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Menoufia University
Environmental Engineering
First Year
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 5
Environmental
Nuclear pollution
In Arabic pollution
CHAPTER 7
Aquatic chemistry
and water pollution
Dr. Khalid Mahmoud Hassan ٢
ﺍﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
Chemistry of
Environmental Pollution
٤ Dr. Khalid Mahmoud Hassan
Index
1- Environment
3- Atmospheric Chemistry
Geosphere
Biosphere
Anthroposphere
Water
Covers about 70% of Earth’s surface and over 97 % of
this water exists in oceans.
Carries plant nutrients from soil into the bodies of plants by way
of plant roots.
The part of the Earth upon which humans live, and from
which they extract most of their food, minerals, and
fuels.
The lithosphere,
lithosphere extends to depths of 100 km and
comprises two shells - the crust and upper mantle.
Is the earth’s relatively thin zone of air, soil, and water that is
capable of supporting life, ranging from about 10 km into the
atmosphere to the deepest ocean floor.
The ocean on which the ship moves belongs to the hydrosphere, but
it is clearly used by humans.
The terms fauna and flora are collective names given to animals
and plants respectively
Have you ever seen the air over a big city turned cloudy?
How is it formed?
Most air pollution comes from one human activity: burning fossil
fuels, natural gas, coal, and oil to power industrial processes and
motor vehicles
These acids are bad for the lungs and attack anything made of
limestone, marble, or metal.
Before the automobile age, most smog came from burning coal.
Effects of smog are even worse for the very young and the very old
people who suffer from asthma or heart disease.
Water seeping through mines and mine tailings may become polluted.
For example, residues left from the beneficiation of coal are often
enriched in pyrite, FeS, which is oxidized microbiologically and
chemically to produce damaging acidic drainage (acid mine water)
which can pollute the soil, surface water and underground water.
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
N2 (78.1%)
O2 (21%)
Is above 80 km altitude.
Chemical Reactions
NO2 + hν NO2*
H2O + hν HO. + H.
O3 + hν O* + O2
O* + H2O 2 HO.
Dr. Khalid Mahmoud Hassan ٥١
Removal of hydroxyl radical, HO•
CO + HO. CO2 + H
carbon monoxide hydrogen atom
H + O2 HOO.
hydrogen atom hydroperoxyl radical
O2
oxygen atoms, O excited oxygen molecules, O2*
O2 + hν O + O
O3 + hν ( λ < 308 nm ) O* + O2
O+ O + O O2 + O*
O + hν O+ + e-
O+ + O2 O 2+ + O
O+ + N2 NO+ + N
O2 + hν O2+ + e-
N2+ + O2 N2 + O2+
O2 + hν O + O
O + O2 + M O3 + M (increased energy)
O3 + hν O2 + O
O3 + O O2 + O2
O3 + HO . O2 + HOO .
Dr. Khalid Mahmoud Hassan ٦٥
D) Reactions of Atmospheric Nitrogen
N2 + hν N + N
N2 + O NO+ + N
N2 + O+ NO+ + N
monatomic nitrogen
NO+ + e- N + O
N2 + hν N2+ + e-
N2 + O NO+ + N
NO + hν NO+ + e-
Although only about 0.035% (350 ppm) of air consists of carbon dioxide, it
is the atmospheric “nonpollutant” species of most concern.
CO2 + hν CO + O
Reaction
H2O + hν HO . + H
Ozone in the upper atmosphere filters out the ultraviolet light below
about 360 nm that is dangerous for living things.