REDES DE COMPUTADORES

Tema 1. Introducción

Alberto Arellano A. Ing. Msc.

aarellano@espoch.edu.ec
CCNA – CCNP - CCSP
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What is a Network?

“A network consists of two or more computers or

devices that are linked in order to share resources,
exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The
computers or devices on a network may be linked
through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites,
or infrared light beams.” The Florida Center for
Instructional Technology

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Network Components: Servers and Clients

 Servers provide information and services to clients

 e-mail, web pages.
 Clients request information from the server. 3
 Server Computers

 Servers have software installed that enable them to provide

information (email or web pages), to other hosts on the network.
 Each service requires separate server software.
 A single computer can run multiple types of server software. 4
Server Computers Software

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 SCADA
Supervisory control and
data acquisition (SCADA) is
a system of software and
hardware elements that allows
industrial organizations to:
• Control industrial
processes locally or at
remote locations
• Monitor, gather, and
process real-time data
• Directly interact with
devices such as sensors,
valves, pumps, motors, and
more through human-
machine interface (HMI)
software
• Record events into a log
file 6
Client Computers
Software

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Network Infrastructure

 The network infrastructure contains two categories of network

components:
 Devices
 End Devices
 Networking Devices
 Media 8
End devices

 End devices or hosts:

 The source or destination of a message.
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End devices
Industrial

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Networking Devices

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Industrial Networking Devices

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Network Media

 Network media: The medium over which the message

travels.
 Metallic wires - electrical impulses.
 Fiber optics – pulses of light
 Wireless – electromagnetic waves. 13
Industrial Network Media

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Physical Topology

 Physical topology means the placement of the

elements of the network, including the location of the
devices or the layout of the cables.
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Physical Topology

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 Physical Topology – Star Topology
 It’s called a star topology because all communication
has to go through the switch, it is the central component
of our

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Local Area Network (LAN)

 A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects

computers and devices in a limited geographical area.
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Local Area Network (LAN)…

Main characteristics of LAN:

 Areas of coverage: LANs located within the same
building such as a home, school computer
laboratory, office building.
 Distance: LANs span (cover) distance less than a 10
km.
 Ownership: LANs are owned and operated by
individual organizations.
 Technologies: Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, WLAN

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 Types of LAN
 Personal Area Network (PAN) is a type of wireless
network that works within a very small area (10 meters).
 Types of LAN
 A House area network (HAN) is a type of local area network
that develops from the need to facilitate communication and
interoperability among digital devices present inside or within the
close vicinity of a home
 Wireless PAN – Z-WAVE
 Z-Wave is a wireless communications protocol designed for
home automation, specifically for remote control applications
in residential and light commercial environments. Data rate
(100 kpbs)
 WirelessPAN – BLUETOOTH
 Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging
data over short distances (using short-wavelength UHF radio
waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz. Data rate (3
mbps)
 Wireless PAN – ZIGBEE

 ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high-level

communication protocols used to create personal area
networks built from small, low-power digital radios. ZigBee is
based on an IEEE 802.15.4 standard
Zigbee - Details

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 EJERCICIO
Una red VAN que implementa la tecnología 802.15.4, está compuesta por 20
automóviles cada uno de los cuales posee un sistema de adquisición de
datos (motas) mediantes sensores, cada uno de las motas está compuesto
por 8 sensores: 2 de Temperatura, 1 tacómetro, un sensor de flujo de aire y 4
sensores de proximidad, además de un módulo de comunicación en 2.4 Ghz.,
las características de los sensores se muestran a continuación:

Sensor Rango de Medida Observaciones

Temperatura PT100 -50º C a 100º C Considere 1 bit para representar el

signo del valor

Tacómetro 0 – 8000 RPM

Flujo de Aire 0 – 250000 m/s

Sensor de Proximidad 0 – 10 m Este valor por precisión se mide en

centímetros

Determine:
• El % de uso de la red si todos las 20 automóviles están transmitiendo datos, y si se
considera un uso real del 75% del bit rate nominal del estándar 802.15.4.
• El tiempo de servicio de la red cuando 10, 15 y 20 autos transmiten datos, considere
un uso real del 50, 80 y 10% del bit rate nominal del estándar 802.15.4
 Wireless PAN – BODY AREA NETWORK
 A body area network (BAN), also referred to as a wireless
body area network (WBAN) or a body sensor network (BSN),
is a wireless network of wearable computing devices.
 Wireless- Controller Area Network
 A Controller Area Network (CAN bus) is a vehicle
bus standard designed to allow microcontrollers and devices
to communicate with each other in applications without a host
computer. Transmitting and receiving data at 20kbps in the
unlicensed 900MHz band.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

 A metropolitan area
network (MAN) is a
high-speed network that
connects local area
networks (LANs) in a
metropolitan area.
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Main characteristics of MAN:
 Areas of coverage: MANs connect various
locations such as campuses, offices, and
government, that are frequently used as links
between buildings.
 Distance: MANs span (cover) distance up to 100
miles (161 km).
 Ownership: MANs are owned by a group of users
who jointly own and operate the network.
 Technologies: Metro Ethernet, SMDS, WIMAX
 Wide Area Network (WAN)

 A wide area network (WAN) is a network that

covers a large geographical area.
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
Main characteristics of WAN:
 Areas of coverage: WANs located within a
countryside and worldwide networks, (such as a city,
country, or the world) using a communications
channel that combines many types of media such as
telephone lines, cables and radio waves. The Internet
is the world’s largest WAN.
 Distance: WANs span (cover) distance greater than
160 Km.
 Ownership: WANs have no ownership. (Carriers)
 Technologies: Frame Relay, ATM, MPLS, LTE