RAN

HSUPA
Parameter Description

Issue 02

Date 2009-06-30

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

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Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

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HSUPA Contents

Contents

1 Introduction to This Document .......................................................................................... 1-1

1.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Intended Audience.................................................................................................................................. 1-1
1.3 Change History ...................................................................................................................................... 1-1

2 Overview of HSUPA............................................................................................................. 2-1

2.1 Main Characteristics............................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.2 HSUPA Channels ................................................................................................................................... 2-2
2.3 Impact of HSUPA on NEs....................................................................................................................... 2-3
2.4 HSUPA Functions................................................................................................................................... 2-3
2.4.1 HSUPA Control Plane Functions.................................................................................................... 2-4
2.4.2 HSUPA User Plane Functions ........................................................................................................ 2-5

3 Control Plane Functions....................................................................................................... 3-1

3.1 Bearer Mapping...................................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2 Channel Switching ................................................................................................................................. 3-2
3.2.1 State Transition Based on Traffic Volume ....................................................................................... 3-3
3.2.2 Channel Switching Based on UE Moving....................................................................................... 3-3
3.2.3 Channel Switching Based on Load Change .................................................................................... 3-4

4 User Plane Functions ............................................................................................................ 4-1

4.1 Fast Scheduling...................................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.1 Background................................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.2 Function Implementation ............................................................................................................... 4-1
4.2 Dynamic CE Management...................................................................................................................... 4-5
4.2.1 Background................................................................................................................................... 4-5
4.2.2 Function Implementation ............................................................................................................... 4-6
4.3 Uplink Macro Diversity Intelligent Receiving ......................................................................................... 4-7
4.3.1 Background................................................................................................................................... 4-7
4.3.2 Function Implementation ............................................................................................................... 4-7
4.4 HSUPA Adaptive Retransmission............................................................................................................ 4-8
4.4.1 Background................................................................................................................................... 4-8
4.4.2 Function Implementation ............................................................................................................... 4-9

5 Parameters.............................................................................................................................. 5-1

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6 Counters ................................................................................................................................. 6-1

7 Glossary.................................................................................................................................. 7-1
8 Reference Documents.............................................................................................................. 2

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HSUPA 1 Introduction to This Document

1 Introduction to This Document

1.1 Scope
HSUPA is an important feature of 3GPP Release 6. As an uplink high speed data transmission
solution, HSUPA provides a theoretical maximum rate of 5.74 Mbit/s on the Uu interface.

1.2 Intended Audience

It is assumed that users of this document are familiar with WCDMA basics and have a
working knowledge of 3G telecommunication.
This document is intended for:
l Personnel working on Huawei WCDMA products or systems
l System operators who need a general understanding of HSUPA feature

1.3 Change History

This section provides information on the changes in different document versions.
There are two types of changes, which are defined as follows:
l Feature change: refers to the change in the HSUPA feature.
l Editorial change: refers to the change in wording or the addition of the information that
was not described in the earlier version.

Document Issues
The document issues are as follows:
l 02 (2009-06-30)
l 01 (2009-03-30)
l Draft (2009-03-10)
l Draft (2009-01-15)

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02 (2009-06-30)
This is the document for the second commercial release of RAN11.0.
Compared with issue 01 (2009-03-30), issue 02 (2009-06-30) incorporates the following
changes:

Change Type Change Description Parameter Change

Chapter 6 “Counters” is added. None.
Some sections are optimized. None.
Editorial change The document is reorganized. None.

01 (2009-03-30)
This is the document for the first commercial release of RAN11.0.
Compared with draft (2009-03-10), issue 01 (2009-03-30) optimizes the description.

Draft (2009-03-10)
This is the second draft of the document for RAN11.0.
Compared with draft (2009-01-15), draft (2009-03-10) optimizes the description.

Draft (2009-01-15)
This is the initial draft of the document for RAN11.0.
Compared with issue 03 (2008-11-30) of RAN10.0, draft (2009-01-15) incorporates the
following changes:

Change Type Change Description Parameter Change

Feature change Section 4.3 "Uplink Macro Diversity None.
Intelligent Receiving" is added.
Editorial change The document is reorganized. None.

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2 Overview of HSUPA

Since the introduction of the HSDPA technology, the downlink transmission rate has been
greatly increased. To meet the rapidly growing demands for data services, 3GPP Release 6
introduced HSUPA. By applying fast scheduling, fast hybrid automatic repeat request
(HARQ), shorter transmission time interval (TTI), and macro diversity combining (MDC),
HSUPA improves the uplink capacity, increases the user data rate greatly, and reduces the
transmission delay on the WCDMA network.

2.1 Main Characteristics

The main characteristics of HSUPA are as follows:

Fast Scheduling In HSUPA, fast scheduling is used to allocate system resources in the
NodeB through signaling at the physical layer. By exploiting the
burstiness in fast transmission, the scheduler performs rapid resource
allocation between UEs to adapt to cell interference variations. This
improves user experience and increases the system capacity.

Fast HARQ Similar to HSDPA, HSUPA also introduces fast HARQ, which allows
the NodeB to rapidly request retransmission of erroneously received
data. HARQ reduces the number of retransmissions at the RLC layer
and shortens the transmission delay. The NodeB performs soft
combining of data erroneously received and data retransmitted from the
UE before decoding. The combining makes full use of the information
transmitted each time and thus increases the success rate of decoding.

Shorter TTI HSUPA allows a 2 ms TTI, which further reduces the transmission
delay and scheduling delay.

MDC HSUPA supports soft handover. The cells in the active set can receive
data from UEs. MDC increases the probability of proper data reception,
improves the quality of data transmission, and greatly enhances the
service stability of users at the cell border.

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2.2 HSUPA Channels

To support the HSUPA technology, 3GPP TS 25.211 defines one transport channel (E-DCH)
and five physical channels (E-DPCCH, E-DPDCH, E-HICH, E-RGCH, and E-AGCH).

Figure 2-1 HSUPA physical channels

E-AGCH: E-DCH Absolute Grant E-DPCCH: E-DCH Dedicated Physical

Channel Control Channel
E-RGCH: E-DCH Relative Grant E-DPDCH: E-DCH Dedicated Physical
Channel Data Control
E-HICH: E-DCH HARQ UE: User Equipment
Acknowledgement Indicator Channel

The TTI of the enhanced dedicated channel (E-DCH) can be 10 ms or 2 ms. The E-DCH is
mapped onto the E-DPDCH or E-DPCCH. When the TTI is 10 ms, the E-DCH provides
better uplink coverage performance; when the TTI is 2 ms, the E-DCH provides higher
transmission rates.
The E-DPDCH carries data in the uplink. The spreading factor of the E-DPDCH varies from
SF256 to SF2 depending on the data transmission rate. A maximum of four E-DPDCHs can
be used for parallel transmission. The SF of two E-DPDCHs is SF2, and the SF of the other
two E-DPDCHs is SF4.
The E-DPCCH carries control information related to data transmission in the uplink. The
control information consists of the E-DCH transport format combination indicator (E-TFCI),
retransmission sequence number (RSN), and happy bit. The SF of the E-DPCCH is fixed to
256.
To implement the HARQ function, the E-HICH is introduced in the downlink. The E-HICH
carries retransmission requests from the NodeB.
The downlink E-AGCH and E-RGCH carry the HSUPA scheduling control information. The
E-AGCH is a shared channel, which carries the maximum permissible E-DPDCH to DPCCH
power ratio, that is, absolute grants.
The E-RGCH is a dedicated channel, which is used to indicate relative grants and increase or
decrease the maximum permissible E-DPDCH to DPCCH power ratio.

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2.3 Impact of HSUPA on NEs

HSUPA has an impact on the RNC, NodeB, and UE.
On the control plane of the network side, the RNC processes the signaling about HSUPA cell
configuration, E-DCH related channel configuration, and mobility management.
On the user plane of the network side, the RLC layer and MAC-d of the RNC remain
unchanged. In the RNC, the MAC-es is added under the MAC-d to implement the MDC,
reordering, and decapsulation of MAC-es PDUs. In the NodeB, the MAC-e is added to
implement HSUPA scheduling and HARQ management.
In the UE, the MAC-e/es is added, which encapsulates the traffic data into an MAC-e PDU and
transmits it on the E-DPDCH.
To support HSUPA, 3GPP TS 25.306 defines six UE categories. These UEs support different
peak rates at the MAC layer, ranging from 711 kbit/s to 5.74 Mbit/s. Only the UE of category 6
supports the peak rate of 5.74 Mbit/s.

E-DCH Maximum Number Peak Rate (Mbit/s) Peak Rate (Mbit/s) in

Category of E-DCH Codes in 10 ms E-DCH TTI 2 ms E-DCH TTI
Transmitted
Category 1 1 x SF4 0.7 Not supported
Category 2 2 x SF4 1.4 1.399
Category 3 2 x SF4 1.4 Not supported
Category 4 2 x SF2 2.0 2.886
Category 5 2 x SF2 2.0 Not supported
Category 6 2 x SF2 + 2 x SF4 2.0 5.74

Huawei RAN supports all the UE categories.

HSUPA 2 ms TTI and parallel transmission of four E-DPDCHs are optional.

2.4 HSUPA Functions

In the entire process of a call, the UTRAN performs a series of f unction coordination tasks to
provide high quality services, completely utilize the system resources, and maximize the
system capacity. The UTRAN protocols are classified into the control plane protocol and user
plane protocol. Accordingly, the UTRAN functions are classified into control plane functions
and user plane functions.
The control plane is responsible for setting up and maintaining E-DCH connections and
controlling the system load. The user plane is responsible for implementing data transmission
with satisfactory quality and allocating resources properly and efficiently to maximize the
system capacity.
Resources can be flexibly allocated among users in real time because HSUPA resources are
shared by users. This affects the QoS of users to a great extent. To solve this problem, the

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HSUPA QoS management strategy is adopted, which requires the support of some HSUPA
functions. This document describes the HSUPA QoS management strategy.

2.4.1 HSUPA Control Plane Functions

Figure 2-2 shows the HSUPA control plane functions based on the service connection setup
and maintenance procedure.

Figure 2-2 HSUPA control plane functions

The HSUPA control plane functions are described as follows:

l Bearer mapping
When a user initiates a service request, bearer mapping is performed to determine an
appropriate physical channel for carrying data based on the attributes of the requested
service, such as the service domain (CS or PS) and the traffic class and rate. If the service
attributes meet the requirement for carrying on the HSUPA channel, the data can be carried
on the HSUPA channel.
l Access control
After bearer mapping determines that a service can be carried on the HSUPA channel,
access control performs an access decision based on the cell load and the estimated
increase in the load after the access of a new service. Access control ensures that a new
service connection can obtain required resources after admission. Accordingly, the service
quality is ensured, and the cell is not overloaded. If the resources of the cell are insufficient
for the service connection setup on the HSUPA channel, or the cell does not support
HSUPA, access attempts can be performed in the inter-frequency same-coverage
neighboring cell to increase the access probability and improve the QoS. For details on
access control, see the Load Control Parameter Description.
If access control determines that the service connection can be set up on the HSUPA
channel, the system sets up the HSUPA RB for the UE. Thus, the UE can transmit data on
the E-DPDCH. The service connection setup ends, and the power control, channel
switching, mobility management, and load control are performed to control the UE. The

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first three functions control the RL of each UE. The last function controls all the UEs in the
cell. The four functions work simultaneously.
l Power control
If a service can be carried on the HSUPA channel, the UE transmits control messages and
traffic data to the network on the uplink channels (E-DPCCH and E-DPDCH), and the
network transmits signaling to the UE on the downlink channels (E-RGCH, E-AGCH, and
E-HICH). Power control assigns appropriate transmit power to each downlink channel to
ensure that messages can be correctly received by UEs and to avoid wasting resources
because of very high transmit power. Power control is also used to control the transmit
power of the uplink channels to ensure the transmission quality of uplink data on the Uu
interface. For details on power control, see the Power Control Parameter Description.
l Channel switching
Channel switching monitors the data transmission requests of UEs in real time, estimates
the change in the demands for system resources, and then adjusts the channel bandwidth or
performs state transition based on the estimation. This function ensures the QoS and saves
system resources. For details, see section 3.2 "Channel Switching."
l Mobility management
Mobility management processes transactions due to UE movement between cells. For
example, when a UE moves from one cell to another cell, the serving cell must be switched
to ensure service continuity; when a UE moves between a cell capable of HSUPA and a
cell incapable of HSUPA, the HSUPA channel must be configured or removed on the basis
of the cell capability to ensure service continuity and service quality. For details on
mobility management, see the Handover Parameter Description.

l Huawei RAN supports HSUPA over Iur, which is an optional feature.

l Load control
Load control monitors the cell load in real time. If the load exceeds the congestion
threshold, UEs in the cell can be handed over to other cells or the data rate can be
decreased to reduce the load and reserve resources for subsequent access, thus increasing
the connection success rate. If the load further increases and exceeds the overload
threshold, the RL can be released to reduce the load rapidly to ensure system stability.
Load control can be performed for UEs with the traffic being carried on the HSUPA
channel to reduce the system load. For details on load control, see the Load Control
Parameter Description.

2.4.2 HSUPA User Plane Functions

Figure 2-3 shows the protocol layers associated with HSUPA user plane functions in the
UTRAN.

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Figure 2-3 Protocol layers associated with HSUPA user plane functions in the UTRAN

Function Description
On the UE side, after the service data at the application layer is passed to the RLC layer, the
service data is segmented or concatenated to an RLC PDU and then passed to the physical
layer for transmission.
l ETFC selection
In each TTI, whether the UE can transmit data and how much data can be transmitted
depend on E-DCH transfer format combination (ETFC) selection based on the following
factors:
− The total transmit power of the UE.
− The serving grant (SG) from the NodeB. The SG defines the maximum permissible
power used to transmit data on the E-DPDCH, which carries the MAC-e PDU. The
larger the SG is, the bigger the MAC-e TB size to be supported in one transmission
time interval is.
− The traffic volume in the RLC buffer of the UE.
ETFC selection is defined in 3GPP TS 25.321 and implemented on the UE side.
l HARQ
After ETFC selection determines the amount of data to be transmitted in the current TTI,
the RLC PDU is encapsulated into the MAC-es PDU and then into the MAC-e PDU, and
then the MAC-e PDU is passed to the HARQ entity. The HARQ entity transmits the
MAC-e PDU on the E-DPDCH. If the MAC-e PDU is erroneously received by the cell, the
HARQ entity retransmits it until it is correctly received or the retransmission times reach
the predefined maximum times. On the NodeB side, if the decoding of an MAC-e PDU
fails, the HARQ reception process of the NodeB buffers the data received each time,
performs maximum ratio combining (MRC) of received data, and then performs decoding.
This increases the probability of correctly receiving packets. The network can control the
retransmission times dynamically to ensure the correct reception of MAC-e PDUs. For
details, see section 4.4 "HSUPA Adaptive Retransmission."
l Flow control

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After the data is correctly received by the NodeB, it is passed to the RNC. There is an Iub
interface between the RNC and the NodeB, and the bandwidth on this interface may be
limited. Therefore, the NodeB needs to allocate Iub bandwidth among UEs properly
through the flow control function to avoid deterioration of transmission quality due to
congestion on the Iub interface. If a UE in soft handover establishes several RLs towards
the cells under different RNCs, the flow control function also needs to be implemented on
the Iur interface to avoid congestion on the Iur interface.
l MDC
If a UE is performing soft handover, the same MAC-es PDU may be passed to the RNC
from several NodeBs over several Iub interfaces or passed to the SRNC from the DRNC
over the Iur interface. In this case, the SRNC performs the MDC function to combine the
same data, thus increasing the probability of correct reception.
l Fast scheduling
Fast scheduling is very important on the NodeB side. The NodeB assigns the SG to each
HSUPA UE through fast scheduling to control the maximum transmission rate of each UE
on the Uu interface. Fast scheduling has a direct impact on the QoS of each UE. Thus,
when the NodeB assigns SGs, it must consider the available system resources and the QoS
requirement of each UE. That is, when ensuring the QoS of each UE, fast scheduling
maximizes the utilization of system resources. For details on fast scheduling, see section
4.1 "Fast Scheduling."
l CE management
CE resources are NodeB hardware resources used for demodulating HSUPA data. CE
resources usually become the bottlenecks for system resources. When the CE resources
are limited, it is important to logically use the limited resources to meet the QoS
requirement of each UE. CE management considers this factor, outputs the information
about CE resource allocation for each UE, and then passes it to the scheduling module as a
reference for Uu resource allocation. For details on CE management, see section 4.2
"Dynamic CE Management."

Relations Between Key User Plane Functions

The fast scheduling, Iub flow control, and CE management functions cooperate to achieve
efficient utilization of system resources.

Figure 2-4 Relations between key user plane functions

The Iub flow control and CE management functions allocate appropriate resources to each UE
based on the amount of available resources and the QoS requirement of each UE. Then, based

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on the resource allocation, the two functions calculate the maximum rate of each UE
supported by the Iub resources and CE resources.
The scheduling module provides an SG for the UE based on the received maximum rate. The
SG ensures that the maximum rate of the HSUPA UE on the Uu interface does not exceed the
received maximum rate, thus avoiding Iub resource or CE resource congestion.

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3 Control Plane Functions

3.1 Bearer Mapping

The HSUPA channel provides high transmission rates, thus reducing the transmission delay.
In addition, the services carried on the HSUPA channel can share system resources, thus
improving the resource utilizatifon and system capacity. Therefore, the HSUPA channel
becomes a preferred choice for an increasing number of service types.
The transport channel carrying HSUPA services is the E-DCH. It can carry services of
multiple types and service combinations, as listed in Table 3-1.

Table 3-1 E-DCH bearer mapping

CN Service Can Be Carried on Optional Feature?

Domain Type E-DCH?
– Signaling Yes Yes
(SRB) Feature name: SRB over HSUPA
CS Voice Yes Yes
Feature name: CS Voice over
HSPA/HSPA+
Videophone No No
Streaming No No
PS Conversation Yes Yes
al Feature name: VoIP over
HSPA/HSPA+
Streaming Yes Yes
Feature name: Streaming Traffic
Class on HSUPA
Interactive Yes No
Background Yes No

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CN Service Can Be Carried on Optional Feature?

Domain Type E-DCH?
IMS Yes Yes
signaling Feature name: IMS Signaling over
HSPA

During the service setup, the RNC selects appropriate channels based on the UE capability,
cell capability, and service parameters to optimize the utilization of cell resources and ensure
the QoS.

3.2 Channel Switching

After HSUPA is introduced, the UE can stay in a new RRC state, that is, CELL_DCH (with
E-DCH). Thus, when both the cell and the UE support the E-DCH, the state transition of the
UE has two additional types, that is, state transition between CELL_DCH (with E-DCH) and
CELL_FACH and state transition between CELL_DCH (with E-DCH) and CELL_DCH. This
section mainly describes these two types of state transition.

Figure 3-1 UE state transition

Table 3-2 lists the mapping between new state transition and new channel switching.

Table 3-2 Mapping between new state transition and new channel switching

New State Transition New Channel Switching

CELL_DCH (with E-DCH) <-> CELL_FACH E-DCH <-> FACH
CELL_DCH (with E-DCH) <-> CELL_DCH E-DCH <-> DCH

The switching between E-DCH and FACH and the switching between E-DCH and DCH can
be triggered in the following cases:
l The UE activity changes. The UE activity is measured by the amount of data to be
transmitted by the UE. When the traffic volume is high, the UE is in the high activity

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state, and thus high-rate transport channels are required to provide high service quality.
When the traffic volume is low, the UE is in the low activity state, and thus low-rate
channels or shared channels can be used to reduce the resource usage.
l The system capability changes during the movement of the UE. When the UE moves
from an HSPA cell to a non-HSPA cell, the non-HSPA channel must be configured to
ensure service continuity. When the UE moves from a non-HSPA cell to an HSPA cell,
the HSPA channel must be configured if the UE supports HSPA to provide high service
quality.
l The system load changes. When the system enters the overload state, the UE in the
CELL_DCH state may be switched to the common channel to reduce resource
consumption and ensure system stability. This is applicable to the UE on the HSPA
channel. When the UE attempts an access, the access may be rejected because of HSPA
overload. Therefore, the UE accesses the network on the DCH. When the system load
becomes normal, the UE is switched back to the HSPA channel.

3.2.1 State Transition Based on Traffic Volume

When the UE is in the CELL_FACH state, event 4a is reported if data needs to be transmitted
and the amount of data buffered at the RLC layer exceeds the predefined traffic volume
threshold. In this case, if both the cell and the UE are HSUPA capable, the service can be
carried on the HSUPA channel, and admission is successful, then the UE transits to the
CELL_DCH (with E-DCH) state. For details, see section "UE State Transition Algorithm" in
the Rate Control Parameter Description.
When the UE is in the CELL_DCH (with E-DCH) state, it does not report the buffered uplink
traffic volume to the RNC, because of the restriction defined in 3GPP TS 25.331. Therefore,
the RNC estimates the traffic volume only by monitoring the uplink throughput. The
adjustments of the channel bandwidth and UE state are based on the throughput change. For
details, see section "Rate Adjustment Based on Throughput" in the Rate Control Parameter
Description.

3.2.2 Channel Switching Based on UE Moving

When a UE moves, the best cell changes, and HSUPA-related channel switching may occur in
the following cases:
l The original best cell supports HSUPA, and the traffic of the UE is carried on the E-DCH.
In addition:
− The new best cell does not support HSUPA. In this case, the UE cannot set up the
E-DCH towards the new best cell, and channel switching from E-DCH to DCH is
performed.
− The new best cell supports HSUPA, but a new HSUPA connection fails to be set up
because of insufficient resources. In this case, a DCH is set up towards the new best
cell, and thus channel switching form E-DCH to DCH is performed.
l The original best cell does not support HSUPA, and the traffic is carried on the DCH.
When a cell supporting HSUPA becomes the best cell and the traffic can be carried on
the E-DCH, channel switching from DCH to E-DCH is performed.
When the traffic that can be carried on the HSUPA channel is carried on the DCH in the
previous cases, channel switching from DCH to E-DCH may be triggered if the following
conditions are met:
l The UE supports HSUPA.

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l The current cell supports HSUPA or the inter-frequency same-coverage neighboring cell
supports HSUPA.
The channel switching mechanisms are as follows:
Channel switching based on timer: After the DCH is set up, this mechanism periodically
attempts to perform channel switching from DCH to E-DCH.

3.2.3 Channel Switching Based on Load Change

When the system load (downlink transmit power or uplink interference) exceeds the overload
threshold, the HSUPA UE may be switched to the CELL_FACH state to reduce the system
load and ensure system stability. For details, see the Load Control Parameter Description.
In the case of HSUPA overload, the access of a service to the HSUPA channel may fail and
then the service is set up on the DCH, even if the traffic can be carried on the HSUPA channel
and both the cell and the UE are HSUPA capable.
Then, the UE periodically attempts to set up the HSUPA channel. If the HSUPA load is low,
the UE sets up the HSUPA channel again.

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4 User Plane Functions

4.1 Fast Scheduling

4.1.1 Background
The service carried on the E-DCH can be configured in two modes, non-scheduling mode and
scheduling mode.
l Non-scheduling mode: Dedicated resource is reserved for the service to support its
maximum bit rate (MBR). That is, the transmission rate is the MBR if the service has
enough traffic volume. This mode can guarantee the QoS very well.
l Scheduling mode: The available maximum transmission rate is controlled by the HSUPA
scheduler in the NodeB and it can be adjusted frequently by the HSUPA scheduler. If the
cell resource is enough, the service configured in scheduling mode can get a bit rate in the
range from the guaranteed bit rate (GBR) to the MBR. If the cell resource is congested, the
bit rate is not higher than the GBR.
When the service is transmitted in non-scheduling mode, the maximum available rate of the
service is defined in service connection establishment and is not controlled by the scheduling
module. In this mode, based on the MBR requested by the service, the RNC configures the
available transport block with the maximum size for the service. If the transmit power permits,
the UE can use the transport block with the maximum size to transmit data. The
non-scheduling mode is generally applicable to services sensitive to delay or with constant
source rates, such as VoIP.
When the service is transmitted in scheduling mode, the scheduling module, based on the load
on the Uu interface and the CE resource and Iub bandwidth allocation results, adjusts the
transmission rate of the HSUPA UE by controlling the SG to be assigned to the HSUPA UE.
The scheduling module is applicable to services with variable source rates, such as the
interactive service and background service.
Fast scheduling is an optional feature and is controlled by the license.

4.1.2 Function Implementation

Only the services configured in scheduling mode are controlled by the scheduling module.
Thus, the subsequent description is based on the services carried on the E-DCH and
configured in scheduling mode.

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Implementation Procedure
As defined in 3GPP TS 25.321 the Relative Grant (RG) information sent by the cells that
belong to the serving E-DCH RLS to the UE must be the same. If the RG information that the
UE receives from different cells is different, the following processing is performed:
l The rate is decreased if any cell sends a rate decrease command.
l The rate is increased only when no cell sends any rate decrease command and the serving
cell sends a rate increase command.
Thus, Huawei HSUPA fast scheduling algorithm is based on NodeBs. It schedules the cells on
the same frequency in the NodeB uniformly and sends the uniform rate adjustment command
to the UEs establishing several RLs in the cells to control the rates of UEs effectively.
The HSUPA scheduling module, which is the only functional module that can control the
uplink rates of HSUPA UEs on the Uu interface, needs to perform the following tasks:
l Provides a timely response based on the results of CE scheduling, Iub flow control, and
MBR limitation and completes associated functions.
l Provides grants of rate increase or decrease for UEs rapidly based on the conditions of the
load and resources on the Uu interface to completely utilize the resources and ensure
system stability.
l Provides satisfactory QoS for more UEs and provides different UEs with different
priorities when providing grants for UEs.
The HSUPA scheduling consists of two submodules: coordination module and Uu resource
scheduling module.
The scheduling period is based on the TTI.
l If the TTI is equal to 10 ms, the scheduling period is 10 ms.
l If the TTI is equal to 2 ms, the scheduling period is 2 ms.

Figure 4-1 HSUPA scheduling

Functions of the Coordination Module

The main functions of the coordination module are as follows:
l Updating the status of Uu resources

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When the scheduling function is performed, the coordination module updates the status of
Uu resources and the status of the remaining available resources in the cell.
l Responding to the request of the dynamic CE management module
Based on the resource requirements of UEs and the resource adjustment between UEs, the
dynamic CE management module requests the fast scheduling module to decrease the
rates of some UEs. The fast scheduling module needs to respond to the request rapidly and
send the AG or RG 'Down' message to the associated UEs.
l Responding to the request of the Iub flow control module
Based on the conditions of Iub resources and UE priorities, the Iub flow control module
requests the fast scheduling module to decrease the transmission rates of some UEs. In this
case, the fast scheduling module needs to respond to the request rapidly and send the RG
'Down' message to the associated UEs.
l Responding to the MBR limitation result
The coordination module sends the RG 'Down' message to each UE of which the data rate
exceeds the MBR on the Uu interface to decrease the data rate.
The processing procedure is as follows:
Step 1 The coordination module initializes the estimated Uu interface load and the estimated
remaining load of all the cells that it controls.
Estimated Uu interface load = Uu interface load corresponding to the current measured RTWP
value
Estimated remaining load = MaxTargetUlLoadFactor – Uu interface load corresponding to
the current measured RTWP value
In this expression, MaxTargetUlLoadFactor is a parameter configured in the RNC. It
specifies the target level of uplink load control. The estimated remaining load indicates the load
resources on the Uu interface that can be allocated to UEs.
Step 2 According to the requests of external algorithms such as Iub flow control, dynamic CE
management, and MBR limitation, the coordination module sends the RG 'Down' message to
associated UEs to decrease the rate and updates the estimated Uu interface load and the
estimated remaining load of all the related cells.

l The UEs for scheduling may be in softer handover. An E-DCH RLS may contain several cells.
l "Related cells" refer to the cells that belong to the NodeB in the E-DCH RLS.

Step 3 The coordination module activates the Uu resource scheduling module and sends the estimated
Uu interface load and the estimated remaining load of all the related cells after update to the Uu
resource scheduling module.
----End

Functions of the Uu Resource Scheduling Module

The main purpose of Uu resource scheduling is to efficiently utilize Uu resources, try to
provide satisfactory QoS for more users, and provide differentiated services. The Uu resource
scheduling module has two sub-functions: scheduling queuing and Uu resource allocation.

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Figure 4-2 Uu resource scheduling

l Scheduling queuing
The HSUPA fast scheduling module schedules the cells on the same frequency in a NodeB
uniformly. Thus, all the UEs that establish one or more RLs with the cells participate in
queuing.
The purposes of UE queuing are as follows:
− To ensure the QoS of UEs: to try to ensure that the UEs can obtain the guaranteed bit
rate (GBR)
− To differentiate UEs: to ensure that the UEs with a great scheduling priority indicator
(SPI) weight obtain resources preferentially
− To ensure fairness: to ensure that the UEs with the same SPI weight have the same
opportunity to obtain resources
The factors that affect queuing are as follows:
− Happy Bit: reported by the UE.
− Effective rate: The actual rate obtained by the UE is monitored by the NodeB on a
real-time basis.
− GBR: The GBR is configured on the basis of user priorities. Generally, the GBR
increases with the user priority. The GBR can be set through the SET USERGBR and
ADD CELLEFACH commands on the RNC.
− SPI weight: The SPI weight (FACTOR) is configured on the basis of the SPI.
Generally, the FACTOR increases with the SPI. And FACTOR can be configured in
the RNC.
− Figure 4-3 shows the general principle for scheduling queuing.

Figure 4-3 General principle for scheduling queuing

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− The priority of users with Happy Bit to be Unhappy is higher than the priority of users
with Happy Bit to be Happy.
− In the unhappy users, the priority of users with the effective rate higher than the GBR is
higher than the priority of users with the effective rate lower than the GBR.
− In the three types of users, the priority of users with a greater SPI weight is higher; the
priority of users with a smaller SPI weight is lower. This helps provide differentiated
services.
l Uu resource allocation
Based on the scheduling queuing result and the Uu interface load of each cell participating
in scheduling, the Uu resource allocation module allocates Uu resources to users and sends
the AG or RG to the users.
The procedure for allocating Uu resources is as follows:
Step 1 Based on the estimated remaining load passed by the coordination module to all the cells, the
Uu resource allocation module maximizes the estimated remaining load. According to the
scheduling principle, some resources of happy users can be released to unhappy users in the
case of insufficient load resources. If the rate of all happy users decreases, the remaining load
increases. The Uu resource allocation module calculates the maximum estimated remaining
load that all the related cells can obtain. Note that the Uu resource allocation module only
estimates the maximum remaining load, but does not send rate decrease grants to happy users.
Thus, the estimated Uu interface load does not need to be updated.
Step 2 The Uu resource allocation module polls all the users in the unhappy queue one by one in
descending order of priorities. If the estimated remaining load of all the related cells permits
rate increase, the Uu resource allocation module increases the rate of the user, sends the rate
increase grant, and updates the estimated Uu interface load and the estimated remaining load of
all the related cells. Otherwise, the rate is not adjusted.
Step 3 The Uu resource allocation module polls all the users in the unhappy queue one by one in
ascending order of priorities. If the user is not granted in this scheduling period and the
estimated Uu interface load of at least one cell in all the related cells is higher than the
MaxTargetUlLoadFactor, the Uu resource allocation module decreases the rate of the user,
sends the rate decrease grant, and updates the estimated Uu interface load. Otherwise, the rate is
not adjusted.
During the rate adjustment of unhappy users, the QoS of users with the GBR requirement can
be further ensured. When the parameter HSUPAOLSCHSWITCH is set to ON in the NodeB
and the system load exceeds the target load threshold without overload, the rate of the unhappy
users with the actual rate lower than the GBR is not decreased or even can be increased during
the rate adjustment.
----End

4.2 Dynamic CE Management

4.2.1 Background
CE resources are hardware resources used for channel modulation and demodulation.
Generally, if the service rate is higher, more CE resources are required. To ensure the QoS, CE
resources need to be allocated on the basis of the maximum bit rate of users. In this case, if
fixed CE resources are allocated to users, the resources are wasted when the rate of the service
source is low. The rate of the services that are carried on the HSUPA channel and configured

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in scheduling mode can be controlled by the scheduling module. Thus, dynamic CE

management is used. That is, CE resources to be allocated to users are adjusted dynamically
according to the conditions of CE resources and the change of user requirements to improve
the utilization of CE resources.
The rules for dynamic CE resource allocation are as follows:
l When the rate of the service source decreases, the redundant CE resources are called back.
l When there is a need to increase the service rate, CE resources are reserved.
l When there are insufficient available CE resources, CE resources are allocated to users in
the serving RLS preferentially because the QoS of users depends on the resource
allocation of the serving cell.
l When the available CE resources are insufficient to meet the requirements of all the users
in the serving RLS, user priorities need to be considered to provide differentiated services.
In addition, the dynamic CE management module needs to process messages from external
functional modules, such as the resource allocation request during the establishment of a new
connection and the channel reassignment request. In such a case, the QoS requirement of
users and user priorities must be considered.
Dynamic CE management is an optional function and is controlled by the license. There is no
function switch parameter.

4.2.2 Function Implementation

Implementation Procedure

Figure 4-4 Implementation of dynamic CE management

The main functions of the dynamic CE management module are shown in Figure 4-4. The
procedure of dynamic CE management is as follows:
Step 1 Calling back CE resources
Based on the actual data rate of users, the CE management module calls back the idle CE
resources to improve the utilization of resources and updates the information about available
system resources.

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Step 2 Processing external related messages

Based on the requirement of external signaling messages, the CE management module
allocates appropriate CE resources to users and updates the information about available
system resources.
Step 3 Increasing CE resources dynamically
Based on the estimation of the requirement for CE resources, the CE management module
increases CE resources for users with the requirement for increasing CE resources. If the
available CE resources are insufficient after the processing in the first two steps, the CE
management module provides differentiated services and adjusts CE resources among users
dynamically based on user priorities.
----End

Steps 1 to 3 can be triggered periodically, and the periods can be different. Step 2 is triggered by
events. If several processing tasks are triggered at a time, the CE management module performs
the processing by following the procedure shown in Figure 4-4.

4.3 Uplink Macro Diversity Intelligent Receiving

4.3.1 Background
This feature is intended for the NodeB. In the case of soft handovers, if the serving cell of the
user belongs to the current NodeB, the user is called serving user. If the serving cell of the
user does not belong to the current NodeB, the user is called non-serving user.
Though soft handovers can improve the reception quality of HSUPA link data, the quality is
improved at the price of multiplied resource consumption, especially for Iub resources and CE
resources. These two types of resources are the bottlenecks for system resources.
The service quality mainly depends on the reception quality in the serving cell. Therefore,
when the Iub resources and CE resources are insufficient to meet the data transmission
requirements of all the users, the non-serving RL resources are allocated to the serving RLs of
other users at the price of soft handover gains of some users. This improves the utilization of
resources and increases the total throughput.
If the Iub resources or CE resources are limited, this feature reduces the resources allocated to
the non-serving users to ensure the service quality of serving users and increase the capacity
of the entire system.
This is an optional function and is controlled by the license. There is no function switch
parameter.

4.3.2 Function Implementation

Iub Resource Allocation for Non-Serving RLs
The Iub resources are allocated in the following ways:
l When the Iub resources are in the normal state, each user is allocated Iub resources
uniformly.

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l When the Iub resources are in the congestion state, most resources are allocated to serving
users.
This resource allocation policy ensures the service quality of serving users preferentially, and
it is applicable only to BE services.

CE Resource Allocation for Non-Serving RLs

This feature depends on dynamic CE resource allocation. When dynamic CE resource
allocation is enabled, this feature ensures that the priorities of serving RLs are always higher
than the priorities of non-serving RLs.
l When a serving RL is established or added, the RL preempts the resources allocated to
non-serving users preferentially if the idle resources do not meet its requirement. If the
resources do not meet the requirement even after the resources of non-serving users that
can be preempted are all preempted, the RL preempts resources of serving users.
l When a non-serving RL is established or added, the non-serving RL can preempt only the
resources occupied by non-serving users if the idle resources do not meet its requirement.
Dynamic CE resource allocation is responsible for monitoring the requirement of each user
for CE resources and increasing CE resources for the user with the currently allocated CE
resources less than the CE resources requested.
l Dynamic CE resource allocation increases CE resources for serving users preferentially. If
the idle CE resources do not meet the requirement of serving users for CE resource
increase, serving users can preempt CE resources of non-serving users.
l If there are idle CE resources even after the requirement of serving users for CE resources
is met, dynamic CE resource allocation increases resources according to the requirement
of non-serving users for CE resources.
During the preemption process, the CE resources of non-serving users can be reduced to only
one CE. That is, E-DPCCH demodulation is supported, but the E-DPCCH carrying data is not
demodulated. The CE resources of serving users must meet or exceed the GBR demodulation
requirement.

4.4 HSUPA Adaptive Retransmission

4.4.1 Background
The retransmission times of the MAC-e PDU are the average retransmission times at which
the MAC-e PDU of the user can be correctly received by the NodeB. The UTRAN can adjust
the interference of an UE to the cell and the requirement of service transmission for UE
transmit power by setting the different target retransmission times of MAC-e PDU. The
reasons are as follows:
l If the signal-to-noise ratio (Eb/No) of the uplink E-DPDCH carrying the MAC-e PDU
that reaches the NodeB each time is increased, the probability in which the MAC-e PDU
is correctly received is also increased. This decreases the required retransmission times,
but increases the interference to the NodeB.
l If the signal-to-noise ratio of the uplink E-DPDCH that reaches the NodeB each time is
reduced, the retransmission times required for correctly receiving the MAC-e PDU are
increased, but the interference to the NodeB is reduced.

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The HSUPA power control algorithm can adjust the signal-to-noise ratio of the E-DPDCH
that reaches the NodeB each time by comparing the actual retransmission times with the
target retransmission times to control the retransmission times of the MAC-e PDU within the
target value range. In this manner, the interference level of the UE to the system is adjusted,
and the requirement for UE transmit power is also adjusted.
Generally, to enable the user to obtain a higher rate, set the target retransmission times to a
smaller value at the price of increasing the load properly. This case is called "small target retx
times". The "small target retx times" configuration, however, may have a negative effect in
the following cases:
l The UE transmit power is limited. When the UE moves to the edge of the cell, the
transmit power is not enough. Therefore, the probability in which the MAC-e PDU is
correctly received is reduced, and therefore the UE throughput is reduced promptly.
l The cell load is limited. When the load of the cell serving the UE is high, the scheduling
algorithm may no longer provide additional rate grants for the UE. Therefore, the UE
throughput is also limited.
HSUPA adaptive retransmission increases the target retransmission times adaptively based on
the previous two cases to achieve the following purposes:
l Increasing retransmission times can obtain the gain of time diversity, reduce the
requirement for UE transmit power, enlarge the coverage range, and increase the UE
throughput.
l Reducing interference of the UE to the system enables the UE to obtain a higher rate grant
and increase the UE throughput, thus increasing the cell throughput and uplink capacity.
When the problems in the previous two cases are solved, HSUPA adaptive retransmission
restores the target retransmission times to a smaller value. Accordingly, the transmit power
resources of the UE and the load resources of the cell can be fully used to enable the UE rate to
approach or reach the throughput limit, thus improving user experience.
HSUPA adaptive retransmission is an optional function and is controlled by the license.

4.4.2 Function Implementation

Implementation Procedure
If the cell has the license of HSUPA adaptive retransmission and the parameter
PC_HSUPA_HARQNUM_AUTO_ADJUST_SWITCH is set to ON in the RNC (SET
CORRMALGOSWITCH:
PcSwitch=PC_HSUPA_HARQNUM_AUTO_ADJUST_SWITCH-1), this function can be
activated.
Figure 4-5 shows the procedure of HSUPA adaptive retransmission.

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Figure 4-5 HSUPA adaptive retransmission

The HSUPA adaptive retransmission algorithm periodically determines whether the target
retransmission times of each user need to be adjusted. To avoid fluctuation of system load, a
maximum of two users are allowed for retransmission times adjustment in each period, that is,
one for retransmission times increase and the other for retransmission times decrease.
When determining whether to adjust the target retransmission times, the NodeB needs to
monitor the conditions of transmit power and resources such as the Uu load resources and CE
resources.
l Determining whether the transmit power of the HSUPA UE is limited
The UE reports the Scheduling Information (SI) to the NodeB. The SI contains the actual
transmit power of the UE. Based on the SI, the NodeB estimates whether the transmit
power of the UE meets the requirement of the current service rate and thus determines
whether the transmit power of the UE is limited.
l Determining whether the load on the Uu interface is limited
Based on the monitoring result of the Uu interface load, the NodeB determines that the
load on the Uu interface is limited when the load is high and that the load on the Uu
interface is restored when the load is low.
l Monitoring CE resources
The NodeB monitors the available CE resources. If the available CE resources are
sufficient, retransmission is allowed. Otherwise, retransmission is rejected.

Retransmission Times Increase

If the transmit power of the UE is limited, the transmission times of the user need to be
increased. If several users meet the conditions, user queuing is performed. The user queuing
method is the same as the priority queuing method of the HSUPA fast scheduling. For details,
see section 4.1 "Fast Scheduling."
If the load on the Uu interface is limited, the transmission times of the user need to be increased.
The user queuing method is the same as the priority queuing method of the HSUPA fast
scheduling.

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The user with the transmit power of the UE limited is selected preferentially because only one
user is allowed for the adjustment in a period. If there is no such user, the user with the load on
the Uu interface limited is selected. The user with the highest priority is selected preferentially.
The retransmission times can be adjusted only when the available CE resources are sufficient
for the retransmissions.

Retransmission Times Decrease

Once the load on the Uu interface is no longer limited, the user needs to check whether the
transmit power of the UE is not limited either. If the transmit power of the UE is no longer
limited, the retransmission times need to be decreased to completely utilize the resources and
increase the effective rate of the UE.
If several users meet the conditions, user queuing is performed. The user queuing method is
the same as the priority queuing method of the HSUPA fast scheduling. For details, see
section 4.1 "Fast Scheduling."
The user with the highest priority is selected because only one user is permitted in a period.

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HSUPA 5 Parameters

5 Parameters

The following describes the parameters related to HSUPA.

For the meaning of each parameter, see Table 5-1. For the default value, value ranges, and
MML commands of each parameter, see Table 5-2

Table 5-1 HSUPA parameter description (1)

Parameter ID Description
MaxTargetUlLoadFactor Maximum target uplink load factor. It is the target load defined
by the RNC and obtained by the NodeB HSUPA power control
from the uplink load. This parameter is based on network
planning. The cell throughput varies with the value of this
parameter. The greater the value is, the more interferences
exist. For details about this parameter, refer to the 3GPP TS
25.433.
HSUPAOLSCHSWITC HSUPA overload scheduling switch
H
FACTOR This parameter specifies the factor associated with the
scheduling priority indicator. This factor is used to calculate
the step of rate upsizing.
SPI Scheduling Priority Indicator

Table 5-2 HSUPA parameter description (2)

Parameter ID Default GUI Value Actual Value Unit MML NE

Value Range Range Command
MaxTargetUlLoadF 75 0–100 0–1, step: 0.01 per cent ADD RNC
actor CELLHSUPA(
Optional)
HSUPAOLSCHSWI - OPEN,CLOSE 0,1 None SET NodeB
TCH MACEPARA(
Optional)
FACTOR - 0–100 0–100 per cent SET RNC
SPIFACTOR(
Mandatory)

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HSUPA 5 Parameters

Parameter ID Default GUI Value Actual Value Unit MML NE

Value Range Range Command
SPI - 0~15 0~15 None SET RNC
SPIFACTOR(
Mandatory)
SET
SCHEDULEPR
IOMAP(Manda
tory)

The Default Value column is valid for only the optional parameters.
The "-" symbol indicates no default value.

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HSUPA 6 Counters

6 Counters

The following describes the counters related to HSUPA.

For details, see the RNC Performance Counter Reference and NodeB Performance Counter
Reference.

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HSUPA 7 Glossary

7 Glossary

For the acronyms, abbreviations, terms, and definitions, see the Glossary.

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HSUPA 8 Reference Documents

8 Reference Documents

The following lists the reference documents related to the feature:

1. 3GPP TS 25.211: "Physical channels and mapping of transport channels
onto physical channels (FDD)"
2. 3GPP TS 25.306: "UE Radio Access capabilities"
3. Load Control Parameter Description
4. Power Control Parameter Description
5. Handover Parameter Description
6. 3GPP TS 25.321: "Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol
specification"
7. Rate Control Parameter Description
8. 3GPP TS 25.331: "Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol
Specification"
9. RNC Performance Counter Reference
10. NodeB Performance Counter Reference

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