1

Assignment – Vector and Tensor Analysis

Problem 2. Prove that … where n, k and a are constants.

r
a. grad r  :
r

grad r   x12  x2 2  x32

    
 i1  i2  i3  x12  x2 2  x32
 x1 x2 x3 
    
 x12  x2 2  x32 i1  x12  x2 2  x32 i2  x12  x2 2  x32 i3 
 x1 x2 x3 
2 x1 2 x2 2 x3
 i1  i2  i3
2 x12  x2 2  x32 2 x12  x2 2  x32 2 x12  x2 2  x32
 1 
   x1i1  x2i2  x3i3 
 x2x 2x 2 
 1 2 3 
r
grad r 
r

b. grad r n  nr n2r :
    
 
n
grad r n   i1  i2  i3  x12  x2 2  x32
 x1 x2 x3 

      
n n n

  x1
2
 x 2
2
 x3
2
 x12  x2 2  x32  x12  x2 2  x32 
 i1  i2  i3 
 x1 x2 x3 
 

     
n 1 n 1 n 1
n x12  x2 2  x32 2 x1 n x12  x2 2  x32 2 x2 n x12  x2 2  x32 2 x3
 i1  i2  i3
2 x12  x2 2  x32 2 x12  x2 2  x32 2 x12  x2 2  x32

  
n 1

n x12  x2 2  x32 
   x1i1  x2i2  x3i3 
 x12  x2 2  x32 
 

 
n2
n x12  x2 2  x32  x1i1  x2i2  x3i3 
 nr n  2r

k k
c. grad  3r:
r r
 2

k      k 
grad  i1  i2  i3   
r  x1 x2 x3   x1  x2 2  x32
2 
 


 
 x1
i1 

x2
i2 
 
x3  
i3  k  x12  x2 2  x32 
1/2


  1 2 3 
  k x 2  x 2  x 2 1/2
i1 

 k  x12  x2 2  x32  
1/2

i2 

 k  x12  x2 2  x32 
1/2


i3 

 x1 x2 x3 
 
 k   k   k 
    x12  x2 2  x32  2 x1  i1     x12  x2 2  x32  2 x2  i2     x12  x2 2  x32  2 x3  i3
3/2 3/2 3/2

 2   2   2 
 k  x12  x2 2  x32 
3/2
 x1i1  x2i2  x3i3 
 
 k 
3  11
 x i  x2i2  x3i3 

  x12  x2 2  x32  

k
 r
r3
r
d. grad ln r  :
r2

 
grad ln r  

 1x
i1 


x 2
i2 

 
x3
i3  ln x12  x2 2  x32

 


 ln x12  x2 2  x32  i    ln x12  x2 2  x32  i    ln x12  x2 2  x32 i
x1 x2 x3
1 2 3

2 x1 2 x2 2 x3
2 x  x2  x3
2 2 2
2 x  x2  x3
2 2 2
2 x  x2 2  x32
2

 1
i1  1
i2  1
i3
x12  x2 2  x32 x12  x2 2  x32 x12  x2 2  x32
x1 x2 x3
 i  2 i2  2 i
 x  x2  x3   x1  x2  x3   x1  x22  x32  3
2
1
2 2 1 2 2

x1i1  x2i2  x3i3


 x12  x22  x32 
r

r2

r
e. grad   r    '  r  :
r
 3

    
grad   r    i1  i2  i3    r 
 x1 x2 x3 
  r    r    r 
 i1  i2  i3
x1 x2 x3
 '  r  x1  '  r  x2  '  r  x3
 i1  i2  i3
r r r
 'r 
  x1i1  x2i2  x3i3 
r
r
  'r 
r

f. grad  a r   a :

    
grad  a r    i1  i2  i3   a1 x1  a2 x2  a3 x3 
 x1 x2 x3 
  a1 x1  a2 x2  a3 x3    a1 x1  a2 x2  a3 x3    a1 x1  a2 x2  a3 x3 
 i1  i2  i3
x1 x2 x3
 a1i1  a2i2  a3i3
a

r '  r 
g. grad a r  r    a  r    a r 
r
    
grad a r  r     i1  i2  i3   a1 x1  a2 x2  a3 x3    r 
 x1 x2 x3 
  a1 x1  a2 x2  a3 x3    r     a1 x1  a2 x2  a3 x3    r     a1 x1  a2 x2  a3 x3    r  
  i1   i2   i3
x1 x2 x3
  a x  a x  a x   '  r  x1  i   a  r   a1 x1  a2 x2  a3 x3   '  r  x2  i
  a1  r   1 1 2 2 3 3 1  2   2
 r   r 
  a1 x1  a2 x2  a3 x3   '  r  x3  i
 a3  r   3
 r 
 a x  a x  a x  '  r  x i  x i  x i
  a1  r  i1  a2  r  i2  a3  r  i3   1 1 2 2 3 3  1 1 2 2 3 3
r
 a x  a x  a x  '  r  x i  x i  x i
   r   a1i1  a2i2  a3i3   1 1 2 2 3 3  1 1 2 2 3 3
r
r '  r 
 a  r    a r 
r

Problem 3: Prove that ….where n, k, a and c are constants.

 4

a. div r  3 :

    
div r       x1i1  x2i2  x3i3 
 x1 x2 x3 
   x1    x2    x3  
   
 x1 x2 x3 
 111
3

b. div  kr   3k :

    
div  kr        kx1i1  kx2i2  kx3i3 
 x1 x2 x3 
  kx1    kx2  k  x3 
  
x1 x2 x3
k k k
 3k

r
c. div  0:
r3

r       x1 x2 x3 
div      3 i1  3 i2  3 i3 
 x1 x2 x3  r r 
3
r r
  x1r 3    x2 r 3    x3r 3 
  
x1 x2 x3



 x1  x12  x2 2  x3 
2 3/2
  x x 2 1
2
 x2 2  x32 
3/2
  x x
3 1
2
 x2 2  x32 
3/2

x1 x2 x3
 3   3   3 
 x1    x12  x2 2  x32  2 x1   x2    x12  x2 2  x32  2 x2   x1    x12  x2 2  x32  2 x3 
5/2 5/ 2 5/2

 2   2   2 
  x12  x2 2  x32    x12  x2 2  x32  x  x2 2  x32 
3/2 3/2 3/2
 1
2

  x12  x2 2  x32   3  x12  x2 2  x32   3  x12  x2 2  x32  

5/2

 
  x12  x2 2  x32 
5/2
 0
0

d. div r nr   n  3 r n :
 5

    
   x1i1      x2i2      x i 
n n n
div r nr      x12  x2 2  x32 x12  x2 2  x32 x12  x2 2  x32
 x1 x2 x3  
3 3



 x1  x12  x2 2  x32 
n /2
  x x 2 1
2
 x2 2  x32 
n /2
  x x
3 1
2
 x2 2  x32 
n /2

x1 x2 x3
n n
 n n
 n n

 x1   x12  x2 2  x32  2 2 x1   x2   x12  x2 2  x32  2 2 x2   x3   x12  x2 2  x32  2 2 x3 
1 1 1

2  2  2 
  x12  x2 2  x32    x12  x2 2  x32    x12  x2 2  x32 
n /2 n /2 n /2

 n
1   n
1   n
1 
 nx12  x12  x2 2  x32  2   nx2 2  x12  x2 2  x32  2   nx32  x12  x2 2  x32  2 
     
3  x12  x2 2  x32 
n /2

 n
1 
 n  x12  x2 2  x32  2   x12  x2 2  x32   3  x12  x2 2  x32 
n /2

 
 n  x12  x2 2  x32   3  x12  x2 2  x32 
n /2 n /2

  n  3  x12  x2 2  x32 
n /2

  n  3 r n

e. div   r  r   3  r   r '  r  :

    
div   r  r         r  x1i1    r  x2i2    r  x3i3 

 1x  x 2 x3 

   r  x1     r  x2     r  x3 
  
x1 x2 x3
x1 x x
   r     r     r   x1 '  r 
 x2 '  r  2  x3 '  r  3
r r r
 x  x2  x2 
2 2 2
 3  r    '  r   1 
 r 
r 
2
 3  r    '  r   
r
 3  r   r '  r 

f. div r nc  nr n2  r c  :
 6

     n
div r nc       r c1i1  r c2i2  r c3i3 
n n


 1x x 2 x3 

  r n c1    r n c2    r n c3 
  
x1 x2 x3
 r n
  c  r   c  r 
n n

 c1
x1 x2 x3
2 3

 c1

  x12  x2 2  x3 
2 n /2
  c   x 1
2
 x2 2  x32 
n /2
  c   x
1
2
 x2 2  x32 
n /2

x1 x2 x3
2 3

n n n
 c1    x12  x2 2  x32  2 2 x1  c2    x12  x2 2  x32  2 2 x2  c3    x12  x2 2  x32  2 2 x3
n 1 n 1 n 1

2 2 2

n2
 n  x  x2  x3
1
2 2 2
 c x  c x
2
1 1 2 2  c3 x3 

 
n2
n x12  x2 2  x32  c1 x1  c2 x2  c3 x3 
 nr n  2  r c 

g. div  r  c   0 :

    
div  r  c       r  c
 x1 x2 x3 
    
    i1  r2 c3  r3c2   i2  r3c1  r1c3   i3  r1c2  r2c1  
 x1 x2 x3 
  r2 c3  r3c2    r3c1  r1c3    r1c2  r2c1 
  
x1 x2 x3
 000
0

h. div r  r c    4  c r  :

div r  r c      x1i1  x2i2  x3i3  x1c1  x2c2  x3c3  

   x12 c1  x1 x2 c2  x1 x3c3  i1   x1 x2 c1  x2 2c2  x2 x3c3  i2   x1 x3c1  x2 x3c2  x3 2c3  i3 
 2 x1c1  x2 c2  x3c3  x1c1  2 x2 c2  x3c3  x1c1  x2c2  2 x3c3
 4 x1c1  4 x2 c2  4 x3c3
 4  x1c1  x2 c2  x3c3 
 4 c r 
i. div a  r c    div c  a r    a c :
 7

div a  r c      a1i1  a2i2  a3i3  x1c1  x2c2  x3c3  

  x1a1c1  x2 a1c2  x3a1c3  i1   x1a2c1  x2 a2c2  x3a2c3  i2   x1a3c1  x2 a3c2  x3a3c3  i3 
 a1c1  a2c2  a3c3
a c

div c  a r      c1i1  c2i2  c3i3  x1a1  x2 a2  x3a3  

  x1a1c1  x2 a2 c1  x3a3c1  i1   x1a1c2  x2 a2c2  x3a3c2  i2   x1a1c3  x2 a2c3  x3a3c3  i3 
 a1c1  a2c2  a3c3
a c

j. div  r  a   c   2a c :

div  r  a   c    a  r c   r  a c  

   a1i1  a2i2  a3i3  x1c1  x2c2  x3c3    x1i1  x2i2  x3i3  a1c1  a2c2  a3c3  

  { x1a1c1  x2 a1c2  x3a1c3  i1   x1a2c1  x2 a2c2  x3a2c3  i2   x1a3c1  x2 a3c2  x3a3c3  i3 
  x1a1c1  x1a2 c2  x1a3c3  i1   x2 a1c1  x2 a2 c2  x2 a3c3  i2   x3a1c1  x3a2c2  x3a3c3  i3 }
 a1c1  a2 c2  a3c3  a1c1  a2 c2  a3c3  a1c1  a2 c2  a3c3  a1c1  a2c2  a3c3
 2a1c1  2a2 c2  2a3c3
 2  a1c1  a2 c2  a3c3 
 2a c

k. div  r  a   r   2a r :

div  r  a   r    a  r r   r  a r  

   a1i1  a2i2  a3i3   x12  x2 2  x32    x1i1  x2i2  x3i3  a1 x1  a2 x2  a3 x3  

  { x12 a1  x2 2 a1  x32 a1c3  i1   x12 a2  x2 2 a2  x32 a2  i2   x12 a3  x2 2 a3  x3 2 a3  i3 

  x12 a1  x1a2 x2  x1a3 x3  i1   x2 a1 x1  x2 2a2  x2 a3 x3  i2   x3 a1 x1  x3a2 x2  x32 a3  i3 }

 2a1 x1  2a2 x2  2a3 x3  2a1 x1  a2 x2  a3 x3  a1 x1  2a2 x2  a3 x3  a1 x1  a2 x2  2a3 x3
 2a1 x1  2a2 x2  2a3 x3
 2  a1 x1  a2 x2  a3 x3 
 2a r