1 ACI 546-B - Materials Selection Guide

2 ACI Spring Convention - Charlotte, NC

3 Sunday, 26 March 2006
4 8:30 - 10:00 am
5
6 AGENDA
7
8
91.0 Review status of first version of Guide.
10
112.0 Review outline of second version of Guide (see attached TOC)
12
13  Discuss draft of new Chapter 4 (attached) prepared by Helen Zeng.
14
15  Discuss authors for new Chapters 5 and 6.
16New Table of Contents
17
18Chapter 1 - Introduction
19
20Chapter 2 - Properties of [Surface] Repair [and Overlay] Materials and Their Importance
21
22Chapter 3 - [Surface] Repair [and Overlay] Material Selection
23
24New Chapter 4 - Properties of Crack Repair Materials and Their Importance
25
26Chapter 5 - Crack Repair Material Selection - rewrite of 2nd half of existing Chapter 3
27
28New Chapter 5 - Properties of Surface Sealers and Membranes and Their Importance
29
30New Chapter 6 - Surface Sealer and Membrane Material Selection
31
32Chapter 7 - References
33
34Appendix A
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35CHAPTER 4 —PROPERTIES OF CRACK REPAIR MATERIALS AND THEIR

36IMPORTANCE

37

384.1—General

39 As discussed in Chapter 2, compatibility between the properties of repair

40materials and the intended substrate is an important consideration. For example, the

41success of many crack repairs depends on repair materials that have significantly

42different properties from that of the substrate. It is necessary to know the properties of the

43repair materials and the substrate before a decision is made on the approach to be taken

44for a particular repair (McDonald, Vaysburd, Emmons, Poston, and Kesner 2002).

45 Many properties of repair materials and of existing concrete are time dependent.

46In all cases where material properties are specified, the corresponding age of the

47materials should be noted. The user should note that most ASTM test methods cited in

48this guide are performed at standard conditions (essentially room temperature in many

49cases); the reported properties may not reflect the actual properties of the repair material

50in service conditions.

51 This chapter discusses properties of crack repair materials and test methods used

52to evaluate them. Some of the test methods are not specifically applicable for certain

53repair materials or repair applications, but may be useful for comparing repair materials.

54The descriptions of the various test methods are necessarily brief. The standards

55themselves should be consulted for details. Material manufacturers should provide test

56databased on standard ASTM and other test methods. Refer to Appendix A for further

57discussion regarding modifications to standard test methods.

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584.2—Mechanical properties

59 Mechanical properties affect the way the repair material interacts with the

60substrate concrete. In most cases it is essential that the repair material remains bonded to

61the substrate concrete on both sides of the crack. It is also important that the repair

62material has sufficient strength and flexibility to withstand the stresses and movements

63that occur at the crack.

64 4.2.1 Bond strength and adhesion-to-peel strength-Bond strength (adhesion) and

65adhesion-to-peel strength are the resistance of the repair material to separation from the

66substrate concrete on the sides of the crack. They relate to the ability of the two materials

67to act as one. It is essential that a repair material have sufficient bond or adhesive strength

68such that the repair does not separate from the substrate concrete. It may be desirable for

69the bond or adhesive strength to be larger than the minimum requirement so that any

70reduction due to field-installation conditions is not as critical. Bond or adhesive strengths

71that exceed the tensile strength of the substrate will induce failure in the substrate if

72sufficient interface stresses result from shrinkage, thermal movement, or other factors.

73 Five test methods are used to measure bond strength.

74  ASTM C 882 – Standard Test Method for Bond Strength of Epoxy-Resin

75 Systems Used With Concrete by Slant Shear;

76  ASTM C 1042 – Standard Test Method for Bond Strength of Latex

77 Systems Used With Concrete by Slant Shear;

78  ASTM C 1404 – Standard Test Method for Bond Strength of Adhesive

79 Systems Used With Concrete as Measured by Direct Tension;

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80  ACI 503R - Use of Epoxy Compounds with Concrete, Appendix A –

81 Direct Tensile Bonding Test (or Pull Off Test); and

82  Michigan Department of Transportation (M-DOT) Direct Shear Bonding

83 Test – Qualification Procedure for Prepackaged Hydraulic Patching

84 Mortars.

85 These test methods all are used to measure or infer the bond strength of rigid

86materials, such as epoxy, HMWM, cement grout and mortar, polymer-modified grout and

87mortar, and polymer grout and mortar. See 2.3.4 for a discussion of these test methods.

88 Two test methods are used to measure adhesion-to-peel strength.

89  ASTM C 794 - Standard Test Method for Adhesion-in-Peel of Elastomeric

90 Joint Sealants; and

91  ASTM D 903 - Standard Test Method for Peel or Stripping Strength of

92 Adhesive Bonds.

93 ASTM C 794 is used to measure the adhesion of elastomeric crack repair

94materials. In this test method, sheets of the elastomeric sealant are applied to test

95specimens and, after specified curing and immersion in water, strips of the sealant are

96peeled off the specimen by a testing machine. While this test is a laboratory procedure, a

97modified version can be used to evaluate, in a subjective manner, field installations.

98ASTM D 903 is used to measure the adhesion of a preformed flexible strip system. The

99preformed strip is adhered to a concrete specimen in accordance with the

100recommendations of the adhesive manufacturer, and then pulled off at a uniform rate with

101the pull-off load recorded.

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102 ASTM C 794-This test involves 152 mm by 76 mm by 9.5 mm (6 in. by 3 in. by

1033/8 in.) mortar slab specimens that are cured for seven days in limewater. The surface is

104then ground to uniformly expose the aggregates, rinsed, and dried overnight at 105 to

105110°C (220 to 230°F). The surface is primed as recommended by the sealant

106manufacturer, and a strip of masking tape is applied across the test surface. The sealant is

107then applied over a portion of the test surface to a thickness of slightly more than 1.6 mm

108(1/16 in.). A piece of cloth is saturated with the sealant and laid over the sealant on the

109test specimen. A glass rod is rolled over the cloth, simultaneously pressing on the cloth, to

110squeegee the sealant to 1.6 mm (1/16 in.) thick, and the excess material is trimmed off.

111Multi-component compounds are cured for 14 days at 23°C (73°F). Single-component

112compounds are cured for 7 days at 23°C (73°F), 50% relative humidity; 7 days at 38°C

113(100°F), 95% relative humidity; and 7 days at 23°C (73°F), 50% relative humidity.

114 After the full curing period, two 1-in. wide test strips are made by 4 cuts

115completely through to the substrate mortar. The specimen is then completely immersed in

116distilled water for 7 days. After the 7-day immersion, the specimen is wiped dry and the

117sealant is released from the masking tape, leaving a 63.5-mm (2- 1/2-in.) length adhered

118to the substrate. A testing machine is used to pull back the test strip at an angle of 180° at

119a rate of separation of 50.8 mm (2 in.)/min. The sealant is pulled for about 1 min., and the

120average force in newtons (or pounds-force) is measured and recorded.

121 While this test is useful for comparative purposes, the preparation procedure and

122curing regimen bear little resemblance to field conditions.

123 ASTM D 903-This test involves preconditioning and preparing 25 mm by

124203 mm (1 in. by 8 in.) concrete specimens in accordance with the recommendations of

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125the adhesive manufacturer. A preformed flexible strip measuring 25 mm by 305 mm (1 in.

126by 12 in.) is bonded for a 152-mm (6-in.) length at one end of the concrete specimen in

127accordance with the procedure and recommendations as outlined by the adhesive

128manufacturer. The specimens are then conditioned by exposure for 7 days to a relative

129humidity of 50% at 23°C (73°F), unless the adhesive manufacturer specifies that the 7-

130day period is unnecessary or that a shorter period is adequate. After conditioning, about

13125 mm (1 in.) of preformed strip is separated from the concrete specimen, and the

132preformed strip is pulled off at a separation rate of 152 mm (6 in.)/min. The pull-off load

133is measured, and the average pull-off load is reported in units of kilograms per millimeter

134(pounds per inch) of width. This test should provide a good indication of field adhesion.

135 4.2.2 Tensile strength and elongation–Tensile strength is the maximum unit stress

136a material is capable of resisting under axial tension loading. Elongation is the amount of

137deformation that the specimen undergoes due to axial tension loading. Tensile strength is

138an indication of the cohesive strength of the repair material, and elongation indicates that

139amount of crack movement that the repair material can experience prior to failure.

140 Seven test methods are used to measure tensile strength.

141  ASTM C 307 – Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Chemical-

142 Resistant Mortar, Grouts, and Monolithic Surfacing;

143  ASTM C 496 – Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of

144 Cylindrical Concrete Specimens;

145  CRD-C 164 - Standard Test Method for Direct Tensile Strength of

146 Cylindrical Concrete or Mortar Specimens; and

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147  ASTM C 190 (discontinued in 1991) – Test Method for Tensile Strength of

148 Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Withdrawn 1990).

149These four tests are mainly for test the tensile strength of cementitious-based repair

150materials. See 2.3.7 for discussion of these test methods.

151Three test methods are used for rubber or plastic crack repair materials:

152  ASTM D 412 – Standard Test Method for Tensile strength of vulcanized

153 Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers ;

154  ASTM D 638 – Standard Test Method for Tensile strength of Plastics;

155  ASTM D1623 – Standard Test Method for Tensile and Tensile adhesion

156 Properties of Rigid Cellular Plastics;

157ASTM D412 – This test is used to measure the tensile strength of a rubber or

158thermoplastic elastomer materials like polyurethane/silicone sealant or strip and seal

159system. This elongation consists of both permanent and recoverable components - thus

160the time for stretching and recovery are important factors. Sheet material is cut according

161to the procedure to dumbbell shape with 2.0  0.2mm thick died out in the direction of

162the grain. Straight specimens may be prepared if it is not practical to cut either a

163dumbbell or a ring specimen as in the case of a narrow strip. Tested at 25C and 50%

164relative humidity, place the dumbbell or straight specimen in the grips of the testing

165machine with 500 50mm/min (20  2in./min) rate of grip separation. Record the force at

166the elongations specified for the test and at the time of rupture. Calculate the tensile

167strength by dividing the maximum load in newtons by the original minimum cross-

168section area of the specimen. Express the result in pasca and report it as tensile strength at

169yield or tensile strength at break, whichever term is applicable.

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170The Elongation at the break was measured preferably through the use of an extensometer.

171Elongation at break is be reading the extension recorded by extensometer at the point of

172specimen rupture. Divide that extension by the original gage length and multiply by 100.

173ASTM D638 - This test method is used to determine the tensile properties of un-

174reinforced and reinforced plastics – including epoxy resin and polymer mortar/grout (for

175crack and shallow surface repairs). This test method can be used for testing materials of

176any thickness up to 14mm. The test specimen is normally die cut from a large sheet to

177dumbbell shape to the dimensions shown in this standard, normally it’s 38  15mm

178overall size and 5  22mm in the gauge area. Place the specimen in the grips of the

179testing machine and set the speed of testing by the material specification or follow the

180typical speed of ISO 527 at 5 or 50mm/min. Record the load-extension curve and get the

181load and extension at the yield point and at the moment of rupture. Calculate the tensile

182strength by dividing the maximum load in newtons by the original minimum cross-

183section area of the specimen. Express the result in pasca and report it as tensile strength at

184yield or tensile strength at break, whichever term is applicable.

185ASTM D1623 – This is test standard to measure the tensile strength and elongation at

186break point for rigid cellular plastics, like polyurethane chemical grout.

187Test samples are typically die cut from large sheets to dumbbell shape with the diameter

188of the specimen defined by this standard. The tensile strength and elongation at break

189calculated in the same way as ASTM D638.

1904.2.3 Joint Movement- is the property of a sealant material ability to withstand cyclic

191expansion and contraction in a joint. ASTM C719 – Standard Test Method for Adhesion

192and Cohesion of Elastomeric Joint Sealants Under Cyclic Movement, could be used to
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193measure this cyclic movement. The standard substrate is in size 3 by 1 by 1inch block for

194Portland cement mortar, and 3 by 1 by ¼ inch for glass plates and aluminum plate. Apply

195a bead of sealant ½ by ½ by 2 in. (12.7 by 12.7 by 50.8 mm)between parallel 1 by 3 in.

196faces of similar blocks or plates. Cure multi-component sealant samples for 14 days at

197standard conditions; cure specimens made with single-component sealants for a total 21

198days. After curing period, specimens shall be subjected to series of treatment as follows:

1991) immersion in water for seven days; 2) exposed in the oven at 70C for seven days

200while under compression; 3) After the oven treatment, cool the specimen to standard

201temperature and subject to 10 cycles of automatic compression and extension cycling at

202room temperature at 1/8 in. (3.2mm)/h. The effects of the test shall be evaluated by visual

203inspection for cohesive and adhesive failures, sealant deformation and bubble formation

204within the sealant. The typical test movements are 12.5 and 25%.

2054.2.4 Elasticity–Elasticity is the property of a material that causes it to recover its original

206size and shape after an applied deformation or force is removed. Elasticity is primarily

207important for materials intended to bridge moving cracks, such as some crack sealants

208and surface coatings. Elasticity is typically quantified by measuring the elongation of a

209material in tension, as in the ASTM D 638 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties

210of Plastics.

2114.2.5 Modulus of elasticity-The modulus of elasticity is the ratio of normal stress to

212corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stress below the proportional limit of the

213material. If the repair is not structural, then typically a repair material with a modulus of

214elasticity lower than the substrate concrete is desirable, so it can more readily

215accommodate future movements both within the repair material and at the interface
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216between the repair material and the substrate concrete. A lower modulus is particularly

217desirable if the repair material has volume properties that differ significantly from those

218of the substrate concrete. If a repair is intended to share load with the existing structure (a

219structural repair), it is desirable for the elastic moduli of both materials to match as

220closely as possible. If the repair material is stiffer, it will attract more of the applied load.

221Significant deviations can lead to uneven load distribution and system failure.

222Two ASTM test methods are typically used to measure the modulus of elasticity of repair

223materials.

224  ASTM C 469 – Standard Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity and

225 Poisson’s Ratio of Concrete in Compression; and

226  ASTM C 580 – Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength and Modulus

227 of Elasticity of Chemical-Resistant Mortars, Grouts, Monolithic

228 Surfacings, and Polymer Concretes.

229The modulus of elasticity is determined from the slope of the linear portion of the stress-

230strain curve generated in either ASTM test method. This testing requires special

231instrumentation to monitor the induced strain. Results are reported in stress units (MPa or

232psi). An acceptable value for the modulus of elasticity of a repair material depends on the

233demands of the specific repair. A schematic of the ASTM C 469 test is shown in Fig. 2.4.

234 4.2.6 Tear strength -Tear strength, or resistance the maximum force required to

235cause a cut, defect, or localized deformation. ASTM D 624 is typically used to test the

236tear strength of crack repair materials. A tearing stress is applied to a test specimen by

237means of a tensile testing machine operated without interruption at a constant rate of

238crosshead traverse until the specimen is completely torn. The machine steady rate of grip
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239separation shall be 50050mm/min or 50 5mm/min depends on the type of specimens.

240Calculate the tear strength, Ts, in kilonewtons per meter of thickness, by the formula:

241 Ts = F/d

242Where F is the maximum force; d is the median thickness of each test piece.

243 4.2.7 Shear strength - The shear strength is the maximum load required to shear

244the specimen in such a manner that the moving portion has completely cleared the

245stationary portion. It is expressed in megapascals. ASTM D732 is normally used to test

246the shear strength of crack repair materials. The specimen shall consist of a 50-mm

247square or a 50-mm diameter disk cut from sheet material or molded into this form.

248 4.2.8 Flexural strength and modulus of rupture–Flexural strength, or modulus of

249rupture, indicates the ability of a material to resist failure in bending. Five test methods

250are used to measure the flexural strength of different types of repair materials.

251  ASTM C 78 – Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete

252 (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading);

253  ASTM C 293 – Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete

254 (Using Simple Beam With Center-Point Loading);

255  ASTM C 348 – Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Hydraulic-

256 Cement Mortars;

257  ASTM C 580 – Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength and Modulus

258 of Elasticity of Chemical-Resistant Mortars, Grouts, Monolithic

259 Surfacings, and Polymer Concretes; and

260  ASTM D 790 – Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of

261 Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials.

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262 Flexural strength is determined by casting a beam specimen of a given material

263and testing it in bending. Tests use concrete beams supported at their ends with either one

264(ASTM C 293, C 348, C 580, and D 790) or two loading points (ASTM C 78), as shown

265schematically in Fig. 2.11. The one-point loading at mid-span creates the maximum

266tensile stress at a single cross section where the load is applied, whereas the two-point

267loading at the third points produces the maximum tensile stress over the middle third of

268the specimen, making the test less susceptible to scatter due to non-uniform material.

269Tests have shown that the flexural strength from third-point loading may be about 0.52

270MPa (75 psi) less than that obtained from center-point loading. (PCA 1966) The resulting

271flexural strength is reported in stress units (psi, MPa).

272 4.2.9 Compressive strength–Compressive strength is the measured maximum

273resistance of a material to axial compressive loading, expressed as force per unit cross-

274sectional area. Two test methods are used to measure compressive strength.

275  ASTM C 39 – Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of

276 Cylindrical Concrete Specimens; and

277  ASTM C 109 – Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of

278 Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. [50-mm] Cube Specimens).

279 Compressive strength is determined by applying an increasing axial compression

280load until the specimen is unable to support that additional load. The ultimate load is

281divided by the cross-sectional area to determine the ultimate failure stress (MPa or psi).

282ASTM C 39 tests cylindrical concrete specimens; the specimens can vary in size, but 76

283mm x 152 mm (3 in. x 6 in.), 102 mm x 203 mm (4 in. x 8 in.), and 203 mm x 305 mm (6

284in. x 12 in.) cylinders are most common. ASTM C 109 tests 50 mm (2 in.) mortar cubes.
 12November 2004 Revision

285A schematic of the test set-up is shown in Fig. 2.8. Usually it is desirable to have a

286compressive strength similar to that of the substrate concrete, but at least 27.6 MPa

287(4,000 psi).

288 4.2.10 Shore A hardness - Shore a hardness is also called Durometer Hardness,

289which describes the resistance of material to indentation by 3 spring loaded indenter. It is

290inversely related to the penetration and is dependent on the elastic modulus and

291viscoelastic behavior of the material. It is commonly used for “softer” plastics like

292polyolefins, fluoropolymers, vinyls and polyurethane sealant. ASTM D 2240 is used as

293test standard. Specimens need to be 0.25" (6mm) thick, with a 1"(25 mm) surrounding

294area for accurate measurements to qualify for ASTM Durometer testing. Place the

295specimen on the specimen support and actuate the release the release lever to allow the

296durometer to descend at a control rate and apply the pressure foot to the specimen. After

297the presser foot is in contact with the specimen, the indicated reading shall be recorded

298within 10.1 s. Make five determinations of hardness at different positions on the

299specimen at least 6.0 mm apart and calculate the mean value. The typical value for

300polyurethane sealant is 15-50 (see Table 2.2)

301 4.2.11 Coefficient of thermal expansion–The coefficient of thermal expansion is

302the change in linear dimension per unit length of a material per degree of temperature

303change. In situations where temperatures are not controlled — such as in exterior and

304some interior applications — it is desirable for the repair material to have a coefficient of

305thermal expansion similar to that of the substrate concrete, so the two materials behave

306similarly under daily and seasonal temperature variations. If the coefficients vary
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307significantly, the differential movements due to temperature fluctuations could affect the

308performance of the repair and should be accounted for in the repair design. The

309coefficient of thermal expansion for concrete typically ranges from 4 x 10-6 to 14 x

31010-6/oC (2 x 10-6 to 8 × 10-6 /°F), depending primarily on the aggregate type.

311 Four test methods are used to determine the coefficient of thermal expansion.

312  ASTM C 531 – Standard Test Method for Linear Shrinkage and

313 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Chemical-Resistant Mortars, Grouts,

314 Monolithic Surfacings, and Polymer Concretes;

315  ASTM D 696 – Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal

316 Expansion of Plastics Between -30°C and 30°C With a Vitreous Silica

317 Dilatometer;

318  CRD-C 39 – Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Concrete; and

319  ASTM C 884 – Standard Test Method for Thermal Compatibility Between

320 Concrete and an Epoxy-Resin Overlay.

321 ASTM C 531 and D 696 and CRD-C 39 are test methods in which the coefficient

322of thermal expansion is measured by determining the change in length of a material at

323constant humidity between two different temperatures, typically 4.5º and 60º C (40º and

324140º F). Results are reported as strain per unit temperature change. ASTM C 884 is a test

325method in which thermal compatibility between concrete and an epoxy resin overlay is

326determined by a similar approach. In this case, a concrete substrate with an epoxy-resin

327overlay is cycled through a temperature range of 25º and -21º C (77º and –6º F) five

328times. If the epoxy resin debonds or if either material shows cracking, the epoxy resin

329fails the test.

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330 4.2.12 Volume stability-Volume stability refers to initial and long-term changes in

331the linear dimensions or volume of the repair material after placement. Volume stability

332properties affect the compatibility of the repair material with the substrate concrete. The

333substrate concrete is usually relatively stable, with minimal residual creep and shrinkage

334deformations. Any shrinkage or expansion of the repair material should occur before the

335repair material has reached its final set (when creep is high), or it should be

336accommodated in some manner in the repair design (i.e., use of control joints, curing,

337avoidance of reentrant corners, avoidance of high length-to-width ratio configurations,

338etc.).

339 Many cementitious materials undergo early shrinkage within the first few hours to

340days after application. Non-cementitious materials, such as those with polymeric binders,

341tend to be more stable with little or no shrinkage; however these materials are subject to

342greater volume changes due to temperature variations. Significant changes in the repair

343material volume can cause high shear stresses at the interface, debonding from the

344substrate concrete, and cracking of the repair material. Stresses created in the repair

345material by restrained contraction and expansion may be reduced by using repair

346materials with a lower modulus of elasticity or a higher rate of creep. Expansion of the

347repair material may be resisted by keying it into the substrate concrete or by otherwise

348providing restraint or confinement. Cracking of the repair material to relieve restrained

349shrinkage should be anticipated and further repairs may be needed.

350 Five test methods are used to evaluate volume stability:

351  ASTM C 157 – Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hardened

352 Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete;

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353  ICRI Guideline for Repair Material Data Sheet Protocol (ICRI Data Sheet

354 Protocol);

355  ASTM C 596 – Standard Test Method for Drying Shrinkage of Mortar

356 Containing Hydraulic Cement;

357  ASTM C 806 – Standard Test Method for Restrained Expansion of

358 Expansive Cement Mortar;

359  ASTM C 827 – Standard Test Method for Change in Height at Early Ages

360 of Cylindrical Specimens of Cementitious Mixtures; and

361  AASHTO PP34 – Practice for Estimating the Crack Tendency of

362 Concrete.

363 ASTM C 157, ASTM C 596, and ASTM C 806 are test methods that involve

364monitoring the length of test specimens over time under different curing conditions. A

365restraining cage with an embedded steel rod is used in ASTM C 806 to restrain the

366specimen expansion. ASTM C 827 is a test method that involves monitoring the height of

367cylindrical test specimens until the specimens harden. AASHTO PP34 is a test procedure

368that involves measuring the strains and observing cracking in donut-shaped specimens

369with inner steel rings. The primary use of all of these test methods is to provide a relative

370comparison of various materials when tested in the same fashion.

371 ASTM C 157 -The curing and comparator reading regimen in this test method is

372not especially applicable for repair mortars and concretes. The test specimens are

373approximately 285 mm (11 1/4 in.) long and vary in cross section from 25 mm (1 in.)

374square for mortar specimens to 75 mm (3 in.) or 100 mm (4 in.) square for concrete

375specimens. Initially, the test specimens are stored in a moist room for 24 hours;
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376demolded, and placed in lime-saturated water for 15 to 30 min. Initial length comparator

377measurements are then made. The specimens are then stored in lime-saturated water for

378another 27 days and another set of length comparator measurements are made. Following

379these measurements, the specimens are stored in either lime-saturated water or in a drying

380room, and length comparator measurements are taken at 4, 7, 14, and 28 days (drying

381room storage only) and 8, 16, 32, and 64 weeks. The length change, in percent, at any age

382is then calculated. Typical shrinkage strains range from 0.02 (expansion) to -0.12%

383(shrinkage). The length comparator set-up is shown in Fig. 2.1.

384 Neither of the curing regimens is representative of field conditions for most repair

385mortars because the initial length comparator measurement is made at 24 hours (ignoring

386volume changes within the first 24 hours), extensive wet curing is used, and the

387specimens are not restrained. In field conditions, the bonding of the repair material to the

388substrate concrete provides restraint to shrinkage.

389 When testing shrinkage-compensated mortars, unrealistic curing conditions and

390inappropriate comparator reading schedules can lead to misleadingly low values of

391drying shrinkage. It is critical that the demolding time, curing conditions, and comparator

392reading schedule are understood when interpreting the test results. For example, if the

393initial measurement is recorded while the material is still expanding, the ultimate drying

394shrinkage appears less than it actually is; therefore, the net length change (expansion less

395shrinkage) during the test should be used as the value for drying shrinkage.

396 The specimen size has a great bearing on the shrinkage results. A 25 mm (1 in.)

397square specimen shrinks more quickly than 75 mm (3 in.) or 100 mm (4 in.) square
 17November 2004 Revision

398specimens. If larger specimens are used, it may be appropriate to consider shrinkage at

39916 weeks instead of 28 days.

400 ICRI Data Sheet Protocol - This Protocol describes a modification of ASTM

401C 157 and makes recommendations for reporting properties appropriate for cement-based

402repair materials. The standard test specimen is 76 mm (3 in.) square by 275 mm

403(11 3/4 in.) so the same surface area to volume ratio exists for mortar, extended mortar,

404and concrete. Non-polymer-cement materials are cured in a moist room for 24 hours, or

4052 hours after final setting time for rapid hardening materials, and demolded. Initial

406comparator readings are then made based upon setting time as an indicator of

407development of sufficient strength to handle the bar. Polymer-cement materials are

408covered with polyethylene film immediately after casting, and demolded after 24 hours or

4092 hours after final setting time for rapid hardening materials, in accordance with ASTM

410C 1439. Initial comparator readings are then made. The specimens are then stored in a

411drying room or a water tank, and comparator readings are made at ages of 3, 7, 14, 28,

412and 56 days. Measurements continue until 90% of the ultimate drying shrinkage, as

413determined by ASTM C 596, is attained.

414 ASTM C 596–The length change on drying is determined for flowable mortar

415containing hydraulic cement and graded standard sand. The test specimens are 25 mm (1

416in.) square by 285 mm (11 1/4 in.). Specimens are moist cured for 24 hours, demolded,

417and then cured in lime-saturated water for 48 hours. Length comparator measurements

418are then made. The specimens are then stored in air for 25 days, and length comparator

419measurements are made after 4, 11, 18, and 25 days. Typical shrinkage strains range from

420-0.05 to -0.15 %. In general, values more negative than –0.10 % are considered too high
 18November 2004 Revision

421for concrete repair. By this criterion, many repair materials are in fact inappropriate in

422applications where shrinkage may be an issue.

423 ASTM C 806–This test method is most likely not appropriate for use with all

424repair mortars because of the underwater curing prescribed. The test specimens are 50

425mm (2 in.) square by 250 mm (10 in.) long. A restraining cage, including a steel rod, is

426cast with the specimen. Immediately after casting, the specimens are covered with

427polyethylene sheets for 6 hours, when the specimens are demolded. The specimens are

428then cured in lime-saturated water for 28 days. Comparator measurements are made after

4297 and 28 days, and the expansion or shrinkage is calculated. A typical value for expansion

430is 0.06 % under the conditions of this test.

431 ASTM C 827-The early-age movements of cylindrical specimens of cementitious

432mixtures of paste, grout, mortar, and concrete are measured. Depending on the size of the

433aggregates, the specimen size varies from 50 mm (2 in.) diameter by 100 mm (4 in.) high

434to 150 mm (6 in.) diameter by 300 mm (12 in.) high. Immediately after molding the

435specimens, a metal indicator ball is partially embedded in the top of the specimen.

436Movements of the ball are then measured optically at 5 min. intervals for the first

43790 min., at 10 min. intervals for the next hour and at 20 min. intervals until the mixture

438has hardened. The change in height of the specimen is then calculated. The test set-up is

439shown in Fig. 2.2.

440 AASHTO PP34–This practice measures the strains in a donut-shaped specimen

441cast around a steel ring, shown in Fig. 2.3. The specimens have an inside diameter of 305

442mm (12 in.), an outside diameter of 457 mm (18 in.), and a height of 150 mm (6 in.). The

443specimens are wet cured for 24 hours, and then demolded. The top surface is then sealed.
 19November 2004 Revision

444As the repair material shrinks, strain is applied to the steel ring, which is fitted with strain

445gauges. Strains are measured every 30 min., and the specimens are visually inspected

446every 2 to 3 days. The specimens are monitored for 2 weeks after cracking. The

447appearance of the first crack is indicated when the strains measured at one or more strain

448gages suddenly decreases, The test is intended to give an indication of when cracking due

449to restrained shrinkage may occur; it simulates the conditions of applied repair materials.

450The results provide a measure of a material’s tendency to crack that is affected by a

451combination of several material properties, including drying shrinkage, modulus of

452elasticity, tensile strength, strain capacity, and creep.

453

4544.3—Installation Characteristics

455 Installation characteristics are those material properties that affect or limit the

456installation or application of the repair material.

457 4.3.1 Cohesiveness—The cohesiveness of a repair material is its ability to remain

458intact, or not segregate, during its application. The cohesiveness of the repair material is

459important for the ease of construction and the uniformity of the repair. For instance, for

460surface repairs on vertical and overhead surfaces, a more cohesive material can be

461applied in thicker lifts with less chance of internal separations or debonding before

462setting.

463 4.3.2 Viscosity—Viscosity is the resistance to flow exhibited by a fluid. Viscosity

464is affected by such factors as the method of measurement (viscometer or rheometer

465geometry), temperature, and the rate of applied shear strain. Materials with low viscosity

466flow more freely than those with higher viscosity. In general, low-viscosity materials are
 20November 2004 Revision

467used to repair cracks and to penetrate into the concrete pores. Flowable, self-

468consolidating materials are also available for surface repairs.

469 4.3.3 Tack-free time - Tack is the property of being sticky or adhesive. So "tack-

470free" is the time it takes for a bead of sealant to cure to the point it can be touched

471without sticking to it. This character defines the necessary interval of recoating. Test

472standard is ASTM C 679 – 03 – Standard test method for tack-free time of elastomeric

473sealants. The test shall be conducted at 25C1C, and 45%-55% R.H.

474 4.3.4 Gel time – Gel time is the interval between the beginning of mixing and the

475formation of the gelatinous mass. Item 11.2 of ASTM C881 describes the test method to

476determine the gel time. Prepare 60 g of the material and transfer as much as possible of

477the sample to an 8-oz un-waxed paper cup and set it on a wooden surface in a location

478maintained at the conditioning temperature depends on manufacturer’s guide. Determine

479the time at which a soft gelatinous mass forms in the center of the sample by probing

480every 2 min with a wooden tongue depressor or similar device starting 8 min after the

481beginning of mixing. In general, appropriate gel time gives enough working time

482necessary to finish the application.

483 4.3.5 Environmental considerations—The repair material should be suitable for

484the specific repair application environment. For example, some environmental limitations

485at the time of construction include the air and concrete temperatures, the amount of

486moisture on the surface of the substrate concrete, the relative humidity, the wind speed,

487whether the repair area is in direct sunlight or shade, and anticipated climatic conditions

488that occur before the repair material reaches its final set. The choice of specific repair

489materials and their corresponding properties depends on actual construction conditions,

 21November 2004 Revision

490or the construction conditions should be modified to fit the properties of the repair

491materials chosen.

492

4934.4—Aesthetic properties

494 The appearance of repair materials is of importance in certain circumstances.

495 4.4.1 Surface texture–The surface texture of the repair should generally match that

496of the adjacent material.

497 4.4.2 Color–The color of the repair should generally match that of the adjacent

498material, unless the repair is not visible, such as after the application of a coating.

499 4.4.3 Aging-Some repair materials will change appearance as they age due to

500weathering, drying, or curing.

501 4.4.4 Moisture absorption-The appearance of the repair material could change

502when it gets wet, and then change to its original appearance as it dries. The changes in

503appearance may be different from the adjacent concrete.

504

5054.5—Service Conditions

506 Service conditions can place various demands on the repair material, and the

507repair material may need to have enhanced properties for long-term durability. Conditions

508can include exposure to moisture, temperature variations, chemicals, and mechanical

509wear.

510 4.5.1 Water absorption- the relative rate of absorption of water by strip and seal

511system. The test specimen shall be 60  60  1mm. Put specimens in a container of

512distilled water at a temperature of 23  1C, and be entirely immersed into water. At the
 22November 2004 Revision

513end of 24 hours, remove specimens from the water one at a time. Wiped off all surface

514water with a dry cloth and weighed to the nearest 0.001 g immediately. Water absorption

515is calculated to the nearest 0.01% as percentage weight increase of the specimen after and

516before immersion of the water.

517

518 4.5.2 Heat-deflection temperature - The test determines the temperature at which

519an arbitrary deformation occurs when specimens are subjected to an arbitrary set of

520testing conditions. The standard used to test is ASTM D648 – Standard Test Method for

521Deflection Temperature of Plastics Under Flexural Load in the Edgewise Position. A bar

522of rectangular cross section is tested in the edge wise position as a simple beam with the

523load applied at its center to give maximum fiber stresses of 0.455 Mpa (66psi). The test

524specimens need to be condition at 23  2C and 50 5% relative humidity for not less

525than 40 prior to test. The specimen is immersed under load in a heat-transfer medium

526provided with a means of raising the temperature at 2  0.2C/min. The temperature of

527the medium is measured when the test bar has deflected 0.25mm. This temperature is

528recorded as the deflection temperature under flexural load of the test specimen.

529 4.5.3 Weathering and staining - This is an accelerated laboratory procedure to

530determine if a sample of a joint sealant will stain the substrate when in contract with

531masonry, concrete, or stone. This method is also intended to determine whether the

532sealant itself will change in color when exposed to the weather.

533

534

535
 23November 2004 Revision

5364.6—Summary table

537 Table 4.1 presents a general summary of some of the test procedures described in

538this Chapter, including in some cases typical test values. Because it is a summary, it is

539necessarily brief. The text of the Chapter should be referred to for further information.

540Where recommended values are listed, they represent the minimum values recommended

541by Committee 546 for typical repair materials used in successful repairs, and are not

542necessarily applicable for all conditions. Some of the recommended test methods listed in

543the table are not appropriate for certain repair materials or repair applications; some are

544useful for comparing different materials.

545
 24November 2004 Revision

546 TABLE 4.1 – SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE TEST METHODS AND TEST VALUES FOR

547 CRACK REPAIR MATERIALS

548 Note: Materials tested at 20oC unless noted otherwise.

SI Units Inch Pound Units

Specimen Recommended
Description* Test Method Recommended
Age Typical Value Typical Value Recommended Value Test
Value
EPOXY RESIN
4.2.1 Bond strength ASTM C 882 14 days 6.9 to 20.7 MPa > 10.0 MPa 1,000 to 3,000 psi > 1,500 psi Yes
4.2.2 Tensile ASTM D 638 7 days 27.6 to 55.2 MPa > 34.5 MPa 4,000 to 8,000 psi > 5,000 psi Yes
strength
Elongation at ASTM D 638 7 days 1 to 10% 1 to 10% 1 to 10% 1 to 10% Yes
break
4.2.5 Modulus of ASTM D 638 14 days 1.4 to 4.1 GPa 2.1 to 3.4 GPa 2 to 6 x 105 psi 3 to 5 x 105 psi Yes
elasticity
Compressive ASTM D 695 7 days 0.52 to 3.45 GPa > 1.03 GPa 75,000 to 500,000 psi > 150,000 psi Yes
modulus
4.2.7 Shear strength ASTM D 732 14 days 17.2 to 68.9 MPa > 13.8 MPa 2,500 to 10,000 psi > 2,000 psi No
4.2.8 Flexural ASTM D 790 14 days 34.5 to 103.4 MPa >7 MPa 5,000 to 15,000 psi > 1,000 psi No
strength
4.2.9 Compressive ASTM D 695 7 days 34.5 to 103.4 MPa > 21 MPa 5,000 to 15,000 psi > 3,000 psi Yes
strength
4.2.12 Coefficient of ASTM D 2566 - 0.002 to 0.01 < 0.005 0.002 to 0.01 < 0.005 Yes
linear
shrinkage
4.3.2 Viscosity ASTM D 2393 Immediately 50 to 2,000 cP < 1,000 cP 50 to 2,000 cP < 1,000 cP Yes
4.3.4 Gel time ASTM C 881 - 5 minutes to 3 hours > 30 minutes 5 minutes to 3 hours > 30 minutes Yes
4.5.1 Water ASTM D 570 24 hours 0.25 to 1.5% < 1% 0.25 to 1.5% < 1% Yes
absorption
4.5.2 Heat- ASTM D 648 7 days 43 to 71oC > 49oC 110 to 160oF > 120oF Yes
deflection
temperature
 25November 2004 Revision

SI Units Inch Pound Units

Specimen Recommended
Description* Test Method Recommended
Age Typical Value Typical Value Recommended Value Test
Value
HIGH MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
METHACRYLATE
4.2.1 Bond strength ASTM C 882 14 days 6.9 to 20.7 MPa > 10.0 MPa 1,000 to 3,000 psi > 1,500 psi Yes
4.2.9 Compressive ASTM D 695 7 days 20.7 to 68.9 MPa > 20.7 MPa 3,000 to 10,000 psi > 3,000 psi Yes
strength
4.3.2 Viscosity ASTM D 2393 Immediately 20 to 200 cP < 100 cP 20 to 200 cP < 100 cP Yes
4.3.4 Gel time ASTM C 881 - 5 minutes to 1 hour > 10 minutes 5 minutes to 1 hour > 10 minutes Yes
CEMENT GROUT
AND MORTAR
4.2.1 Bond strength
Slant shear ASTM C 882 1 day 2.8 to 6.9 MPa 400 to 1,000 psi No
bond ASTM C1042 7 days 6.9 to 10.4. MPa 1,000 to 1,800 psi No
28 days 13.8 to 20.7 MPa 2,000 to 3,000 psi
Direct tensile ASTM C 1404 28 days 1.0 to 1.7 MPa See discussion 250 to 300 psi See discussion Yes
bond ACI 503R 1 day 0.5 to 1.0 MPa 70 to 150 psi Yes
Direct shear M-DOT 1 day 1.0 to 2.1 MPa 150 to 300 psi No
bond 7 days 2.1 to 2.8 MPa 300 to 400 psi
28 days 2.8 to 4.1 MPa 400 to 600 psi
4.2.2 Tensile ASTM C 307
strength ASTM C 496 2.8 to 12.4 MPa > 2.8 MPa 400 to 1,800 psi > 400 psi Yes
CRD-C 164 1.4 to 4.2 MPa > 2.8 MPa 200 to 600 psi > 400 psi Yes
4.2.5 Modulus of ASTM C 469 28 days 6.8 to 37.9 GPa 1 to 5.5 x 106 psi Yes
See discussion See discussion
elasticity ASTM C 580 28 days 2.1 to 20.7 GPa 0.3 to 3 x 106 psi Yes
4.2.9 Compressive ASTM C 39 28 days 20.7 to 68.9 MPa Similar to 3,000 to 10,000 psi Similar to substrate Yes
strength ASTM C 109 28 days 27.6 to 82.7 MPa substrate 4,000 to 12,000 psi Yes
 26November 2004 Revision

SI Units Inch Pound Units

Specimen Recommended
Description* Test Method Recommended
Age Typical Value Typical Value Recommended Value Test
Value
4.2.11 Coefficient of ASTM C 531 28 days 0.64 x 10-6/oC 14 x 10-6/oF Yes
thermal ASTM D 696 0.64 x 10-6/oC 14 x 10-6/oF Yes
See discussion See discussion
expansion CRD-C 39 0.274 x 10-6/oC 6 x 10-6/oF Yes
ASTM C 884 Qualitative test Qualitative test Yes
4.2.12 Volume
stability
Length change ASTM C 157 28 days 0.02% (expansion) to See discussion 0.02% (expansion) to See discussion No
-0.12% (shrinkage) -0.12% (shrinkage)
Drying ASTM C 596 28 days -0.05 to -0.15% < -0.10% -0.05 to -0.15% < -0.10% Yes
shrinkage
Restrained ASTM C 806 28 days 0.06% See discussion 0.06% See discussion Yes
expansion
POLYMER-
MODIFIED GROUT
AND MORTAR
4.2.1 Bond strength
Slant shear ASTM C 882 1 day 2.8 to 6.9 MPa 400 to 1,000 psi No
bond ASTM C1042 7 days 6.9 to 10.4. MPa 1,000 to 1,800 psi No
28 days 13.8 to 20.7 MPa 2,000 to 3,000 psi
Direct tensile ASTM C 1404 28 days 1.0 to 1.7 MPa See discussion 250 to 300 psi See discussion Yes
bond ACI 503R 1 day 0.5 to 1.0 MPa 70 to 150 psi Yes
Direct shear M-DOT 1 day 1.0 to 2.1 MPa 150 to 300 psi No
bond 7 days 2.1 to 2.8 MPa 300 to 400 psi
28 days 2.8 to 4.1 MPa 400 to 600 psi
4.2.2 Tensile ASTM C 307
strength ASTM C 496 2.8 to 12.4 MPa > 2.8 MPa 400 to 1,800 psi > 400 psi Yes
CRD-C 164 1.4 to 4.2 MPa > 2.8 MPa 200 to 600 psi > 400 psi Yes
 27November 2004 Revision

SI Units Inch Pound Units

Specimen Recommended
Description* Test Method Recommended
Age Typical Value Typical Value Recommended Value Test
Value
4.2.5 Modulus of ASTM C 469 28 days 6.8 to 37.9 GPa 1 to 5.5 x 106 psi Yes
See discussion See discussion
elasticity ASTM C 580 28 days 2.1 to 20.7 GPa 0.3 to 3 x 106 psi Yes
4.2.9 Compressive ASTM C 39 28 days 20.7 to 68.9 MPa Similar to 3,000 to 10,000 psi Similar to substrate Yes
strength ASTM C 109 28 days 27.6 to 82.7 MPa substrate 4,000 to 12,000 psi Yes
4.2.11 Coefficient of ASTM C 531 28 days 0.64 x 10-6/oC 14 x 10-6/oF Yes
thermal ASTM D 696 0.64 x 10-6/oC 14 x 10-6/oF Yes
See discussion See discussion
expansion CRD-C 39 0.274 x 10-6/oC 6 x 10-6/oF Yes
ASTM C 884 Qualitative test Qualitative test Yes
4.2.12 Volume
stability
Length change ASTM C 157 28 days 0.02% (expansion) to See discussion 0.02% (expansion) to See discussion No
-0.12% (shrinkage) -0.12% (shrinkage)
Drying ASTM C 596 28 days -0.05 to -0.15% < -0.10% -0.05 to -0.15% < -0.10% Yes
shrinkage
Restrained ASTM C 806 28 days 0.06% See discussion 0.06% See discussion Yes
expansion
POLYMER GROUT
AND MORTAR
4.2.1 Bond strength ASTM C 882 14 days 6.9 to 20.7 MPa > 10.0 MPa 1,000 to 3,000 psi > 1,500 psi Yes
4.2.2 Tensile ASTM D 638 14 days 3.4 to 10.3 MPa > 5.2 MPa 500 to 1,500 psi > 750 psi Yes
strength
4.2.5 Modulus of ASTM D 638 14 days 1.4 to 6.9 GPa 1.4 to 6.9 GPa 2 to 10 x 105 psi 2 to 10 x 105 psi Yes
elasticity
Compressive ASTM D 695 7 days 0.69 to 6.89 GPa > 1.03 GPa 100,000 to 1,000,000 > 150,000 psi No
modulus psi
4.2.7 Shear strength ASTM D 732 14 days 13.8 to 34.5 MPa > 13.8 MPa 2,000 to 5,000 psi > 2,000 psi No
4.2.8 Flexural ASTM D 790 14 days 13.8 to 34.5 MPa > 6.9 MPa 2,000 to 5,000 psi > 1,000 psi Yes
strength

4.2.9 Compressive ASTM D 695 7 days 20.7 to 82.7 MPa > 20.7 MPa 3,000 to 12,000 psi > 3,000 psi Yes
strength
4.2.11 Coefficient of ASTM C 531 - 4.1 to 5.1 x 10-5/ °C Similar to 2.3 to 2.8 x 10-5/ °F Similar to substrate Yes
 28November 2004 Revision

SI Units Inch Pound Units

Specimen Recommended
Description* Test Method Recommended
Age Typical Value Typical Value Recommended Value Test
Value
thermal substrate
expansion
4.3.4 Gel time ASTM C 881 Immediately 5 minutes to 3 hours > 30 minutes 5 minutes to 3 hours > 30 minutes Yes
4.5.2 Heat- ASTM D 648 7 days 43 to 71oC > 49oC 110 to 160oF > 120oF Yes
deflection
temperature
POLYURETHANE
GROUT
4.2.2 Tensile ASTM D 1623 No
strength
Elongation at ASTM D 1623 14 days 25 to 400% > 15% 25 to 400% > 15% Yes
break
4.2.7 Shear strength ASTM C 73 No
4.2.12 Volume ASTM D 2126 14 days 0 to 10% < 1% 0 to 10% < 1% Yes
stability -
shrinkage
POLYURETHANE
SEALANT
4.2.1 Adhesion-to- ASTM C 794 21 days 22 to 180 N > 22 N 5 to 40 lb. > 5 lb. Yes
peel strength
4.2.2 Tensile ASTM D 412 21 days 0.7 to 1.7 MPa 0.7 to 1.7 MPa 100 to 250 psi 100 to 250 psi No
strength
Elongation at ASTM D 412 21 days 400 to 800% > 400% 400 to 800% > 400% Yes
break
4.2.3 Joint ASTM C 719 21 days 12.5 to 25% 12.5 to 25% 12.5 to 25% 12.5 to 25% Yes
movement
4.2.6 Tear strength ASTM D 624 21 days 0.89 to 1.8 kg/mm 0.89 to 50 to 100 lb./in 50 to 100 lb./in No
1.8 kg/mm
4.2.10 Shore A ASTM D 2240 21 days 15 to 50 15 to 50 15 to 50 15 to 50 Yes
hardness
4.3.3 Tack-free time ASTM C 679 NA 7 to 24 hours < 72 hours 7 to 24 hours < 72 hours Yes
4.5.3 Artificial ASTM C 510 21 days 500 to 2,000 hours > 100 hours 500 to 2,000 hours > 100 hours Yes
 29November 2004 Revision

SI Units Inch Pound Units

Specimen Recommended
Description* Test Method Recommended
Age Typical Value Typical Value Recommended Value Test
Value
weathering and
staining
SILICONE
SEALANT
4.2.1 Adhesion-to- ASTM C 794 21 days 2.3 to 11.3 kg > 2.3 kg 5 to 25 lb. > 5 lb. Yes
peel strength
4.2.2 Tensile ASTM D 412 21 days 0.7 to 2.1 MPa 0.7 to 2.1 MPa 100 to 300 psi 100 to 300 psi No
strength
Elongation at ASTM D 412 21 days 400 to 1,000% > 400% 400 to 1,000% > 400% Yes
break
4.2.3 Joint ASTM C 719 21 days 50 to 100% 50 to 100% 50 to 100 % 50 to 100 % Yes
movement
4.2.6 Tear strength ASTM D 624 21 days 0.36 to 0.71 kg/mm > 0.89 kg/mm 20 to 40 lb./in. > 50 lb./in. Yes
4.2.10 Shore A ASTM D 2240 21 days 5 to 15 5 to 15 5 to 15 5 to 15 Yes
hardness
4.3.3 Tack-free time ASTM C 679 1 to 2 hours < 72 hours 1 to 2 hours < 72 hours Yes
4.5.3 Artificial ASTM C 510 21 days 500 to 2,000 hours > 100 hours 500 to 2,000 hours > 100 hours Yes
weathering and
staining

STRIP AND SEAL

SYSTEM
 30November 2004 Revision

SI Units Inch Pound Units

Specimen Recommended
Description* Test Method Recommended
Age Typical Value Typical Value Recommended Value Test
Value

Sheeting
4.2.2 Tensile ASTM D 412 6.8 MPa 1,000 psi Note 1
strength
Elongation at ASTM D 412 800% 800% Note 1
break
4.2.6 Tear strength ASTM D 624 44.6 kg/cm 250 lbs/in. Note 1

Adhesive
4.2.1 Bond strength ASTM C 882 14 days 6.9 to 20.7 MPa > 10.3 MPa 1,000 to 3,000 psi > 1,500 psi Yes
4.2.2 Tensile ASTM D 638 7 days 13.8 to 34.5 MPa > 13.8 MPa 2,000 to 5,000 psi > 2,000 psi Yes
strength
Elongation at ASTM D 638 7 days 0.1 to 1% > 0.25% 0.1 to 1% > 0.25% Yes
break
4.2.5 Modulus of ASTM D 638 14 days 1.38 to 6.89 GPa 1.4 to 6.9 GPa 2 to 10 x 105 psi 2 to 10 x 105 psi Yes
elasticity
4.2.7 Shear strength ASTM D 732 14 days 13.8 to 34.5 MPa > 13.8 MPa 2,000 to 5,000 psi > 2,000 psi Yes
4.2.8 Flexural ASTM D 790 14 days 13.8 to 34.5 MPa > 6.9 MPa 2,000 to 5,000 psi > 1,000 psi Yes
strength
4.2.9 Compressive ASTM D 695 7 days 34.5 to 103.4 MPa > 20.7 MPa 5,000 to 15,000 psi > 3,000 psi Yes
strength
4.3.4 Gel time ASTM C 881 20 to 60 min. > 30 min. 20 to 60 min. > 30 min. Yes
4.5.1 Water ASTM D 570 24 hours 0.25 to 1.5% < 1% 0.25 to 1.5% < 1% Yes
absorption
4.5.2 Heat- ASTM D 648 7 days 43 to 71oC > 48.9oC 110 to 160oF > 120oF Yes
deflection
temperature
System
Peel Strength ASTM D 903 7 days No loss of adhesion No loss of adhesion Note 1
549
550Note 1. Tests indicated in the Recommended Test column do not have a recommendation from Committee 546.
 31November 2004 Revision

32

33

34 TABLE 4.1 – SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE TEST METHODS AND TEST VALUES FOR

35 CRACK REPAIR MATERIALS (cont.)

36 Note: Materials tested at 20oC unless noted otherwise.

37
551