Index
Symbols AC voltage ignition, 572
3D-CFD Model, 603
32-bit processor, 676
α -methylnaphtalene, 816
λ control, 29
A Additives for diesel fuel, 819
Abort reaction, 593
Absolute accuracy, 961
Absolute muffler, 950
Absorber, 76
Absorption, 76, 951
Absorption section, 951
Absorption-type damper, 430
Acceleration
free, 805
Acceleration enrichment, 518, 522
Acceleration knock, 831
Acceleration ramp, 465
Acceleration resistance, 918, 920
Accelerator pump, 516, 519
ACEA, 850, 917
ACEA specification, 851
Acid
sulfurous, 818
Acoustic decoupling, 289
Acoustic energy, 952
Acoustic field transformation, 956
Acoustic intensity, 946, 955
Acoustic pattern, 952
Acoustic power, 946
Acoustics, 269, 271, 878
Acoustic velocity, 946
Activated carbon canister, 528
Activated charcoal tank, 731
Activation energy, 797
Actual 0.2% offset limit, 298
Actuator, 467, 729
intelligent, 723
6606_Book.indb 1109
Air pumping, 953
AdBlue, 818 Air requirement, 813
Addition of fuel, 798 stoichiometric, 24
Additive ash, 803 Air spring, 420
Additive dosing, 804 Air stroke valve, 471
Additive package, 835 Al bearing alloy, 259
Additives, 846 Alcohol, 824
Alcohol component, 825
Additives for gasoline, 835 Alcohol-diesel fuel mixture, 823
ADI austempered ductile iron, 162 Alcohol fuel, 839
Adjusting air nozzle, 517 Alignment error, 250
Adjustment angle, 236 Alkane, 589
Aerodynamic drag, 918, 919 Alkanes, 589
AFP steel, 161 Alkene, 589
Agglomeration, 789, 796 Alkenes, 589
Aging stability, 843 Alkines, 589
Air baffles, 125 Alloy, 150
Airborne noise, 946, 950 Alloys
Airborne noise route, 952 supereutectic, 93
Air conditioning compressor, 954 Al-Si alloy, 120
Air cooling, 125 Altitude compensation, 523
Air-Entrainment, 533 Aluminum, 147
Air Expenditure, 23, 415, 434, 479 Aluminum piston, 87
Air filter, 270, 863 Aluminum screw, 298
Air filter element, 269 Aluminum-silicon alloy, 83, 93
Air-fuel ratio, 40, 42, 813 AMT, 698
Air-fuel-ratio, 598 Anergy, 39
Air–fuel ratio, 40, 42 Angle sensor, 964
Air-Fuel Ratio, 24 Angular Velocity, 17, 383
Air gap, 574 Anti-foaming agents, 820
Air injection, 5 Anti-jerk function, 685
Air injector, 527 Anti-jerk regulation, 687
Air intake system, 268 Antiknock additive, 4
Air mass, 533 Anti-knock quality, 826
stoichiometric, 40 Antinoise, 959
Air mass flow, 965 Antinoise system, 959
Air mass meter, 527 Antioxidant, 836, 848
Air mass sensor, 717 Apex seal, 382
Air path, 269 API, 850
Air pulse valve, 1061, 1062 API classification, 852
Internal Combustion Engine Handbook | 1109
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 Index

API TC, 859 Battery monitoring, 1003 Branching reaction, 592

APU system, 1048 Battery service life, 1003 Brayton
ARAL (ARomates/ALifates), 833 Battery status sensor, 1055 George Bailey, 3
Arc Phase, 569 Bead, 277, 288 Breakdown, 569
Aromate, 824 Bead force, 283 Break-in oil, 850
Aromate content, 833, 834 Beamforming technique, 956 Brush honing, 124
Aromatics, 589, 590 Bearing, 227, 251 Bulkhead surface area, 918
Arrangement open, 225, 226 Burn-through speed, 511
longitudinally symmetrical, 68 Bearing brackets, 4 Bush chain, 240
pressure-side, 867 Bearing clearance, 256 Butane, 824
suction-side, 867 Bearing damage, 267 Bypass, 724, 726
Array technique, 956 Bearing diameter, 232
asbestos-free, 281 Bearing end, 257
Aspirated engine, 11 Bearing engineering, 256 C
Assembly techniques, 294 Bearing failure, 267 CAD methods, 145
Assessment of the Fuel Cell, 1046 Bearing journal displacement path, CAFE, 1031
ASTM standard D 3306, 861 255 Calculating Charge Cycles, 448
ASVP (Air Saturated Vapor Pressure), Bearing loading, 236, 254 Calculation
833 Bearing location, 257 kinematic, 235
Asymdukt® piston, 88 Bearing material, 258 Calculation example
Asynchronous machine, 991, 992, 1037 Bearing metal, 259 inertial torque, 65
Asynchronous motor, 705, 1037 Bearing play, 252, 257 Calculation of cooling circuits, 890
ATC Code of Practice, 856 Bearing version, 262 Calculation of oil circuits, 890
ATIEL, 845 Beat frequencies, 954 Calculation of rotational oscillation,
ATIEL Code of Practice, 856 Beehive spring, 188 73
Atkinson cycle (cycle), 231 Bell housing, 953 Calorific value, 46, 591, 816, 819, 941
Atomization quality, 529 Bell-shaped curve, 19 bottom, 42, 819
Attachment shells, 950 Belt drive, 243 top, 819
Attenuation, 947 Belt-driven starter-alternator, 251, 703 Cam, 225
Autoignition, 12, 574, 578, 592, 595, 928 Belt drives, 243 Cam angle, 235, 1077
Automated manual transmission, 698 Belt pulley bolt, 292, 296 Cam contour, 231, 236, 423, 454, 1078
Automated quality control, 291 Belt tensioning system, 174, 246 Cam flank, 226, 234
Automatic multi-stage transmission, Bending moment, 70, 233 Cam follower, 166, 225, 229, 230, 231,
664 Benz 232, 234, 235, 417
Automobile manufacturer Karl, 3 Cam follower valve train, 166
specification, 855 Benzene content, 826, 833 Cam lift, 227
Automotive industry (ACEA) Bergsträsser, 187 Cam lobe, 225
European, 818 Bernoulli equation, 516 Cam material, 229
Auxiliary Power Unit = APU, 1047 BET surface, 789 Campbell diagram, 164, 954
Auxiliary unit, 932, 954 Beveled-edge oil control ring, 103 Cam profile, 233, 234
Auxiliary unit drive, 249 Bevel edge ring, 102 Cams, 225, 226, 227, 232, 233, 234, 235
Auxiliary units, 950 Bio diesel, 814, 821 Cam segment, 231
Average pressure, 40 Biofuel, 918 Camshaft, 155, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229,
Axial bearing, 226, 227, 253 Biomass, 840, 943 230, 232, 233, 417, 418
Axial Scale, 596 BLDC motors, 674 assembled, 227, 229, 232, 235
Integral, 596 Blind-hole nozzle, 553 below head, 225
Axle drive Block height, 80, 188 CamInCam, 230
electric only, 1031 Blow-by, 120 forged, 227
Blow-by gas, 230 hollow, 226
Blow-by gas measuring technology, hollow cylinder, 232
B 965, 969 hollow-profiled, 232
Background, 463 BMW, 1035 injection-molded plastic, 231
Balance equation, 43, 45, 46 Boiling curve, 826, 832 machined, 227
Balance shaft, 952, 959 Boiling curve (distillation), 832 on rolling bearings, 230
Balancing mass, 66, 69 Bonding technology, 120, 122 solid, 226
Ball calibration, 163 Booming noise, 952 special design, 229
Barium NOx adsorber, 772 Boost, 703 variable, 230
Base circle, 226, 227 Boost mode, 985, 1031 Camshaft adjustment, 30, 469
Base circle diameter, 232 Bore ratio, 79 Camshaft angle, 423
Base circle fault, 227 Borghi-Diagram, 597 Camshaft bearing, 155, 225, 226, 227,
BASF test engine, 817 Boundary friction, 389 232
Basic material balance, 44 Boxer engine, 12 Camshaft bearing cap bolt, 292
Battery capacity, 934 Brake, 962 Camshaft Drive, 419
Battery charging, 1055 Braking energy, 1055 Camshaft loading, 233, 234
Battery management, 1003, 1037 Braking energy recuperation, 922 Camshafts from cast iron, 227

1110 | Internal Combustion Engine Handbook

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 Index

Camshaft shifter, 448, 449 CFR single-cylinder knock test Coefficient

dual effect, 230 engine, 829 stoichiometric, 41
Camshaft shifter system, 236 CFR test engine, 817 Coefficient of friction, 298
Camshaft timing devices, 226, 446 Chain, 225 Coefficient of heat transfer, 890
Camshaft tube, 230 Chain design, 240 Coefficient of rolling resistance, 920,
Cam tip, 226 Chain drive, 238 921
Cam width, 232 Chain explosion, 592 Coefficient of thermal expansion, 192
Cancellation, 959 Chainlike Hydrocarbons, 589 CO emission, 31
Carbon dioxide, 753, 917 Chain tensioner, 243 Coherence, 959
Carbon dioxide emissions, 1029 Chain tensioning system, 177, 231 Coil ignition system
Carbon monoxide, 753 Chain value, 241 Inductive, 570
Carbon residue, 819 Change of contact, 84 Coking, 819
Carburetor fuel CF, 824 Channel Cold knocking noise, 951
Carburetor icing, 835 structured, 777 Cold start, 1045
Carburetors Characteristic Time Scale Model, 604 Cold Start, 576, 579
Electronically controlled, 521 Characterizing Features, 15 Cold start aid, 585
Carburettor Charge cycle, 36, 312, 415, 448, 929 Cold start aids, 581
electrical, 522 Charge Cycle, 7, 11 Cold-start behavior, 817
Carnot Charge cycle calculation, 889 Cold starting, 832
Sadi, 36 Charge cycle energy, 425 Cold-start strategy, 763
Carnot efficiency, 1040 Charge cycle loop, 929 Cold start support, 581
Carnot process, 36 Charge cycle work, 926 Collared screw, 297
Car program, 815, 826 Charge dilution, 627, 628 Combusted, 43
Cassette-type recorders, 951 Charge mass, 929 Combustion, 589, 609, 896
Cast, 807 Charge movement, 630 Diesel Engine, 602
Cast cams, 228 Charge pressure, 726 Gasoline Engines, 602
Cast camshaft, 227, 229 Charge Pressure Curve, 496 knocking, 625, 828
Cast conrod, 294 Chargers normal, 828
Casting, 160 Mechanical, 506 Combustion center, 930
Casting model, 151 Charge stratification, 927 Combustion chamber, 154, 508, 601
Casting process, 150 Charging Combustion chamber deposit, 831,
Cast iron, 227 homogeneous, 530 835
Cast iron with nodular graphite, 161 stratified, 530 Combustion chamber design, 140
Cast manifold, 300, 301 Chatter mark, 382, 385 Combustion chamber die, 149
Cast tappet, 232 Chevrolet Silverado, 1034 Combustion chamber plate, 152
Catalytic converter, 531 Chilled casting, 227 Combustion chamber pressure
monitoring the, 691 Chilled-cast iron cams, 229 sensor, 719
Near the engine, 303 Chilled-cast iron camshaft, 228 Combustion chamber recess shape,
Catalytic converter concept, 761 Chlorine ion content, 860 617
Catalytic converter deactivation, 764 C/H ratio, 813 Combustion chamber shape, 632
Catalytic converter design, 760 Chrome plating, 107 Combustion chamber variant, 139,
Catalytic-converter protection Chromium ceramic coating, 107 140, 141
function, 522 Chromium-diamond coating, 108 Combustion delay, 44
Catalytic converter substrate Classification, 806 Combustion duration, 44
metallic, 775 Clean air pipe, 269, 270 combustion engine
Catalytic converter system, 762 Clearance adjustment first, 1
Catalytic converter temperature, 531 mechanical, 234 Combustion engine, 9, 10, 1040
Cavitation, 220, 861 Climbing resistance, 918, 919 Combustion function, 43, 44
Cavity content, 802 Closed-deck, 112 Combustion gas temperature, 930
CCMC, 850 Closed-deck design, 120 combustion-generated, 805
CEC, 851 Closing ramp, 234 Combustion model, 896
Cell filter CNG, 823, 836, 1029, 1030 Combustion Model, 599
ceramic monolithic, 792 CO2, 1035 Combustion noise, 950, 952
Center bolt, 296 CO2 debate, 934 Combustion process, 10, 35, 44, 139,
Center of gravity of combustion, 624 CO2 emissions, 917, 940, 941, 1035 611, 928
Centipoise, 843 Global, 943 flameless, 798
Central tube, 867 CO2 limit value, 918 spray-guided, 471
Centrifugal casting, 91 CO2 loop, 821 Combustion product, 24, 40, 43
Centrifugal force, 230 CO2 tax, 1031 Combustion progress, 930
Cetane, 816 Coalescence, 868 Combustion rate, 611
Cetane number, 590 Coating Combustion simulation, 45
CFD, 224, 599, 869 catalytic, 798 Combustion speed, 44, 840
CFD simulation, 44, 737, 1091 Coaxial-Vario-Nozzle, 553 Combustion system, 617
CFPP test, 818 CO concentration, 29 Common rail, 925
Common-Rail, 562

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 Index

Common Rail System, 546 Constant volume cycle, 37 Corporate Average Fuel Economy,
Common-Rail-System, 537 Construction step, 144 1031
Comparative process, 37 Consumption, 444 Corrosion, 818, 847, 868
open, 40 Consumption map, 938 Corrosion inhibitor, 819, 836, 847, 848
Comparative stress according to Von Consumption Maps, 19, 28, 29 Corrosion protection, 843, 860
Mises, 886 Consumption potential, 921, 928, 930 Corrosion resistance, 109
Comparison process Consumption reduction, 237 Cosworth low-pressure sand-casting
engine, 39 Consumption saving, 939 process, 148
Component calculation, 287 Consumption savings in NEFZ cycle, Countermass, 61
Component deformation 214 Counterweight, 61
elastic, 275 Contact and opposite side, 87 Counting criterion, 796
Component optimization, 879 Contact corrosion, 861 Cracking component, 814
Component protection, 33 Contact force, 233, 235 Crankcase, 58, 119
Composite material, 281 dynamic, 237, 1078 Crankcase scavenging, 4
Compressed natural gas, 1029 kinematic, 237, 1078 Crankcase venting, 126
Compression Contact pressure, 880 Crank diagram, 63
geometrical, 79 Contact radius, 234 Crank gear, 49, 52
isentropic, 36 Contact surface, 233 Crank gear force, 53, 58
isothermic, 36 Contact width, 233 Crank pin, 55
variable, 79, 80 crowning, 233 offset, 71
Compression Efficiency, 503 Contamination, 866 Crank pin force, 56
Compression height, 83, 84 Continuous knocking, 829 Crankshaft, 58, 159
variable, 80 Continuously variable transmission cast, 162
Compression ignition (CVT), 700 manufacturing, 160
homogeneous, 619 Control vibration resistance, 163
Compression ratio, 17, 37, 79, 625, 926 desmodromic, 6 Crankshaft angle, 50
effective, 17 Control deviation, 683 Crankshaft angle , 50
geometric, 17 Controlled intake manifold, 270, 449 Crankshaft drive, 12, 49, 52, 79, 950
Variable geometric, 1062 Control mechanism, 312 desaxised, 51
Compression Ratio, 16 Control piston, 85, 87 shifted, 51
Compression ring, 102 control sleeve inline fuel injection Crankshaft material, 161
L-shaped, 102 pumps, 540 Crankshaft rumbling, 952
Compression ring set, 85 Control valve, 237 Crankshaft starter generator, 921, 922,
Compression stroke, 225 Conversion, 762 988, 1063
Compression volumes, 16 Conversion of energy, 570 Crankshaft start generator, 468
Compressive load, 234 Conversion of pollutants, 776 Crankshaft throw, 55
Compressor Coolant, 860 CRC F-28, 831
Electrical, 506 Coolant circuit, 146, 1059, 1108 Creep resistance, 148
Compressor efficiency, 510 Coolant concentrate, 861 Crescent-Type Oil Pumps, 205
Compressor map, 489, 492, 509 Coolant flow simulation, 146, 1068 Critical plane, 888
Computing time, 881 Coolant radiator, 738, 739 Critical plane method, 888
Concave radius, 234, 235 Coolant temperature, 933 Cross-flow cooling, 143
Conchoid, 28 Coolant thermostat, 743 CRT filter system, 799
Condensation nucleus counter, 807 Cooling, 842 Cruise control, 725
Condensation nucleus counter CPC, Cooling air flow, 125 Cummins engine, 5
805 Cooling-air inlet, 951 Current converter, 995
Cone spray valve, 532 Cooling by coolant, 737 Curve, 27
Configuration, 11 Cooling channel, 87 Curved radius, 225
Connecting rod, 49 Cooling channel piston, 89 Curve representation, 27
Conrod, 880 Cooling fins CVS bag analysis, 80
Conrod angular travel , 50 optimization, 125 CVT, 938
Conrod bearing, 254 shape, 125 cw value, 919, 920
Conrod bearing force, 56 Cooling module, 742 Cycle consumption, 29
Conrod bolt, 292 Cooling system, 12, 735 Cyclical process, 35
Conrod bolt connection, 294 Feature, 735 Cyclical processes
Conrod bolts, 294 Cooling water flow rate, 46 ideal, 37
Conrod eye, 83, 85 Coordinate measurement unit, 153 Cyclical process work, 36
Conrod pattern, 61 Copper alloy, 259 Cyclical service life, 1003
Conrod ratio, 50, 952 Copper loss, 989 Cyclic irregularity, 60, 952
Constant pressure combustion, 40 Cordierite, 793 Cylinder, 15
Constant pressure cycle, 37 Core-casting machines, 148 wet, 121
Constant pressure turbocharging, 489 Core package process, 149 Cylinder arrangement, 11, 13
Constant vacuum carburetor, 522 Core plug, 151 Cylinder charge, 23
Constant vacuum carburettor, 517 Cores, 151 Cylinder charge dilution, 627
Constant volume combustion, 40 Corner edge seal, 385 Cylinder cooling, 124

1112 | Internal Combustion Engine Handbook

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 Index

Cylinder cutout, 155, 170, 472, 475 Density, 826 DIN EN 590, 815
Cylinder engineering, 120 Density sensor, 816 Direct cooling, 12
Cylinder head, 137, 139 Deparaffination, 845 Direct-current motor, 722
casting process, 147 Deposit, 861 Direct drive, 937
Cylinder Head, 80 Deposition effects, 794 Direct injection, 11, 526, 894, 922, 924,
Cylinder head assembly, 196 Deposition mechanism, 794 925, 926, 952
Cylinder head bolt, 147, 155, 292 Deposits, 847 Direct-injection, 7, 139, 471
Cylinder-head cladding, 950 Depth filters, 796 Direct Injection
Cylinder head cooling, 143 Depth of Discharge, 1003 Air-supported, 527
Cylinder head cover, 950 Design, 139 Direct Numerical Simulation, 603
Cylinder head development, 137, 146 engineering, 83 Dirt storage capacity, 867
Cylinder head geometry, 196 stopper-less, 280 Discharge port variant, 142
Cylinder head prototype, 144 Design cylinder pressure, 885 Dispersants, 847
Cylinder head shape, 138 Design of the PEM Fuel Cell, 1042 Displacement
Cylinder liner, 279 Desmodromic system, 225 Variable, 1062
Cylinder output, 21 Desulphurization temperature, 788 Displacement line, 491
Cylinder peak pressure, 83 Detector, 972, 973 Displacement magnet, 447
cylinder power Paramagnetic, 973 Displacement pump, 562, 565
indicated, 21 Detergent and dispersant additives, Distance-related fuel consumption,
Cylinder pressure characteristic, 623, 819 921
626 Detergents, 835, 836, 847 Distillation
Cylinder running surface, 120, 123 Detergents/Dispersants, 847 atmospheric, 845
machining, 123 De-throttling, 926 Distribution
Cylinders, 119 Dethrottling, 237, 472 bimodal, 791
Cylinder shutdown, 79 Diameter Distribution of lubrication film, 255
Cylinder shutoff, 922, 931 aerodynamic, 790 Distributor injection pump, 541, 542
Cylinder warping, 120, 275 DI combustion process, 928 Disulfide sulfur, 834
Die, 149 Dividing characteristics, 796
Die-cast aluminum oil pan, 953 DNS, 603
D Die casting, 91, 149 DOHC, 225, 231
Daimler Die casting process, 120, 151 DOHC engine, 226
Gottlieb, 3 Diesel Double-beveled oil control ring, 103
DaimlerChrysler, 1035 Rudolf, 3, 36 Double-layer capacitors, 706
Damage accumulation of the piston, Diesel combustion, 607 Double overhead camshaft, 225
885 Diesel engine, 922, 925 Double overhead camshaft = DOHC,
Damage index, 887 Diesel Engine, 10 164
Damage mechanism, 803 Diesel Engines, 5 Double stopper, 279
Dam charcoal number, 597 Diesel exhaust unit, 561 Double trapezoid ring, 102
Damping, 72, 76, 950 Diesel four-stroke combustion Downdraft carburetor, 517, 518
Damping filter, 273 systems, 612 Downsizing, 479, 920, 922, 1030, 1062,
Danger classification, 817 Diesel fuel supply system, 561 1063
DC Diesel fuel tank, 557 Downspeeding, 924, 1062
B, 15 Diesel hybrid drive system, 1024 DPF, 898
T, 15 Diesel oxidation catalytic converters, Drag coefficient, 918
DC brushless motor, 1037 782 Drive-by-wire, 725
DC/DC converter, 704 Diesel racing fuel, 823 Drive control software, 678
DC machine, 1037 Diesel supply unit, 562 Drive element, 227
DC motor, 722, 1037 Diesel tank pump, 562 Drive flange, 226, 227
Brushless, 1037 Diesel-water emulsion, 823 Drive machines, 9
Deactivation Diethylene glycol, 860 Drive moment, 233
thermal, 785 Differential gear, 68 Driven machines, 9
Dead volume, 16 Differential gear ratio, 936 Drive past test
Deaxising, 52 Diffusion, 45, 794 legal, 952
Decoupling system, 289 Diffusion battery, 806 Driver behavior, 939
Deep-bed filter medium, 867 Diffusion flame, 598 Drive shaft, 952
DEF, 851 Diffusion speed, 795 Drive sprocket, 226
Deformation Digitizing, 153 Drivetrain, 77, 685
thermal, 886 Diisobutylene, 841 Driving
Degree of absorption, 948 Diluting agent Electric-only, 1031
Degree of fraction separation, 865 rotating, 807 Driving mode, 935
Degree of radiation, 947 Dilution, 807 Driving resistance, 918
Degree of separation, 792, 863 Dilution Controlled Combustion Driving speed, 921
Degree of transmission, 947 System, 620 Driving style, 938
Delta-Control, 457 Dimethyl ether, 823 Drop in viscosity, 844, 856
Denitrification, 803 DIN EN 228, 826 Droplet size, 532

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 Index

Droplet size distribution, 609 Electric-only driving, 1031
Droplet-wall interaction, 895 Electric vehicle, 703, 943, 1037, 1042
Dry friction, 389 electrohydraulic valve train, 930
Dual cam adjustment, 449 Electro membrane, 1042
Dual carburetor, 517 Electronic diesel control, 32
Dual clutch transmission, 664 Elementary analysis, 813
Dual spark coil, 571 Elementary EC carbon, 789
Ductility, 148 Emission, 972, 975
Dummy-head recording, 957 Emission map, 29
Duplex chain, 240 Emission noise, 952
Durability of screw connections, 296 Emission requirements, 557
Dust capacity, 864 Emissions factor, 804
DVPE, 833 Emitec-SCRi-System, 779
DVPE (Dry Vapor Pressure Emitted noise emission value, 952
Equivalent), 833 Emitted noise measuring procedure,
Dynamics, 232 948
Dynamics calculations, 236 Emptying method, 437
Dynamic tire radius, 920 Encapsulation
Dynamometer, 962 tight-fitting, 950
Enclosure
off-engine, 950
E spaced, 950
Easy-change disposable fuel filter, 868 Enclosure element, 951
eBooster, 500 Energy and drive management, 1030
Eccentric, 226 Energy balance, 45, 46
Eccentric adjustment, 460 Energy chain, 1029
Eccentricity, 383 Energy conversion, 1055
Eccentric shaft, 383, 464 Energy density, 997
ECE cycle, 922 Energy flow, 46
ECE-Tank, 560 Energy management, 1054
EC motor, 722 Intelligent, 1055
EDC, 558 Optimal, 1031
EDC engine control system, 32 Energy management system, 1010
EDC-System, 557 Energy recovery, 936, 943, 1031
EELQMS, 856 Energy recovery with both, 1031
Effect Energy recuperation, 1012
thermophoretic, 805 Energy storage device, 1036, 1039
Efficiency, 42 Energy storage devices, 1039
effective, 17, 22, 46, 415 Energy Storage Devices, 996
indicated, 22, 46 Energy storage systems, 704, 934
mechanical, 22 Engine, 15
thermal, 36, 38, 45, 79 Engine acoustics, 945
Einsteinian relation, 795 Engine bearing, 952
E-Gas, 725 Engine block, 950
EGR, 531, 728 main dimension, 111
EGR flap valve, 730 material, 118
EGR valve, 528 Engine Block, 6
Ejector diluting agent, 807 Engine block design, 120
Elasticity Test, 498 Engine block types, 116
Elastomer coating Engine braking system, 225, 233
partial, 278 Engine characteristics, 15
Elastomer head gasket, 276 Engine compartment, 950
Elastomer material, 283, 284 Engine compartment capsule, 286
Elastomer seal, 281, 285 Engine component, 83
Elastomer sealing lip, 276 Engine cooling, 737, 743
Elastomer sealing system, 284 Engine enclosure, 951, 952
Electrical energy, 921, 922, 1104 Engine hood absorber, 951
Electrical energy management, 1055 Engine hood lining, 951
electrical output, 921 Engine intake air, 863
Electric coolant pump, 934 Engine Knock, 595
Electric double-layer capacitor, 1001 Engine map, 27, 28
Electric drive system, 703, 943, 1036 Engine mounting, 953, 954
Electric driving, 984 Engine mounting bracket, 954
Electricity production, 943 Engine noise, 949, 950, 952
Electric motor, 1037 mechanical, 950, 952
Engine noise emissions, 950
Engine oil, 870
Engine oil for four-stroke engine, 848
Engine oil for two-stroke engine, 858
Engine operation
un-throttled, 530
Engine order, 959
Engine test, 287, 855
Engine test bed, 961, 962, 965, 970
Engine working point, 931
Enthalpy
free, 42
molar free, 41
Enthalpy difference, 46
Enthalpy flow, 46
Environmental awareness, 917
EPEFE, see also 22.1.2.2, 815
Epitrochoids, 383
Equal pressure stage, 517
Equidistant, 383
Equilibrium
chemical, 40, 44
thermodynamic, 42
Equilibrium constant, 594
Equilibrium temperature, 800
Erosion Behavior, 578
Ethanol, 840, 1029, 1030
Ether, 824
Ethylhexyl nitrate, 817
ETOH, 836
euATL, 500
European driving cycle, 919
European Engine Lubricant Quality
Management System, 856
EU standard EN 589, 836
Evaporation heat, 523, 840
Evaporation loss, 843
Evaporative emission, 731
Exciter force, 75
Exciter work, 73, 75
Exciting force, 73, 75
Exergy, 39
Exergy loss, 39, 42
Exhaust
average specific heat, 46
Exhaust closes, 433
Exhaust Counter-pressure Level, 431
Exhaust emissions, 618, 817, 917, 961,
967
Exhaust gas, 973, 975
Diluted, 974
Undiluted, 973
Exhaust gas cooling, 740
Exhaust gas exergy loss, 42
Exhaust gas limit, 827
Exhaust gas mass flow, 965
Exhaust gas measuring technology,
961, 965
Exhaust gas particulate measuring
technology, 974
Exhaust gas power, 508
Exhaust gas recirculation, 30, 723, 728
Exhaust-gas recirculation, 449
Exhaust gas recirculation rate, 30, 31,
531

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 Index

Exhaust gas recirculation valve, 728, Filling process, 148 Floating axle, 464
729 Filter, 537 Flow
Exhaust gas system, 430 open, 778 dynamic, 532
Exhaust gas temperature, 33, 300 Filter candle, 793 static, 532
Exhaust gas temperature map, 33 Filter characteristics, 796 Flowability, 818
Exhaust gas threshold Filter depth, 795, 802 Flow calculation, 889
current, 746 Filter element, 269 Flow Cross Sections, 435
Exhaust gas treatment, 897 Filter fabric, 864 Flow determination, 436
Exhaust Gas Treatment for gasoline Filter felt, 794 Flow factor for the valve, 436
Engines, 760 Filter fineness, 865, 866 Flow function, 438
Exhaust gas turbocharging, 7, 493 Filter fleece, 794 Flow improver, 818
two-stage, 506 Filter head, 868 Flow measuring technology, 965
Exhaust Manifold, 299, 878 Filtering, 564 Flow noises, 950
Exhaust measurement in the Filter medium, 792 Flow process
combustion chamber, 750 Filter paper, 794 stationary, 46
Exhaust measuring technology, 746 Filter surface area, 867 Flow property, 847
Exhaust muffler, 950 Filter testing machine, 804 Flow pump, 562, 565
Exhaust muzzle noise, 949 Filtration, 268, 863, 870 Flow range
Exhaust opens, 433 Filtration velocity, 865 linear, 532
Exhaust port valve seat insert, 195, Final drive systems, 706 Flow simulation, 146, 889
1071 Fine dust, 789 Flow turbulence, 891
Exhaust side adjustment, 236 Fines, 918 Fluctuation
Exhaust slot, 384 Finger follower, 146, 168 cyclical, 624
Exhaust system, 965 Finite element analysis, 287 Fluid or viscous friction, 389
Exhaust system seal, 282 Finite element method, 875 “Flying lawn chair” by Baumm, 382
Exhaust Treatment in Diesel Engines, Finite Elements, 6 Flywheel, 952
782 Finite elements mesh, 881 Flywheel bolt, 292, 296
Exhaust treatment systems such as Finite volume method, 891 Flywheel energy storage device, 1039
particle filters, 818 Fire land, 84 FM method, 622
Exhaust turbochargers, 444, 489 Firing channel, 385 Foam, 950
Exhaust valve, 138, 419, 950 Firing sequence, 69, 71 FON, 829
Expansion Firing sequences, 71 Force
isentropic, 36 First-order inertial force, 61 acting on the conrod, 55
isothermic, 36 oscillating, 63 on crankshaft drive, 52
thermal, 234 First ring land, 84 on piston, 54
Experiment design, 893 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, 814, 834 on wristpin, 54
Explosion Fixed air funnel carburetor, 517, 519, Forced-feed lubrication, 858
thermal, 592 523 Ford
Explosion limit, 824 Flaked graphite, 227 Henry, 4
Explosion Limit, 593 Flame Forged conrod, 294
External air pipe, 269 Non pre-mixed, 596, 598 Forging, 91, 160
External Gear Pump, 206 Partial pre-mixed, 598 Forked lever, 225
Extraction Pre-mixed, 596, 597 Formula
isokinetic, 805 Flame front, 43 analytical, 880
Extrusion casting, 91 Flame ignition, 3 Formula 1 piston, 89
Flamelets-Model, 604 Fossil fuels, 917
Flame path, 930 Four-cycle engine, 803
F Flame propagation, 623 Four-stroke process, 11
FAME, 814 Flame Propagation, 596 Four-valve cylinder head, 141, 154
Fan drives, 741 Flame speed, 627 Four-valve technology, 930
Fans, 741 Flame Speed, 591 Free burning temperature, 574
Fast-off detection, 700 Flame Type, 596 Free-piston linear generator, 1047,
Fatigue limit, 187 Flange concepts for tube manifolds, 1050
FCKW, 823 304 Freezing suitability, 1045
FEM, 879 Flap valve, 729 Frequency range, 952
FEM calculations, 236 Flash point, 817 fresh charge mass
Fermentation, 840 Flat-based tappet contact, 236, 1078 theoretical, 23
Ferrotherm® piston, 90 Flat seal, 280 Fresh oil lubrication, 858
FIA analysis, 824 Flat-tube coolers, 740 Friction, 154, 842
Fiber rope filter, 793 FlexRay, 673 Crankshaft, 396
Fiction loss, 248 FlexRay bus, 673 Frictional power, 880
Filerability, 818 FlexRay fieldbus, 673 Frictional Power, 389
Filing capacity, 103 Flexural load, 233 Friction loss, 225, 847
Filling level measuring, 566 Float artery valve, 517 Friction map, 933
Filling method, 437 Float chamber, 516, 519, 522 Friction Mean Pressure, 22

Internal Combustion Engine Handbook | 1115

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 Index

Friction modifiers, 835, 836, 847 Function verification Gray-cast camshaft, 232
Friction vibration, 385 virtual, 889 Gray cast iron, 147
Front octane number, 832 Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, Gray cast iron running surface, 122
Frost protection, 860 35 Gray cast iron sleeve, 122
FTP, 926 Gray cast structure, 227
FTP 75 Test cycle, 748 Greenhouse gas emissions, 821
Fuel, 10, 24, 589, 1029 G Greenhouse gases, 821
Gaseous, 10 Gap corrosion, 861 Grooved bearingsTM, 263
liquid, 10 Gap width, 106 Gross reaction equation, 591
reformulated, 834 Gas composition, 44 G-Rotor pump, 562
solid, 11 Gas constant GTL (gas-to-liquid), 836
sulfur-free, 799 general, 40 GTL Gasto Liquid, 823
Fuel and drive strategy, 1030 Gas diesel engine, 623 Gümbel-Holzer-Tolle procedure, 74
Fuel atomization quality, 529 Gas engine oil, 850
Fuel cell, 704, 1031, 1042 Gas escaping, 83
Fuel Cell as an APU, 1047 Gas exchange, 145, 225, 269 H
Fuel cell concept vehicles, 1045 Gas exchange control system, 11 H2–O2 System, 593
Fuel cell drive system, 1042, 1044 Gas exchange cycle, 79, 231 Half bead, 277, 283
Fuel cell in the vehicle, 1043 Gas force, 52, 225, 235, 952 Half-shell manifold, 302
Fuel cell stack, 1043 Gas fuel, 836 Hammering, 952
Fuel cell vehicle, 1044 Gasket testing, 287 Hard anodizing, 92
Fuel cell vehicles, 703 Gasoline, 824, 1030 Hardening radii
Fuel charge, 224 alternative, 836 inductive, 163
Fuel Chemistry, 589 Gasoline direct injection, 529, 927, 928 H bridge circuitry, 674
Fuel conditioning, 965, 968, 969 Gasoline engine, 922, 926 HCCI, 594, 928
Fuel consumption, 917, 921 Gasoline filters, 866 HCCI Process, 594
effective specific, 19 Gasoline fuel in-tank pump, 565 HC/CO conversion, 772
specific, 19 Gasoline hybrid drive system, 1024 HC emission, 16, 30
Fuel Consumption, 7, 19, 79, 917, 919, Gasoline supply systems, 563 HC emissions map, 30
927, 934, 942 Gasoline tank, 557 HCF, 886
Fuel consumption lead, 1061 Gasoline vapor, 731 HC-storage catalytic converter, 764
Fuel consumption measurement, 965 Gas port, 138 Head contact area, 296
Fuel consumption measuring Gas pressure, 225 Head gasket, 275
technology, 961 Gas-switching element, 139 Heated catalyst
Fuel consumption potential, 919, 1061 Gas torsional force, 75 electrical, 763
Fuel consumptions, 1033 Gas turbine, 1031, 1041 Heat engine, 35
Fuel consumption saving, 934 Gas turbine engine, 6 Heating flange, 584
Fuel economy oil, 849 Gas work, 20 Heating Flange, 584
Fuel filters, 866 Gauge pressure tank diagnosis pump, Heating system
Fuel hydraulic circuit, 890 732 sequential, 798
Fuel injection (IDI) Gear pump, 216 Heat loss, 46
Indirect, 614 Gear rattle, 950 Heat management, 934, 1059
Fuel mass flow, 965 Gear set design, 216 Heat management method, 934
Fuel rail, 483 Gear shift speeds, 939 Heat Range, 574
Fuel return, 523 Gearshift strategy, 699 Heat removal, 35, 125
Fuel saving potential, 936 Gearwheel oscillations, 950 Heat stress, 803
Fuel-saving potential, 926, 936 Generating electricity, 1056 Heat supply, 35
Fuel savings, 472 Generator, 922, 1104 Heat throughput, 736
Fuel supply systems, 557 Thermoelectric, 1013 Heat transfer, 12
Fuel Supply Systems, 560 Generator control, 1055 Heat transfer coefficient, 736
Fuel Tanks, 557 Generator Operation Mode, 494 Heat transfer model, 600
Full bead, 277, 283 Generator whistling, 952 Heat transfer process, 35
Full-flow burner, 797 German monopoly administration for Heavy gasoline, 3
Full flow dilution system, 974 spirits, 814 Heavy oil operation, 623
Full hybrid, 703, 987, 1031 GH2, 836 Height offset of the balance shaft, 69
Full-load, 28, 32, 531 Glass fiber, 870 Height profiling, 278
Full-load curve, 27 Glow discharge Helical compression spring, 187
Full-load enrichment, 928 Glow Discharge, 569 Helical slide honing, 123
Full lubrication, 842 Glow Plug, 582 Helical toothing, 237
Full-skirt piston, 89 Glow System, 581 Helmholtz resonator, 273, 428, 951
Function glow tube ignition Hertzian pressure, 225, 232, 234, 235,
model-based, 681 uncontrolled, 3 1077
Function architecture Glycerides and glycerins, 821 dynamic, 235, 1077
torque-based, 680 Glycols, 860 kinematic, 235, 1077
GM, 1035 HFRR test, 820

1116 | Internal Combustion Engine Handbook

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Higher NOx emissions, 16
High Pressure Direct Injection, 526
High-pressure fuel injector, 530
High-pressure fuel pump, 530
High Pressure Injection, 528
High pressure line, 537
High-pressure pump, 529, 546
High-pressure rail, 548
High pressure regulator, 529
High-pressure sensor, 716
High-pressure storage tank, 838
High pressure system, 537
High-speed engine, 14
High-temperature aging, 772, 773
High-temperature battery, 999
High-temperature electronics, 1030
High-temperature fuel cell, 1048
High-temperature high-shear
viscosity, 849
HNBR material, 243
Hole nozzles, 552
Hollow casting
cylindrical, 232
Hollow drilling, 232
Holography
acoustic, 956
homogeneous self-ignition, 928
Homogenous Charge Compressed
Ignition, 928
Honda IMA concept, 1034
Honda MMC process, 122
Honeycomb cooler, 3
Honeycomb stopper, 277
Hooke’s Law, 287
Horizontal draft carburetor, 518
Hot cooling, 1063
Hot driving, 832
Hot gas generator, 508
Hot gas simulation, 291
Hot operation, 522
Hot water corrosion, 861
Housing-type fuel filter, 868
HTD profile, 244
HTHS, 849
HVOF layers, 108
Hybrid
Parallel, 1030, 1031
Series, 1030, 1031
Hybrid battery, 703
Hybrid concept, 934
Hybrid drive system, 983, 1029, 1030,
1039
Fuel consumption, 1016
power-split, 987
Power-split, 1031
Hybrid engine, 10
Hybrid propulsion system, 703
Hybrid vehicle, 934, 1030
Hydraulic element, 167
Hydraulic pump, 952
Hydraulic tappet, 466
Hydraulic valve, 451
Hydraulic valve clearance
compensation element (HVA),
227
6606_Book.indb 1117
Index
Hydraulic valve lifter (HVA), 234 Inertial force, 52, 60, 61, 62, 63, 235, 952
Hydrocarbon first order, 63
aromatic, 833 oscillating, 52, 61
Hydrocarbon (alkane) rotating, 52, 61
paraffinic, 814 Inertial torque, 61, 64
Hydrocarbon indexing, 752 oscillating, 65
Hydrocarbon (PAH) rotating, 65
polycyclic aromatic, 818 Infinite variability, 470
Hydrocarbons, 753 Influence of ignition angle, 624
synthetic, 814 Injected Fuel Metering, 532
Hydrofinishing, 845 Injection
Hydrogen, 7, 838, 943, 1030, 1043, 1044 mechanical, 6
Hydrogen combustion, 593 Injection map, 32
Hydrogen direct injection, 386 Injection nozzles and nozzle-holder
Hydrogen engine oil, 850 assemblies, 551
Hydrogen infrastructure, 1047 Injection orifice design, 554
Hydrogen production, 1046 Injection pressure, 533, 926
Hydrogen rotary piston engine, 386 increase, 551
Hydrogen storage system, 1043 Injection process, 535
Hydrogen storage technology, 1042 Injection pump cam, 227
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), 834 Injection rate, 534
Hydrogen treatment, 818 Injection system
Hydrothermatik® piston, 88 adjusting , 555
Hydrothermik® piston, 87 Injection System, 534
Hypocycloids, 383 Injection time, 535, 556
HYZEM driving cycle, 920 Injection timing system, 537
Injection valve, 537
Inlet closes, 434
I Inlet opens, 434
Icing, 523 Inlet timing, 231, 449
Idle revolutions, 520 Inlet valve, 138
Idle-speed control, 724 Inline engine, 3, 12
Idle-speed control in SI engines, 724 Inline filter, 867
Idling air nozzle, 517 Inline fuel injection pumps, 539
Idling fuel consumption, 921 Inner contour
Idling nozzle, 517 profiled cavity, 232
Idling rpm control, 523 Input inertance, 948
Ignitability, 816 Insert, 276
Ignition, 569, 609 Insertion insulation increment, 947
Ignition coil, 571 Insert technique, 120, 121
Ignition delay, 580 In-situ exhaust measurement, 749
Ignition delay time, 594 In-situ measuring technology, 805
Ignition jet method, 622 Installation space, 803
Ignition lag, 609, 816, 817 Installation thickness, 277
Ignition map, 32 Installed flexure tension, 106
Ignition pressure, 275 Installing in the Cylinder Head, 202
Ignition system, 12, 930 Insufficient lubrication, 229, 868
Ignition systems alternative, 572 Insulation, 947
ILSAC certification, 852 Intake Air Duct, 518
Immersion lubrication, 4 Intake air volumetric flow
Impaction, 794 measurement, 965
Impact load damping, 724, 725 Intake manifold, 950
Impregnating agent, 867 Intake manifold charging model, 681
Impression of comfort, 959 Intake manifold injection, 11, 895
Impulse counting procedure, 963 Intake manifold injection systems,
Impulse turbocharger valve, 479 523
Inclusion, 188 Intake manifold pipe
Increase variables, 428
azeotropic, 825 Intake manifold pipe cross section,
Indexing method, 391 428
Individual Pump Systems with a Intake manifold pipe length, 428
Line, 538 Intake muffler, 950
Individual valve system, 147 Intake opening, 269
Intake opening noise, 949
Intake port variant, 142
Internal Combustion Engine Handbook | 1117
1/19/16 9:06 PM
 Index

Intake system, 268 Laser texturing, 123 Locating bearing, 253

Intake valve lift curve, 462 Laser vibrometry, 956
In-tank unit, 867 LASP lubricating oil, 800
Integrated powertrain management Lateral exhaust, 385
(IPM®), 701 Lattice gas theory, 892
Integrated starter/alternator (ISG), 695 Law of thermodynamics, 40
Interception, 794 Law of thermodynamics , 40
Intercooling, 490, 740 Layer approach, 677
Interior high-pressure forming, 227 Layered-metal head gasket
Interior noise, 952 Metaloflex®, 276
Internal cooling, 928 LCF, 886
Internal efficiency, 623 Lead-acid, 1038
Internal Gear Pump, 203 Lead-acid accumulator, 706
Internal noise levels, 950 Lead-acid battery, 998
Internal pressure simulation Lead as anti-knocking agent, 835
hydraulic, 290 Lead compound, 824
Intervention Mechanism, 595 Leaded bronze, 259
Ionic Current Measurement, 585 Leak Rate, 532
Iron loss, 989 Lean-burn concept, 926
IRP, 212 Lean-burn operation, 926
ISAD system, 161, 1034 Lean operation, 530
Isentropic exponent, 37, 490, 926 homogeneous, 531
Isentropic relationship, 40 Length reduction, 73
Isooctane, 40 LES, 603
Isoparaffin, 824 Lever-type sensor, 566
IT material, 281 Lexus GS 450 h, 1034
IV. Quadrant, 512 Lexus RX 400 h, 1034
LH2, 836
Lifetime filter element, 867
J Lifetime fuel filter, 867
jet-directed method, 928 Lift valve, 416
Jet direction, 531 Lightweight design, 286
just-in-time, 6 Lightweight metal pistons, 84, 85
Li-ion, 1038
Li-Ion battery, 706
K Li-Ion cells, 707
Karlovitz number, 597 Linear motor, 1049
Key oil pump value, 218 Linear regulator, 673
Kinematics, 423 Linear valve, 481
Kinematics calculation, 235 Line contact, 233
Kink lever, 456 Liquefied petroleum gas, 1029
Klimov-Williams Criteria, 598 Liquid gas, 837
Knight sleeve valve engines, 4 Liquid hydrogen, 838
Knocking control, 688 Liquid storage tank, 838
Knocking sensitivity, 79, 830 Lithium-Cobalt-Nickel-Manganese
Knocking signal, 688, 689 oxide, 707
Knock sensor, 829 Lithium-Cobalt oxide, 707
Kolmogorov Axis, 596 Lithium-ion, 1038
KS Lokasil® process, 122 Lithium-ion battery, 1000, 1030
Lithium-Iron-Phosphate, 707
LNG, 836
L Load
Laboratory testing procedures, 290 crankshaft, 60
Lacquer formation, 847 Load-adjustment system, 13
Lambda closed-loop control, 523 Load-bearing capacity of the
Lambda control, 684 lubricating film, 236
Lambda-control, 521 Load change valve, 225
Lambda sensor, 7, 713 Load controlling, 444, 471
Lambda window, 683 Load cycle loss, 79
Lancaster balancing, 952, 959 Load distributions, 188
Lane angle of ascent, 920 Load influence, 632
Lapping, 124 Load on valve seat inserts, 190
Large-Eddy Simulation, 603 Load range
Laser double-pulse holography, 956 lower, 32
Laser-induced incandescence, 976 Load step, 477
Locus diagram, 62, 64
Longitudinal flow cooling, 143
Longitudinal frame concept, 114
Long-time fatigue, 886
Loop scavenging, 441
Loop scavenging cylinder, 313
Loss analysis, 632
Loss of contact, 236
Lost-foam process, 150
Lost-Motion Element, 455
Loudness, 957
Low-pressure die-casting, 120
Low-pressure sand-casting process,
148, 151
Low-pressure system, 536
Low-sped engine, 14
Low speed concept, 925
Low-temperature behavior, 818
Low temperature oxidation, 594
Low-temperature pump viscosity, 849
Low-voltage impactor ELPI, 806
LPG, 836, 1029, 1030
l regulation, 683
LS 600 h, 1034
Lubricant, 842
Lubricating film pressure
maximum, 255
Lubricating gap
smallest, 255
Lubricating oil ash, 792, 803
Lubrication, 842
Lubrication properties of the gasoline,
835
Lubricity additives, 820
Lubricity improvers, 835
Lubrifier modifiers, 836
M
Mach number, 509
Macro-sealing, 283
Magnesium, 118
Magnesium ion, 861
Magnetic Passive Position Sensor, 567
Main bearing cap bolt, 292, 293
Main bearing force, 58
Main bearing pin force, 58
Main injection, 32
Main nozzle, 516
Manifold absolute pressure sensor,
715
Manifold and turbocharger module,
303
Manifold components, 304
Manifold design, 299
Manifolds
Air Gap Insulation, 302
MAN-M process, 622
Manual starter, 520
Manual transmission
automated, 700
Map-controlled thermostat, 934
MAPPS, 567

1118 | Internal Combustion Engine Handbook

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 Index

Marginal condition Method Momentary combustion chamber, 16

thermal, 881
Masking, 462
Mass
moving, 232
oscillating, 51
static, 232
Mass air-flow sensor, 717
Mass balancing, 66, 67, 68, 952
Mass criterion, 796
Mass reduction, 73
Mass spectrometry, 749
Material balance, 41
Materials for piston rings, 109
Mating material
tribologic, 123
Maximum pressure, 37
Maximum pressure limit, 38
maximum speed, 937
Maximum speed, 937
Maybach
Wilhelm, 3
Mean friction pressure, 389
Mean pressure, 491, 923, 928
effective, 16, 21, 415, 487
indicated, 20
indicated, 21, 479
Mean pressure curve, 493
Mean stress correction according to
Smith or Haigh., 887
Measurand, 961, 963
Mechanical, 963
Thermodynamic, 964
Measurement, 961, 963, 964, 965, 966,
969, 972, 973, 975, 976
Dynamic, 965
opacimetric, 805
Stationary, 965
Measurement data evaluation, 976
Measurement data processing, 976
Measurement principle
capacitive, 716
Measurement techniques, 976
Measuring technology, 961, 972, 973
Blow-by, 965, 969
Blow-by gas, 965
Fuel consumption, 965
Medium-pressure sensor, 716
Medium-speed engine, 14
MEOH, 836
Mercaptan sulfur, 834
Mercaptan (thioalcohol), 834
Mercedes-Simplex-Motor, 3
Meshing, 881
Metal abrasion, 857
Metal-containing additive, 820
Metal deactivator, 836
Metal-elastomer gasket, 285
Metal-elastomer head gasket, 276
Metal-elastomer seal, 281
Metal foam, 792
Metal head gasket, 120
Metal hydride storage tank, 838
Metaloseal, 282
Methanol, 1030
gravimetric, 789 MON, 829
MF system, 104 Monoethylene glycol, 860
Micro hybrid, 987 Monolithic design, 120
Micro-hybrid, 703 Monopropylene glycol, 860
Middle distillate, 814 Monotherm® piston, 90
Mild hybrid, 703, 987, 1031, 1032 Mounting system, 275, 285
Mileage, 942, 943 Movement equation, 73
MIL-L, 851 Muffler, 803
Miller cycle (cycle), 231 Muffler system, 430
Miller Process, 471 Multi-body simulation, 236
Miller-Process, 477 Multi-function layer design, 278
Miner rule, 888 Multigrade, 869
Minimum Ignition Energy, 569 Multi-grade oil, 849
Minimum injection functionality, 535 Multi-layer steel gasket, 276
Minimum requirement, 815, 826 Multiple injections, 534, 535
Minimum start speed, 580 Multiple power driver, 291
Minimum wrap angle, 250 Multi-point fuel injection, 831
Minimum wristpin play, 85 Multi-rib V-belt, 249
Mixed friction, 253, 389 Multi-stage charging principle, 926
Mixed hybrid, 1030, 1031 Multi-stage regulation, 210
Mixed octane number, 829 Multi-valve engine, 137, 225
Mixing pipe, 517 Multi-valve technology, 137
Mixture Multizone model, 35
lean, 25 Muzzle noise, 950
rich, 25 MVEG, 214
uncombusted, 43
Mixture enrichment, 521
Mixture formation, 11, 520, 608, 894 N
Mixture Formation in Diesel Engine, Natural bending frequency, 953
532 Natural frequency, 73, 236
Mixture generation Natural gas
external, 623 compressed, 823
Mixture homogenization, 619 Natural gas or synthetic gas, 823
Mixture Ignition, 576 Natural oscillation mode, 74
Mixture leanness, 926 Natural torsion frequency, 953
Mixture preparation Navier-Stokes equation, 891
homogeneous, 623 NEDC, 214, 919, 939
stratified, 623 Needle bearing, 236
Mobility, 795 Needle guide
Mobility analyzer doubled, 554
differential, 805 Needle nozzle, 517
Mobility diameter, 790 Needle seat, 532
Modal analysis, 956 NEFZ cycle, 212, 213
Model Neutralization of acids, 847
multidimensional, 44 Newtonian liquid, 843
Phenomenological, 599, 601 Newton’s shear stress law, 845
Thermodynamic, 599 Nickel-cadmium, 1038
zero-dimensional, 43 Nickel-metal hydride, 1033, 1034, 1038
Zero-dimensional, 599 Nickel-metal hydride battery, 998,
Model calculation, 35, 42 1033
Model Development, 598 NiMH, 1038
Model manufacturing, 151 NiMH battery, 706
Modified Uniontown Method, 831 Nitric oxide formation, 592
Modular graphite, 227 Nitriding, 108, 163
Modulation, 947, 952 Nitrite amine phosphate, 860
Module, 286 Nitrocarburizing, 108
Multi-functionality of, 287 Nitrogen oxide emission, 728
Moles Nitrous oxide, 754
specific, 40, 43, 44 Nitrous oxide mass emissions, 748
Molybdenum coating, 108 Noble metal electrode, 577
Moment NO formation, 35
dynamic, 235 Noise characteristic, 952
resulting, 233 Noise emission, 220, 817, 945
transferable, 235 Noise-insulation materials, 959

Internal Combustion Engine Handbook | 1119

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 Index

Noise radiation, 947, 950, 953 Oil pump, 202, 933 Oxygen compound, 839
Noise reduction, 952 Oil requirement, 143 Oxygen storage unit, 762
Noise-reduction provisions, 950 Oil separation rate, 230
Noise source, 949 Oil slotted ring, 103
Noise suppression, 803 Oil stripping system P
Noncombusted, 43 three-part, 104 Package model, 602
Nonferrous-metal deactivator, 847 Olefin, 824 Panel resonator, 951
Nonslip condition, 804 Olefin content, 834 Panic valve, 209
Non-woven cotton fabric, 950 On-board power supply, 921 Paraffin, 824
Non-woven fiber fabric, 951 Opacity measurement, 975 Parallel crank gear, 80
Normal balance, 67 Open-deck design, 120 Parallel hybrid, 703, 1031
NOx Adsorber, 786 Opening characteristic, 465, 1082 Parameter
NOx emission, 30, 31 Opening ramp, 234 fractal , 790
Noxious diesel, 782 Opening stress, 106 psycho-acoustic, 957
NOx reduction, 767 Opening time variation, 453 Partial flow dilution system, 974
NOx storability, 770 Operating characteristics, 15 Partial load, 78, 433
NOx storage catalytic converter, 769, Operating map, 28 Partial load mode, 425
927 Operating optimum, 938 Partial-load range, 931
Nozzle carburetor, 3 Operating point, 494 Partial lubrication, 842
Nozzle-holder assembly, 554 Operating point shift, 80, 922, 923 Particle concentration, 866
Nozzle-holder combination, 555 Operating principle, 11 Particle definition, 789
Nozzle-hole cross section Operating strategy, 1014 Particle erosion, 866
geometrical, 556 engine, 28 Particle filter
Nozzle hole diameter, 534 Operating time difference, 63 catalytic, 808
Nozzle needle Operational strength, 881, 886 Particle filter regeneration, 724
conical, 517 Operational strength calculation, 879 Particle Filters, 788
Nozzle-needle stroke, 555 Operational vibration analysis, 956 Particle mass, 818
Nozzles, 519 Opposed piston uniflow scavenging, Particle measuring technology, 805
NSU Spider, 382 441 Particle property, 789
NTC, 593 Optimization of geometry, 879, 1093 Particles, 788
Optimization procedure, 877 Particulate emission, 32
Order, 947, 954 Particulate formation, 32
O Order curve, 955 Particulate measurement, 974
OBD II legislation, 731 Origin, 818 PASS, 975
OCPTM-air injector, 528 OSEK operating system, 677 Passage of dust, 863
OCPTM injector, 528 Otto Passenger car fuel-cell drive system,
Octane number, 590, 824, 829 Nikolaus August, 1 1043
Octane number requirement, 830 Outlet timing, 231 Passenger cars, 1053
Odor improvers, 820 Output maximum, 18 Past
OEM, 851 Ovality, 106 accelerating, 272
Offset limit, 299 Oval sprocket, 247 Patent application, 447
Offsetting, 85 Oval sprocket technology, 247 Peak-and-hold, 669
OHC, 6, 225, 226 Overall acoustic level, 272, 946 Peak combustion temperature, 728
O–H–C-balance, 35 Overall efficiency, 921 Peak pressure, 16
OHC equilibrium, 43 Overall process analysis, 891 PEM, 1042, 1048
OHC-System, 592 Overall transmission ratio, 924, 937 PEM fuel cell, 1042, 1048
OHV, 6, 226, 231 Overdrive, 924 PEM fuel cell stack, 1043
Oil Overhang, 256 Pencil coils, 572
naphtene-based, 844 Overhead camshaft, 225 Pencil stream valve, 532
paraffin-based, 844 Overhead valve = OHV, 164 Pendulum-slider pump, 207
Oil carbonization, 86 Overhead valves = OHV, 225 Penetration, 796
Oil consumption, 143, 411, 969 Overlapping, 449 Performance
Oil consumption measurement Overlay effective, 415, 487
technology, 968 electroplated , 261 Performance class, 850
Oil control ring, 85, 103 sputtered , 262 Performance increase, 237
Oil cooling, 741 Overrun, 523 Performance test, 804
Oil dilution, 857 Overrun fuel cut-off, 522 Permanently-excited synchronous
Oil feed geometry, 256 Overrunning, 536 motor, 706
Oil mist separation Overshooting, 188 Phase diagram, 72
integrated, 230 Overspeed design, 937 Phase direction diagram, 75
Oil oxidation, 847 Oxidation catalytic converter, 799 Phase rotation angle, 225
Oil pan, 950 Oxidation catalytic converters, 818 Phases of the spark, 569
Oil pan fixing bolt, 292 Oxidation inhibitor, 847 Phasing, 462, 463
Oil pan screw, 297 Oxygen, 1043 Phlegmatization, 1016
Oil program, 815, 826 Phosphating, 92

1120 | Internal Combustion Engine Handbook

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 Index

Photoacoustics, 975 Plasma spatter layers, 108 Press fit

pH value at 20 °C, 860 Plastic oil pan, 126 friction, 227
Piezo actuator, 467, 959 Plateau honing, 123 Pressure, 844
Pin nozzles, 552 Play, 234 Hertzian, 233
Pipe, 227 Play adjustment, 155 Pressure build-up
Pipe Flow, 438 Pleated construction, 867 dynamic, 253
Piston, 880 Pleating Pressure loss, 802
cooled, 89 star, 867 Pressure measurement, 961, 964, 965,
forged, 87 Plug-in hybrid, 703 972
heat treatment, 91 PM filter catalytic converter, 778 Dynamic, 965
installation play, 85 PM-Metalit®, 779 Pressure oil supply, 230
oil-cooled, 86 Pneumatic screwdriver, 298 Pressure regulating, 565
operating condition, 84 Point contact, 233 Pressure regulating valve, 867
race car, 88 Poise, 843 Pressure sensor, 529
running surface protection, 92 Polar diagram, 57 Pressure switch, 716
temperature distribution, 86, 1067 Polar diagram of forces, 254 Pressure wave supercharging, 480
wear protection, 92 Pollutant component, 29 Pressurized carburetor, 518
weight optimization, 85 Pollutant emissions Prestrainer, 868
Piston acceleration, 51 impermissible, 564 Prethrottle actuator, 726
Piston alloy, 93, 881 Pollutant formation, 611 Prevention of lacquer formation, 847
Piston material, 881 Pollutant reduction Prime mover, 962
Piston annulus, 383 gasoline engine, 756 Process, 35
Piston boss, 85, 880 Polymer electrolyte membrane, 1042 electrostatic, 794
Piston calculation, 879 Polystyrene casting cluster, 150 gravimetric, 805
Piston cooling, 83, 87 Pore size, 795 irreversible, 45
Piston designs, 85, 87 Porosity, 148 Rotation-angle-controlled, 294
Piston diameter, 83 Port closing, 428 Seiliger, 38
Piston displacement, 78 Port deactivation, 726, 727 Process control, 38
Piston Displacement, 15, 16 Port development, 139 Process efficiency, 35, 36
Piston force, 53, 54 Port fuel injection engine, 623 Process work, 42
Piston groove temperature, 87 Portion of water, 866 Product calculation, 288
Piston groove wear, 109 Port liner, 385 Product development
Piston head, 86, 90 Position control, 721 virtual, 879
Piston loading, 83 Positive Displacement Superchargers, Profile steel ring, 104
Piston machines, 9 491 Project management, 144
Piston manufacture, 91 Postmortem analyses, 786 Protection from deposit, 843
liquid casting, 91 Post start-up phase, 520 Prototype manufacturing, 152
squeeze casting, 91 Potassium catalytic converter, 771 Prototypes, 144
Piston mass, 85 Potential Provision concerning emitted noise,
Piston material, 83, 86, 93 chemical, 41 948
Piston movement, 50, 85 Pour point, 860 Provision for noise reduction, 950
Piston noise, 880 Pour point depressant, 847 Pulsating turbines impingement, 512
Piston pin deaxising, 53 Power Pulse turbocharger-aspiration
Piston rattle, 55 indicated, 21 module, 483
Piston ring, 101 Power curves, 20 Pulse turbocharger- control device,
Piston ring design, 104 Power density, 997 482
Piston ring first Piston ring, 86 Power electronics, 704, 995 Pulse turbocharger valve, 481
Piston ring manufacturing, 107 Power hyperbola, 27 Pulse turbocharging, 471, 472, 475,
Piston ring parameter, 106 Power-MOSFET, 482 479, 1061, 1062
Piston ring set, 105 Power pack test bench, 962 Pumpability, 818
Pistons, 83 Power split, 703 Pump Angle Time Signal, 541
Piston-side force, 52, 54, 883 Power station mix, 943 Pump limit, 509
Piston skirt, 85 German, 943 Pump nozzle, 225
Piston slapping, 85, 950 Power steering pump, 954 Pump-nozzle injection system, 562
Piston speed Power-to-weight ratio, 19, 922 Pump Nozzle System, 544
mean, 18 Powertrain test bench, 962 Pump nozzle technique, 156
Piston Speed, 17, 50 POX reformer, 1049 Pump threshold temperature, 849
Piston stroke, 15 Practical fuel consumption, 1033 Pump-up, 227, 236
Piston temperature, 86, 882 Pre-chamber system, 614 Push rod, 225, 422
piston travel, 15, 16 Precision-casting, 157 Pushrod, 140, 225, 422
Piston travel, 50 Preforms, 122 Push rod drive, 455
Piston weight, 85 Preinjection, 32 Push rod ratio, 15
Plain bearing, 230 Preliminary catalytic converter, 692 p-v diagram, 36
planimetry, 20 Preload force, 281, 298 p-V-Diagram, 20
Plasma process, 794

Internal Combustion Engine Handbook | 1121

6606_Book.indb 1121 1/19/16 9:06 PM

 Index

PVD layer, 108 Reformate, 824
PVD process, 261 Regeneration, 796
Regeneration additives, 798
Regeneration aids, 820
Q Regeneration help, 797
Quadrocyclane, 841 Regeneration process, 797
Quality agreement, 298 Regenerative braking, 985, 1030, 1039
Quality assurance, 152 Regulating principle, 208
Quality control, 13, 927 Regulating pump, 211
Quantity balance, 45 Regulation circuit, 237
Quantity control, 13, 78 Relaxation, 278
Quantity of heat Reluctance machine, 993, 1037
removed, 36 Reluctance motor
Quick start glow system, 583 Switched, 1037
Removal efficiency, 866
Repeatability, 961, 968
R Replacement component, 824
Racing fuel, 840 Reproduction reaction, 592
Radial bearing, 252 Required Ignition Voltage, 575
Radial Compressor, 488 Requirement, 735
Radial force, 55 Requirement-Based Energy
Radial force characteristic, 56 Management, 1055
Radial piston distributor pump, 543 Residual compressive force, 189
Radial piston pump, 543 Residual exciter moment curve, 74
Radial pressure distribution, 106 Residual exhaust gas, 40, 43
Radiator protector, 739 Residual gas scavenging, 480
Radius roller, 163 Residue, 797
Rail, 547 Resistance characteristic curve, 511,
Ram induction turbocharging, 489 512
Ramp, 234 Resistance to thermal shock, 148
Ramp function, 686 Resonance, 954
Ram tube charging, 270, 426 Resonance charging, 426, 428
Range extender, 1025 Resonance oscillation, 626
Rape methyl ester, 1029 Resonator, 270
Rapeseed oil, 814, 821 Response, 924
Rate of deposition, 796 Response Behavior, 498
Reaction kinetics, 35 Response time, 801
Reaction mechanism, 35, 752 Restricted exhaust component
Reaction speed, 45 diesel engine, 755
Reaction torque, 56 gasoline engine, 753
Reaction work Return rail, 156
reversible, 42 Reversed head scavenging, 441
Recharging effect, 428 Reynold’s number, 516
Reciprocating displacer engine, 9 Rib and pipe system, 737
Reciprocating piston compressor, 443 Ring break, 107
Reciprocating piston engine, 10 Ring carrier, 87
classification, 10 Ring carrier material, 89
Recovered alloy, 147 Ring carrier piston, 89
Rectangular filter, 866 Ring gap, 106, 107
Rectangular ring, 102 Ring set, 104
Recuperation, 703 Ring type, 103
Reducing agent, 818 Ring with inner chamfer, 102
Reducing friction loss, 1062, 1063 Ring with inner shoulder, 102
Reduction in pollutants Rise in viscosity, 844, 856
Diesel engine, 758 RME, 1030
Reduction of friction, 922 Ro 80, 382
Reduction of fuel consumption, 931, Road-surface/tire noise, 949
941 Rocker arm, 164, 166, 225, 417, 420,
Reduction of Mass, 232 457, 463
Reed valve, 442 Rocker arm actuation, 156
Reed valve control, 442 Rocker arm components, 453
Reference fuel i-octane, 829 Rocker arm module, 454
Reference fuel n-heptane, 829 Rocker lever valve train, 167
Reflection-type muffler, 430 Rod force, 54, 55
Reflection-type sound damper, 430 Roller bearing steel, 232
Roller cam follower, 166, 234, 236, 421,
455, 456, 463
Roller cam follower design, 455
Roller chain, 240
Roller lever, 234
Roller tappet, 234
switchable, 170
Roller test bench, 962
Rolling bearing, 230
Rolling circle, 383
Rolling contact, 225, 228, 229, 232, 235,
236
Rolling fatigue strength, 225
Rolling resistance, 918, 920, 921
RON, 829
Roots blower, 4
Rotary axis, 383
Rotary compressor, 444
Rotary-disk valve, 416
Rotary displacer engine, 9
Rotary piston engine, 6, 10, 382, 384
Rotary piston engines, 3
Rotating body, 383
Rotational irregularity, 952
Rotational oscillation, 72
Rotational oscillation damper, 77
Rotational oscillation state, 76
Rotational oscillation system, 72
Rotation angle technique, 296
Rotation-controlled tightening, 299
Rotor, 385
Rotor-type pump, 10
Roughness, 952, 957
Round filter element, 866
RSG, 251
Rubber vibration damper, 77
Run-down ramp, 226
Running-resistance curve, 27
Running surface coating, 107
Run-up ramp, 226
RVP = Reid Vapor Pressure, 833
RX 400 h, 1032, 1034
S
SAE range, 844
SAE viscosity class, 848
Safety factor, 887
Safety strategy, 692
Sampling, 805
Sand-casting process, 122, 148
Sauter mean diameter, 528
Scales;Turbulent, 596
Scattered light measurement, 976
Scavenging, 439
Scavenging air supply, 443
Scavenging blowers, 443
Schnürle reverse or loop scavenging,
4
SCR catalytic converter, 818
active, 769
SCR catalytic converters, 818
passive, 768
Screaming noise, 953

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6606_Book.indb 1122 1/19/16 9:06 PM


Screw
DIN EN ISO 24014, 299
Shafted, 296
Threaded, 296
Screw Compressor, 488
Screws
Amenable to assembly, 292
Screw tightening
Torque-controlled, 298
SEA
statistical energy analysis, 959
Seal, 275
metallic, 282
Seal compatibility, 843
Sealing, 383, 842
Sealing gap fluctuation
dynamic, 276, 277
Sealing pressure, 281
Sealing system, 275, 288
acoustically decoupled, 285
Seat contact area, 190
Seat-hole nozzle, 553, 554
Seating velocity, 234
Seat width, 195
Secondary airborne noise, 950
Secondary air injection, 764
Secondary emission, 801
Secondary piston motion, 85, 880
Secondary piston motion calculation,
880
Secondary radiation, 950
Second order inertial force
oscillating, 63
Second-order inertial force, 61
Segmented camshaft, 229
Seiliger
Myron, 37
Seizure, 296
Selective catalytic reduction, 768
Self-balance, 68
Self-diagnosis, 691
Semi-downdraft carburetor, 518
Semi-surface gap, 574
Sensitivity to water, 825
Sensor, 868
Sensors, 468
Sensor system, 280
Separately-excited synchronous
motor, 706
Separating valve, 386
Separation system
active, 230
Sequential supercharging, 923
Sequential Turbocharger, 503
Serial hybrid, 703
Serpentine drive, 249
Serpentine stopper, 277
Service life
Calendrical, 1003
Service life analysis, 236
Service life prediction, 164
Service life test, 290
Severity, 831, 957
Shaft
centrally symmetrical, 68
6606_Book.indb 1123
Index
Shaker, 291 Smoke-emission value measurement,
Shaker cooling, 90 975
Shaped bore, 886 Smoke meter, 975
Shaped bore of piston boss, 881 SMPS method, 805
Shear speed, 845 Snugged down, 296
Sheet metal manifolds, 300 Snugging moment, 298
Sheet-metal oil pan, 950, 953 Sodium-nickel-chloride battery, 999
Shell Model, 595 SOFC, 1048
Shifter unit SOFC-APU, 1049
hydraulic, 237 SOFC fuel cell, 1047, 1048, 1049
Shifting, 52 Software structure, 676
Shifting the operating point, 984 SOHC, 231
Short-time fatigue, 886 Solenoid valve needle, 543
Shoulder/bevel ring, 103 Solid bearings, 263
Shoulder ring, 103 Solid-borne engine noise, 948
Shrink-fit Solid-borne noise, 945
thermal, 227, 230 Solid-borne noise contribution, 956
Shrink-fit conrod, 85 Solid-borne noise oscillation, 952
Shunt resonator, 273 Solid-borne noise path, 952
Shutting off the fuel, 522 Solid-borne noise transmission, 953
Sideband, 947 Solidification, 148
Signal Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, 1048
redundant, 726 Solid particle, 804
Signature analysis, 954 Solubilizers, 823
Signs of coking, 797 Solvent refinement, 845
Silent chain, 241 Sommerfeld number, 252
Silicon carbide, 1030 SON, 829
Silicon crystal layer, 122 Soot, 818
Simulation, 290, 598, 875 Soot combustion, 797
Cooler, 736 Soot emission, 975
one dimensionally, 436, 438 Soot ignition temperature, 798
thermodynamic, 881 Soot regeneration, 809
Simulation of flow CFD, 222 Sound design, 950
Simulation process Sound Engineering, 957
integrated, 163 Sound package, 959
Simulation system, 43 Sound pressure, 946
Simulation tool Sound volume, 957
acoustic, 274 Source of solid-borne noise, 952
Single-barrel carburetor, 517 Spark failure, 576
Single-cylinder crank gear, 61 Spark ignition, 569
Single-grade oil, 849 Spark-Ignition Engine, 10
Single injection pump, 225, 538 Spark plug, 138, 154, 573
Single power driver, 291 Design, 573
Single-shaft machine, 1042 Spark plug position, 931
Single-shaft turbine, 1042 Spark Position
Single spark ignition coil, 571 Advanced, 574
Single valve drive model, 460 Normal, 574
Single-zone model, 42 Spatial velocity, 804
Sintered aluminum, 452 Special seals, 280
Sintered cams, 228, 229, 235 Specific fuel consumption, 923
Sintered conrod, 294 Specific power output, 19
Sintered material, 228, 229 Spectrum, 947, 950
Sintered metal plate, 793 Speed
Six port induction, 386 critical, 73
Size distribution of the particles, 790 hydro-dynamic, 236, 1078
Sleeve, 225 hydro-dynamically effective, 235
Sleeve concept, 121 Speed fluctuation, 60, 72
Sleeve support surface, 121 dynamic, 72
Slide support, 454 static, 72
Sliding contact, 225, 227, 229, 232, 235, Speed measurement, 963, 964
236 Speed reduction, 495
Slippage, 250 Speed sensor, 718
Slot control, 11 passive, 718
Smoke emission, 975 Spiral turbocharger, 7, 488
Spiral V filter, 867
Internal Combustion Engine Handbook | 1123
1/19/16 9:06 PM
 Index

Split-pin crankshaft, 71 Stratified charging, 530 Swept volume

Split stream valve (Split Stream), 532 Street evaluation number, 831 variable, 78, 79
Sports engine, 158 Street octane number, 831 Swing motor, 450
Spray cooling, 87 Strength analysis, 147, 1069 Swirl effect, 146
Spring characteristics, 188 Stress Swirl generator, 230
Spring force, 186, 235 mechanical, 231 Swirl plate, 726
Sprocket, 241, 245 thermal, 231 Switched reluctance motors, 1037
Sprue, 149 thermo-mechanical, 879 Switching pushrod, 455
Sputter bearing, 263, 265 Stribeck curve, 253 Switching regulator, 673
Squeeze Casting, 122 String oscillation, 953 Switching tappet, 227
SS50 system, 104 Strip apex, 383 Synchronous belt, 225
Stage-regulating pump, 210 Strip method, 390 double-sided, 244
Standard honing, 123 Stroke Changeover, 169 Synchronous belt dynamics, 247
Standardized Mass Flow, 509 Stroke function, 15 Synchronous belt profile, 244
Standardized Volumetric Flow, 509 Stroke offset, 71 Synchronous belt screaming, 953
Standard pressure, 40 Stroke ratio, 79 Synchronous machine
Start automatic, 520 Stroke variation, 457 Permanently excited, 1037
Start behavior, 579 Structural resonance, 953 Separately excited, 1037
Start control, 33 Structural stiffening provision, 953 Synchronous machine (SM), 992
Starter-alternator, 251 Substance Synchronous motor, 1037
Starter-alternator system, 251 absorbed, 791 Synfuel, 836, 1029
Starter/Generator, 1031 Substance component, 40 SynFuel, 1030
Starter/Generator function, 1031 Substitute combustion characteristic, Synthetic material, 453
Starting control, 519 42, 43 Synthetic material aspiration pipe,
Start quality, 581 Substitute Combustion Process, 599 483
Start reaction, 592 Substitute fuel, 590 System
Start/Stop, 1011, 1031 Substrate sintering, 766 acoustically decoupled, 288
Start-stop system, 251 Sudden load, 234 Cam-edge-controlled, 537
State change, 37 Sulfate, 818 Central Pressure Reservoir, 545
State equation Sulfate ash content, 846 closed, 37, 40, 42
thermal, 40, 44 Sulfate decomposition, 774 electro-mechanical, 467
State of Charge, 1003 Sulfate regeneration, 774 Electronic on-demand regulated,
State of charge regulation, 1013 Sulfur content, 818, 826, 834 566
State of Function, 1003 Sulfur dioxide, 818 nozzle-time controlled, 537
State of Health, 1003 Sulfurization reaction, 799 On-demand regulated, 564
State variable Sulfur Poisoning, 773 with Injection-Synchronous
intensive, 45 Summer quality, 833 Pressure Generation, 537
Stationary engine, 229 Sump pump, 217 System block diagram for CR, 550
Stator, 384, 385 Sunfuel, 1029 System integration, 482
Status vector, 437 SunFuel, 1030 System limit, 46
Steam engine, 3 SuperCap, 1001
Steel cams, 228, 229 super capacitors, 1039
Steel camshaft, 229 Supercharger design, 443 T
forged, 229 Supercharging, 12, 39, 80, 922 Takeoff, 226
solid material, 229 Mechanical, 492 Takeoff element, 227
Steel die, 149 Super diesel, 814, 820 TAME, 826
Steel spring Supplementary air, 158 Tandem turning, 107
cylindrical, 420 Supplied ignition, 12 Tangential force, 55, 105
Steel strip ring, 104 Support element average, 58, 59
Stepping motor, 722 hydraulic, 166 Tangential force characteristic, 55,
Stiffness, 225, 236, 953 Surface 58, 59
Stirling engine, 10, 1031, 1040, 1041 hydrophobic, 868 Tangential force curve, 75
stoichiometric full-load operation, 928 Surface contact, 233 Tank diagnosis, 732
Stopper, 277, 289 Surface corrosion, 861 Tank-to-wheel, 1042
coined, 277 Surface gap, 574 Tank ventilation valve, 730
topographic, 277, 278 Surface pressure, 225 Tank venting system, 560
Stop/start, 984 Surface ratio, 79 Tappet, 225, 417, 422
Stop/Start, 703 Surface roughness, 123 Tappet chamber, 466
Stop/start system, 939 Surface temperature, 300 Targeted motion, 235
Storage capacity, 792 Surface tension, 820 Target value generator, 469
Storage time, 804 Surface treatment, 108 Temperature coefficient
Strainer, 867 Surface-volume-ratio, 16 More negative, 593
Strain under Load, 187 Surplus force, 937 Temperature distribution, 880
Stratified charge, 727 Suspension attachment member, 952 Temperature map, 880, 882
Stratified-charge concept, 930 Swash plate, 530 Tensile strength, 229, 232

1124 | Internal Combustion Engine Handbook

6606_Book.indb 1124 1/19/16 9:06 PM


Tension
mechanical, 881
thermal, 881, 886
Tension and deformation, 880
Tensioning pulley
automatic, 247
Tertiary Butyl Alcohol, 824
Test aerosol, 804
Test bench, 962, 963
dynamic, 961
Dynamic, 962
Stationary, 962
Test bench automation system, 976
Test bench measuring technology, 961
Test bench overall system, 961
Test bench rollers, 962
Test bench system, 961, 962
Testing equipment
servo-hydraulic, 290
Test method
engine, 855
Tetrahedron element, 881
The , 40
The filling and emptying method, 43
The Fuel Cell as a Vehicle Drive
System, 1042
Thermal capacity
specific, 881
Thermal conductivity, 193, 881
Thermal dilator, 805
Thermal efficiency, 923, 926
Thermal piston expansion, 883
Thermal transition, 43
Thermal transmission, 45
Thermodesorber, 805
Thermo-mechanical fatigue, 887
Thermostatic valve, 868
The Steam Drive, 5
The Steam Motor, 5
Thickening, 847
Thick-wire bonds, 664
Think City, 1038
Thinking ahead, 939
Thiophene sulfur, 834
Threaded connector, 291
Three-mass flywheel, 78
Three-material bearing, 4, 263
Three-phase A.C. inverter, 704
Three-phase A.C. motor, 704
Three-phase motor, 1037
Three-shaft turbine, 1042
Three valve concept, 454
Three-valve cylinder head concept,
155
Three way catalytic converter, 761
Throttle-free load control, 472
Throttle losses, 466
Throttle valve, 517, 521, 530, 531, 723
Throttle valve actuator, 521, 723
Throttle valve control, 687
Throttling, 78
Throw, 63
Throw angle, 64
Throw sequence, 68, 71
Thrust washer, 253, 263
6606_Book.indb 1125
Index
THS II, 1032, 1033 Trapezoid ring
Tightening single, 102
Rotation-angle-controlled, 293 Trends, 1061
Tightening technique Trigger wheel, 226, 237
0.2% offset limit, 296 Trilobe camshaft, 227
Tight seating, 257 Trimming control, 683
Tilting movement, 52 Triple-barrel carburetor, 517
Timing, 139, 444 Triple Flame, 598
fixed, 234 Trochoid housing, 384
Timing chain, 231 T-s diagram, 36
Timing chain drive, 240 Tube, 227
Timing chain screaming, 953 Tube diameter, 232
Tiptronic, 699 Tube-runner manifold, 299
Tire noise, 952 Tube-runner manifolds, 302
tire-specific constants, 921 Tumble effect, 146
TMF, 887 Tumble-flow, 436
Toluene, 833 Tunnel bearing, 225, 226
Tonality, 957 Turbine efficiency, 510, 511
Toothed gear, 225 Turbine geometry
Toothed V-belt drive, 249 Variable, 728
Tooth engagement frequency, 953 Turbine Geometry
Topology optimization, 877 Variable, 496
Torque, 233, 444, 964 Turbine map, 490, 508, 510
internal, 70 Turbine pressure ratio, 510, 511
Torque balancing, 68 Turbocharger, 728
Torque curve, 18 Turbocharger Characteristic Maps,
Torque differential gear, 68 507
Torque measurement, 963 Turbocharger efficiency, 510
Torque motor, 722 Turbocharger internals, 489
Torque tightening, 298 Turbocharger main equation, 493
Torque vector, 64 Turbocharger mapping, 890
Torque wrench, 298 Turbocharger speed, 509
Torsional force, 58, 59 Turbocharger Test Rigs, 507, 508
Torsional load, 233 Turbocharging
Torsional rigidity, 72 Two-stage, 496
Torsion break, 73 Turbocompound supercharging, 1063
Torsion resistance, 229, 232 Turbo lag, 728
Torsion stiffness, 232 Turbulence Intensity, 596
Total emitted noise, 950 Twin bank engine, 12
Total O2 content, 826 Twincharging, 923, 925
Total pressure, 509 Twin-shaft gas turbine, 1042
Total pressure ratio, 509 Twin-shaft turbine, 1042
Toyota Hybrid System, 1032 Twin-shaft vehicle gas turbine, 1041
Toyota Prius, 1032 Twin Turbo System, 503
Toyota Prius II, 1034 Twisting, 102
Traction battery, 704, 1037 Two-cycle diesel engine, 313
Traffic noise, 949 Two-cycle engine, 803
Transesterification of rapeseed oil, 821 Two-cycle piston, 88
Transfer path analysis, 956, 957 Two-mass fly wheel, 77, 78, 952
Transition metal, 798 Two-mass oscillator, 685
Transition period, 833 Two-mass rubber vibration damper,
Transmission 77
Power-split, 1034 Two-material bearing, 263
Transmission function Two-Mode concept, 1036
acoustic, 948 Two-Mode hybrid system, 1036
Transmission housing, 950 Two-phase spray model, 609
Transmission noise radiation, 953 Two-spring, nozzle-holder assembly,
Transmission ratio, 924, 936 555
Transmission route for solid-borne Two-stage carburetor, 518
noise, 952 Two-staged ignition, 593, 594
Transmitting force, 842 Two-stage system, 464
Transport process, 44 Two-stroke engine, 312, 1050
Transverse flux machine, 994, 1038 Two-Stroke engine
Transverse flux motor, 1037 Charge Cycle, 439
Two-stroke process, 11
Internal Combustion Engine Handbook | 1125
1/19/16 9:06 PM
 Index

Two-stroke SI engine, 6, 650 Valve lifter, 225 V-Engine, 12

Two-valve cylinder head, 138 defeatable, 169 Venturi section, 516
Two-zone model, 43 hydraulic, 164, 165 VF system, 104
Type test, 804 mechanical, 164 Vibe function, 43
Valve lift modes, 173, 1070 Vibe Function, 599
Valve linkage, 225, 236 Vibration, 952, 959
U Valve opening area, 416 Vibration damper, 77
Ultracap, 1001 Valve opening time, 234 Vibration generator, 959
UltraCaps, 1039 Valve overlap, 24, 234, 236 Vibration nodes, 72
Underbody catalytic converter, 762 Valve play adjustment Vibratory testing system, 291
Undershield, 951 hydraulic, 227, 236 V.I. determination, 844
Underspeed design, 937 mechanical, 168, 227 V.I. improver, 845, 846, 847
UNIAIR system, 172 Valve play compensation V.I. scale, 844
Uniflow scavenging, 313, 314, 441 hydraulic, 168 Viscose vibration dampers, 77
Unit-Pump-System, 539 Valve seat, 194, 234 Viscosity, 817
UniValve, 463 Valve seat insert contour, 194 kinematic, 849
UniValve-Valve train, 464 Valve seat ring, 189 Viscosity-temperature behavior, 843,
Unregulated exhaust component material, 191 847
diesel engine, 756 Valve setting down velocity, 469 Viscosity/viscosity index (V.I.), 843
gasoline engine, 754 Valve shaft end, 236 Viscous coupling, 743
Updraft carburetor, 518 Valve shroud module, 286 Viscous damper, 77
Urea consumption measuring Valve spring, 186, 225, 420 Volatility, 825
technology, 965, 970 Valve spring force, 424 Volatility class, 833
Useful work, 36 Valve stem seal, 197 Volume
Using CAD, 145 Valve stroke, 225, 227, 234, 235, 1077 specific, 40
Utility vehicle fuel cell drive system, kinematic, 227 Volume ratio, 79
1043 theoretical, 236, 237, 1078 Volumetric Efficiency, 23, 415
Valve stroke change, 227, 231 Volumetric flow measurement, 965
Valve stroke curve, 234, 235
V Valve stroke height, 234
Vacuum distillation, 845 Valve stroke variation, 459 W
Valve, 225, 234, 419 Valve timing, 137, 225, 227, 229, 234, Waisted-shank bolt, 293
opening time, 231 236, 467 Waisted-threaded screw, 293
Valve acceleration, 225, 234, 235, 465, variable, 137 Wall film, 895
1077 Valve train, 164, 234, 416, 952 Wall flow, 792
Valve actuation, 11, 226 electro-mechanic, 468, 1082 Wankel Engine, 10
electro-mechanic, 468 fully-variable, 172 Wankel engine oil, 858
fully-variable, 230, 234, 456 mechanically fully-variable, 231 Warm-up, 519, 520
hydraulic, 467 variable, 169, 172, 227 Warm-up phase, 939
hydraulic variable, 466 Valve train component, 143, 146, 164 Washcoat, 784
partially-variable, 230, 234 Valve train configuration, 226 Washer, 293
variable, 444 Valve train design, 142 Waste gate function, 726
Valve actuation dynamic, 879 Valve train system Water
Valve angle, 138, 139 partially-variable, 231 specific heat, 46
Valve area, 416 Valve train type, 234 Water cooling, 124, 143
Valve break, 466 Valvetronic, 458, 461 Waterfall diagram, 954
Valve clearance, 227, 234 Valve velocity, 225, 235, 1077 Water hardness, 860
Valve clearance compensation, 423 Vane pumps, 206 Water jacket, 122, 124
mechanical, 234 Vane shifter, 238 Water jacket depth, 124
Valve contouring switching, 454, 470 V-angle, 71 Water outlet, 868
Valve cover fixing bolt, 292 natural, 71 Water removal, 868
Valve cross section, 140 Vapor bubble formation, 832 Water sensor, 868
Valve diameter, 139, 234 Vapor cushion, 832 Wax Anti-Settling Additive (Wasa),
Valve disk, 140 Vapor pressure, 826, 833 818
Valve drive friction, 229 Variable valve actuation, 930 Wear, 225, 870
Valve drive kinematics, 233 variable valve actuation times, 929 Wear at the flanks, 109
Valve flow number, 436 Variable valve train, 929 Wear characteristics, 161
Valve guide, 196, 201 VarioCam Plus, 227 Wear mechanism, 577
material, , xiii VARIOVALVE, 463 Wear protection, 836, 843
Valve guide clearance, 197 V crank gear, 62 Wear-protection layer, 107
Valve guide load, 196 Vehicle category, 920 Web width, 276
Valve guide material, 201 Vehicle curb weight, 917 Weight increase, 920
Valve lever, 417, 421 Vehicle mass, 920 Weighting curve, 946
Vehicle test bench, 962 Weight reduction, 920
Vehicle weight, 917, 919, 920 Weight trend, 921

1126 | Internal Combustion Engine Handbook

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 Index

Well-to-wheel, 1030, 1046 Wöhler curve, 887 Wristpin diameter, 83

W-Engine, 12 Work, 42 Wristpins, 83, 85, 94
Wet sump lubrication system, 386 indicated, 36 Wristpin steel, 95
Wheel hub drive, 1039 Work area, 37 WTW, 1046
Wheel hub motor, 994, 1039 Work fluctuation, 60
Wheel resistance, 920 Working point, 27
Whirl chamber diesel engine, 533 Work process calculation, 889 X
Whirl chamber system, 615 Woschni, 599 Xylene, 833
Wiese scale, 830 Wristpin, 880
Winding, 107 designs, 94
window, 299 flexure and oval distortion, 880 Z
Window method, 955 floating, 85 Zero Emission Vehicles, 1031
Winter quality, 833 Wristpin bushing, 263 ZEV, 1031
Wire cross section, 188 Wristpin circlip, 83, 94

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 About the Editors

Dr.-Ing. E .h. Richard
van Basshuysen, VDI,
wa s b or n i n 1932 i n
Bingen/Rhein, Germany.
Fol low i ng vo cat ion a l
training with examina-
tion as a car mechanic, he
studied at the technical
college Braunschweig/
Wolfenbüttel from 1953 to
1955 and obtained a degree
as a mechanical engineer.
In 1982, he was granted the
degree “Diplom-Ingenieur.”
Between 1955 and 1965,
he worked as a research associate for Aral AG in Bochum. In 1965,
he joined NSU AG where he was employed on test management
for engine and transmission development, including Wankel
engine development, and was appointed deputy manager
of vehicle testing. In this capacity, he was co-responsible for
the development of the Prinz 4, NSU 1000 and 1200, RO 80
and K 70 cars. In 1969, NSU AG was taken over by what is
today, Audi AG. As the development manager at Audi AG,
he established the V8/A8 vehicle comfort class, became the
manager responsible for engine and transmission development
and, at the same time, the member of the Supervisory Board
as the elected representative of the executive employees. His
most important development was the worldwide first exhaust-
purified diesel engine in a passenger car with direct injection
and turbocharging which he pushed against major opposition
within the company and the VW group. Because this engine
consumed 20 % less fuel than its predecessor as a chamber
diesel engine and is an engine with high performance and
very high torque, it has succeeded worldwide. In Europe, its
market share has grown from approximately 12 % in 1989 to
about 50 % in just over a decade.
Following his active career in the automotive sector, Richard
van Basshuysen founded an engineering consultancy firm in
1992 that he still manages. For twenty years, he was the publisher
of the internationally-distinguished ATZ (Automobiltechnische
Zeitschrift) and MTZ (Motortechnische Zeitschrift) technical/
scientific professional journals. He consults for international
automotive manufacturers and engineering service providers
and is author and publisher of technical /scientific textbooks
which have been translated into English and Chinese. Since
2006, he and Prof. Dr. Ing. Fred Schäfer have been publishers
and co-authors of www.motorlexikon.de. In addition, he was
council member and board member on various bodies such as
the German Association of Engineers (VDI) and the Austrian
Association for motor vehicle engineering. He is author and
co-author of more than 60 technical/scientific publications.
For his development of the pioneering diesel engine with
direct injection, in 2001 he was awarded the prestigious Ernst-
Blickle-Preis 2000 and the BENZ-DAIMLER-MAYBACH medal
of honor of the VDI for “his outstanding engineering work
in the development of the passenger car diesel engine with
direct injection and his long-lasting commitment as publisher
of ATZ/MTZ and member of the council of the VDI society
vehicle and traffic engineering.” In 2004, the University of
Magdeburg awarded him an honorary doctorate for his
lifetime achievements.

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 About the Editors
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Fred Schäfer
was born in 1948 in Neuwied
a m R hei n, G er m a ny.
After vocational training
as a machine builder,
he studied mechanical
engineering at the State
School of Engineering in
Koblenz. Following this,
he completed a course of
studies at the University
Kaiserslautern in the subject
of motors and machines and
was granted the “Dipl.-Ing.”
degree. He received the
Dr.-Ing. from the Institute for Motors and Machines at the
University Kaiserslautern upon submission of his thesis on
“Reaction-kinetic examinations of the hydrogen/methanol
combustion in a spark-ignition engine.” His ongoing career led
him to Audi AG in Neckarsulm, where he began as assistant
to the development manager. Subsequent positions during his
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ten years with the company were principal group leader for
engine testing and manager of the engine design department,
In 1990, he was appointed professor for motors and machine
at the then technical college in Iserlohn which is now a part
of the technical college Südwestfalen located in Iserlohn. One
of his responsibilities was the management of the laboratory
for combustion engines and turbo-engines. Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Schäfer was active in many bodies of the college, including
the college senate. In his function as vice dean for teaching
and research, he was a member of the management commit-
tee of the mechanical engineering department. Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Schäfer is also active in freelance research and development
in engine technology.
Amongst other things, he and Dr. van Basshuysen have
been the publishers of the “Shell-Lexikon Verbrennungsmotor”
magazine supplement until 2003, which was published in 2004
as a book with the title “Lexikon Motorentechnik.” He and
Dr.-Ing. E.h. van Basshuysen are co-publishers and co-authors
of www.motorlexikon.de and the “Internal combustion engine
handbook.” Prof. Dr.-Ing. Fred Schäfer is a long-standing
member of the VDI and SAE.
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