Do you know that….

• The average human being is composed of around

100 Trillion individual cells!!!
• Each cell has about 10,000 times as many
molecules as the Milky Way has stars
• Three-hundred-million cells die in the human
body every minute
 Discovery of Cells
• 1665- English Scientist, Robert
Hooke, discovered cells while
looking at a thin slice of cork.
• He described the cells as tiny
boxes or a honeycomb
• He thought that cells only
existed in plants and fungi
 Anton van
Leuwenhoek
• 1673- Used a handmade
microscope to observe pond
scum & discovered single-celled
organisms
• He called them “animalcules”
• He also observed blood cells from
fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and
humans
• Therefore, it was known that cells
are found in animals as well as
plants
 Development of Cell Theory
• 1838- German Botanist, Matthias Schleiden,
concluded that all plant parts are made of cells
• 1839- German physiologist, Theodor Schwann,
who was a close friend of Schleiden, stated that
all animal tissues are composed of cells.
Development of Cell Theory
• 1858- Rudolf Virchow, German physician, after
extensive study of cellular pathology, concluded
that cells must arise from preexisting cells.
The 3 Basic Components of the
Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of one or more
cells. (Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39)
2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living
things. (Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39)
3. All cells are produced by the division of
preexisting cells. (Virchow)(1858)
 Modern Cell Theory
Modern Cell Theory contains 4
statements, in addition to the
original Cell Theory:
2. The cell contains hereditary
information(DNA) which is passed
on from cell to cell during cell
division.
3. All cells are basically the same in
chemical composition and metabolic
activities.
 Modern Cell Theory

3. All basic chemical & physiological

functions are carried out inside the
cells.(movement, digestion,etc)

4. Cell activity depends on the

activities of sub-cellular structures
within the cell(organelles, nucleus,
plasma membrane)
 Modern Microscopes
– Types
• Light microscope (400-1000X)
• Confocal/Fluorescence microscope
(500X)
• Electron microscope (1000-10000X)
MICROSCOPE
The light microscope enables
us to see the overall shape
and structure of a cell
Confocal/Fluorescence
microscope
•combined the laser scanning
method with the 3D detection
of biological objects labeled
with fluorescent markers
•achieves a controlled and
highly limited depth of focus
 • They use a beam of
electrons instead of light
– allows greater
magnification
– reveals cellular details
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
-produces an image of
the 3D structure of the
surface of a specimen

Transmission electron
microscope (TEM)
DIVERSITY OF CELLS
Two Fundamentally Different
Types of Cells
The PRESENCE OR ABSENCE of a NUCLEUS is
important for Classifying Cells.
 Prokaryotes – Domain Bacteria
-> Single cell organisms
-> No nucleus, no
compartments
-> Peptidoglycan cell walls
-> Binary fission
-> For energy, use organic
chemicals, inorganic
chemicals, or photosynthesis
Prokaryotes – Domain Archea
-> Lack peptidoglycan
-> Live in extreme
environments
Include:
Methanogens
Extreme halophiles
Extreme thermophiles
-> Role in disease not well
understood—this group
has only recently been
discovered
Eukaryotes
• Structural Differences
– Plants have choloroplasts, a large
central vacuole and a cell wall
– Plant cells do not have centrioles
– Plant cells have plasmodesmata
– Animal cells have gap junctions
• Physiological Differences
– Plant cells have photosynthesis in
addition to respiration
– During mitosis a cell plate is
formed in plant cells
– Starch is molecule for energy
storage while in animal cells it is
glycogen
– Large central vacuole stores more
water and carbohydrates then
animal cell vacuoles
 Different Cell Parts

In cells, various specialized

functions occur in specific
places. These places are
called organelles (small
organs)
 Plasma Membrane

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

• Cell membrane separates living cell from nonliving
surroundings
– thin barrier = 8nm thick
• Controls traffic in & out of the cell
– selectively permeable
– allows some substances to cross more easily than others
• hydrophobic vs hydrophilic
• Made of phospholipids, proteins & other
macromolecules
 Phospholipid Bilayer
• Lipids
– Organic compounds
– Fats + Oils POLAR
blePhosphate
– Non-polar
HEAD
S o lu
r - Group
– Insoluble in water (Not attracted to te
water) Wa Glycerol
Backbone
Phosphate Head
– Polar
– Water-soluble (Attracted to water)
FATTY
b le
ACIDS
ol u
In s
er -
at
W

Here is what a phospholipid

bi-layer looks like as a
sphere
 Permeability of phospholipid bilayers
• The internal composition
of the cell is maintained
because the plasma
membrane is selectively
permeable to small
molecules.
• Only small, relatively
hydrophobic molecules are
able to diffuse across a
phospholipid bilayer at
significant rates by using
passive diffusion.
Transport Across Membranes
Transport Across Membranes: PASSIVE
DIFFUSION
The movement of molecules or ions from a region
where they are at a high concentration to a region of
lower concentration
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
• Gases (oxygen, carbon
dioxide)
• Water molecules (rate
slow due to polarity)
• Lipids (steroid
hormones)
• Lipid soluble molecules
(hydrocarbons,
alcohols, some
vitamins)
• Small noncharged
molecules (NH3)
FACILITATED DIFFUSION

• Ions
(Na+, K+, Cl-)
• Sugars (Glucose)
• Amino Acids
• Small water soluble
molecules
• Water (faster rate)
 How do molecules move through the plasma
membrane by facilitated diffusion?

• Channel and Carrier proteins are specific:

• Channel Proteins allow ions, small solutes, and water to pass
• Carrier Proteins move glucose and amino acids
• Facilitated diffusion is rate limited, by the number of
proteins channels/carriers present in the membrane.
OSMOSIS
– Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a differentially
permeable membrane.
– Osmotic pressure is the pressure that develops in a
system due to osmosis.
 Concentration of water
• Direction of osmosis is determined by
comparing total solute concentrations
– Hypertonic - more solute, less water
– Hypotonic - less solute, more water
– Isotonic - equal solute, equal water

water

hypotonic hypertonic

net movement of water

 Active Transport
• Cells may need to move molecules against concentration
gradient
– shape change transports solute from
one side of membrane to other
– protein “pump”
conformational change
– “costs” energy = ATP low

ATP

high
“The Doorman”
Endocytosis
Vesicles form as a way to transport molecules into
a cell
a. Phagocytosis
Large,particulate matter (Bacteria, viruses, and
aged or dead cells).
b. Pinocytosis
Liquids and small particles dissolved in liquid
Exocytosis
Vesicles form as a way to transport
molecules out of a cell
 Cytoplasm

• Thick, clear liquid residing between the

cell membrane holding organelles
•many of the complex chemical
reactions/ metabolic pathways take
place here such as:
Glycolysis
gluconeogenesis
biosynthesis of sugars, fatty
acids, and amino acids
Mitochondria
* site of cellular respiration
* POWERHOUSE OF A CELL
Where energy is released from nutrients
* there are MANY in a single cell
* has two layers, makes up a double membrane
 Act similar to electric power
plant
 Up to 300 to 800 per cell
 Come from cytoplasm in
EGG
 You inherited your
mitochondria from your
mother
Can replicate itself: BINARY FISSION

ENDOSYMBIOSIS
certain organelles originated as free-living bacteria
that were taken inside another cell as endosymbionts.
Mitochondria developed from proteobacteria
The ultrastructure of
mitochondrion
(1) outer membrane
 It is fairly smooth.
 It is composed of
phospholipid bilayer
protein.
 it has channel protein:
hole protein , permit that
small molecule substance
freely pass.
(2)inner membrane
they are more proteins than phospholipids.
it has no hole protein , so penetrability is weak.
(3) intermembrane space
 it contains enzymes. It can catalyze
ATP to create ADP.

(4)Matrix
Enzymes are abundant in the matrix . It also contains
mitochondrial genetic system including DNA and
ribosome.

(5) elementary particle

 it also call ATP synthase.
 it lies in the inner membrane.
The Functions of
mitochondrion

•Production of ATP through

respiration
•cellular metabolism
citric acid cycle or the
Krebs Cycle
Chloroplasts
absorb
cross section
leaves of leaf sunlight & CO2

CO2

chloroplasts
in plant cell

chloroplasts
chloroplast contain
chlorophyll make
energy & sugar
Structure
• Chloroplasts
– double membrane
inner membrane
– stroma outer membrane

• fluid-filled interior stroma

– thylakoid sacs
– grana stacks
granum
• Thylakoid membrane thylakoid

contains
– chlorophyll molecules
– electron transport chain
Nucleus
* surrounded by a nuclear
membrane
* only found in EUKARYOTES
* contains genetic material
(DNA) in the form of
chromosomes that controls the
activities of the cell
* serves as the information and
administrative center of the cell
 Nucleus: Structure
•Nucleoplasm
•Nuclear envelope
•Nuclear pores
•Chromatin
DNA + associated proteins
•Nucleolus
internal structure of nucleus,
site of ribosome assembly
•Chromatin vs. Chromosome
The Major Functions of the Nucleus

•stores the cell's hereditary material,

or DNA
•coordinates the cell's activities
-intermediary metabolism
-growth
-protein synthesis
-reproduction (cell division)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- a series of interconnecting channels associated with
storage, synthesis, and transport of substances within the cell

two types:
A) rough--the 'ER' studded with ribosomes
B) smooth--the 'ER' without any ribosomes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
production and processing of specific
proteins at ribosomal sites.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
•carbohydrate metabolism
•regulation of calcium ions
•synthesis of steroids and lipids
•drug detoxification
•metabolism of steroids
Ribosomes
Protein Synthesis
"translates" the genetic information from `
RNA into proteins
 Golgi Apparatus
•looks like a stack of flattened
pancakes
• All of the proteins and lipids
synthesized by the RER and SER are
sent to the golgi.
•sorts, modifies, and packages the
products of the RER and SER before
sending them to their final
destination inside or outside of the
cell.
Vacuole
" a "space" in a cell that contains water or other materials; usually
for storage
A) food vacuoles--store food
B) contractile vacuoles-- squeeze out excess water
Centrioles
•found in animal cells; rare in plants
•cylindrical structures (like cans) found in the
cytoplasm that appears to function during cell
division (reproduction)
•involved in the organization of the mitotic spindle
and in the completion of cytokinesis
Cell Wall
•found mostly in plant cells (some monerans,
protists, and fungi too)
•a non-living structure which surrounds and
supports a cell
•made of cellulose, a complex carbohydrate
Lysosome
“Suicidal bags of the cell”
a vacuole that contains digestive enzymes; helps
in the process of nutrition by breaking down nutrients
in the cell
Peroxisomes
•helps to rid the body of the host organism of toxins
•breakdown of very long chain fatty acids through beta-
oxidation
Cilia and Flagella
•these are hair-like organelles that
extend from the surface of many
different types of cells
D)cilia--are typically smaller than flagella,
but they cover the outside of the organism
E)flagella--are much longer than cilia, but
there usually are few on a single cell
•these structures usually aid in
movement
•they can also help sweep materials
along the outside of a cell