-4 4.6 113.5 0.040574 0.118075 0.704681 0.000143
XC-5 2.5 713.1 0.003535 0.010286 0.704425 0.000166
Normalised to 86Sr/88Sr=0.1194, fitted to bias with base on SrCO3 NBS-987, using 87Sr/86Sr=0.71025 and correction in order of the presence of
spike. NBS values during analyses were 0.71026F0.000014.
a
Whole-rock average of F130 isotopic ratios, 1.0 V of ionic intensity for 88Sr, and multicollection with 86Sr in the axial collector.
A. Rodriguez-Vargas et al. / Lithos 82 (2005) 471–484 481
Table 4
Sm–Nd isotope data for host rocks, mantle, and crustal xenoliths from the Mercaderes area
147
Sample number Sm (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm/144Nd 143
Nd/144Nda Error (ppm) Epsilon Nd (0)
XM-1 0.2 0.8 0.155950 0.513157 13 10.1
XM-2 0.7 1.5 0.260118 0.512879 16 4.7
XM-3 0.4 1.4 0.1552762 0.513082 25 8.7
XM-4 0.1 0.1 0.240371 0.513485 57 16.5
XM-5 1.0 2.5 0.249552 0.512927 18 5.6
XM-6 0.4 0.9 0.269386 0.512869 56 4.5
XM-7 0.8 1.8 0.260720 0.512945 14 6.0
XM-7b 1.1 7.9 0.086210 0.511764 33 17.1
XM-8 3.3 3.2 0.625961 0.512761 12 2.4
L1 3.7 14.7 0.152254 0.512808 9 3.3
L2 4.5 18.8 0.144955 0.512802 25 3.2
L3 3.2 18.0 0.107889 0.512596 15 0.8
XC-1 7.9 39.2 0.121824 0.512761 11 2.4
XC-2 6.9 28.7 0.144522 0.512837 13 3.9
XC-3 4.9 23.9 0.123742 0.512838 12 3.9
XC-4 3.5 13.8 0.154907 0.512884 13 4.8
XC-5 12.4 65.1 0.114979 0.512947 15 6.0
Normalised to 146Nd/144Nd=0.7219, fitted to bias with base on the Nd SPEX using suggested 143Nd/144Nd=0.511110, and calibrated against Nd
La Jolla using a value of 143Nd/144Nd of 0.511859F0.000010.
a
Whole-rock average of F100 isotopic ratios, 1.0 V of ionic intensity for 146Nd, and multicollection with 146Nd in the axial colector.
b
- garnet sample from XM-7 mantle xenolith.
from the Mercaderes region. However, crustal Two host-rock volcanic samples (andesite and
xenoliths are richer in radiogenic Sr compared to lamprophyre) show Rb values b18 ppm, Srb561
mantle xenoliths. ppm, Smb4.5 ppm, and Ndb19 ppm having 87Sr/86Sr
0.5136
HIMU
Sp-Grt-PA
0.5128 mantle xenoliths
Sp-PA Lamprophyre
mantle xenoliths Andesite
0.5126 BSE
PA basalts Kerguelen
Mercaderes
0.5122 crustal xenoltihs
EM I EM II
0.5120
0.702 0.703 0.704 0.705 0.706 0.707 0.708
87Sr/86Sr
Fig. 6. Sr and Nd isotopic composition for host rocks, mantle, and crustal xenoliths from the Mercaderes region. Fields compiled in the georoc
database (http://www.georoc.mpch-mainz.gwdg.de/). OIB field includes Hawaii, La Palma, Azores, St. Helena, and Easter and Ascension
Islands. Pali Aike (PA) fields from Stern et al. (1999); Mercaderes fields from Weber (1998). Pac.=Pacific; Atl.=Atlantic.
482 A. Rodriguez-Vargas et al. / Lithos 82 (2005) 471–484
values of 0.7045 and 0.7059, and143Nd/144Nd of these xenoliths suggests that the lower crust under the
0.5125 and 0.5128. The lamprophyre has more Mercaderes region is isotopically heterogeneous.
evolved radiogenic Sr than andesite and the garnet- The values of qNd (t=0) for the studied mantle
and spinel-bearing mantle xenoliths. xenoliths range from 2.4 to 16.5 and confirm the
The studied mantle xenoliths have low Rb (b0.9 depleted isotopic composition of these rocks. Crustal
ppm), Sr (b96 ppm), Sm (b3.2 ppm), and Nd (b3.3 ppm) xenoliths have positive qNd (t=0) values, ranging
contents. Five garnet-bearing peridotite xenoliths and from 2.4 to 6.0, suggesting the presence of ortho-
two websterite xenoliths show 87Sr/86Sr ratios between derived material in the lower crust, while for the host
0.7029 and 0.7044, and 143Nd/144Nd ratios between volcanic rocks, qNd (t=0) values are 0.3 and 3.2. The
0.5127 and 0.5134. Three lower crustal xenoliths higher value is given by a lamprophyric sample.
(hornblendite, granulite, and pyroxenite) present Nd model ages (T DM; De Paolo, 1981) for the
Rbb6.1 ppm, Srb713 ppm, Smb12 ppm, and Ndb65 lower crustal xenoliths indicate an extraction age
ppm. Their 87Sr/86Sr ratios range between 0.7044 and varying from 0.3 to 0.4 Ga, which attests to crustal
0.7054, and 143Nd/144Nd ratios from 0.5128 to 0.5130. growth in this area at this time. However, T DM for the
A garnet sample from a spinel garnet-bearing lamprophyre and andesite xenoliths ranges from 0.6 to
websterite xenolith (sample XM-7) shows high Sm 0.7 Ga, older than that for the lower crustal xenoliths,
and Nd contents of 1.1 and 7.9 ppm, respectively, suggesting distinct events of mantle extraction.
compared with the contents in the other mantle xenoliths
(except for the sample XM-8). A Sm–Nd isochron age
of 1031F130 Ma was obtained for this sample (not 6. Discussion and conclusions
shown). This age is older than T DM ages for crustal rocks
(b700 Ma) in this region and so the interpretation for this Mantle and crustal xenoliths from the Granatifera
age is unclear. It could be interpreted either as mantle- Tuff, Colombia, provide valuable information useful
growing age or the age of a secondary event that affected to the discussion of the lithospheric mantle and the
this garnet, such as metasomatism or melting percola- crustal evolution of the Mercaderes region. Sm–Nd
tion. Furthers studies in other mantle xenoliths in the and Rb–Sr isotopic systems integrated with field
Mercaderes region will provide more information that relationships, geochemistry data, and pressure–tem-
can shed some light into this problem. perature estimates for the garnet-bearing mantle
The Mercaderes garnet-bearing peridotite xenoliths xenoliths are compatible with two distinct mantle
plot within the oceanic basalt field (OIB) in the reservoirs, which reflect the mantle diversity beneath
87
Sr/86Sr vs. 143Nd/144Nd diagram (Fig. 6), towards the Northern Colombian Andes.
the Bulk Silicate Earth (BSE) values, or more radio- Estimates of pressure and temperature (Weber,
genic Sr isotopic compositions. Only one sample has a 1998) show three main P–T conditions for the mantle
distinct signature as it has higher 143Nd/144Nd values xenoliths. The spinel-bearing peridotite xenoliths
compared to other garnet-bearing peridotite xenoliths. were formed at low P (16 kbar, 1065 8C), whereas
The isotopic composition of one spinel-bearing the garnet-bearing peridotite xenoliths were formed at
peridotite xenolith plots in the field of MORB, while high P and T at two different conditions: sub-oceanic
another sample plots away from this field. The high geotherm (29–35 kbar, 1250–1295 8C) and sub-
radiogenic Sr in this sample is probably related to its continental geotherm (N38 kbar, 1140–1175 8C).
high CaO contents (20%). Thus, an MORB signature Pressure and temperature estimates for the lower
is suggested for spinel-bearing peridotite xenoliths, crustal indicate that they were formed at 730–830
while an OIB signature is evidenced by the garnet- 8C at 9–14 kbar for amphibolites, and at 950–1050 8C
bearing peridotite xenoliths. at 13–15 kbar for all other rocks (Fig. 7).
Lower crustal xenoliths show more radiogenic Sr The garnet-bearing xenoliths represent deeper
compositions compared to those for the mantle fragments (around 90 km) and spinel-bearing peri-
xenoliths. All analysed samples plot near the field of dotite xenoliths are fragments of upper lithospheric
crustal xenoliths from Mercaderes studied by Weber et mantle (40 km), as suggested by Weber (1998). Some
al. (2002). Large variation in the 87Sr/86Sr ratios for of the garnet-bearing peridotite xenoliths derived from
A. Rodriguez-Vargas et al. / Lithos 82 (2005) 471–484 483
Dr
y
gradient; the source has Sr isotopic ratios similar to
Pe
r ido
10 those of the other reservoir, but distinct Nd isotopic
tite
Spinel
so
signature. This enrichment in radiogenic Nd, sugges-
lid
peridotites
us
15
tive of a different isotopic reservoir, could be related to
P (kbar)
-in
10 Gr t 30
km
Grt+Cpx+Opx
+Plg+Qtz
from the Pali Aike region, southernmost Chilean
Andes (Stern et al., 1999), include garnet- and spinel-
bearing xenoliths, but their isotopic signatures are
quite distinct. Garnet-bearing mantle xenoliths of Pali
5 15
Aike present lower 87Sr/86Sr ratios and less depleted
143
Lower crustal Nd/144Nd ratios, compared with the Mercaderes
xenoliths xenoliths, approaching the Nd and Sr isotopic
compositions of HIMU. The Pali Aike spinel-bearing
600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 peridotite xenoliths are Sr-enriched in comparison
T (˚C) with similar rocks from the Mercaderes area, except
for the sample XM-5, which is the most enriched in
Fig. 7. Pressure–temperature diagrams for crustal and mantle
xenoliths from the Mercaderes region (Weber, 1998). (a) Mantle
CaO, suggesting some contamination by fluids or
xenoliths show three distinct patterns. The spinel-bearing peridotite alteration. Pressure and temperature estimates for the
xenoliths formed at low P (16 kbar, 1065 8C), whereas the garnet- garnet- and spinel-bearing mantle xenoliths in Pali
bearing peridotite xenoliths formed at higher P and T. The high-PT Aike area are also distinct, with temperatures ranging
mantle xenoliths plot close to and parallel to the sub-oceanic from 970 to 1160 8C and pressures between 19 and 24
geotherm (29–35 kbar, 1250–1295 8C) and to the sub-continental
geotherm (N38 kbar, 1140–1175 8C). (b) Crustal xenoliths show P
kbar (Stern et al., 1999). Thus, in terms of lithosphere
varying from 10 to 15 kbar and T from 800 to 1100 8C. mantle evolution, these two regions present a MORB-
like signature (for spinel xenoliths), but an additional
a mantle source with OIB isotopic signature in high OIB-like region is suggested in the Mercaderes area.
P–T conditions, similar to that of a sub-continental An important mantle event has occurred at 1.0 Ga,
geothermal gradient. This is compatible with the as suggested by the Sm–Nd garnet and whole-rock
convergent tectonic setting of the region that is the isochron age. This age is older than other mantle
484 A. Rodriguez-Vargas et al. / Lithos 82 (2005) 471–484
extraction ages (T DM) in the Mercaderes region and Mercaderes (Cauca) y la Unión (Nariño). Trabajo de Grado
suggests a metasomatic or melting event, demonstrat- Universidad Nacional de Colombia Departamento de Geo-
ciencias, Bogotá. 157 pp.
ing a long history of mantle evolution in this area. Maya, M., 2001. Distribución, facies y edad de las rocas metamór-
Santos et al. (2000) described a geological event of ficas de Colombia. Informe vol. I-2426. Ingeominas. (59 pp.).
this age (1.33–0.99 Ga) in the nearby Sunsás Maya, M., Gonzalez, H., 1995. Unidades litodémicas en la
Province, and interpreted as an event of recycling of Cordillera Central de Colombia. Bol. Geol.-Ingeominas 35 (2–
3), 43 – 57.
continental crust during the Greenvillian Orogeny.
McCourt, W.J., Aspden, J.A., Brook, M., 1984. New geological
and geocrhronological data from the Colombian Andes: con-
tinental growth by multiple accretion. J. Geol. Soc. (Lond.) 141,
Acknowledgements 831 – 845.
Mercier, J.-C.C., Nicolas, A., 1975. Textures and fabrics of upper
We gratefully acknowledge Farid Chemale Junior mantle peridotites as illustrated by basalts xenoliths. J. Petrol. 16
for his support and comments on various aspects of (2), 454 – 487.
Murcia, L., Cepeda, V., 1991. Mapa geológico de Colombia,
laboratory studies. The manuscript benefited from
Plancha 410 – La Unión (Departamento de Nariño). Ingeomi-
constructive reviews by A. Giret and an anonymous nas. Escala 1:100.000. Memoria Explicativa: 22p.
reviewer. R. Rupp is warmly thanked for the English Nivia, A., Gizelle, M., Kerr, A., 1997. El Complejo Quebrada-
reviews, and V.P. Ferreira, A.N. Sial, and I. McReath grande una posible cuenca marginal intracratónica del Cretáceo
for editorial improvements. This work was funded by Superior en la Cordillera Central de los Andes Colombianos.
Ntaflos, T., Bjerg, E.A., Labudia, C.H., 2002. High temperature,
PROSUL-CNPq (project AC-74).
low-pressure garnet-bearing peridotite xenoliths from Pragua-
niyeu: evidence for plume activity in Northern Patagonia. 158
Congresso Geológico Argentino, El Calfate, Argentina, CD-
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