Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Image pre-processing operations aim to correct distorted or degraded image data to create a more faithful
representation of the original scene. This typically involves the initial processing of raw image data to calibrate
the data radiometrically and to correct for geometric distortions. These operations are called pre-processing
because they normally precede further manipulation and analysis of image data to extract specific information.
The nature of any image pre-processing operation depends upon the characteristics of sensor used to acquire the
image data. Two stages in pre-processing:
Radiometric correction
Geometric correction
1
of the detectors would give same output if received the same input. However, with lapse of time, the radiometric
response of one or more of detectors tended to drift over time.
Such errors can be corrected by applying a linear model which assumes that the mean and the standard deviation
of data from each detector should be the same i.e. the detector imbalance is considered to be the only factor
producing differences in mean and standard deviation. To get rid of striping effects of detector imbalance, means
and standard deviations are equalized i.e. forced to be equal to a chosen value (the overall mean and the overall
standard deviation of the image).
3
Fig. Geometrical distortions in remotely sensed imagery
Disadvantages of rectification
During rectification, the data file values of rectified pixels must be resampled to fit in to new grid. This may result
in loss of spectral integrity of data. If map coordinates are not needed in application, then it is advisable not to
4
rectify the data. An unrectified image is spectrally more correct than rectified data. It is recommended to classify
before rectification because classification will be based on original data values.
Spatial interpolation
It establishes geometrical relationship between image to be corrected and the correct reference map. A least
squares polynomial function can be used to express the functional relationship between these coordinate systems
(Map: (X, Y) and distorted image: (C, R)) as follows:
5
(iii) C as a function of X and Y ; C = f3 ( X, Y ).
(iv) R as a function of X and Y ; R = f3 ( X, Y ).
Intensity interpolation
Intensity interpolation is the process of determining the pixel value at positions lying between various samples.
There are three widely used methods of intensity interpolation:
(i) Nearest neighbour (NN)
(ii) Bilinear interpolation
(iii) Cubic Convolution