Acknowledgement

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, there is a scarcity of words to praise and to give honorable thanks to the entire almighty
God for all who help me to reach in this real world.We would like to thank Wolkite university Industry
Linkage office and department of Hydraulic and water resources engineering for creating this golden
chance. Because this is a great opportunity to appreciate what we got theoretically and practically
during our stay.Next, we are glad to extend our deepest gratitude and appreciation to west gojjam zone
water,irrigation and energy development department workers for their continuous encouragement
during our internship attachment. We also thankful to Site manager and our supervisor Mr. Negib and
for all formal workers. We would like to thank West Gojjam zone Irrigation, Mine Energy office
worker Mr. Aschalew who gives different documents which is used for our final report.Last but not the
least we would like to thank our families and collapse for their support also on these company workers
whose name are not listed but who provided us the possibility to complete our internship.
i
EXECUTIVESUMMERY
This paper presents some construction aspects of Lahshembekuma small irrigation development
project.The irrigation scheme is located in JabitehnanWoreda near Finoteselam town, West Gojjam Zone,
Amhara National Regional State on the left sides of Lah river course. The project is intended to transform
rain fed subsistence and some traditional irrigation agriculture into commercial intensive irrigated
agriculture. It is proposed that up to 150 ha area of land would be irrigated by the water. This would allow
improved cropping in the dry season. The project beneficiaries are small land-holders living in and using
the cultivable lands of the project command area. A total of up to 300 households will be beneficiaries
with a land holding size of about 0.5ha.The proposed project has been assessed in accordance with
possible Ethiopian guidelines and funding agency safeguard policies. The project site is selected by
investigating different locations along Lah river course based on its geological stability, capacity to
irrigate large command area, low adverse environmental impacts and low construction cost.
The project has both positive and negative environmental and socio-economic impacts, but, the positive
impacts outweigh the negative once. The project’s positive impacts and anticipated benefits are increasing
in agricultural yields and production due to improved drainage, increased and diversified food supply due
to the provision of dry-season irrigation water, increasing in land values and price due to irrigation water,
increasing in local development and employment, increased opportunities for high value crop productions
and increasing and stabilizing household income for 300 farm households. Thus, in this EIA study, the
issues that need special attention to realize the sustainability of the project, such as soil erosion, water-
logging, Stalinization and nutrient leaching, inadequate resources to meet demands, soil fertility and
quality maintenance, health problems and sedimentation are predicted and possible mitigation measures
are proposed for each impact in the report. Therefore, the study mainly focuses on identifying and
proposing mitigation measures for potential negative impacts associated with the implementation of the
project.
ii
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................................................i
ExecutiveSummery ...................................................................................................................................................... ii
List of figure ................................................................................................................................................................vi
List of table ................................................................................................................................................................ vii
ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................................ viii
CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................................................... 1
1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Brief history of the company .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1.1 Brief description of the company ................................................................................................................. 1
1.1.2 Vision ........................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1.3 Mission......................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 The main products and service are ...................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 The main customers or end users ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Values ................................................................................................................................................................. 3
1.5 General Objective ............................................................................................................................................... 3
1.6 Specific objectives .............................................................................................................................................. 3
1.7 Organizational structure and work flow.............................................................................................................. 3
1.7.1 West Gojjam zone water, irrigation and energy development department staff profile .............................. 3
CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................................................ 4
2. Our Overall Internship Experience....................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 How we get into the company............................................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Section of the company we have been working in .............................................................................................. 4
2.3 Major tasks we performed .................................................................................................................................. 4
2.4 work flow in the section ...................................................................................................................................... 5
2.5 Work tasks we have been executing ................................................................................................................... 6
2.6 How good have been in executing task .............................................................................................................. 6
2.7 General background of the project ...................................................................................................................... 7
2.7.1 Brief Description of the Project ................................................................................................................... 7
2.7.2Description of the project area ...................................................................................................................... 7
2.7.2.1Location ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 2.3Location map of Lah Diversion Irrigation Project ................................................................................... 8
2.8 Objectives of the Study ....................................................................................................................................... 9
2.8.1General objectives ......................................................................................................................................... 9
2.8.2 Specific objectives ....................................................................................................................................... 9
2.9 Methodology and approach................................................................................................................................. 9
iii
2.10 Material used...................................................................................................................................................10
2.11 Irrigation Practices. .........................................................................................................................................11
2.12 Hydrology .......................................................................................................................................................11
2.12.1 General .....................................................................................................................................................11
2.13 Hydro-metrological data availability ..............................................................................................................12
2.13.1 Climate .....................................................................................................................................................12
2.13.2 Temperature .............................................................................................................................................13
2.13.3 Rainfall .....................................................................................................................................................13
2.14 Soil ..................................................................................................................................................................13
2.15 ESTIMATION OF DESIGN FLOOD ............................................................................................................14
2.16 Determination of Design Period .....................................................................................................................15
2.17 Methods of Design Rainfall Estimation ..........................................................................................................16
2.18 Estimating Time of Concentration ..................................................................................................................19
2.19 Challenges during the internship time ............................................................................................................20
2.20 Measure to overcome challenges ....................................................................................................................21
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................................. 22
3.Head Work structure construction .......................................................................................................................22
3.1 Site Selection ....................................................................................................................................................22
3.1.1 Weir Type Selection...................................................................................................................................22
3.2 HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF WEIR ..................................................................................................................23
3.2.1 Determination of Weir Type and Height ...................................................................................................23
3.2.2 Flow over the Weir Crest ...........................................................................................................................23
3.2.3 Top and bottom width of weir....................................................................................................................24
3.2.4 Stability Analysis of the Weir ....................................................................................................................25
3.2.5 Determination of High Flood Level ...........................................................................................................27
3.2.6 Determination of Tail Water Depth ...........................................................................................................27
3.2.7. Determination of Scour Depth ..................................................................................................................27
3.3 DESIGN OF HEADWORK APPURTENANT STRUCTURE .......................................................................28
3.3.1 Canal outlet Level and Outlet capacity ......................................................................................................28
3.3.2 Hydraulic Design of Gate ..........................................................................................................................28
Gate for the Off-take Canal ..................................................................................................................................... 28
3.3.3 Downstream Impervious Floor ..................................................................................................................29
3.3.4 Design of under sluice................................................................................................................................29
3.3.5 Design and Stability Analysis of Retaining Wall ......................................................................................30
Table3.2Typical data assumed for retaining wall stability analysis ........................................................................31
3.4 Construction procedure of head work component ............................................................................................31
iv
3.4.1. Excavation.................................................................................................................................................31
3.4.3 Masonry work ............................................................................................................................................32
3.4.4 Material Used Construction of Retaining Wall ..........................................................................................32
3.4.5 Hand Mixing Method ..........................................................................................................................32
Figure3.6 Over all structure of retaining wall .........................................................................................................34
CHAPTER FOUR..................................................................................................................................................... 36
4. Environmental Impact Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 36
4.1 Potential Positive Environmental Impacts of the Project ..................................................................................36
4.2 Potential Negative Environmental Impacts .......................................................................................................37
4.3 Mitigation measures for problems ....................................................................................................................39
CHAPTER FIVE .................................................................................................................................................... 41
5. Overall Internship Benefit.................................................................................................................................... 41
5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................41
5 .1.1 Practical skills ...........................................................................................................................................41
5.1.2 In upgrading theoretical knowledge ...........................................................................................................41
5.1.3 Interpersonal communication skill .............................................................................................................42
5.1.4 Improving Leadership Skills ......................................................................................................................42
5.1.5 Understanding about Work Ethics and Related Issues ..............................................................................43
5.1.6 Entrepreneurship skill ..............................................................................................................................43
CHAPTER SIXE...................................................................................................................................................... 44
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .................................................................................................. 44
6.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................44
6.2 Recommendation ..............................................................................................................................................45
REFERENCE.............................................................................................................................................................. 46
v
List of figure
Figure 2.1 work flow of the project .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 2.2 Well defined Lah river channel .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 2.3Location map of Lah Diversion Irrigation Project.................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure2.4 Irrigation activity in SHKA, LahRiver....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 2.5 Monthly rainfall distribution of the project area-Finoteselam station . Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure3.1 Force diagram for non-over flow case ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure3.2 Typical retaining wall section for a stability analysis (all dimensions are in m) .......... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure3.3 Durring excavation of foundation of weir and retaining well .. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure3.4 Temporary diversion of water ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure3.5construction of foundation of retaining wall ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure3.6 Over all structure of retaining
wall...................………………………………………………..Error! Bookmark not defined.
vi
List of table
Table 2.1Safety Factor for various Return Periods ............................................................................................................... 16
Table 2 .2 Metrological Stations Thought to Affect The Watershed area. ............................................................................ 18
Table2.3 Calculation of time concentration (Lahshembokma) ............................................................................................. 20
Table 3.1 Stablity analysis of diversion weir……………………………………………………………...25

Table 3.2 types of data assumed for retaining wall stability analysis…………………………………………………………………….30
vii
ACRONYMS
AGP Agricultural growth programme
A.M.S.L Above mean sea level
ARNS Amhara regional national state
D/S Downstream
E.C Ethiopian calendar
GIS Geographic Information System
GPS Global Positioning System
GTP Growth transformation plan
HWRE Hydraulic and Water Resource Engineering
LT/S Litre per second
M3/S Meter cub per second
SSnIP Small Scale Irrigation Project
SWC Soil and water conservation
U/S Upstream
viii
FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT FOR LAHSHEMBEKUMA SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION 2018
CHAPTER ONE
1 INTRODUCTION
Irrigation Water has a number of useful functions in the process of plant growth for it is the most
important constituent of plants; water is one of critical inputs for obtaining maximum production of a
particular crop. Each crop needs a certain depth of water for its successful maturity. Hydraulic and
irrigation structures, suitable soil and good management should ensure sustained high yields of crop per
unit area of land during irrigation. In many parts of Ethiopia, increasing population and frequent droughts
have resulted in food insecurity for human and loss of livestock. In order to meet this ever increasing
demand, the Federal Govt. of Ethiopia has visualized certain far-fetched goals of self-sufficiency in food
and fodder and to achieve such goals, a few large scale Irrigation projects have been envisaged.
Agriculture, which is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy, accounts a great share of the total GDP, in
foreign earnings and employment opportunity. The development of agriculture in Ethiopia in general is
characterized by low productivity, dependence on often unpredictable rainfall and small scale farms
performed by poor farmers who suffer from abject poverty and destitution. On the other hand, the country
is naturally endowed with sufficient amounts of surface and ground water resources for water supply,
irrigation and hydropower generation provided that technical and financial resources are properly
mobilized.
Agricultural practice in the Amhara region is also dominated by peasant farming where traditional farm
implements are widely used by rural households. The use of modern inputs is insignificant. Agriculture in
the region is also constrained by natural hazard. Erratic rain fall, land degradation and Siltation problems
due to manmade and natural problems that are common features of the region which results in reduction
of production and productivity. The growing population pressure and the limited possibility of expanding
farm land led to a reduction in the per capitaland size available for farming.
1.1 Brief history of the company

Name of Office- West gojjamZone Water, irrigation and Energy Development Department. Region –
ARNS
1.1.1 Brief description of the company

West Gojjam zone water, irrigation and energy development department was establishedby the regional
governments of states ARNS.The Department has ever since been making effort to achieve the targets set
in the growth rate transformation plan (GTP) for the water, mine and Energy sector of which major ones
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are ;Potable drinking water and sanitation programs.energy development such as: -alternative energy from
solar, wind, bio-fuel and other.Irrigation project.
1.1.2 Vision
To see potable water coverage reached 100% by which communities increased their productivity and
benefited from their continues activities of irrigating and land drainage provided and legally produced
zones wealth of mineral/mining/ and contributed for the overall country’s development and fulfilled the
needs of community in terms of energy provision.The zone has vision to become most competitive and
the most wanted in all irrigation project with other zone of the region.
1.1.3 Mission
Identifying the potential wealth of the zones in terms of water, mine and energy.Providing potable water
and sustainable irrigation farming service for the community.Legalizing and increasing the productivity of
mining in the zones.Promote the development of water resources, mine and energy.Undertake basin
studies and determine the local ground and surface water resource potential in terms of volume and
quality, and facilitate the utilization.In cooperation with the appropriate organs, prescribe quality
standards for waters to be used for various purposes.ensure the proper collection, maintenance and
accessibility to users of data on minerals.Undertake studies concerning the development and utilization of
energy; and promote the growth and expansion of the country’s supply of electric energy.Promote the
development of alternative energy sources and technologies.Encourage mining investment through
facilitating exploration and mining operations. Regulate in cooperation with the concerned organs, the
market for precious and ornamental minerals produced at the level of traditional and small – scale mining
operations. Issue licenses to private investors engaged in exploration and mining operations, and ensure
that they conduct mining operations and meet financial obligations in accordance with their concession
agreements.Moreover the zone also aimed in building capacity in the field of water resource structures
and become competitive in the irrigation project with the other regional zone.
1.2 The main products and service are

Construction of water supply project, Pipe line network, Ground water exploration, Maintenance and
service of pipe line,Energy supply,Mining,Construction of irrigation structure.
1.3 The main customers or end users

Population of the town and neighboring rural area.governmental organization.Ongovernmental
organization.Religious institution.
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1.4 Values
Achieving the energy needs the community.Accountability.Transparency.Quality service. Doing work
with minimum expenditure.Readiness.Realizing the rules and regulation of government. Participatory of
work. Respect for the values and norms of the community.
1.5 General Objective

The overall(General) objective of the office is to enhance the well-being and productivity of the zonal
community through the provision of adequate, reliable and potable water supply, and fulfillment of
energy demand in order to enhance the standard socio-economic development of the people.
1.6 Specific objectives

Development of the water resources of the zone for economic and social benefits of the people, on
equitable and sustainable basis. Combating and regulating floods through sustainable mitigation,
prevention, rehabilitation and other practical measures. Promote the development of mining. Encourage
mining investment through facilitating exploration and mining operations. Regulate in cooperation with
the concerned organs, the market for precious and ornamental minerals produced at the level of traditional
and small-scale mining operations. Organize, as may be necessary, research and training centers that may
assist the enhancement of the development of mining etc.
1.7 Organizational structure and work flow

West Gojjam zone water, irrigation and energy development department is a well-structured and
adequately staffed organization capable of handling a number of projects at a time. The company
uses the combined knowledge and experience of personnel, from directors to skilled workers, for
consistent quality project delivery.The qualified, well-trained and committed workforce also
enables it to uphold project schedules, even under adverse circumstances. All the achievements of
the company have been made possible by the dedicated efforts of executives and qualified
personnel.
1.7.1 West Gojjam zone water, irrigation and energy development department staff
profile
West Gojjamzone water, irrigation and energydevelopment has four main and five supporting staffs.The
main staffs are:Water supply institution main administration ,Water and mine supervision manager,Water
and mine research center facilitator and Irrigation development team.
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CHAPTER TWO
2. Our Overall Internship Experience
2.1 How we get into the company
It was during the end of June 2017(2009) that we were given a letter with subject that requests to host
qualified interns from WolkiteUniversity(WKU).We were also given adetailed orientation byour
University Hydraulics and Water Resourcesengineering(HWRE) staff members about how the coming
internship program was planned to be and what possible challenges and problems we could phase. The
orientation mainly focused on helping us to realize that no one could believe us unless we were strictly
responsible ready to learn & grasp knowledge we could get from any one.As soon as we were given the
orientation we informally and formally was searching for water companies and design offices that could
give us the chance to practice in their projects. Right after we have been given the letter by the
coordinator, we made ourselves busy on seeking for a job place but many firms couldn’t give us any
positive response. We contact an office manager who workes west Gojjam Water Resources,Irrigation
and Energy development Bureau, AtoAschalew.we enquired his direction which woreda shall we practice
and he asked us that in which stream we would prefer to work. As we told him our interest is on Jabi
TehinanworedaLahshembokma small scale irrigation project. He refers us to Engineers Nejibe and Getu
as an assistant. Finally it was so thrilling that after trying so much we got the job we wanted.
2.2 Section of the company we have been working in

The company is a well-organized one with a skilled manpower.The work flow is so organized that it made
the company so chosen by many customers.Coming to the sections of the company that we had been
working in for four months;
 referring different irrigation related document from library of the office for the first
month,
 Practicing leveling and global positioning system for the second month.
 At last observation and participating in the project site.
2.3 Major tasks we performed

Water engineering design and irrigation project need a specification and requirement that has to be met in
order to ensure material’s strength to withstand the design criteria and different weather condition and
able to give smooth function in its design period. There should be material testing laboratories which are
arrived at through research by their own procedures for each test to congregate this
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requirement.Amharadesign and supervision workes interprisis one of the companies that are under taking
material testing and consulting services for different clients and construction in the region.We observe
and carried out different tests that we know theoretically before& that we will grasp in different practical
works.
2.4 work flow in the section

During the progression of the project the work havesome sort of chain or network b/n different individual
to for qualified, fast and easily manageable site work. In our site, there is one site engineer, two surveyors,
two Forman and more than 30 laborers. There have their own working activities and duties. The working
flow and the function of site engineer, surveyors, Forman and labors as follows.
Project Manager: Office Engineer
Site Engineer Surveyor
Site Forman
Administrator Finance
Time keeper Labor
Figure 1.1 work flow of the project

Project Manager: manages the whole project by dividing work into units and assigning
appropriate individuals. Then he follows them as each individual staffs carry out their works
properly and also responsible in motivating individuals, avoiding wastage of material and
resources with pure and qualified workmanship.
Site Engineer: looks and controls that the work is executed according to the design and checks the
construction and makes necessary report to the site coordinator or project manager and also
follows that the work and works are following the determined time schedule.
Office Engineer: collects the data from either from surveyor or other data collector and reports to
project manager.
Surveyor: conducts works like checking of alignment, settings out, and checking of design depth
by using level, thetheodolite or total station.
Site Forman:follows and conducts each action which ordered by site engineer on the site by
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coordinating laborers operators and etc.
Administrator: takes care of employees, checks performance and punctualities being with time
keeper.
Time keeper: keeps load of each truck and every employee’s punctuality on a site.
Finance: handles and controls salary, finance & request of purchasing materials.
Labor:are workers who working daily in constructions.
2.5 Work tasks we have been executing

Then throughout our internship time we have been working on our site which involved from excavationto
construction ofretaining wall. We participated on works like checking that the working activities are done
according to the order of our site engineer, excavation of main canal and excavation of foundation of weir
as much as possible.We also have been engaged in some concrete work just like:-concrete filling when
constructing theretainigwall, guidbankand bed of the maincanal. If we get some difficulties we ask our
site engineer for help and he answered to us and shows us how we could pass such problems.At the last
month of our internship period,we have been working plastering of retaining well, main canal and guide
banks.
Procedures we have been using while performing our work tasks

Wehave used different methods while performing our work tasks throughout our internship time.
 we prepared a note book and wetook each daily activities in our note book, and after that we fill
the daily activities format of the company and gave to our supervisor at the end of each week.
 By collecting these daily and weekly activities we also prepared a monthly report
 While we were working at the site we take the drawings and check the measurement and when we
face difficulties we asked to the contractors or site engineers to help us.
When our supervisor asks questions or gives us assignments we refer our exercise books and other
references then we try to answer the question or assignment at the night or break time. Then we discus
with the site engineer at the next day and we checked our answers. In this regard the site engineer has
taught us a lot of experiences.
2.6 How good have been in executing task

 We present all the working days on time even some time we showed up out of our working
day on Saturday.
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 We are punctual
 We accepted any kind of tasks that our supervisor gave it to us.
Before performing the task we study it carefully with compatible things like drawing and format of
tasks.If we encountered problems to understand the given task, we asked for help the professionals
around us to understand and rich on solutions
2.7 General background of the project

2.7.1 Brief Description of the Project
The project area is found in Amhara national regional state in West Gojjam administrative zone
JabiTehnanworeda, particularly Shembokmakebele.Like any other developing country, the most pressing
problem in Ethiopia today is that of improving the economy and social condition of the vast number of
people in rural areas who live below the poverty line.Agriculture which is described as the foundation of
the country’s economy is very much weakened from time to time due to a combination of natural factors.
The capacity of producing sufficient quantity of food from rain fed agriculture has been in a weak
position, due to lack of uneven distribution of rainfall.To minimize or avoid this problem one of the
solution is development of irrigated agriculture.It is hoped that the development of irrigated agriculture
will open–up the opportunity of vastly increasing agricultural production and income and improve the
level of living standard of the rural community given that it is properly implemented and managed. It is in
the light of this that the government considered the introduction of irrigated agriculture as one of the
vitalstrategies. The development of irrigation helps in alleviating food shortage caused by draught and
insufficient land leading to multiple cultivation per year.The project is aimed at introducing irrigation
practice in the woreda in general and in the targeted kebele(Shembokma) in particular by diverting
LahRivers, so that enables to minimize and/or alleviate crop yield failure caused by lack of rainfall during
dry season.The present design consists of Head Work and the main canal, the farm infrastructures to be
pended until the detail topographic survey will be taken. The project is intended to irrigate 150 ha of land
so that about 300 households are expected to be directly benefited from the scheme by practicing
irrigation farming & secure harvesting at least once in a year.
2.7.2 Description of the project area

2.7.2.1 Location
Lah Diversion Irrigation Project is found in Amhara National Regional state (ANRS), West Gojjam
Administrative Zone of JabiTehnanworeda, Shembokma kebele.It is very close to FinoteSelam Town
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(about 3 km from the town) and accessed through a small road that branches left from main road around
the Lah Bridge in the town. Specifically, the headwork site is located at (UTM): X: 309317, Y: 1185162.
The command area is on the left side of the river. The first command area (estimated 30-40ha), near to the
headwork site, is clear of forests and can be surveyed and possibly irrigated by the second headwork
alternative. Geographically the watershed between 1174777 m to 1185907 m North and 309486 m to
314556 m East in UTM coordinates with an altitude ranges of 1768 upto 1983 meters above sea level.
Figure 2.2 Well defined Lah river channel
Figure 2.3Location map of Lah Diversion Irrigation Project
2.7.2.2 Accessibility
Access road is available up to the Woreda capital Ereket(distance) but for the rest 4.5kms up to the head
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work site, there is access road at all.
2.7.2.3 Topography
Topography is an important factor for the planning of any irrigation project since it influences method of
irrigation, drainage, erosion, costs of land development, mechanization, labor requirement and choice of
crops.Topographically, most of the cultivated lands of the project area are found between nearly level
lands. In general, the command area lies in almost moderately flat slope (<8%). Therefore, the slope of
the command area has been identified to be suitable for surface irrigation as long as the watershed area
would be treated with soil and water conservation (SWC) measures and when awareness is created on the
community living around the project area.
2.7.2.4 Site Selection Criterion

The location for the diversion headwork was already been selected by the professionals and Zone team of
engineers couldn’t found another location which has more engineering acceptance/advantage than the site
they already selected.A stable bank section, bedrock and safe elevation for a diversion the river to the
command area enable the headwork site to be chosen
2.8 Objectives of the Study

2.8.1General objectives
To secure food self-sufficiency and improve the living standard of the people around and the neighboring
areas of the project site.To support the farmers struggle in order to prevent Poverty and achieve the
development and Transformation Goal.
2.8.2 Specific objectives

 To determine the Capacity of the river (Base flow).
 To delineate and estimate the command area (ha).
 To check whether the base flow capacity is sufficient to irrigate the command or not.
 To design an economical structure that enables the farmers to get the required irrigation
water easily
 To estimate the overall cost required for constructions of the proposed headwork and main
canal structures.
2.9 Methodology and approach

To collect the geological and geotechnical input data required for the design of the design proposed
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diversion, various approaches and methods have been implemented. Apart from an in-depth on site
investigation, secondary data were collected from different sources. These include:
 Google Earth digital data – it is a high resolution QuickBird image (about 60 cm

resolution), which is easily accessed on the web. This data was used to: scrutinize the
types of potential engineering structure to be studied, examine alternative headwork sites,
understand drainage patterns, visualize topographic and geomorphologic accessibility of
the area, understand the river nature (meandering or non-meandering, deep river channel
or shallow river channel and so on) and also to identify alternative headwork sites, and to
roughly propose potential sources of different natural construction materials.
 Available Geological maps of scale 1: 200,000 with associated explanatory notes
prepared by Kazmin in 1972. This was used to outline the general geological units’
classifications in and around the project area and to correlate with the regional geological
units. After gathering and reviewing the existing and available secondary information, a
field work mission was conducted to generate the primary and in-situ geological and
geotechnical details. Obviously, this was carried out through geological field
investigation methods using the following methodologies.
 Reconnaissance visit was made for one day to the LahRiver to identify alternative
suitable site for the weir axis
 GPS was used to capture geographical data of the areas of interests (e.g., at the weir axis
site, gully crossings, hand dug well sites, spring sites and construction material sites and
so on)
 High resolution camera was used to capture pictures whenever deemed necessary
 Subsurface geological and geotechnical investigations were done by excavating test pits
 Assessment of possible quarry site and borrow areas following geological traverses
 Soil and sand samples were collected for further analysis in the laboratory,
 Laboratory testing of the soil samples for classification and consequent determination of
geotechnical parameters for foundation and structural design and also determination of
the quality of the sand construction material.
2.10 Material used

Different materials were in use to optimally carry out this geological and geotechnical feasibility study.
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Some of these include
 Shovel
 Measuring Tape meter
 Topographic map at a scale of 1:50,000 to view the relief of the area
 Handheld GPS
 Digital camera
2.11 Irrigation Practices.

Irrigation had been tried in a traditional form prior to this intervention. Local informants indicated that the
area have made some localized, and unsuccessful, trial to use Lah River for irrigation purposes. Apart
from this the team has not come across any other intervention, or previous efforts targeted to developing
and utilizing water resource for irrigation in the project area.Prevesly farmers tradational irrigation befor
this time by diverting the water tradationalyllke this.
Figure2.4 Irrigation activity in SHKA, LahRiver
2.12 Hydrology
2.12.1 General
In the design of hydraulic structures the peak flood that can be expected within certain frequency, at a
given location in the stream, a primary importance to adequately proportion the structure to accommodate
its effect. Lah River originates from the thin scoraceous basalt flows and connecting two lakes Gudero in
Guderkani Plain of Sekela and of Lah River near Finoteselam(Jabitehnaworeda). Four rural
KebelesYeshertJigur,HodansheGatagon, AwinteYedefes,AribayituEnsesa and parts of Finoteselam town
are along the watershed boundary of Lah routing to the headwork site Lah III. The watershed, Lah, is
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labeled by the name of the main river passing through River Lah and the order of the head work in the
river. Geographically the Watershed between 1174777.975923 m to 1185907.975923 m North and
309486.736885 m to 314556.736885 m East in UTM coordinates with an altitude ranges of 1768up to
1983 meters above sea level.The drainage unit has historically been an important watershed area as it is
among the earliest sources of water to its environs. It lay within a key agricultural area and has seen
significant expansion in agricultural activity over the years. The watershed bounded in two zones; Awi
and West Gojjam; at four rural woreda (Banjashikudad, Burie, Jabitenan and Sekela) and Finoteselam
town administration and 25 kebeles with a coverage of 27641.34 hectares.The rate and volume of runoff,
and sediment yield from the watershed have much to do with slope and other parameters of the landscape.
The rugged terrain and steep slopes accelerate land degradation. The rugged and steep land has influenced
not only lowered infiltration of rainwater but also the water holding capacity of soils. They also have
negative impacts on the efficiency of soil and water conservation measures particularly that of physical
SWC measures. This is attributable to small cross sectional area of the channel of the structures, which
otherwise need deep excavations.Thus the structures get filled with sediment within one shower of
rainfall.The river water currently serves as the most abundant source for cattle, as well as domestic use by
the local people. There are No private investors working in the farming sector, who have reportedly made
some efforts to utilize this water for irrigation purposes but the interests of the people for irrigation is too
high. The relative location of the river with the potential irrigable land has made it difficult to tap the
abundant resource.With carefully designed and implemented irrigation network, Lah River can cover
larger area of land than expected. The prevalent humidity in the area is also expected to have a positive
impact to increase the potential of the river water in irrigating relatively more area, by reducing the water
requirement of the crops since the area is highland.
2.13 Hydro-metrological data availability

2.13.1 Climate
The interaction of human activity on the distribution of vegetation through land management practices
and seemingly beginning of rainfall events can make land more vulnerable to degradation. These
vulnerabilities become more acute when the prospect of climate change is introduced. Rainfall and
temperature are the prime factors in determining the climate and therefore the distribution of vegetation
types. There is a strong correlation between climate and biomass.
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2.13.2 Temperature
Important climatic variables such temperature and rainfall were observed at Amhara Region climate map source.
The watershed comprises three thermal zone classes which is tepied, cool and cold zones.
2.13.3 Rainfall
The extremes of either too much or too little rainfall can produce soil erosion that can lead to land
degradation. However, soil scientists consider rainfall the most important erosion factor among the many
factors that cause soil erosion. Rainfall can erode soil by the force of raindrops, surface and subsurface
runoff, and river flooding. The velocity of rain hitting the soil surface produces a large amount of kinetic
energy, which can dislodge soil particles. The watershed comprises one rainfall zone with minimum
rainfall of 1401 mm and maximum 1948mm.
Figure 2.5 Monthly rainfall distribution of the project area-Finoteselam station
2.14 Soil
Physical property of the soil influences nutrient availability and water holding capacity, aeration, drainage
and workability. According to FAO classification with support of field verification, the soil type over the
command area are HaplicNitols (55%), EutricVertisol (35%) and Lithic Liptosol (10%).There is no
adequate river bank erosion rehabilitation & soil and water conservation works to prevent its expansion
and soil loss through runoff from sloppy cultivated land and river bank. Thus there will be sedimentation
and lose of land over the nearby river plots as a result of erosion. The soils of the command area are
predominantly clay textured soils that may contribute to water logging problem.
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2.15 ESTIMATION OF DESIGN FLOOD

Probable maximum flood is a hypothetical flood that would be observed at a selected location during
some period, whose magnitude is such that never be exceeded. It is estimated by combining the most
common hydrological and meteorological conditions observed reasonably possible at the particular
location under consideration. This hydro meteorological approach is necessary because stream flow
records often are not available. Flood formulas primarily have been derived from and are directed toward
peak discharge computation. However, the volume of runoff associated with peak discharge and its time
distribution is of vital concern to the designers, who usually need a hydrograph of the inflow design flood
for computing flood routing. Rational method is the simplest but the reliability of the results decrease with
increase in size of catchment area. Hydrograph analysis method is applicable to watersheds of any size
where flow originates as direct runoff from rainfall. For this project, the SCS-CN method is applied to
estimate the design flood. From the non-uniform rain fall the storm is divided in to increments of
duration, D and increments of runoff volume, Q for the same period the incremental run off is determined
using SCS-CN method. The design storm is characterized by its duration and temporal distribution. In the
absence of continuous records of rainfall, the design storm can be derived from the 24-hour rainfall.
According to the SCS, four distributions are developed for the entire United States. Other countries have
to determine which of the four will best fit the local condition or develop their own relationships.
Literatures dictate that there should at least be 20 observations required to carry out appropriate frequency
analysis. In this case we have around 21 years’ data from Sekela meteorological station, 25 for Tilili and
20 years of data for FinoteSelam which seems sufficient for the analysis under consideration.For the
determination of time increment, D, to be used the time increment; D will be one hour for the first (most
intensive) 6hours. For rapid concentration time (Tc less than 3hours) duration will be 1/6 of Tc.SCS-CN
method expresses by this formula
Where
Ri= direct runoff from a land use (mm)
Pi = total rainfall of event i (mm)
kabs = initial abstraction coefficient (dimensionlCNj = composite runoff curve number for land use j, given
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as a function of land use/cover, hydrologic soil group and antecedent moisture condition (dimensionless)
The three meteorological stations daily heaviest rainfall data were used for the analysis to determine the
maximum probable flood. After that, Thiessien polygon method is used to determine the area of the
catchment which is influenced by the metrological stations. This method attempts to allow for non-
uniform distribution of gauges by providing a weighting factor for each gauge. The stations are plotted on
a base map and are connected by straight lines. Perpendicular bisectors are drawn to the straightlines,
joining adjacent stations to form polygons, known as Thiessenpolygon area is assumed to be influenced
by the raingauge station inside it, i.e., if P1, P2, P3, ....are the rainfalls at the individual stations, and A1,
A2, A3, .... Are the areas of the polygons surrounding these stations, (influence areas) respectively, the
average depth of rainfall for the entire basin is given by
Where∑A1 = A = total area of the basin.To do so, first the design flood developed by each station using
the whole catchment area is determined.
2.16 Determination of Design Period

All hydraulic works sized by a flood estimate are designed on a risk basis, and none is completely safe.
The most important factors in selecting the design peak flood are cost and safety. It is too costly to design
a small structure for very large peak flood. It is not also safe to design a very large structure (like large
dams) for very small peak discharge. An optimal magnitude for design is therefore one that balances the
conflicting condition between cost and safety. The following three approaches are commonly employed to
determine the hydrologic design value (Chow et.al. 1988):
 Frequency analysis
 Risk analysis
 Hydro economic analysis
Data to both economy and social caused due to a flood magnitude of a certain recurrence interval is
seldom available. Thus, it is often practically difficult to design a certain hydraulic structure based on
hydro-economic analysis and consequently, this method is not adapted for this study.Small hydraulic
structures like the one, which will be treated here, where the damage caused to property due to the
occurrence of floods larger than the design magnitude is not significant, are often designed for a flood
magnitude of 50-years recurrence interval.
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Table 2.1Safety Factor for various Return Periods
2.17 Methods of Design Rainfall Estimation

The different methods of flood estimation have been summarized most adequately by Wolf (1966). The
applicability of frequency methods to the study of floods has been widely recognized by numerous
researchers in the field. Yet many others tend to criticize them on the following grounds: (a) insufficient
records on which to base any extrapolation; (b) ignorance of the statistical laws on which extrapolations
may be based; (c) inhomogeneity of records (e.g. recorded flows may be the result of various incoherent
climatological mechanisms); (d) climatological changes over long periods. Statisticians, however, agree
that floods of small frequency are random variables and they argue that even the highest design floods are
strictly random variables and should be treated as elements of statistics of extremes. Besides, to a practical
engineer the interpolation and extrapolation of flood frequencies provide an easy answer on which to base
their designs.For the purpose of flood estimation the Pearson type III, the Gumbel extreme value distribution,
and lognormal distribution seem to have found a wider applicability than many other distributions (Kaczmarek,
1957). Those distributions have been used and tasted for this project and the one which fits very well based on
acceptable statistical indicators is selected. All the methods can be outlined as below.The magnitude Kt of a
hydrologic event may be represented as the mean μ plus the departure ΔXt of the variate from the mean:
𝑲𝒕=𝝁̅+𝜟𝑿𝒕1
The departure may be taken as equal to the product of the standard deviation σ and a frequency factor Kt,
that is, ΔXt = Kt σ. The departure ΔXt and the frequency factor Kt are functions of the return period and
the type of probability distribution to be used in the analysis. The previous Equation may therefore be
expressed as:
𝐾𝑡=𝜇̅+𝜎𝑋𝑡2
In the event that the variable analyzed is y = log x, then the same method is applied to the statistics for the
logarithms of the data, using
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𝑋𝑡=𝑥̅+𝑠𝐾𝑡3
The above frequency factor equation was proposed by Chow (1951), and it is applicable to many
probability distributions used in hydrologic frequency analysis. For a given distribution, a K-T
relationship can be determined between the frequency factor and the corresponding return period. This
relationship can be expressed in mathematical terms or by a table. For a given return period, the frequency
factor can be determined from the K-T relationship for the proposed distribution, and the magnitude XT
computed by the previous equations. In the event that the variable analyzed is y = log x, then the same
method is applied to the statistics for the logarithms of the data, using
𝑦𝑡=𝑦̅+𝐾𝑇𝑠𝑦4
The theoretical K-T relationships for the three most frequently used probability distributions commonly
used in hydrologic frequency analysis and also used as a comparison for this project are described below.
The Pearson Type III distribution, also called the three-parameter gamma distribution is a very flexible
distribution, assuming a number of different shapes. The normal distribution is a special case of the
Pearson Type III distribution, describing a non-skewed variable. When the data are very positively
skewed, a log transformation is used to reduce the skewness. The mean y, standard deviation sy, and
coefficient of skewness Cs are calculated for the logarithms of the data. The frequency factor depends on
the return period T and the coefficient of skewness Cs. When Cs = 0, the frequency factor is equal to the
standard normal variable z. When Cs ≠ 0, KT is approximated by equation 5 below:
𝐾𝑇= 𝑧+(𝑧2−1)𝑘+13(𝑧3−6𝑧)𝑘2−(𝑧2−1)𝑘3+𝑧𝑘4+13𝑘5
Where 𝑘=𝐶𝑠/6
The value of z corresponding to an exceedance probability of p (p = 1/T) can be calculated by finding the
value of an intermediate variable w:
𝑤=[𝑙𝑛(1/𝑝^2⁄)] ^1/2⁄ (0 < p <= 0.5) 6
Then calculating z with the approximation:
For the lognormal distribution, the same procedure applies except that it is applied to the logarithms of the
variables, and their mean and standard deviation used in equation 1 and 2.
Details of Gumbel's method normally described in the literature can be written as follows:
𝑸𝒕=𝑸̅(𝟏+𝑲𝑪𝒗)
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Where QT = the probable discharge with a return period of T years
Cv = coefficient of variation = σ/𝑄̅
𝑄̅ = mean flood
K = frequency factor = (YT - Yn)/ σn
σn = standard deviation of data
YT= -LnLn (T/T- 1)
Yn, σn = expected mean and standard deviations of reduced extremes to be found from Gumbel's table.
The lognormal distribution has the advantages over the normal distribution that it is bounded (X > 0) and
that the log transformation tends to reduce the positive skewness commonly found in hydrologic data,
because taking logarithms reduces large numbers proportionately more than it does small numbers. Some
limitations of the lognormal distribution are that it has only two parameters and that it requires the
logarithms of the data to be symmetric about their mean.
Based on the above procedures, the design point and aerial rainfall values are tabulated in Table 2 below
for the three metrological stations thought to affect the watershed area.
Table 2 .2 Metrological Stations Thought to Affect The Watershed area.
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2.18 Estimating Time of Concentration

Time of concentration (Tc) is a fundamental watershed parameter which is the time for runoff to travel
from the hydraulically most distant point of the watershed to a point of interest within the watershed. In
this study this parameter is used to compute the peak discharge generated from the catchment from the
design rainfall. The peak discharge is a function of the rainfall intensity, which is based on the time of
concentration. The peak rate of runoff is very sensitive to Tc, particularly for small watersheds. The
procedures used to estimate Tc depend upon several factors including watershed characteristics
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(especially drainage area) and climatic conditions (especially rainfallcharacteristics), and other factors.
There are many different ways to calculate Tc. Some methods first identify the Tc path and divide this
path into different segments according to the type of flow (this may include overland flow, shallow
concentrated flow and channel flow). To accurately determine the Tc for a catchment, the hydraulics of
each part of the flow path must be considered separately. The travel time (Tt) can then be computed for
each segment and totaled to obtain the Tc. Time of concentration in this case has been calculated by
taking the profile of the longest streamline and dividing it into different reaches of similar slope. For this
purpose the water course is divided according to its slope.The longest water course is divided into 3
intervals and the time of concentration is computed using Kirpich formula.The Kirpich equation was
developed from data obtained in seven rural watersheds in USA. The watersheds had well-defined
channels and steep slopes of 3 to 10%. It is used widely in urban areas for both overland flow and channel
flow; and it is used for most of agricultural watersheds.This method relates Tc to catchment
characteristics as flow:
Tc= 0.948 (L3/H) 0.385
Where: Tc= Time of concentration in hr.

L= Length in km.
H= Elevation difference (m).
In this study Tc is estimated between consecutive contours and add up all Tcs to get the Tc for the whole
catchment. The result is summarized in the following table (Table 2.3)
Table2.3Calculation of time concentration (Lahshembokma)
2.19 Challenges during the internship time

After we had commencing our internship practice in Lahshembokma irrigation project the
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following problem were occurred. We will discuss some of them below
 There is no dormitory or camp in the site.

 Lack of pure water and food around the site.
 We have not pocket money from the company; the given pocket money from the
university is not much enough and not matches with the current market.There is no
transportation
2.20 Measure to overcome challenges

 We have rent house to solve dormitory problem
 Asking additional money from the family was the only option to overcome the problem.
 By boil and drink underground water taken from the peoples around that environment.
 Solving the society’s problem by diplomatic meeting
 Transportation problem solved by going on foot.
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CHAPTER THREE
3.Head Work structure construction
Diversion head works are structures constructed across a river (head of a canal) to facilitate a regulated
and continuous diversion of water into the off-taking canal. Whenever the source of water for irrigation is
a river. Lahshembokma Irrigation Project is constructed a head work to divert Lah river to irrigate 150 ha
command area. Head work may be divided in to two
 Storage head work

 diversion head work
1. Storage head work:-is a dam constructed across a river valley to form storage reservoir. Water is
supplied to the canal regulator .these serves for multipurpose function like hydro –electric power
generation, flood control, fishery.
2. Diversion head work:-is a weir or barrage constructed across a perennial river to raise water level
and to divert the water to canal. Flow of water in the canal is controlled by canal head regulator.The
diversion beadwork serves the following purpose:
It raises the water level in river to irrigate the target command area.
 It regulates the intake of water in to the irrigation canal.

 It controls the silt entry in to the canal by the provision of under sluice structure.
 It reduces fluctuations in the level of supply in the river.
3.1 Site Selection

Considering the channel reach, foundation condition and existing traditional irrigation diversion location,
the proposed weir axis location is exactly at the same location to the existing traditional irrigation
diversion point. The selected canal outlet is provided in the same side of the existing traditional canal
outlet (right side of the river) and it is been checked that more command can be achieved than the
traditionally irrigated command area
3.1.1 Weir Type Selection

Since, the topography of the catchment area has a relatively gentle slope; there are no transported
boulders materials and the expected maximum flood (as per the local elders) is not so much. In addition to
this weir type selection is based on the availability of construction material and simplicity of workman
ship. Finally, a broad crested type of weir is selected due to the above mentioned reasons.
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3.2 HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF WEIR

3.2.1 Determination of Weir Type and Height
The diversion weir is the structure constructed across the river to raise the water level and easily
divert the water to the irrigable area using the irrigation canals.A trapezoidal masonry weir has been
adopted for the diversion. Following were the main pointes considered for the selection.
 the availability of construction materials

 Nature of the foundation and the river bed material (the river bed is sound rock and good in
bearing capacity)
 Height of the weir
The height of the weir required should be enough to irrigate the maximum possible irrigable command
area. Moreover, it is very important to consider some head losses (For instances; head regulator loss, and
also some driving head). Considering topographic factors of the command area and the diversion site,
main canal routes, river bank conditions and related factors, the weir heighthas been fixed to be 1.5
meters. Hence, weir crest level is 1942.5 m a.s.l
3.2.2 Flow over the Weir Crest

The diversion weir has got 21 m overflow crest length. The maximum design discharge as computed from
the hydrologic analysis in the previous section is 287.80 m3/s. Taking standard values of discharge
coefficient, the following computations were done that will ultimately lead us to the flow over weir crest.
Design discharge, Q= 287.80 m3/s.
Total over flow river section width = 21 m
Coefficient of discharge for the weir, C=1.8
Head over the weir crest,
Normally, there will be deposition of sediment on the upstream face of the weir through time and the weir
height will be reduced. This will affect the approach velocity and also the total energy head over the weir.
However, due to the existence of some waves, the weir may not be filled with sediment up to its top level
and some allowance (0.5m) can be provided.
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Approach velocity,
Where P is the weir height which is free of sediment through time and taken as 0.5m
Velocity Head,
Water depth over the weir (Hd) =Total energy over the weir (He) – velocity head (ha)
Hd = 3.87-0.33 = 3.54m
River bed level = 1941 masl

Weir top level = 1941 + 1.5m = 1942.5 masl
U/s Total energy level = Weir Top Level + He = 1942.5 +3.87 m = 1946.37 masl
U/s Water level = Weir Top Level + Hd = 1942.5+3.54 m = 1946.04 masl
High flood level before construction of the weir (D/S HFL) = 1944.46 masl (From tail water rating curve).
Afflux = U/S HFL-D/S HFL
= 1946.04 – 1944.46 =1.58 m
3.2.3 Top and bottom width of weir

According to the Bligh’s formula, top and bottom width of the weir body is determined as follows
Where T is Top width, ℎ𝑑= water depth above the weir Crest, G=Unit weight of weir body material (2.3
for masonry), B is bottom width, He is head over weir crest and P is weir height. Application of the above
equations gives:-
However, it has to be noted that Bligh’s equation is conservative and only provides values usually
subjected for judgment. The governing factor for the top and bottom width of the weir will be its stability
against all expected loading combination. The basic concept for the design shall be to have a slim
structure which will have to resist all loading conditions even for extreme cases. Consequently, it is
suggested to provide a weir with top width of 1.0m and bottom width of 2.5m. The stability will be
checked using those provisions and necessary adjustments will be done later on if required.
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3.2.4 Stability Analysis of the Weir

Besides satisfying the hydraulic requirements, the designed structure must be safe against overturning,
sliding and tension development for sever loading conditions. Consequently, thedesigned section is tested
for stability requirements. The major forces considered to check stability analysis are the following
 Water pressure
 Weight above the over flow weir section
 Silt pressure
But the Seismic, surge wave and impact loads are not included by virtue of the scale of the project.
Normally, the stability of the weir is checked for the case when there is water up to pond level of the weir
as it is thought that this case represents the critical loading condition.
To carry out the stability analysis, the following considerations are taken:-
 Water pressure: - Water pressure here is assumed to follow hydrostatic distribution where
pressure is zero at the free surface and maximum at the bottom of the channel.The resultant
force due to external water is Acting at h/3 from base, where γw is the
unit weight of water (i.e. 9.81kN/m3) and h is the depth of water.
 Weight of the Weir: The weir is assumed to be constructed from cyclopean concrete with
unit weight of approximately 23kN/m3. Consequently, the total weight is calculated
considering this unit weight.
 Silt pressure: - the force due to silt is considered up to weir crest level which is the worst
loading condition and is given by:Ps = ½ ka sub h2 and it acts at h’/3 from base.Where ka
= Coefficient of active earth pressure and sub = submerged unit weight of silt material.
However, detailed information of the incoming sediment load is required to use this
relationship which is not available for most Ethiopian river systems. Moreover, additional
time is required if there is any attempt to collect relevant data. Consequently, the force due
to silt pressure is determined using U.S.B.R. recommendation which is in fact very
conservative. This equation has been applied several times in the past and thought to yield
reasonable results. The equation reads: Ps =1.8(h́’) 2 (in KN/m); Where h’ = height of silt
deposited (i.e. from the river bed up to canal outlet level.The result of stability analysis is
summarized
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Figure3.1 Force diagram for non-over flow case

Table 3.1 Stability analysis of diversion weir (Lah Shembekuma
1. Stability against Overturning: indicated by the factor of safety against overturning (Fo) Fo = ΣMr/
ΣMo= 94.88/7.54= 12.6
2. Stability against Sliding: indicated by the factor of safety against sliding (Fs)
Fs = μΣV/ΣH = 0.75* 70.44/10.48 = 5.04
3. Safety against formation of tension: indicated by comparing the eccentricity e and comparing it with
the base width divided by 6 .In order to avoid formation of tension: e<B/6 where e= (B/2-x)
X=ΣMnet/ΣV= (94.88-7.54)/70.54 =1.24
B/6 =2.5/6=0.42 and
e= Abs ((2.5/2)-1.24) =0.02
As, e (0.02) is less than the threshold value of B/6 (0.42), it is concluded that there is no formation of
tension or compression at the heel or toe of the weir. The above calculations indicate that the designed
weir section is safe against sliding, overturning & formation of tension for the case where water is at the
crest of the weir.
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3.2.5 Determination of High Flood Level

A stage-discharge relationship or rating curve is a relationship between observed water level and observed
discharge at a given cross section of a stream and is a fundamental technique in hydrology employed for
determining discharge from Rivers. While river cross sections are inherently variable, it generally takes
quite some time for a change in cross section to occur. The primary objective of measuring discharge
directly from a gauging site is to obtain a relation between the stage and discharge so that the stage can be
converted to discharge from the developed relation. Since daily observation of discharge is expensive and
time consuming, data from stream gauges are collected as stage data using staff gauges or water level
recorders and this will be transformed to discharge data using the rating curve developed for a number of
observed discharge and stage data. The rating curve will remain valid so long as the conditions at the
gauging site remain stable. Since the river is not gauged at the weir site, an approximate slope-Area
method is used in this project to establish the rating curve. The simplest of all the methods is the
Manning’s equation, which although developed for conditions of uniform flow in open channels, may
give an adequate estimate of the non-uniform flow, which is usual in natural channels. One of the greatest
difficulties in using the Manning’s equation is estimating an accurate value of ‘n’. This is because ‘n’
increases as turbulence and flow retardance effects increase, and in natural channels n can vary with
depth.
3.2.6 Determination of Tail Water Depth

After the design peak discharge is calculated, it is necessary to find the tail water surface which will be
used for deciding the bottom elevation of the downstream floor. Moreover, it is used to determine the
relative location of the tail water depth and the jump height water depth (post jump depth) for different
discharges.The TWRC (Tail Water Rating Curve) is the natural free-surface elevation in the downstream
flood plain. The downstream channel often flows as a subcritical flow, controlled by the downstream flow
conditions (i.e. discharge and downstream flood plain geometry). In practice, the tail water depth is set by
the downstream flood plain characteristics for a range of flow rates. It may also be specified. Designers
must select stilling basin dimensions such that the Jump Height Rating Curve (JHRC) matches the Tail
Water Rating Curve (TWRC). When the jump height level is higher than the tail water level, the jump
may not take place on the apron but downstream of the apron. The flow above the apron becomes a jet
flow and insufficient energy dissipation takes place.
3.2.7 Determination of Scour Depth

The river bed might get scoured during flood flows and large scour holes may develop progressively
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adjacent to the concrete aprons (if there is any) which may cause undermining of the weir structure. The
scour depth is practically estimated by the Lacey’s formula depending on weather the actual waterway
provided is greater or equal to or less than the regime width. However, river bed of Lah Shembekuma III
diversion is massive basaltic rock even up to several meters further downstream of the headwork.
Consequently, the use of those conservative scour prediction equations is less important as the river bed
further downstream is thought to be resistant for scour.Accordingly, a nominal cut-off is just provided to
protect the river bed if it is disturbed by machinery during construction.
3.3 DESIGN OF HEADWORK APPURTENANT STRUCTURE

3.3.1 Canal outlet Level and Outlet capacity
The canal outlet crest level is fixed to be equivalent to the crest level of the weir at 1942.5 ma.s.l.
From agronomic studies and crop water requirement computation of the area, a duty of 1.29 l/s/ha has
been determined and the size of the command area to be irrigated is about 150 ha (considering available
command area feasible for gravity irrigation). This makes the design discharge (outlet capacity) to be
approximately 0.2 m3/s.
Outlet size
From the weir discharge formula, the outlet size is determined as follows:
Q = CLHe 3/2
Where C = coeff. of discharge = 1.8
L = Length of water way (m)
He = head above sill level (neglecting the velocity head) = 0.5 m
⇒ Adopt water way length = 0.5 m

Hence, provide an outlet size of 0.5 m x 0.5 m (height x length).
3.3.2 Hydraulic Design of Gate
Gate for the Off-take Canal

The gate of the off take canal is to be vertical sheet metal of 0.5m x 0.50m (width*depth) for the closure
of the opening space. Provide some extra dimensions for groove insertion. Gross area of sheet metals for
the off take canal gate will be 0.6m x 0.55m (allowing 5cm insertion for grooves and above the weir crest
level). The grooves are to be provided on the walls using angle iron frames at the two sides of the gate
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openings.
Gate for the under sluice
The gate for under sluice is to be vertical lift sheet metal of size 0.7m by 0.7m for the closure of the
opening space providing some extra dimensions for the groove insertion 5mm. The sheet metal should be
strengthened by providing a crossing angle iron. Gross area of sheet metal for the gate will be 0.75m by
0.8m (allowing 5mm for the insertion of Grooves). The grooves are to be providedon the walls using
angle iron frames at the two sides of the gate opening.
3.3.3 Downstream Impervious Floor

As the foundation of the weir is covered with slightly jointed to massive basaltic rock after removal of the
first 70cm jointed and fractured vesicular basalt, there is no need to provide an impervious floor.
However, the masonry structure of the weir should be jointed with the chiselled fresh and rough surface of
the foundation rock to have a good bondage and prevent failure.
3.3.4 Design of under sluice

Under-sluice is used to maintain a deep channel in front of the head regulator and dispose of heavy silt
and a part of flood discharge on the d/s side of the weir in order to keep a clear and defined river channel
approaching the regulator and scour the silt deposited in the river bed above the approach channel. For
this particular project, few meters upstream of the headwork the river channel is slightly deep and hence,
all the incoming sediments is thought to be deposited there. Generally, the capacity of the under sluice
should be fixed by taking the maximum value of the followings:
 It should not be less than double the canal discharge or
 It should be enough to by-pass 10 to 15% of the maximum flood discharge.

For thiscase the maximum value is the second option, which is equal to 0.1*215.19 = 21.5 m3/s to
0.15*287.8 = 43.17 m3/s. But if we design an under sluice by this huge discharge the opening space.will
be very substantial and hence, it is advisable to select an under sluice which is convenient for operation by the
farmers. Consequently, an under sluice opening having a dimension of 0.70 m (depth) by 1m (width) is
provided. The bed elevation of the under sluice is kept at 1941.8 masl.The discharge passing through the under
sluice is determined by the discharge formula:=𝐶𝑑∗𝐴∗√2∗𝑔∗𝐻𝑒
Where: Cd= Coefficient of discharge = 0.60 for broad crested weir

L= Crest length=1m
H=gate height =0.7m
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= head causing flow = Crest level - Center of opening
= 1942.5 -1942.15
=0.35m
Q = 0.60*1*0.7*(2*9.81*0.35) ^0.5 = 0.93 m3/s
3.3.5 Design and Stability Analysis of Retaining Wall

of the wall section is checked through the stability analysis of the wall. At the left side of the diversion
weir (where the off take structures are located), retaining walls have been provided as shown in the layout
to safeguard the structure from scour at the ends and also as a facility for operation and maintenance at the
canal outlet portion.The maximum wall height (for the retaining wall) is taken to correspond with the
HFL level of the calculated design discharge of 287.8 m3/s (1946.04 m a.s.l). This results to a maximum
height of 5.04 m and 3.46 m for the U/S and D/S retaining walls respectively.The length of the retaining
walls on the left side of the bank is limited to 2m in the upstream direction. However, the downstream are
close to the location where the main canal is passing is floodplain. It is understood that flood will inundate
some part of this area. Consequently, the retaining wall is extended up to the length of the hydraulic jump,
which is approximately 13 m, in the downstream direction.Typical section of the retaining wall
(downstream end) is shown (Figure 3-11). The adequacy
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Figure3.2 Typical retaining wall section for a stability analysis (all dimensions are in m)
Table3.2Typical data assumed for retaining wall stability analysis
3.4 Construction procedure of head work component

3.4.1. Excavation
Excavation is the process of digging of the loss soil till getting good foundation which has good bearing
capacity for the loads constructed over it. Since weir is constructed across a river, which requires sound
foundation.
Figure3.3 Durring excavation of foundation of weir and retaining well
3.4.2Temporary diversion of water
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Figure3.4 Temporary diversion of water
3.4.3 Masonry work

Retaining wall traipizodal type retaining wall which prevent the interance of large matariales that carred
by the water fom chanal and used to supporet the soil mass lateraly . So that soil can be retaind at different
level on or two side . Its structural designed and constucted to resist the lateral pressure of soil .When
there is adesired chenge in ground elevation that exced angle of repose of the soil.Retaining wall also
structure that holdes or retain the soil behind it. Retaining wall is often found in place where extra
support is needed to prevent the earth from moving down hill with erosion. The most basic function of
retaining wall is to gravity and it is also provde usable land . The lateral force of the slope must be offset
in the retaining wall design .
3.4.4 Material Used Construction of Retaining Wall

There are many types of material that can be used to construct retaining wall like concrent block
,masonery , poured concernt and treated timber. Some are easy to us other have shorter life spane but all
can retain soil. The retaining walls are constructed by masonry with a mortal ratio of 1:4 this means 1
cement and 4 sand. Due to this mortar is the ratio of cement and sand.the mathod that the contructer used
to mixing sand, cement and water are hand mixing method.
3.4.5 Hand Mixing Method

Advantage
 Create job for local people
 It does not required electrical energy
 It may be economical to the constructer
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Disadvantage
 Low durability of the structure
 Low strength of the structure
 Low quality of structure
 Low quality of mixing material
Construction procedure of retaining wall
 Put the alignment by surveyor.
 Clear any anwanted material on the site of retaining wall for constructed.
 Put lean mixtue of cement and sand on foundation .due pressesnces of hard rock on
foundation
Figure3.5construction of foundation of retaining wall
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Figure3.6 Over all structure of retaining wallOfftakcanalMain canal

Guide bank
The over all structure of retaining wall consist of guidbank , main canal and offtak canal
Guide banks:They also safeguard the barrage/weir from erosion and may be
designed so that adesirable curvature is induced to the flow for silt
exclusion from the canals. The side slopes of the guide banks must be protected by stone pitching,
with a sufficient 'self-launching' stone apron at the lowest feasible level. Are rigid structures provided
on either side of the headwork:-
 To guide the river flow directly to the headwork and

 To avoid scouring and meandering of the river near the work.
Particularly important when the headwork is located near alluvial banks
of the river where bank scouring and meandering are evident.
Guide banks direct the main river flow as centrally as possible to the
diversion structure (It is river training works).
Main canal:The main canal structure is a structure for water conveyance from the main weir to the
proposed irrigation area. The canal is medium starting from the weir river.
 It is a canal at the head of which water inters to it for irrigation.
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 As a rule no direct irrigation takes place from main canals.generally whenever possible,
main canals are aligned as contour canals till it reaches a watershed.
 main canals are aligned as contour canals till it reaches a watershed
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CHAPTER FOUR
4. Environmental Impact Assessment
This section of the report represents the study team’s assessment of the issues likely to arise as a
result of implementing the irrigation scheme. For each issue, the analysis is based on the nature of the
issue, the predicted impact, its extent, duration intensity, probability, and the stakeholders and/or
values affected. Although the impact analyses are quantified as far as possible, many of the impacts of
the irrigation scheme will be indirect. In these cases, and also in terms of significance, a qualitative
assessment is necessary. These assessments-value judgments- are the study team’s professional
opinions based on extensive experience of impact assessment. As in most impact studies, the analyses
focus on potential problems and their solutions rather than on the projects overall benefits. However,
where opportunities for enhancement occur, these are identified and outlined. The analysis is done
taking into consideration the possible impact of the project during construction and operation phases.
4.1 Potential Positive Environmental Impacts of the Project

It is within the scope of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) that one has to indicate the
positive aspects that come within and without the environment in relation to an envisaged project.
This is important due to the fact that responsible bodies will also play a role in such a way that the
positive aspects are also enhanced and improved further. It is possible to have an enormous list of
positive impacts (direct and indirect) that can be realized as the result of the implementation of the
envisaged irrigation scheme that uses Lah River water potential of the project area. However, it will
be appropriate here to mention the most important ones in relation to the specific physical, biological
and socio-economic realities. Hence, these would include:
 Increase in agricultural yields and production, generating additional revenues

directly from the project output.
 Increased and diversified food supply all year long fulfilling basic local needs and
improvement in quality of life due to new economic opportunities
 Increase in local development and employment.
 Increase in revenues for the local population due to induced development and
complementary activities
 Possibility of development of appropriate skills
 Increased opportunities for high value crop productions with access to irrigated
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water and appropriate irrigation technology.
 Improved forage varieties provided and increase animal productivity and
production; and
 Mitigation of drought syndrome.
Implementation of the project will be a means for drought syndrome.
 Increase in land values and price due to irrigation water.

 Extremely low disruption of existing settlements which makes project cost lower
4.2 Potential Negative Environmental Impacts

Environmental effects can occur during both the construction and operational phases of the irrigation
project. This section identifies the main sources of effect for both phases of the proposed irrigated
agricultural development project, describes the predicted impacts from these activities, and then
recommends appropriate mitigation measures that should be adopted to minimize those impacts.
Temporary and Permanent Land Occupancy:During project Construction phase about 26,305 m2 area
of land will be required permanently for camp, store, diversion weir, canal alignments and other
construction related activities. The proposed diversion is located on communal land which is grass and
shrub flowing towards the left sides of the river, a wing wall for flood protection and main canal
alignment. Since the project is primarily for the local community and the occupied land area will be
relatively small and the unwanted structures will be removed, there will be no direct compensation for
loss of land that will be required for these structures from farmers, and after completion of construction
the labor camp could be used as the office for the established Water Users Association. As a result this
impact is considered to be minimized and hence the benefit to the community outweighs the impacts on
individuals and the environment.
Water Pollution: Construction phase of the project involved excavation, hauling and disposing of soil
and dirt which on the other hand could raise concern of soil erosion and run-off and transportation of
particulate to receiving water bodies, particularly during rainfall events. If the spoil were simply dumped
anywhere and there is no adequate disposal methods, then it could produce undesirable impacts to
agricultural land and aquatic environment.Lah River has multiple uses for the local people. Construction
activities in the area could affect such downstream uses even though impact is short term, local and will
disappear after the construction is finished. Moreover poor sanitation condition at work site could cause
waterpollution that affect downstream users. The construction material needed by this project is mainly
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transported to the construction sites by trucks. Both the maintenance of the transport vehicle and the
process of transport may cause leakage of waste oil, and therefore, cause some oil pollution to part of the
water bodies.
Impacts on Vegetation and Wildlife: The proposed main canal route passes through cultivated land,
grazing land and barren lands. Vegetation on the head work & canal routs will be cleared and the impact
is un-avoidable. In general, the main canal alignment does not intersect a habitat that can provide
protection for wild animals. Therefore, the proposed irrigation project has no remarkable effect on both
fauna and flora species. If there are indigenous tree species along, they should be planted on disturbed
areas soon after construction ends.
Soil Erosion: It is known that construction activities generally expose the soil for erosion. Some of the
construction activities of the project include construction of the diversion weir, cut and fill work
associated with new diversion & canal construction, earth borrowing and stone excavation in quarries and
borrow sites, and other construction related activities. These activities will remove the vegetation cover
and disturb the top soil & sub-soil and expose it to erosion. Runoff from unprotected or exposed areas
ultimately increases sediment load of the river, the canals and drains. The proposed project involves
concrete 16 m3, backfill and compact selected material about 1720 m3, masonry about 2045m3 and
materials required for infrastructure construction.Soil erosion will be serious on main canal route along
sloppy areas mainly in the upper part, the foot of mountain and gullies where considerable cut and fill
works are involved which are sensitive to erosion. Sheet erosion from upper hill sides & sloppy farm
lands and sedimentation on low lying farm lands and river bank erosion are all indicators of sever soil
erosion status which could be aggravated by construction related activities.
Air Pollution: Air pollution usually associated with construction phases where the level of dust particles
and exhaust emissions from vehicles could be substantial. However, the project is small scale that
involves limited activities and hence the problem is minimal.
Impacts on Public Health and Sanitation:During construction period there will be concentration of
construction’s workers. The sanitary conditions will be comparatively poor in the construction sites. In
addition, the probability of workers being infected with sexually transmitted diseases, worker injuries and
possibilities for increased accident may increase both on workers and the local population.
Effect on Irrigation Activity: The proposed weir site is selected few meters above the existing traditional
diversion. As we observed during field visiting the traditional diversion created a pond along the river that
inundate & reaches beyond the proposed diversion location. This could affect construction activities at the
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headwork and therefore, it might be needed to free the river water which could stop the irrigation
activities temporarily. To minimize this impact headwork construction could be arranged during off
irrigation seasons.
Soil Fertility Decline and Erosion Problems: Irrigated agriculture involves production up to two and
three seasons in a year which enhances the productive capability of the limited natural resources.
Unfortunately, these opportunities for intensifying the agricultural production can have deleterious effect
on the quality and fertility of soils of the irrigated plots. The method of irrigation profoundly affects the
vulnerability of the land to erosion. Because irrigated land is wetter, it is less able to absorb rainfall and
runoff willtherefore be higher. Agricultural practices affect soil structure and therefore the soil's
erosivilityor the ease with which particles are dislodged. Irrigation also increases cropping intensity in
turn results in increased removal of nutrient from the soil. If nutrients are removed more rapidly than they
are replaced, the system will not be stable, the resource base of the soils will be degraded and crop yields
will be reduced. Intensive irrigation activity thus could cause land degradation if the agriculture system is
not conservation based.As described in the base line, soil is neutral and non-saline. Though, the intensive
irrigation activity in the area could be caused for the fertility decline if appropriate measures are not
implemented. The command area is mainly flat but the surrounding hill side is sloppy cultivated land
where soil erosion due to runoff is observed which is a threat to sedimentation of canals. The dug up soil
from construction sites if not properly managed/disposed could also cause siltation on these structures.
Canal distilling is labor intensive, costly and waste time of project.
Downstream Impacts on Water Quantity and Quality: The proposed irrigation scheme development is
planned to utilize Lah River water by constructing a permanent diversion weir to irrigate about 150
hectares of land. The river has an estimated discharge of 520 l/s recorded in the month of January 16,
2016 and it is noted to provide uses for livestock watering, traditional irrigation, sanitation and ecological
services. Diversion of the natural flow for irrigation is thought to reduce the amount of water needed for
downstream users (livestock drinking & irrigation) which on the other hand reduce pollutant dilution
capacity discharged from the irrigation field, runoff and other sources in the catchment. The proposed
project will enable farmers to use the water resource efficiently and minimize water wastage through the
introduction of modern irrigation practices. The water needed to irrigate the command area is 520 l/s
which means that 52 l/s or 10% of river flow is released to downstream uses.
4.3 Mitigation measures for problems

 Conduct training activities and community awareness programs.
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 Using new and innovative irrigation technologies (drip and sprinkler irrigation systems).
 Build appropriate health institutions in the project area.
Other methods are;

Avoiding steep slopes: within the command area
Managing flow velocities within the canal system is also fundamental, for both erosion control and ease
of irrigation water management.
Crop choice: selection of salt tolerant crops (cotton, barely, wheat and sugar beets) can lessen the impact
on the yield.
Leaching: This technique calls for spreading fresh water on salinity affected soils in order to wash down
the salts below the root zone of crop plants.
Pre-planting irrigation: Salts often accumulate near the soil surface during fallow periods; particularly
when water tables are high or the seasonal rainfall is below normal. In such instances an application of
pre-planting irrigation water reduces the chances of low rates of seed germination and seed survival.
Conservation of available irrigable water: Conservation of irrigation water can be achieved by
developing lined canals or even using closed conduit (pipes). It is important to remember that while lined
canals (or pipes) may be marginally more costly, they also present opportunities for water
Efficient farmer use of available irrigation water: Farmers, particularly in the target area, should have
an implicit understanding of resource scarcity. The suggested mitigation measures to ensure efficient use
of this scarce and precious resource are the establishment of a system.
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CHAPTER FIVE
5. Overall Internship Benefit
5.1 Introduction
Whenever one program is planned to be implemented, it has to have an objectives. With this regard, the
internship program has many benefits which makes the intern (our) professionally self-confident and
competent after we graduate. In the following pages of this chapter, we shall discuss those important
benefits which we gained during the four months.
5 .1.1 Practical skills

During the time at the project site, we have gained many practical skills which make us more self-confident
and independent professional even before graduation. Some of these are discussed in the following
paragraphs.The practical skills can be defined as the backbone of learning. Generally, the major practical
skills gained from internship are:-
 The ability to differentiate who is client (owner), contractor and designer with their role in the
project work.
 The ability to evaluate design, plans and practical work.
 Ability to interpret and analyze diverse and complex data.
 Effective assessment and management of risk, resource and time.
 Team work ability, persuasiveness and interpersonal sensitivity.
 Operating the total station and accessing the data from the total station
 Process and method construction of earth work
 Construction of structures .
5.1.2 In upgrading theoretical knowledge

In the previous seven semesters, we have learned hydraulic and civil structures theoretically. We also
have designed them but this was difficult to visualize them what they look like practically.Now after
internship, we upgraded theoretical knowledge and visualize because we have seen those structures.
Definitely, we developed our theoretical concept by applying what we have learned at class in different
course. For instance:-
 In irrigation engineering: - We have learned different alternative irrigation system to irrigate a

farm land. Hence at Lahshembokmaasmall scale irrigation project the irrigation system is open
canal system. This system is preferred due to the location of the project.
 That is, the project is located at arid area and the soil type is sandy soil.
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 In this course we also learned and designed structure to be constructed for an irrigation project.
At Lahshembokma small scale irrigation project, the retaining wall construction.
 In geology: We learned that there may exist sound rock, when excavation is done for weir and
retainingwall. At among these geological conditions sound rock has been existing. So that we
observed the geological condition and we have gained knowledge in that which machinery is
used for what geological structure and also we acquired a knowledge how hydraulic structures
should be constructed when such geological condition occur.
 In soil mechanics: We learned that there might be either a transported or parent soil at the site.
At Lahshembokma practically at main canal where we assigned, the soil type is transported
soil which has its own difficulty for construction. So, we develop our knowledge by observing
what these soil look like and what measures to be taken.
 In construction material: We have learned mixing ratio of the cement, sand and gravel. Here
we upgraded our knowledge in regarding which concrete mix ratio is necessary for foundation,
which mix ratio is good for masonry work and for plastering. For durability of structure the
quality of construction material and equipment has to be given due attention.
5.1.3 Interpersonal communication skill

At the project, there are different professional involved in: These are engineers, surveyors, foreman,
secretary, drivers, concrete inspector etc. These entire professional have one goal such as participating in
the project for the best completion of it. So that they are inter linked in many ways. Even if it is only four
months, we are also one of the professionals at the project which have our duty. Hence, we have good
communication skills with these professional especially engineers, surveyors and foreman. We dealt with
this person about the going work before and after the work even on the site
5.1.4 Improving Leadership Skills

The benefits Leader ship is an action of leading careers of the companies or institutions.
Gained from internship in terms of improving leadership are:
 Understanding the duties of leaders;
 Seek to apply the responsibilities for action ;
 Being technical lead;
 Develop a sense of responsibility in worker;
 Keep workers informed;
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 Make sound and timely decision
 Evaluate workers and look out for their well-being;
 Ensure the work tasks are understood, supervised and accomplished etc.
5.1.5 Understanding about Work Ethics and Related Issues

Ethics is very significant point or issue to be developed in both Organizational lives. Good ethical conduct of
workers helps to develop nice working environment productivity.It helps to develop responsibility, reliability
and good relationship with the workers. We can classify into two.
They are:-
 The ethics once should have individually(personal ethics)

 The ethics once should have upon his deed(professional ethics).Some personal ethics are:
 Complaining & refusing unfair deeds.
 Struggle to ensure fairness
 Benevolence
Some professional ethics are:-
 Accountability and transparency (openness)
 Impartiality
 Punctuality
 Integrity
 Reliability
 Discipline and etc
5.1.6 Entrepreneurship skill

Entrepreneurship is the process or action of establishing once own business enterprise. The
knowledge or deduction we acquired from the internship in terms of entrepreneurship helps us in
developing the basic skill necessary to compete in today’s market.
Some of the other benefits obtained from internship in terms of entrepreneurship are:-
 Self-motivation skills;
 Work management skills;
 Time management skills;
 Administration skills;
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CHAPTER SIXE
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 Conclusion
The internship program creates the opportunity for our to familiarize ourselves with the company
practices. It enables our to acquire practical problem solving skills by working on real life problems. And
it includes problems exist to identify its cause and take engineering measures to solve it to get accustomed
to be more of team player. We also get the chance to see and pass through the professional ethics and
interactions with the professionals in the company site office. Generally, we concluded that; this
internship program is in various advantageous tasks for the students. Because everybody can understand
what will happen for the future problems that are imposed on. So this internship program can evaluate this
type of problems. So the internship must be a continuous task.
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6.2 Recommendation
Lahshembokma Diversion irrigation project is among the pioneers of the modern irrigation scheme in the
region. Beneficiaries are already accustomed to modern irrigation system and brought significant level of
economic advancement because of the project, provided that, there are still water management and proper
utilization problems.In order to come with proper solution and utilize the water resource efficiently,
designers have done their best at feasibility and detail level of study and prepared this design document.
However, further investigation should be done during implementation period, as there would be a chance
to cut the problematic area and see possible mitigation measures. In addition to this, there is a pipe intake
designed to abstract water from the reservoir created by the existing diversion weir. Designers would like
to recommend the contractor to work the excavation and blanketing works on seepage susceptible areas
with great care with guidance of proper supervision and professional guidance’s. The pipe intake structure
shall be constructed first and the status of seepage seen after reducing the pressure significantly by the
pipe intake. Then, the new weir construction continued by looking for proper solution for the seepage
encountered areas.
The recommendation are:

 The material and equipment management office should work hard to solve transport
help problems like shortage of service.
 The project manager should help the student in providing stationary equipments and
computer access
 The project administration should attend every work flow in the project to spacify the
problem and provided immediate solution.
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REFERENCE
 Soft copies of hydraulic structure publishing
 Irrigation Engineering And Hydraulic Structure (Garage) 13th revised 2005 page 3-720
 Lahshembokma small irrigation project docment
 www.google.com
 Applied Hydrology byVenTeChcur, Do/'d R.lrrlo'rimentand LorryWM. qys
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Table 3.1 Stablity analysis of diversion weir……………………………………………………………...25

AGP Agricultural growth programme

A.M.S.L Above mean sea level

ARNS Amhara regional national state

GIS Geographic Information System

GPS Global Positioning System

GTP Growth transformation plan

HWRE Hydraulic and Water Resource Engineering

LT/S Litre per second

M3/S Meter cub per second

SSnIP Small Scale Irrigation Project

SWC Soil and water conservation

1.1 Brief history of the company

1.1.1 Brief description of the company

1.2 The main products and service are

1.3 The main customers or end users

1.5 General Objective

1.6 Specific objectives

1.7 Organizational structure and work flow

2.2 Section of the company we have been working in

2.3 Major tasks we performed

2.4 work flow in the section

Project Manager: Office Engineer

Site Engineer Surveyor

Time keeper Labor

Figure 1.1 work flow of the project

Labor:are workers who working daily in constructions.

2.5 Work tasks we have been executing

Procedures we have been using while performing our work tasks

2.6 How good have been in executing task

2.7 General background of the project

2.7.2 Description of the project area

Figure 2.2 Well defined Lah river channel

Figure 2.3Location map of Lah Diversion Irrigation Project

2.7.2.4 Site Selection Criterion

2.8 Objectives of the Study

2.8.2 Specific objectives

2.9 Methodology and approach

 Google Earth digital data – it is a high resolution QuickBird image (about 60 cm

2.10 Material used

2.11 Irrigation Practices.

Figure2.4 Irrigation activity in SHKA, LahRiver

2.13 Hydro-metrological data availability

Figure 2.5 Monthly rainfall distribution of the project area-Finoteselam station

2.15 ESTIMATION OF DESIGN FLOOD

Pi = total rainfall of event i (mm)

2.16 Determination of Design Period

2.17 Methods of Design Rainfall Estimation

Table 2 .2 Metrological Stations Thought to Affect The Watershed area.

2.18 Estimating Time of Concentration

Tc= 0.948 (L3/H) 0.385

Where: Tc= Time of concentration in hr.

Table2.3Calculation of time concentration (Lahshembokma)

2.19 Challenges during the internship time

 There is no dormitory or camp in the site.

2.20 Measure to overcome challenges

 Storage head work

 It regulates the intake of water in to the irrigation canal.

3.1 Site Selection

3.1.1 Weir Type Selection

3.2 HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF WEIR

 the availability of construction materials